FUT URE OF IN D IAN P O LITIC S

A C O N T R I BUT I O N TO THE U N D E RST A N D I N G

OF P RE S E N T D A Y
-
P R O B LE M S

AN N I E B E SAN T , D L
. .

F E LL O W O F B E N A RE S
U N I V ER S I T Y
AN D LI F E M E M B E R O F TH E U N I V E R S I T Y C O U RT
-

F E LL O W O F TH E N AT I O N A L U N I V ER S I T Y

T H E O SO P H I C A L P UB L I S HI N G H O USE
9 S . M r ti n
a
’
s St . I N D IA I n di a n B o o k S hop
L o n do n A D YAR M e do w S t r e e t
W . C 2 . AN D B E N AR E S B o m ba y
 $ 5 4 8 0

C O PYR I G HT

In E ng l a n d, In d ia

a nd Un ite d St a t es, Amer ic a

 TO TH E A R YAN M O TH ER L AN D
AN D
To TH E C O MI N G W O R L D C O M M O N W E A L TH
-
,

TO A LL H ER C H I L DREN ,

W H I T E A ND C O L O URED ,

W H O HAV E W O R K ED S U FF ER E D AN D D I E D
,

AN D—HA RDE S T O F A LL—L I V E D

,

F O R H ER
I N L O V E AN D L O Y A LTY ,

I N FA I TH I N H ER F UT U RE ,

H ER S ERV ANT

L AY s AT H ER F EE T TH I S L I TT L E B O O K

62 9 fi 3 fl
’ f
 FO R E WO RD

T H I S bo o kl e t is i n t e n d e d t o o ff e r to th o s e
i n t e r e st e d in th e fat e o f I n d ia an d G r e at
Britai n a pi c tu r e sh o w i n g th e pr o bl e ms that
,

I n d ia has to s o lv e in th e n e ar futur e in c o n n e c
ti o n with S e lf D e t e rmi n ati o n an d S e lf G o v e r n
- -

m e n t an d in h e r d e cisi o n b e tw e e n s o litary
,

I n d e p en d en c e an d P art n e rship in a C o mm o n
w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s u n d e r t h e British
,

C r o wn . T h e t wo last c hapt e rs d e al with

th e s e ; t h e backgr o u n d n e c e ssary fo r t h e
,

u n d e rsta n di n g an d t he d e cisio n o f th e s e t w o
supr e m e qu e sti o n s d e t e r mi n i n g t h e futur e O f
,

b o th N atio n s is pai n t e d in with car e so as to

, ,

c o n tai n t h e vital facts an d th o s e o n ly which

, ,

hav e l e d to th e parti n g o f th e ways i n d i c at e d

,

in t h e pr o bl e ms A n I n trodu c ti o n giv e s A
’
Bird s Ey e V i e w
-
o f th e r e lati o n s b e tw e e n

I n d ia an d Br itai n f r om th e ir first imp o rta n t

,
c o n ta c t to t h e en d o f t h e E ast I n d ia C o mpa n y
”
R ul e . St e p by St e p tak e s us fr o m t h e
fi r st N ati o n al C o n g r e ss to t h e o utb r e ak o f t h e
Wa r A N e w D e pa r tur e t e lls o f t h e C o n g r e ss
.

O f 1 9 1 4 I n d ian s in t h e War a n d t h e d e m a n d
, ,

fo r t h e r e c o g n iti o n O f I n d ia as a c o m p o n e n t
”
pa r t O f t h e E mpi r e . T h e G r e at Agitati o n
tak e s u p th e n e xt t wo chapt e rs a n d ca rr i e s u s
,

to t h e c o m i n g t o I n d ia o f t h e S e c r e ta r y O f Stat e.

T h e N e w Spi r it in I n d ia ma r ks t h e ca u s e s
o f h e r C ha n g e d attitud e . T h e St r uggl e o v e r
”
t h e R e f o r ms t e lls o f t h e D e ath o f t h e O l d
C o n g r e ss a n d t h e R e f o r m e d L e gislatu r e s .

T h e R e v o luti o n a r y M o v e m e n ts th e ir caus e s
a n d w o rki n gs tak e us up t o a n d th r o ug h t h e

N o n CO O p e rati o n activity
- -
. Th e n f o ll o w t h e
two last c hapt e r s .

I hop e th at t he b oo kl e t may b e us e ful in

h e lpi n g th e u n d e rsta n di n g o f t h e qu e sti o n s
i n volv e d .

A NN IE B E S A N T
 CON T E N T S
P A GE
I N TR O DU C T I O N : A Bird s Ey e V i e w
’
-

. I St e p by St e p
I I A N e w D e parture
.

I I I T h e G r e at A gitati o n
.

I V T h e G r e at Agitati o n ( C o ntinued)
.

V T h e N e w Spirit in I n dia
. .

V I T h e Struggl e O v e r t h e R e f o rms
.

V II
. T h e R e v o luti o n ary M o v e m e n ts
V III .Se lf D e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d Se lf
-

G o v e rn m e n t
IX In a W o rld C o mm o n w e alth o r A l o n e ?
.
-

App e n di c e s
I
II
I n de x
 I N T R O U C TIO N
D 3 5

A B I R D S E YE VI E W
’
-

T HE liv e s O f I n d ia a n d E n gla n d b e c am e
i n t e rw o v e n o n D e c e mb e r 31 A D 1 600 wh e n
, . .
,

“
E lizab e th o f E n gla n d gav e a chart e r to T h e
G o v e r n o r a n d C o mpa n y o f M e rcha n ts O f
”
L o n d o n tradi n g in t h e E ast I n d ie s
, Th e n .

w e r e li n k e d t o g e th e r th e d e sti n i e s o f t h e t wo
N ati o n s th o ugh littl e d id th e y b e thi n k th e m
,

s e lv e s O f th e w o n d r o us tr e e that was to sp ri n g
fr o m th at littl e s e e d .

T h e P o r tugu e s e w e r e t h e first m o d e r n
E ur o p e a n N ati o n to c o m e to I n d ia fo r V asco ,

de Gama d isc o v e r e d t h e C ap e R o ut e l e avi n g ,

L isb o n o n July 8 1 4 9 7 r e achi n g C alicut o n

, , ,

th e W e st C oast , on May 20 1 4 98 a n d
, ,
2 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

a r rivi n g a gai n in L isb o n in Augu st o r S e pt e m

b e r 1 4 99
, . Thr e e y e ars lat e r in 1 502 h e , ,

i the fi r st
i
ES
'

d
’

t b IIS h E u r p a s ttl m t i
‘

e a e o e n e e e n n

C oc hi n g Go a was tak e n in 1 51 0 a n d b e cam e

-
‘

,
w

the c ap ita l O f P o rtugu e s e I n d ia a n d still ,

r e mai n s u n d e r that r ul e T h e Fr e n ch w e r e
.

n e xt in t h e fi e ld s e n d i n g o v e r m e n to r e p o r t
,

O n t r adi n g o pp o r tu n iti e s as e a r ly as 1 537 but ,

S he d id n o t f o u n d a n y fact o r i e s u n til 1 668 ,

wh e n s o m e trad e r s s e ttl e d d o w n in Surat o n

t h e W e st C o ast a n d G o lco n da
, T h e r e p o r ts
.

to t h e F r e n ch G o v e r n m e n t o f B e r n i e r a n d
Tav e r n i e r d uri n g th e r e ig n o f Auru n gz e b
( 1 6 5 8— 1 7 0 7 ) a r e classical T h e. F r e n ch “
E ast
”
I n d ia C o mpa n y was f o r m e d in 1 664 but ,

Au r u n g z e b d e p r iv e d it o f G o lc o n d a i n 1 687 .

T h e D utc h a rr iv e d in 1 601 a n d e stablish e d ,

“ ”
a U n it e d E ast I n d ia C ompa n y o f th e i r o wn
i n t h e f o ll o wi n g y e ar ; th e y built s o m e fa c t o r i e s
o n t h e E ast C o ast but fi n ally d e v o t e d th e m
,

se lv e s to t h e c o n qu e st o f Java a n d Sumatra ,
 3
’
A B I RD S EY E VIE W -

from 1 64 9 o n war d s D e n ma r k f o ll o w e d n e xt
.
,

“
a n d ma d e a sta r t with a n E ast I n d ia C o m
”
p a n y in 1 61 2 but h e r littl e e a r th e n p o t ha d
,

no cha n c e am o n g t h e ir o n o n e s h u r tli n g
agai n st e ach Ot h e r a n d sh e fad e d quickly
,

away l e avi n g o nly so m e Pr o t e sta n t missi o n ary

,

c e n t r e s in S o uth e r n I n d ia a n d s o m e tra c e s
,

als o in B e n gal T e n y e ars lat e r i n 1 622 t he

.
, ,

G e rma n E mpi r e th e n Austria n start e d a n

, ,

”
O st e n d C o mpa n y a n d i n 1 64 4 P russia mad e
,

a n e xp e ri m e n t w ith h e r E m d en C o mpa n y
But all th e s e disapp e a r e d e x c e pt t h e P o rtu
g u e s e
,
l e a vi n g F ra n c e a n d E ngla n d t o battl e ,

n o m i n ally fo r t h e trad e with I n d ia r e ally fo r ,

th e mighty E mpir e th e n but a n e mbryo

,

in t h e w o mb o f t h e futur e Fo r t h e first
.

E n glish ship s u n d e r t h e E lizab e tha n C ha r t e r

had s o o n f o llo w e d its gra n ti n g a n d in 1 606 ,

o n e r e ach e d Surat a n d t h e trad e rs b e ga n t o

‘

l oo k rou n d M e a n wh il e a C aptai n H ip p o n
'

.
,

start e d t wo t r a d i n g e stablishm e n ts o n t h e E as t
4 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN PO L I T IC S

C o ast , one at P e tta p o li,

th e r at
and th e o

.
—
Masulipatam In 1 61 2 o r 1 61 3 b o th dat e s ar e ,

—
giv e n t h e E ast I n d ia C o mpa n y ma d e a s e rio us
b e gi n n i n g fo r th e M ughal E mp e r o r J e ha n gir
, ,

so n of Akbar gav e th e m a writt e n d o c um e n t

, ,

p e rmitti n g th e m to e stablish fa c t o r i e s in Surat ,

C ambay G o g o a n d Ahm e dabad a n d in 1 61 6

, , ,

th e $am o r i n o f Malabar all o w e d th e m to se t

up a fa c t o ry in C alicut his c ap ital city , .

A gla n c e at t h e c o n d iti o n s e xisti n g in I n d ia ,

duri n g th e sixt ee n th s e v e n t e e n th a n d e ight

,

e e n t h c e n tu r i e s w ill sh o w u s h o w th e stag e
,

was arra n g e d by t h e G r e at Dr amatist fo r t h e

struggl e o f t h e F r e n ch a n d E n glish fo r th e
'

E ur o p e a n c o n tr o l o f I n d ia th e vict o ry o f Gr e at
,

Britai n fo r t h e swift a n d d o w n h e r e u n
, , ,

pla n n e d ris e o f Britai n as t h e H e a d O f a n

I n d ian E mpir e t h e a c c e pta n c e O f its rul e by
,

t wo thirds O f t h e c o u n tr y as a n imm e diat e

-

British R aj ( K i n g d o m ) a n d t h e r e c o g n i ,

ti o n O f th e British S o v e r e ig n s by th e I n d ian
 5
’
A B I R D s- E YE VI E W

Mo n ar c h s as L o r ds P aramou n t of
,
n —
I n d ia i
t h e traditi o n al w o rd a s C h a k r a v a r tis
, .

This O v e rlordship was familiar as a n i n c i

d e n t in I n d ian hist o ry Wh e n t h e Mo n ar c h o f
a Stat e f e lt hi m
.

s e lf str o n g e n o ugh to c laim

suz e r ai n ty o v e r his b r o th e r M o n ar c h s ruli n g,

t h e ma n y K i n g d o ms i n to which t h e vast
p e n i n sula o f I n d ia was d ivid e d h e s e n t o ut a
,

W hit e H o rs e to trav e l thr o ugh th e ki n gd o ms

duri n g o n e y e ar a n d t h e gua rd ia n s O f t h e
,

H o rs e de ma n d e d a c k n o wl e d gm e n t O f th eir
K i n g as L o rd P aram o u n t O f t h e whol e o f I n d ia ,

a n d tribut e as a S ig n O f that a c k n o wl e d gm e n t ;

if th e y m e t with r e fusal a n d t h e H o r s e was

tak e n fr o m th e m by a r e c alcitra n t M o n arch ,

t h e y th r e w d o w n th e gag e o f battl e a n d war

,

was d e clar e d I f th e H o rs e was e v e r ywh e r e

.

r e c e iv e d with w e lc o m e th e n h e was b r o ught

,

back to his o w n e r t h e C h all e n gi n g M o n arch

, ,

h e was sacrifi c e d with g r e at p o mp a n d his ,

M o n ar c h was r e c o g n is e d as th e C hakravar ti ,
6 T HE FU T U RE OF I NDI A N POLI T I CS

the L o r d P aram o u n t o f I n d ia T h e last H o rs e

.

Sac r ific e w a s p e r f o rm e d by t h e E m p e ror

Adity ase n a O f t h e Gup ta d y n asty in t h e s e v e n th
c e n tu r y A D I t w a s p e r f o r m e d by P u shya
. .

mi tr a t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e Su nga D y n asty in
, ,

14 8 B C. . Yu dh ish t hir a p e rf o r m e d it aft e r t h e

Gr e at War 3000 B C B e f o r e that it g o e s back
,
. .
,

fo r u n c o u n t e d y e ars to Sagara p r e su m ably ,

acc o u n t e d m ythical by t h e sh o r t S ight e d -

c h r o n icl e r s O f t h e W e st I t must b e r e m e m
.

“
b e r e d that t h e U n ity O f I n d ia t h e fu n d am e n tal
U n ity , as Pr o f e sso r R adha k u m ud M uk e r j i
c alls it has al w ays b e e n r e ligi o us a n d c u ltural
, ,

a n d n o t p o litical This was u n to uch e d fr om

.

t h e tim e o f t h e succ e ssiv e A rya n wa v e s o f

c o n qu e st b e gi n n i n g ab o u t
, B C and
. .

pra c ti c ally c o n clud e d by ab o ut 9000 B C . .

“
dat e s I giv e n o t fr o m w e st e r n hist o r ical
d o cum e n ts but fr o m t h e O c cult R e c o rd s t h e ,

m e m o ry o f N atur e ( H i n d u r e c o r ds pla c e

it muc h e arli e r pr o bably b e c aus e th e y do n o t

,
 7
’
A B IRD S EYE VI E W
-

lay str e ss o n th e I n d ian a n d t he p re I n d ia n -

Arya n E mpi r e s in C e n tral Asia M e sopotamia , ,

a n d o n t h e gr e at L e muria n C o n ti n e n t But .

this by t h e way I t is a n o th e r st o r y
. T his
U n ity was Ar ya n a n d has a lit e r atu r e ad mit
,

t e dl y at l e ast y e a r s O l d In this sh e is
.

”
n o t k n ow n as I n d ia but a s B h arata var sh a
, ,

A r y ava r ta J am b fi dvi p a ; t h e gr e at E mp e r o r
'

Ash o ka fo r i n sta n c e is call e d t h e K i n g O f

, ,

J am b fi dvi p a . T h e pray e r s a n d hym n s O f

H i n du r ituals n am e h e r sac r e d r iv e r s h e r ,

sa c r e d citi e s f r om H ar dvar a a n d Ba dari k e dar

,

n a th in t h e N o rt h to K a nchi a n d R am e sh v a r a m

in t h e S o uth fr o m Dvar a k a in t h e W e st t o
.

Jaga n n a th in t h e E ast This r eligi o us a n d

.

c ultu r al U n ity aft e r e xisti n g fo r o v e r sixt e e n

,

hu n d r e d c e n turi e s was b r o k e n th o ug h but

, ,

S lightly in t h e e ighth c e n tury A D by th e

, . .

i n c u r sio n i n t o Si n d h o f Arabs from Ba ssorah ,

w h o had c o n qu e r e d Balu c h ista n c ross e d t h e ,

I n d us an d had s e ttl e d d o w n in Si n dh t h e r e aft e r ,

8 THE FU T U RE O F I NDI A N PO L I T IC S

h e l d by M u sal m an s A s e ri o us bl o w w a s
.

stru c k at it by th e Afgh a n s u n d e r th e Sult a n

O f Ghaz n i i n A D 986 a n d fiv e c e n turi e s O f
, . .
,

s truggl e f o ll o w e d ; in A D 1 1 62 t h e P ath a n s
. .
,

e stablish e d th e ms e lv e s o n t h e thr o n e O f
P rith v ir aj, t h e last r e ig n i n g d e s c e n d a n t at
D e lhi O f Yu dh ish th ir a a n d Babar th e Mughal
, , ,

d e f e at e d t h e P ath a n Sult a n in A D 1 52 6 a n d. .
,

w a s p r oclaim e d E mp e r o r O f I n d ia a t D e l hi t h e ,

f o u n d e r O f t h e mighty Mughal E mpi r e whi c h ,

also p e rish e d at D e l h i in S e pt e mb e r 1 857 .

,

wh e n t h e city w a s tak e n by t h e British u n d e r

G e n e r al N ich o ls o n w h o was kill e d in th e fi n al
,

assault . Th e Th e o cra c y O f t h e M u sal m an s

c aus e d a rift i n t h e r e ligi o us a n d cultural
U n ity O f I n d ia but I sl am h a s add e d much
,

to h e r A r t a n d Sci e n c e a n d w e will hop e fo r

,

a futur e sy n th e sis O f hith e r t o s e e mi n gly

i n c o mpatibl e e l e m e n ts .

T h e imm e d iat e c aus e fo r t h e c o mparativ e

e as e o f t h e British triump h lay in th e ris e O f
10 T HE FU T UR E OF INDI A N POLI T IC S

an d play e d agai n st e ac h o th e r fo r th e gre at

priz e .

T h e tw o c o u n tri e s had i n cr e as e d in p o w e r
d u r i n g th e ris e O f th e Mar a thas with o ut d r aw
,

in g much att e n ti o n to th e ir adva n c e s E n gla n d .

ha d f o u n d ed Ma d ras in 1 64 0 O btai n e d B o mbay

,

in 1 662 a s t h e b r idal d o w r y o f C ath e r i n e O f

B r aga n za $u e e n o f C ha rl e s I I a n d acquir e d
, ,

C alcutta in 1 698 F ra n c e s e ttl e d in P o n d ich e r r y

.

in 1 67 4 a n d e stablish e d its g o v e r n m e n t th e r e
,
.

D uri n g th is p e ri o d t h e gr e at rivals i n trigu e d

,

agai n st e ac h o th e r playi n g fo r trad e a dva n

,

tag e s with rival P ri n c e s a n d h e lpi n g o n e

,

Pr i n c e o r a n o th e r w ith a V i e w l e ss o f aidi n g
t h e Pr i n c e tha n o f w e ak e n i n g his a n tag o n ist ,

support e d by t h e rival E urop e a n C o mpa n y I t .

was a n u n d e r g r o u n d war O f r ival trad e rs .

We n e e d n o t d e lay on it n o r o n th e arm e d
,

c o n flict which succ e e d e d it In t h e r e s u lt t h e

.
,

E n glish w o n a n d l o o ki n g b e l o w t h e surfa c e
, ,

fo r thos e wh o b e li e v e in an I n n e r Gov e r n m e n t
 11
’
A B IR D s -
EYE VI E W

O f t h e W o rld th e r e as o n was plai n

,
I g a ve .

it in 1 9 1 5
Britai n su cc e e d e d b e c aus e S h e w a s t h e P o we r
,

that h e ld in h e r t h e m o st f e rtil e s e e d O f fr e e
i n stituti o n s b e c aus e s h e w a s o n t h e e v e O f e stab
,

l ishin g d e m o c rati c g o v e r n m e n t o n he r o w n s o il o n
t h e sur e s t basis s o that w hil e sh e might e n thrall
,

fo r a tim e ultimat e fr e e d o m u n d e r h e r rul e

,

w a s i n e vitabl e F ra n c e had b e hi n d h e r th e n o n ly
.

t h e traditi o n s O f tyra n n y ; t h e B o u r t o n s rul e d a n d

ri o t e d I n dia n e e d e d fo r h e r futur e a st e ady pr e ssur e
. ,

that w o uld w e l d h e r i n t o o n e N ati o n o n a m o d e rn

basi s that s h e might b e c o m e a F r e e N ati o n am o n g
,

th e F r e e . T h e H i g h P o w e rs that guid e t h e d e sti n i e s

o f N ati o n s sa w Britai n as fitt e st fo r this i n t e rm e diat e
and dis c ipli n ary stag e ( H o w In dia Wr o ug h t fo r
.

Fr ee do m I n tro du c ti o n p xx x vi )
, . . .

L e t u s r e m e mb e r th e s e w o rds that ulti ,

”
mat e f r e e d o m u n d e r h e r rul e wa s i ne vitabl e ;
lat e r w e sh al l se e th e m pr o v e d
, .

“
I c o n cl u d e this Bi rd s Ey e V i e w by
’
-

summi n g u p t h e t wo m ai n r e sults o n e e vil ,

’
o n e g o o d O f B r itai n s r u l e i n th is c o u n try ; t h e
,

r ul e is d ivisibl e i n t o t w o p e ri o d s ; t h e G o v e r n
m e n t by t h e E a st I n d ia C o m pa n y fr o m t h e
battl e o f P lass e y o n Ju n e 2 3 1 7 57 to t h e , ,
12 THE FU T URE OF INDI AN PO LI T IC S

S e poy R e b e lli o n i n 1 857 , and the Govern m e n t

by t h e C r o w n fro m N ov e mb e r 1 858 to t h e , ,

p assi n g O f t h e R e f o rm A c t in 1 9 1 9 Th e first .

was wh o lly a u t o crati c . T h e s e c o n d sl o wly

i n t r o duc e d e l e m e n ts O f lib e r ty a n d in 1 9 1 9 laid
,

t h e f o u n d ati o n s o f R e sp o n sibl e G o v e r n m e n t .

T h e r e sults O f t h e first p e r i o d w e r e tragic

b e y o n d w o rd s T h e C o mpa n y had as its o n e
.

O bj e ct succ e ssf u l t r a d e , t h e accumulati o n o f

w e alth ; th e r e w e r e s e v e ral rival C o m pa n i e s
c o mp e ti n g fo r tra d e , b u t th e y w e r e c o n s o li
d at e d in 1 7 02 .

H e r e w a s a C o m p a n y t o a l l i n t e n ts a n d
,

purp o s e s i n d e p e n d e n t ; it w a s rul e d by a B o ard o f

D ir e c t o rs i n L o n d o n ; it C h o s e its o w n ag e nts it ,

m ad e its o w n armi e s ; aft e r a tim e it ap p o i n t e d 3

G o v e r n o r th e n a G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l ; it a pp li e d fo r
'

—
,

C hart e rs fo r C o urts o f Justi c e an d g o t th e m w ith

, ,

s ub s e qu e n t h o rr o rs r e lat e d by M a c aulay T h e re wa s
.

n o e ff e c tiv e c o n tr o l o v e r its pr o c e e di n gs alth o ugh ,

P arliam e n t i n t e rf e re d for t h e first tim e in 1 7 7 3 a n d ,

a B o ard o f C o n tr o l w a s e stablish e d i n 1 7 84 a n d t h e
—
,

C o urt o f D ir e c t o rs pla c e d u n d e r it a c lumsy dual

a rra n g e m e n t , maki n g n o r e al diff e re n c e Th e o n e .

u s e ful thi n g w as t h e r e ne wal o f t h e Chart e r ,

 13
’
A B IR D s -
EYE VI E W

pr e c e d e d by a n e n quiry w hi c h at last r e v e al e d t h e
— ,

stat e o f thi n gs a n d t e rribl e a r e t h e r e c o rd s W h e n .

thi n gs b e c am e t o o o utrag e o us P a rliam e n t i n t e r

,

fe r e d a s in t h e imp e a c hm e n t o f W arr e n H asti n gs ;

,

but fo r t h e m o st part Britai n w a s far t o o busy w ith

, ,

h e r o w n t r o ub l e s h e r l o ss O f h e r A m e ri c a n C o l o n i e s
‘

, ,

h e r N ap o l e o n i c W ars t h e struggl e s o f h e r r isi n g

,

D e m o c ra c y t h e mis e rabl e c o n diti o n o f h e r p e o pl e

, ,

h e r Chartis ts h e r agri c ultural ri o ts a n d t h e r e st t o

, , ,

tr o ubl e mu c h ab o ut w hat a tradi n g C o mpa n y w a s

d o i n g in far a way h e ath e n I n dia ; th e C o mpa n y
-

mad e tr e a ti e s a n d bro k e th e m o r f o rg e d th e m if , ,

m o r e c on v e n i e n t ; it c h e at e d r o bb e d murd e r e d
o ppr e s s e d a n d,
— ,

built a n E mpir e in ab o ut a c e n tury

, ,

Cliv e w a s t h e first G o v e r n o r u n d e r t h e E ast I n dia

C o mpa n y in 1 7 58 ; E arl Ca n n i n g t h e last in 1 856 .

T h e C o mpa n y e n d e d in th e Se p o y W a r o f 1 857 an d ,

t h e Cr o w n assum e d t h e s o v e r e ig n ty in 1 858 ( H o w .

In dia Wr o ug h t fo r Fr e e d o m I n tro du c ti o n pp
, , .

x xxix X I ) , .

’
T h e r e sults O f t h e C o mpa n y
s rul e d u r i n g its
first fifty y e a r s w e r e sum m e d up by Macaulay
wh o gi v e s a t e rr ibl e a c cou n t o f t h e o p p r e s
sio n s O f th e C o mpa n y at this tim e
T hirty milli o n s o f huma n b e i n gs w e r e r e du c e d
t o t h e e xtr e mity o f w r e t c h e d n e ss T h e y had b e e n .

a cc ust o m ed t o liv e u n d e r tyra n n y but n e v e r u n d e r ,

tyra n n y l i k e t h I s T hat G o v e r n m e n t o ppr e ssiv e

O

,
14 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN PO L I T IC S

as the m o st o ppr e ssiv e f o rm O f barba r ia n d e s p o tism ,

”
w a s str o n g with all t h e str e n gth o f c ivilisati o n . He
q u o t e s a M usalm an hist o ria n w h o p rais e s t h e e x tra
,

o rdi n ary c o urag e a n d military s k i l l o f t h e E n glish

But t h e p e o pl e u n d e r th e ir d o mi n i o n gr o a n e v e ry
wh e r e a n d ar e r e du c e d t o p o v e rty a n d dis t r e ss
, .

O G o d $ c o m e t o t h e assista n c e O f t h y affli c t e d
s e rva n ts , a n d d e liv e r th e m fr o m t h e o p p r e ssi o n s
w hi c h th e y suff e r
”
In 1 7 7 0 th e r e w a s a n a w ful
.

“
fami n e ; t h e H o o ghly e v e ry day r o ll e d d o w n
th o usa n ds o f c o r p s e s c l o s e t o t h e p o rti c o e s a n d
g ard e n s o f t h e E n glish c o n qu e r o rs . T h e v e ry
str e e ts O f Cal c utta w e r e bl o c k e d u p by t h e dyi n g
”
a n d t h e d e ad I t wa s o ffi c ially r e p o rt”e d t o hav e
.

s w e pt a way t w o thi r d s o f t h e i n habita n ts

-
, ( Imp e rt a l
G a z e t t e er ,
ii , or p e r so n s ( Ibzd
. .
,

x liii x liv )
, .

The tr e m e n d o u s str e am O f w e alth that fl o w e d

t o E n gla n d d u r i n g this tim e gav e t h e imp e t u s
t o E n glish i n d ust r ialism th at tur n e d h e r fr o m
3 Pr o t e ct io n i n t o a Fr e e Tra d e C o u n try an d ,

ma d e h e r fo r a tim e th e gr e at e st ma n ufacturi n g
, ,

c o u n t r y i n t h e w o rl d T h e r e sult o n I n d ia
.

w a s t e rribl e p o v e r ty a n d r e cur r i n g fami n e s ;

t h e l att e r chi e fly du e t o t h e r ui n o f h e r in
d u st r ie s a n d th e c o n s e qu e n t th r o wi n g O f h e r
 15
’
A B i R D s- E YE VIE W

p o pulatio n o n t h e la n d a similar r ui n in
I r e la n d ha d a similar r e sult in fa mi n e but th e r e ,

half h e r p e o pl e e migrat e d to A m e ri c a ; I n d ia
h a d n o such r e s o u r c e so h e r p e o pl e d i e d
,

wh e r e th e y w e r e H e r p o v e rty is still g hastly

. ,

a s is sh o w n by t h e a v e rag e l i f e o f h e r p o p ul a

ti o n a s giv e n by M r G o khal e a t 2 35 y e ars ;

.

t h e av e r a g e a g e i n N e w $e ala n d is 60 y e a r s .

I h av e w r itt e n so fully o n this ( se e I n tr o ductio n

t o H ow I n di a Wr o ug h t f o r F r ee do m a n d ma n y ,

s p e e ch e s in t h e b o d y O f th e b o o k ; o r I n d ia

—
,

A N a t io n ) that I w ill n o t r e p e at it h e r e h e r
pr e s e n t p o v e rty is alm o st i n cr e d ibl e but star e s
,

u s i n t h e fa c e by t h e slight hol d t h e p e asa n ts

h av e o n lif e as S h o w n by th e hug e m o rtality

,

fro m a n y e pid e mic wh il e h e r f o rm e r we alth

,

w o uld b e as i n c r e dibl e w e r e it n o t hist o ri c ally

,

p r o v e d ; a n d th e r e i s t h e sig n ifica n t fact that t h e

N ati o n s o f E u r o p e f o ug ht fo r h e r tra d e a n d
t h e right to plu n d e r h e r Als o h e r e d ucati o n
.

wa s d e str o y e d a n d fro m b e i n g p e rhaps t h e b e st

,
16 TH E FU T U RE OF I ND I A N PO L I T IC S

e d ucat ed c o u n t r y in t h e w o rld with a sch o ol,

”
in e v e r y villag e sh e sa n k i n t o a n illit e ra c y
,

gr e at e r tha n th at o f R ussia I t is such facts

.
,

a c cumulat e d a n d c i rc ulat e d whi c h mad e o ur

,

st r e n gth in t h e H om e R ul e m o ve m e n t a n d ,

w o n t h e R e f o rm A c t .

W e submit fr o m a r e vi e w o f this ro ugh sk e t c h

T hat I n dia d e spit e f o r e ig n I n vasi o n s a n d l o c al
,

disturba n c e s w hi c h all N ati o n s hav e suff e r e d in

— ,

th e ir tim e w hat p e a c e had E n gla n d fr o m t h e

C o n qu e st up to t h e fi n al d e f e at o f Charl e s E d ward
in 1 7 4 5 —w a s a pr o sp e r o us a n d w e althy N ati o n
b e f o r e t h e c o mi n g o f t h e E ast I n dia C o mpa n y a n d ,

that h e r hug e w e alth d o wn t o t h e e n d o f t h e

,

e ight e e n th c e n tury ,i s a pr o o f o f g e n e ral i n dustry

a n d s e c urity a n d imm e n s e i n dustrial o utput am o n g
t h e mass e s w hil e t h e w e alth o f t h e m e rc ha n ts
, ,

a n d o f t h e ba n ki n g a n d tradi n g c o mmu n iti e s sh o w s

a s e ttl e d c o n diti o n w h e r e c r e dit w a s g o o d ; tha t
,

c o mm e rc ial i n t e gri ty w a s S O gre at that r e c e ipts a n d

b o n d s w e r e n o t d e ma n d e d in fi n a n c ial tra n sa c ti o n s .

T hat t h e E n glish c o n n e c t i o n u n d e r t h e C o m
,

pa n y r e du c e d I n dia t o p o v e rty a n d disl o c at e d h e r

, ,

i n dustri e s a n d that u n d e r t h e Cr o wn t h e G o v e r n
, , ,

m en t still ham p e r h e r i n dustri e s mak e a c ru e lly,

s e v e r e drai n up o n t h e c o u n try a n d by th e ir fis c al

,

arra n g e m e n ts p r e v e n t th e r e tur n o f pro sp e rity

— —
.

T hat b e t we e n 1 7 70 a n d 1 900 1 30 y e ar s th e r e hav e

 18 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN PO L I T IC S

The a n n e x ati o n s c o n qu e sts p l un de r in g s

, , ,

o n ly fi n ish e d up with t h e a n n e xati o n o f O ud h

in 1 856 this last b e i n g t he r e al caus e o f t h e
,

S e p o y R e b e lli o n t h e last straw that br o k e th e

,
’
c am e l s back .

I t is f e lt in I n d ia th at h e r o w n sy ste m o f
V illag e C o u n cils a n d t h e asc e n di n g grad e s o f
,

whi c h I shall sp e ak pr e s e n tly w e r e m o r e

s u cc e ssful tha n t h e n e w syst e m imp o s e d up o n

h e r wh ich tur n e d h e r villag e s e rva n ts i n t o

,

V illag e tyra n ts ; that h e r V illag e i n dustri e s a n d

h e r ma n y e xquisit e crafts hav e b e e n w e ll n ig h -

kill e d o ut by i n f e ri o r c h e ap g o o d s ; that h e r
irrigati o n so car e fully pr o vi d e d by h e r o wn
,

rul e rs ha s b e e n starv e d a n d f o r e stry till lat e ly

, ,

disr e gard e d causi n g bar r e n w ast e s a n d l e ss e n

,

e d rai n fall ; that B r itish r ul e is c o stly a n d h a s

,

b ee n tO O r e a d y t o r e s o r t to c o e rci o n wh e r e
.

re m e dy o f gri e va n c e s sh o uld hav e b e e n s o u ght .

But with t he R e form A c t s h e s e e s t h e d a w n

in g , and lifts up h e r h e ad to gree t th e
 19
’
A B IRD S EYE VIE W
-

comi n g day Le t t h e d e a d past b u ry its

.

d e ad.

What is t h e o th e r sid e o f th e pi c tur e

’
I n dia s c ivilis ati o n was b as e d O n t h e fa mily ,

“ ”
a n d th e r e f o r e o n D harma mutual O bliga
,

tio n s A m a n livi n g in S o c i e ty has d uti e s to

.

dis c harg e acc o rdi n g to t h e fa c ulti e s h e br o ught

,

with him i n t o t h e w o r ld ; in a c ivilis e d la n d ,

a m a n i s b o r n i n t o a n e twork o f o bligati o n s .

Th is th eo r y gav e h e r a stabl e s o cial o rd e r ,

a n d h e r mar ve ll o us mat e rial p r o sp e r ity a n d

we alth d e spit e ma n y rai d s i n vasi o n s a n d

, , ,

l o c al c o n qu e sts by l e ss c ivilis e d N ati o n s ; h er

vast ar e a d isc o u n t e d t h e e ff e c t o f th e s e a n d ,

h e r agricultural a n d i n d ust r ial w e alth h e r ,

ba n ks h e r t r a d e a n d c o mm e r c e r e mai n e d with
, ,

a n u n rivall e d stability fo r a t l e as t ye a rs ,

taki n g t h e d at e fr o m o r d i n ary w e st e r n h ist o r y .

N o n e t h e l e ss with th e e fflux O f ti me t h e
, ,

s e n s e o f O bligati o n o f su b mi ssmn to a u th o rity

, ,

g re w dispr o p o r ti o n at e ly stro n g a n d t he e a r li e r
,
20 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S

stu r di n e ss o f t h e ir A rya n f o r e fath e r s sl o wly

d e c r e as e d ; th e y b e ca m e submissiv e to tyra n n y ,

a n d habituat e d t o passiv e O b e di e n c e Th e y
.

l oo k e d o n g o v e r n i n g as th e busi n e ss o f th e
g o v e r n o rs a n d if t h e g o v e r n o r g o v e r n e d
,

tyra n n ically it wa s fo r G o d n o t fo r th e m to
, , ,

r e m o v e h im H e n c e what might b e c all e d a

.

politi c al fatalism .

T h e E n glish with th e ir struggl e s fo r F r e e

do m th e ir d o c t r i n e O f huma n R ights th e ir
, ,

r e b ellious i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d r e stl ess e n e rgy ,

e quipp e d with t h e r e s o urc e s o f m o d e r n sci e n c e ,

th e ir maki n g th e ir c o u n try t h e r e fug e o f

all w e st e r n r e b e ls agai n st tyra n n y a n d with
,

a n arroga n t s e n s e O f th e i r o wn sup e r i o r ity ,

w e r e e xactly t h e c o rr e ctiv e fo r th e u n du e sub

m issive n e ss t h e p o liti c al i n d iff e r e n c e a n d
,

la c k O f publi c spirit r e ig n i n g in I n d ia Th e y
.

gav e e xt e r n al o rd e r aft e r 1 858 a n d si n c e 1 835

, , ,

th e y had b e e n spr e adi n g En g l is h e ducatio n ,

t he b e gi n n i n g o f which go e s t o t h e c r e dit sid e

 ’
A B IRD S EYE VI E W -
21

Of th e C o mpa n y its , ly ass e t e x c e pt that th e y

on ,

s e n t s o m e first rat e m e n § t o I n dia duri n g t h e

-

s e c o n d quart e r o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury a n d ,

ma n y o f th e se i n c ul cate d E n glish d o c tri n e s O f

L ib e rty . M acaulay in a fam o us passag e ,

though in a to n e O f i n suff e rabl e sup e r iority ,

s tru c k a fi n e n o t e

I t may b e that t h e publi c mi n d O f I n dia may

e x pa n d u n d e r o u r syst e m till it has o utgr o w n that
syst e m ; that by g o o d g o v e r n m e n t w e may e du c at e
o ur s ub ie c t s i n t o a c apa c ity fo r b e tt e r g o v e r n m e n t ;
that havi n g b e co m e i n stru c t e d in E uro p e a n k n o w
l e dg e th e y may in s o m e futur e a g e d e ma n d
, , ,

E uro p e a n i n stit uti on s W h e th e r su c h a day w ill

.

e ve r c ome I kn o w n ot
, But n e v e r w ill I att e m p t t o
.

av e rt o r r e tard it W h e n e v e r it c o m e s it w ill b e
.
,

t h e p ro ud e st day in E n glish hist o ry T o hav e f o u n d

.

a gr e at p e o pl e su n k i n t h e l o w e st d e pths O f slav e ry
a nd sup e rstiti o n to hav e so rul e d th e m a s to
,

hav e mad e th e m d e siro us a n d c apabl e o f a l l

t h e p rivil e g e s o f c itiz e n s wo ul d i n d e e d b e a
,

titl e t o gl o ry all o ur o wn T h e s c e ptr e may .

pass a way fro m us U n f o r e s e e n a cc id e n ts may

.

d e ra n g e o u r m o st pr o f o u n d s c h e m e s o f p o li c y .

V i c t o ry may b e i n c o n sta n t t o o ur arms B ut th e re .

a r e triumph s w hi c h a r e f o ll o w e d by n o r e v e rs e .

T h e r e is a n e mpir e e x e mpt fr o m all n at ural c aus e s

22 T HE FU T UR E OF I NDI A N POLI T IC S

of d e c ay T h o s e triumphs a r e t he pa c ifi c triumph s

.

of r e as o n o v e r barbarism that e mpi re i s t h e

imp e rishabl e e mpir e o f o u r arts a n d o ur m o rals o ur ,

lit e ratur e a n d o u r la w s ( In dia : a N a tio n p

.
, .

Mr Da dab h a i N ao r o j i said
.

T h e i n tr o du c ti o n O f E n glish e d uc ati o n with its ,

gr e at n o bl e e l e vati n g a n d c ivilisi n g lit e rature a n d

, , ,

adva n c e d s c i e n c e w ill fo r e v e r r e mai n a m o n um e n t

,

o f g o o d w o rk d o n e i n I n dia a n d a c laim t o gratitud e

up o n t h e I n dia n p e o p l e T his e du c ati o n has t aught
.

t h e high e st p o liti c al ide a l o f B ritish c itiz e n ship an d

rais e d in t h e h e arts o f e du c at e d I n dia n s t h e h o p e
a n d aspirati o n t o b e abl e t o rais e th e ir c o u n trym e n
t o t h e sam e id e al O f c itiz e n shi p T his h o p e a n d
.

as p irati o n as th e ir gr e at e st g o o d a r e at t h e b o tt o m o f
all th e ir pr e s e n t si n c e re a n d e ar n e st l o yalty in spit e ,

o f disapp o i n tm e nt s dis c o urag e m e n ts a n d d e sp o tism

, ,

o f a c e n tury a n d a half .
( Ibid p
.
, .

He als o p o i n t e d o ut that E n glish Ed u cati o n

w a s u n ifyi n g I n dia a n d that p o litica l u n i o n
,

wa s th e first f r uit o f th e awak e n i n g R ailways .

,

p o sts a n d t e l e grap hs mad e rapid i n t e rc o m

mu n i o n p o ssibl e a n d br o ught e d ucat e d p e opl e
,

i n t o a sympath e tic u n ity O f id e as aspirati o n s ,

a n d hop e s T h e r e vival o f I n dia s o wn r e l ig i

’
.

ons , an d r e s e ar c h e s i n t o h e r l o n g history
 23
’
B IRD S EYE VIE W
$

A -

a rous e d s e lf r e sp e c t a n d gav e birth to a n in

-

t e n s e prid e in th e ir N atio n h o o d T h e N ati o n al .

Co n gr e ss larg e ly i n spi r e d by E n glish m e n a n d

,

by En glish i d e as f o cuss e d th e i r aspirati o n s

,

a n d e ducat e d th e i r h o p e s I n t o su c h a N atio n
.
,

thus pr e par e d sw e pt th e wav e o f a War ba s e d

,

o n I d e als o f L ib e r ty .

O n all sid e s it is n o w admitt e d that t h e l o yalty

o f t h e e du c at e d c la ss e s t o t h e Cr o w n a n d t h e E m p ir e
i n this h o ur o f s o r e trial has b e e n p e rf e c t H o w is .

it th e n that e du c ati o n has at o n c e mad e th e m d e e ply

r e s e ntful a n d y e t l o yal T h e a n s we r is v e ry simpl e .

E n glish e du c ati o n has mad e th e m se e t h e gl o ry o f

E n glish lib e rty a n d th e y a r e passi o n at e ly d e sir o u s
,

o f shari n g it E n glish e du c ati o n has mad e th e m

.

r e alis e that th e y a re t h e i n t e ll e c tual e quals o f

E n glishm e n a n d that e v e n if th e y w e r e n o t th e y
, ,

hav e e xa c tly t h e sam e right t o g o v e r n th e ir o wn

c o u n try a s t h e E n glishm e n hav e t o g o v e rn th e irs .

H e n c e E n glish e du c ati o n has mad e th e m pro f o u n dly

dis c o n t e n t e d w ith t h e aut o c ra c y o f t h e Se c r e tary o f
Stat e ad mi n ist e r e d h e r e by a haughty bur e au c ra c y
, ,

w h e r e o f M a c aulay said in pr o ph e ti c w o rd s : G od
f o rbid that w e sh o uld i n fli c t o n h e r t h e c urs e o f t h e
n e w c ast e , that we sh o uld s e n d h e r a n e w br e e d o f
Brahmi n s auth o ris e d to tre at all t he n ativ e p o p ula
,
”
t i o n a s P ariahs ( Sp e ech e s p
.
, .
24 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N PO LI T IC S

But E n gli sh e du c ati o n h as als o mad e th e m

l o yal b e c aus e th e y b e li e v e that t h e b e st r e alisati o n
,

o f th e ir aspirati o n s is in b e c o mi n g a Se lf G o v e rn i n g
-

u n it in t h e F e d e ral E mpir e o f w hi c h G r e at Britai n

w ill b e t h e c e n tr e a n d b e c aus e th e y thus d e sir e ; th e y
,

a r e fighti n g fo r that E mpir e t o day ( Ibid pp 6

-
. .
, .5 ,

Le t us cl o s e on th et O f th e word s that I
no e

sai d w e sh o ul d r e m e mb e r : U ltimat e fr e e d o m
”
u n d e r h e r rul e was i n e vitabl e .
26 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N POLI T IC S

C o n gr e ss wa s pla n n e d in 1 884 . The s e e d of

b o th w as pla n t e d by th e Th eo s o p hical S o ci e ty .

I t w a s at t h e Th eo s o p hical C o n v e n ti o n o f that
y e ar that a small gr o up o f e ar n e st Th eo
—
s o phists d e e ply c o n c e r n e d fo r t h e p o liti c al
futur e O f th e ir c o u n try a n d ar o us e d to a s e n s e
of h e r pas t p o w e rs a n d h e r th e n pr e s e n t
imp o t e n c e by th e awak e n i n g c r usad e s o f
H P Blavatsky a n d H e n ry St e e l e O l c o tt
. .
,

stirri n g th e e d ucat e d t o s e lf r e sp e c t a n d r e s
-

p e c t f o r th e ir N ati o n — m e e ti n g i n Adyar ,

d e cid e d to mak e a n e ff o rt for p o litical

r e d e mpti o n ; f e e bl e as th e y s ee m e d th e y ,

’
f e lt st r o n g i n th e ir b e li e f that I n dia s
a n c i e n t Rsh is still watch e d o ve r Th e ir a n ci e n t
a n d e v e r w e ll lov e d la n d a n d w o uld aid th e ir
-
,

e ff o r ts to bri n g ab o ut h e r p o litical r e surr e c tio n ;

SO th e y gath e r e d a small m e e ti n g in Madra s

— —
th e r e w e r e o n ly s e v e n t e e n o f th e m a n d it
w a s th e r e d e c i d e d to b e gi n a N atio n al m o v e
m e n t for t he savi n g of t he M o th e rla n d ( H ow
 STE P BY STE P 27

I n d ia Wr ong /i t f or F r eedo m, p A list o f th e

.

s e v e n t e e n is th e r e giv e n qu o t e d fr o m th e
,

I n di a n M i r r or a n d th e y w e r e m o stly d e l e gat e s
,

to th e T h e o s o phical C o n v e n ti o n fr o m C alcutta ,

B o mbay P oo n a B e n ar e s Allahabad B e n gal

, , , , ,

O u d h a n d t h e N o rthw e st P r o vi n c e ( n o w th e
U n it e d P r o vi n c e s ) a n d M ad r as O n e o f th e m
, .
,

N o r e n dr a n a t h Se n Ed itor o f t h e ( C alcutta )
,

I n dia n M i r r or says o f th e m in his pap e r

,

T h e d e l e gat e s w h o att e n d e d t h e $ Th e o
s o phical ] C o n v e n ti o n w e r e m o st O f th e m m e n
w h o s o cially a n d i n t e ll e ctually a r e t h e l e ad e r s
, ,

O f t h e S o ci e ty in which th e y m o v e in d iff e r e n t
”
pa r ts o f th e c o u n try Th e y r e s o lv e d that o n
.

th e ir r e tur n h o m e e ach w o uld f o r m a

,

C o m m itt e e in h is o w n t o w n o r P r o vi n c e a n d ,

“
c o n sult h o w to m ak e th e i r dr e a m a r e ality In .

Ma r ch 1 885 it w a s de ci d e d to h o ld a m e e ti n g
, ,

o f r e p r e s e n tativ e s fr o m all parts o f I n dia a t

t h e th e n c o mi n g C hristmas ( P r o c ee d i ng s of
t he F ir s t I n dia n N a t io n a l C o ng r ess) Th e y .
28 THE FU T URE OF INDI A N POLI T IC S

e stimat e d that s e v e n ty d e l e gat e s w o uld be p re

s e n t a n d s e v e n ty two
, att e n d e d str e n gth e n e d
-
,

by thirty fri e n ds F r o m that first m e e ti n g in

—
.

1 885 to that o f B o mbay in 1 9 l 8 with o n e

—
br e ak d o w n a t Surat in 1 907 th e C o n gr e ss
-

was truly N ati o n al a n d guid e d I n d ia n P o liti c s

,
.

D uri n g all th e s e y e a r s th e N ati o n al C o n gr e ss

had a wa k e n e d l ar g e n umb e rs o f th e E n glis h
‘

e d u c at e d class e s to p o liti c al s e lf c o n sci o us n e ss

-
,

a n d had t r ai n e d th e m in p o liti c al k n o wl e dg e .

E n g lish n a m e s H um e W e d d e r bur n C o tto n

, , , ,

a n d o th e rs a r e fou n d c o o p e rati n g with t h e

-

I n d ia n patri o ts I t m e t y e arly a n d d e ma n d e d
.

d e fi n it e impro v e m e n ts i n t h e syst e m o f
G o v e r n m e n t d e fi n it e cha n g e s in l e gislati o n
, ,

d e fi n it e r e f o rms O f abus e s de fi n it e limitati o n s

,

o f aut o cracy a n d e n larg e m e n ts o f lib e rty In .

1 906 mov e d to a n g e r by t h e C u rz o n ia n r eg i me
, ,

Mr D adab h a i N ao ro ii a s P r e sid e n t w e n t
.
, ,

be yo n d partial r e fo r ms a n d d e c lar e d
,
that
I n dia n s sh o uld c o n trol I n dia a s E n glish m e n
,
 S T E P BY ST E P 29

c o n tr o ll e d E n gla n d This was

. abs olut e ly
n e c e ssary fo r t h e pr o g r e ss a n d w e lfa r e o f
t h e I n dia n p e o pl e .

T h e w h o l e matt e r c a n b e c o mpris e d in o n e
w o rd , Se lf G o v e rn m e n t , o r Swaraj , lik e that o f t h e
-

U n it e d K i n gd o m o r t h e C o l o n i e s Se lf G o v e r n
-

m e n t is t h e o n ly a n d c hi e f r e m e dy . In Se lf
G o v e rn m e n t l ie o ur h o p e , stre n gth a n d gr e at n e ss
B e u n it e d , p e rs e v e r e , s o that t h e milli o n s n o w
p e rishi n g by p o v e rty , fami n e a n d plagu e a n d t h e,

s c o re s O f milli o n s that a r e starvi n g o n s c a n ty

subsist e n c e may b e sav e d a n d I n dia may o n c e m o re
,

o cc upy h e r pr o ud p o siti o n o f y o r e am on g t h e
gr e at e st a n d c ivilis e d N ati o n s o f t h e We st .

This cl e ar n o t e w a s d r o w n e d in th e fl o o d o f
a n g e r which br o k e th r o ugh all barri e rs at t he
succ e e di n g C o n g r e ss at Surat a n d br o ugh t
,

ab o ut t h e catastr o ph e O f its b r e aki n g up a n d ,

a c o n s e qu e n t t e a r i n g apart o f th e C o n gr e ss
party T h e C o n g r e ss th e r e aft e r r e sum e d it s
.

m e th o d o f p r e ssing r e fo r m s pi e c e m e al u n til
f

a n e w d e partu r e li n ki n g its e lf to th e d e cla r a

,

ti o n o f 1 906 was ma d e in t h e M adras C o n gr e s s

,

of 1 91 4 .
30 THE FU T U RE OF INDI AN POLI T IC S

O n c e mor e this w as p r e par e d fo r qui e tly ,

in a littl e m ee ti n g o f Th e o s o phists h e l d in
S e pt e mb e r 1 9 1 3 at A d yar in which I to l d
, , ,

t h e m o f t h e n e e d of a n e w m o v e f o rwards fo r
t h e f o urf o ld r e g e n e ratio n o f I n d ia a n d ask e d
,

“
t h e ir h e lp . I t wa s a C o n f e r e n c e o f Th e o
”
s o p hical W o rk e r s call e d by m e to o rga n is e
,

mor e fully tha n pr e vi o usly t h e f o ur li n e s

a l o n g whi c h N ati o n al R e g e n e rati o n must b e

work e d fo r if I n dia is to tak e h e r rightful

,

p la c e a s t h e spi r itual t e a c h e r O f ma n ki n d
.

T we n ty y e a r s o f I n dia n e xp e ri e n c e w e r e
b e hi n d m e a n d n o w t h e f o urf o ld activity wa s
,

t o b e co n sci o usly w e l d e d i n t o o n e a n d I call e d

,

o n t h e w o r k e r s w h o ha d b e e n pursui n g with

m e o n e o r o th e r O f th e s e li n e s . Th e y w e r e
r e f o rms in ( 1 ) R e ligi o n ; (2 ) E d ucati o n ; (3)
S o cial C ust o m s ; (4 ) P o litics ; c o rr e sp o n d i n g to
’
m a n s f o u r f o ld c o n stituti o n : ( 1 ) Spi r it ; ( 2 )
M i n d ; (3) E m o ti o n s ; ( 4 ) P hysical B o dy . In
1 893 I had b e gu n t h e w o rk fo r ( 1 ) R e ligi o n
,
 S T EP B Y S T E P 31

a gai n st Mat e rialism c o n ti n u e d e v e r si n c e so

, ,

spl e n didl y c o mm e n c e d a n d carri e d o n by

C o l o n e l H S O lc o tt taugh t a n d i n spir e d by
. .
,

H e l e n a P e tro v n a Blavatsky ; h e ha d w o r k e d
‘

m o st fo r $o r o ast r ia n ism a n d Bu d dhism b o th ,

m o r e c o n g e n ial t o him tha n H i n d u ism though ,

h e s e rv e d b o th it a n d I sl a m to a m o r e limit e d
e xt e n t ; gr e at was his r e j o i c i n g wh e n h e f o u n d

t hat I was i n t e ll e c tually a n d i n sti n c tiv e ly

“ ” “
H in dII to do fo r H in dfiis m h e said what
'

, , ,

I hav e d o n e fo r Bud d hism This i n n e r

l e a n i n g to o n e r e ligio n r ath e r tha n a n o th e r
i s of co u r se
, , t h e r e sult O f p r e vi o us liv e s .

In ( 2) E ducati o n C o l o n e l O lc o tt ha d ch i e f
,

ly c o n fi n e d hims e lf to f o u n di n g Bu d dhist
s c h o o ls in C e yl o n a n d fiv e P a nc h a m a ( o ut
,

c ast e ) Fr e e Sch oo ls i n Ma d r as th o ugh he ,

ha d als o sta r t e d ma n y B a la Sa m aj a s B o ys — ’

—
Soci e ti e s fo r r e ligi o us i n st r ucti o n G o v e r n
,

m e n t Sch oo ls i n this c o u n try e xclu d i n g r e ligi o n

fr o m th e ir curri c ulum t h e o n ly alt e r n ativ e
,
32 T HE FU T URE OF I NDI AN PO L I T IC S

b e i n g t h e C hristia n Missi o n ary S c h oo ls in ,

w hic h a faith h o stil e t o t h e r e ligio n s O f t h e

c o u n try is taught In t h e e d ucati o n giv e n by
.

T h e o s o ph ists e v e ry stud e n t is taught his o r

,

—
h e r o w n r e li g io n wh e r e v e r possibl e by a ,

—
t e ach e r b e l o n gi n g to it a n d a c o mm o n r e l ig i
ous s e rvi c e o p e n s e a c h day in s c hool T h e .

r e st o ratio n o f R e ligio n to i ts r ightful plac e in

E du c atio n h as b e e n a c h aract e ristic O f all our
e du c atio n al work .Aft e r som e y e ars o f l e c tur
”
in g o n N atio n al E du c ati o n I t o ok part with
,

o th e r e n thusiasts in f o u n d i n g in 1 898 t h e
, ,

C e n tral H i n d u C o ll e g e a n d Schoo l in B e n ar e s ,

a n d w e c arri e d it o n
— givi n g a n Ed ucati o n
r e ligi o us i n t e ll e c tual m o ral an d physical
, ,

( fourf o ld as stat e d ab o v e ) t e achi n g l o yalt y

, ,

to t h e Sov e r e ig n ha n d in ha n d with s e rvi c e

to t h e cou n try — u n til 1 9 1 4 ; du r i n g th e s e
sixt e e n y e ars I was P r e si d e n t o f th e B o ard
,

o f Trust e e s an d C hairma n of the Ma n ag

i n g C o mmitt ee . In 1 9 1 4 we d e t e rmi n e d to
,
34 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN PO L I T IC S

with its U n iv e rsity o f w hich Si r Rab in dr a n ath

,

T ag o r e b e ca m e C h an c e ll o r a n d Si r S ub r a m a n ia
Ai y e r P r o C ha n c e ll o r fl o u r ish e d e xc e e d i n gly
-
,

with i n 1 9 1 8 six C o l l e g e s a n d ma n y Sch o o ls

, , ,
’
un til Mr Ga n dhi s m o v e m e n t sp r e a d h at r e d
.

O f all w h o di d n o t acc e pt his l e a d e r ship a n d ,

l e ss e n e d public c o n t r ib u ti o n s f o r ci n g u s to
,

c o n t r act o ur wo r k In ( 3) S o cial R e f o rm
.
,

t h e w o rk fo r c ha n gi n g ba d s o cial c u st o m s
w e n t sl o w ly in c o m p a r is o n w ith t h e p re
c e di n g t wo b u t w ithi n t h e Th e o s o phical
,

So ci e ty w e o r ga n is e d a ba n d o f S o cial R e
,

fo r me r s , w o r ki n g e sp e cially agai n st chil d

—
m ar r iag e in th e H i n d u C o ll e giat e Sch oo l we
grad u ally r e fus e d all ma rr i e d b o ys taki n g ,

a p r o m is e f r o m t h e pa r e n ts n o t to mar r y th e m
—
Whil e in t h e Sch oo l fo r t he uplift o f t h e sub
m e rg e d class e s fo r fo r e ig n t r av e l a n d t h e
,

e x ti n c ti o n o f o utcasti n g as a p e n alty th e r e f o r .

We also w o r k e d ha r d fo r Sva de sh i t h e —
u se O f I n dia n ma d e a r ti c l e s in pr e f e r e n c e to
-
 STE P B Y STE P 35

for e ig n - —f
ma d e o r T e mp e r a n c e for th e r e m o val
,

o f cast e d isti n cti o n s in s o ci e ty by i n t e rdi n i n g a n d

s o c ial i n t e r c o u r s e with i n t e r mar r iag e b e tw ee n

,

sub d ivisi o n s O f t h e sa m e cast e a n d fo r t h e r e

,

m o val O f t h e c o l o u r ba r b e t we e n t h e whit e an d
c o lou re d r ac e s in I n d ia a n d in a l l pa r ts o f th e
British E mpi r e Fo r th e s e thi n gs w e f o rm e d
.

a ba n d O f w o rk e r s u n it e d by a pr o mis e of
,

practical w o r k In (4 ) P o litics I w o r k e d m o r e
.

i n E n gla n d fo r th e r e c o g n iti o n o f t h e R ights o f

I n d ia tha n d i r e c tly in I n d ia its e lf w e ll k n o wi n g
,

t hat u n til p r i d e i n I n d ia w a s a r o us e d p r i d e in
,

h e r past a n d h o p e fo r h e r fut u r e u n til s o c ial

,

s e lf r e sp e c t a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e w e r e a w ak e n e d
-
,

n o str o n g bas e s e xist e d fo r t r u e p o litical

lib e r ty O u r C e n tral H i n d u C o ll e g e at its o ut
.
,

se t, w a s b r a n d e d as s e d iti o us by th e L i e ut .

G o v e r n o r Si r A n t o n y Mac d o n n e ll n o w L o rd
,
-

Ma cd o n n e ll a n d still a n e n e my o f I n d ia n
—
,

L ib e rty a n d I was o n ly sav e d f r o m p r o se c u

tio n in 1 9 1 0 by t h e st r o n g i n t e rv e n tio n o f
,
36 F U T U RE OF INDfIAN POLI T IC S
'

TH E

M r G o p al K rish n a G o khal e fo r a n Appe al t o

.
$
,
'

En g lishm en n o t to awak en h atr e d to th ei r r ac e

'

b y i nsulti n g tr e atm e n t o f I n d ia n s I n ra i l r o ad s ;
r e staura n ts , a n d o th e r publi c plac e s Th e .

An gl o I nd ia n n e wspap e r s w e r e furi o us fOr

'
-
,

I was v e ry u n p o pul ar with t h e B r itish in

I n di a partl y b e c aus e I l o v e d H in diiism an d
,
“

fought again st m issi o n ary e ff o rts to p e rv e rt

H i n du s e sp e c ially s c h oo lb o ys a n d pa r tly
, .

b ecause I liv e d am o n g H i n d u s as o n e O f th e m
s e lv e s sha ri n g in t h e ir family li fe a n d O bs e rvé
,

i n g th ei r c ustoms . Fo r a whit e w o ma n
”
thus to d e grad e h e r s e lf to b e s e e n walki n g
‘

a n d dri vi n g w ith H i n du s was a n ath e ma

,
.

At th e C o n f e r e n c e o f Th e o s o phical W o rk e rs ,

th e s e f o ur li n e s o f w o rk w e r e syst e matis e d in a
”
small ba n d n a m e d T h e B r o th e r s O f S e rvic e
, ,

an d t h e f o ll o wi n g stat em e n t was draw n up and ,

c ir c ulat e d as a l e afl e t
T h e o s o p hy must b e mad e pra cti c al was a
s e n t e n c e w ritt e n a n d p ublish e d l o n g a g o b y o n e o f
T h o s e w h o m T h e os o phists r e gard as M ast e rs .
 STE P B Y S T EP 37

Si n c e M r s A n n i e B e sa n t c am e t o I n dia in 1 893 sh e
.
,

has b e e n s e e ki n g fo r Wa y s O f s e rvi c e to I n dia , so

that th e c oun try o f h e r ad o pti o n might r is e in t h e
s c al e o f N ati o n s a n d tak e th e w o rld p o siti o n t o
,

w hi c h h e r p ast e n titl e s h e r a n d w hi c h h e r futur e

w ill justify R ig htly o r w r o n gly s h e judg e d that
.
,

t h e gr e at F o r w ard M o v e m e n t must b e gi n w ith a

r e v i val o f sp irituality fo r N ati o n al s e lf r e sp e c t c o uld
,
-

o n ly b e ar o us e d a n d t h e h e adl o n g rush t o w a rd s
imitati o n o f w e st e r n m e th o ds c o uld o n ly b e c h e c k e d ,

by substituti n g spiritua l ity a n d id e alism fo r mat e rial

ism G r e at su c c e ss att e n d e d t h e w o rk a n d S h e
.
,

th e n add e d t o it e du c ati o n al a c tiviti e s s o as to ,

ap p e al t o t h e c itiz e n s O f t h e futur e a nd shap e th e ir

aspirati o n s t o w ard s N ati o n h o o d as a n i n t e gral part
-
,

of t h e c o mi n g W o rld E m p ir e Cauti o usly s h e

- .

c arri e d o n s o m e So c ial R e f o rm a c tiviti e s o rga n isi n g ,

pr o paga n da agai n st c h ild marriag e a n d in fav o ur o f

-
,

f o r e ig n trav e l h e lpi n g t h e latt e r by t h e e stablish

,

m e n t o f a n I n dia n H o st e l in L o n d o n an d o f a ,
1

C o mmitt e e O f fri e n dly T h e o s o phists w h o wo uld

w e l c o m e y o uths arrivi n g in E n gla n d a s stra n g e rs .

F o r ma n y y e ars ma n y O f h e r m o r e atta c h e d
f o ll o we rs hav e b e e n p l e dg e d to d e lay t h e marryi n g
o f th e ir c hildr e n fo r s o m e y e ars b e y o n d t h e c ust o m
o f th e ir c ast e a n d n e ighb o urh o o d In P o liti c s sh e .
,

has urg e d t h e larg e r id e als a n d has e sp e c ially in , ,

E n gla n d sp o k e n fo r t h e just c laim s o f I n dia

, .

T hi s is anrr o r ; w o n ly k p t a r gi s t r f lo d gi n g hou s s
e e e e e o e

wi t h t ru two rt hy l a n d l d i
s d of pr i v a t e f mili s wh e r e
a e s, an a e
I n d i n l a d s woul d b t k n s p yi n g gu t s
a e a e a a es .
38 T HE FU T U RE OF I ND I A N PO L I T IC S

N o w a n o th e r st e p ha s b e e n tak e n , and s o m e o f
t h e b e st T S an d E S w o rk e rs e n r o ll e d th e ms e lv e s
. . . .

o n t h e 20th Se p t e mb e r 1 91 3 i n a ba n d w h o hav e
, ,

tak e n t h e f o ll o w i n g s w e e p i n g p r o mis e
B e li e vi n g that t h e b e st i n t e r e sts o f I n dia l ie
in h e r risi n g i n t o o rd e r e d fr e e d o m u n d e r t h e British
Cr o w n , in t h e c asti n g a w ay o f e v e ry c u st o m w hi c h
pr e v e n ts u n i o n am o n g all w h o d w e ll w ithi n h e r
b o rd e rs a n d in t h e r e st o rati o n to H i n d uism O f s o c ial
,

fl e xibility a n d br o th e rly f e e li n g ,
I P RO M ISE
H O T o disr e gard all r e stri c ti o n s ba s e d o n Cast e .

2 . N o t t o marry my s o n s w hil e th e y ar e s t ill

mi n o rs n o r my daught e rs till th e y hav e
,

e n t e r e d th e ir s e v e n t e e n th y e ar ( M arry
‘
.

i n c lud e s a n y c e r e m o n y w hi c h w id o w s o n e
party o n t h e d e ath o f th e o th e r )
—
.

3 . T o e du c at e my wif e a n d daught e rs a n d t h e
o th e r w o m e n o f my family s o far as th e y
—
w ill p e rmit t o pr o m o t e girls e du c ati o n
’
,

an d to dis c o u n t e n a n c e th e se c lu s i o n o f
wo m e n .

To pr o m o t e t h e e du c ati o n o f the ma s s e s a s
far as l i e s I n my p o we r .

T o ig n o r e a l l c o l o ur di sti n c ti o n s in s o c ial a n d
p o liti c al lif e a n d to do w hat I c an t o
,

pro m o t e t h e fre e e n try O f c o l o ur e d ra c e s

i n t o all c o u n tri e s o n t h e sam e f o o ti n g a s
w hit e immigra n ts .
 STE P BY ST E P 39

6 . T o o pp o s e a c tiv e ly a n y s o c ial o stra c ism of

w id o w s wh o r e marry .

7 . TOpr o m o t e u n i o n am o n g th e w o rk e rs in t h e
fi e lds O f spiritual e du c ati o n al s o c ial a n d
, ,

p o liti c al pr ogr e ss u n d e r th e h e adship a n d

,

dir e c ti o n o f t h e I n d ia n N ati o n al C o n gr e ss .

B r e a c h o f a n y c la us e e n tails e xpulsi o n fr o m th e
o rga n isati o n .T h o s e wh o a r e n o t pr e p ar e d t o tak e
t h e w h o l e O f this m a y tak e a n y c laus e o r c laus e s
,

whi c h th e y f e e l th e y c an w o rk fo r T hus s o m e
.

wh o a r e i n G o v e r n m e n t Se rvi c e tak e all but 7 as, ,

th e y c a n n o t p arti c ipat e in t h e I n dia n N ati o n a l

C o n g re ss as a m o v e m e n t N o n H i n dus tak e c laus e s
.
-

4 , 5 and
O n t h e 21 sta n o th e r m e e ti n g wa s h e ld o f all wh o
w e r e wo rki n g fo r e du c ati o n o r s o c ial o r p o liti c al
,

r e f o rm . V ari o us matt e rs w e r e dis c uss e d a n d t h e ,

m e mb e rs agr e e d t o do e v e rythi n g p o ssibl e in th e ir

r e sp e c tiv e n e ighb o urh o o ds t o u n ify t h e vari o us
b o di e s e n gag e d in pr o gr e ssiv e w o rk ; t o e stablish
L ibrari e s fo r b oo ks ab o ut t h e f o ur d e partm e n ts o f
t he f o r ward m o ve m e n t ; t o f o rm tra n slati o n
c o mmitt e e s fo r t h e publi c ati o n o f l e afl e ts a n d
pamphl e ts fo r pro paga n da purp o s e s The c o .

o p e rativ e m o v e m e n t w as r e c o g n is e d as o n e O f V ital
imp o rta n c e in t h e d e partm e n t o f So c ial R e f o rm .

M rs An n i e B e sa n t s c ar e fully pla n n e d an d
.
’

se qu e n tial w o rk o f t h e la st t we n ty y e ars s e e ms to b e
I ssui n g in h e r c arryi n g with h e r t h e bulk o f t h e
—
T h e o so phi c al So c i e ty wh il e guardi n g it fro m
40 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N POLI T IC S

c o mmitti ng its e lf as a wh o le t o an y sp ec ial o pi n i o n s

or
—
a c tiviti e s al o n g t h e li n e o f N ati o n al Se rvi c e t o
I n dia just as in E n gla n d s h e is l e adi n g t h e wa y
,

al o n g a similar path v e n tilati n g pla n s fo r p r o f o u n d

,

s o c ial r e o rga n isati o n w ith l o v e i n st e ad o f hatr e d as

,

a n i n spirati o n Sh e aims at t h e e v e r c l o s e r u n i o n
.
-

o f t h e British a n d I n dia n ra c e s by mutual u n d e r

s ta n di n g and mutual r e s p e c t T h e pr e s e n t b o ld
.

s t e p has b e e n l e d up t o v e ry gradually a n d qui e tly ,

and its e ff e ct o n I n dia n publi c lif e w il l b e w at c h e d

'

w ith i n t e re st .

T 0 3
t h is
was add e d a s e c o n d l e afl e t
So m e e arn e st w o rk e rs fo r So c ial a n d R e ligi o us
R e f o rm hav e d e t e rmi n e d t o mak e a r e so lut e e ff o rt
t o s e rv e I n dia by bri n gi n g ab o ut t h e c ha n g e s me c e s
s ary t o e n abl e h e r t o tak e h e r e qual pla c e am o n g t h e
Se lf G o v e r n i n g N ati o n s w hi c h o w e all e gia n c e t o t h e
-

B ritish Cr o w n T h e y a r e pre par e d t o sa c rifi c e

.

th e ms e lv e s fo r thi s purp o se an d t o fa c e t h e diffi c ult

’

i e s i n t h e w a y o f all wh o a r e ah e ad O f th e ir tim e
‘

all y in g t h e m se l ve s w ith all w h o a r e wo rki n g fo r th e

‘

sam e end With thi s o b j e c t in Vi e w t h e y hav e

'

tak e n th e f oll o wi n g pr o mis e :

( P r o mis e as b e f o r e)
I t is e arn e stly h o p e d that ma n y r e ligi o us H i n dus
w ill j o i n this ba n d o f w o rk e rs in o rd e r that th e y
,

m ay pr e s e rve t o I n dia t h e a n c i e n t a n d pri c el e s s

r eligi o n o f H i n duism n o w thr e at e n e d w ith d e c ay by
,

its pra c ti c al s e parati o n fr o m t h e M o v e m e n t of

42 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

l e c tur e . Th e y f o rm e d t h e public b e gi n n i n g o f
t h e n e w campaig n Th e y ar o us e d v e r y gr e at
.

I n t e r e st in M a d ras a n d w e r e o n t h e f o ll o wi n g
,

sub j e cts
—
F o r e ig n T rav e l : Chairma n D r S Subrama n ia . .

I y e r lat e A c ti n g Chi e f Justi c e o f t h e M adras

,

H igh C o urt
—
.

Child M arriag e a n d I ts R e sults Chairma n Th e

-

H o n D e wan B a h ad r T Sa dasiv a I y e r M L
. .
, .

Ac ti n g Ju dg e O f t h e M adras H igh C o urt .

O ur D uty to th e D e pr e ss e d Class e s : Chairma n

T h e H on Justi c e B T y a b j i
. . .

I n dia n I n dustri e s a s R e lat e d t o Se lf G o v e rn

—
-

m e n t : Chairma n D e wan B a h ad fir M A di . .

N araya n a I yah .

A pp e n di x t o th e ab o v e L e c ture .

1 Ex p o rts
. .

2 We avi n g
. .

3 P o liti c al E ff e c ts
. .

4 M o ral E ff e c ts
—
. .

M ass E du c ati o n : Chairma n T h e H o n Ju sti c e .

M ill e r .

T e E du c ati o n o f In dia n G irls : Chairma n T h e

h —
H o n M r P S Siva swam i A iy e r C I
. . . .
, . .

I n dia n M e mb e r o f t h e Ex e c utiv e C o u n c il ,

Bda dr as .
 ST E P B Y STE P 43

The C o l o ur Bar in E n gla n d t h e C o l o n i e s an d

— , ,

I n dia : Chairma n T h e H o n M r K e sav a P illai

. . .

T h e P assi n g o f t h e Cast e Syst e m : Chairm an

D e wan Ba hadfir L A G o vin da r ag h av a I y e r
. . .

T he l e ctu r e s w e r e publish e d as a b o o k ,

which has ha d a v e r y la r g e circulati o n u n d e r ,

t h e titl e Wa k e Up I n di a
, , . T h e pr e fac e e xplai n
e d its g e n e sis , a n d c o n clud e d with t h e sig n ifi

c a n t w o r ds M ay t h e Gua r d ia n o f I n d ia bl e s s
”
this e ff o r t i n spir e d by H im
, .

Th o s e w h o car e to r e a d th o s e l e ctur e s will se e

h o w th e id e a o f a S e lf G o v e r n i n g I n dia u n d e r
-

lay t h e cha n g e s pr o p o s e d In r e c o mm e n d i n g
.

for e ig n trav e l : I ask e d

W hat a r e y o u l oo ki n g fo r i n the future fri e n ds ,

al ways t o r e mai n as y o u are larg e ly ali e n s in y o ur

,

o wn c o u n try ? o r a r e y o u thi n ki n g o f t h e tim e t o

w hi c h t h e lat e r e f o rms a r e p o i n ti n g that gradually
,

y ou will ris e st e p by st e p that gradually y o u

,

w ill e x e r c is e r e al auth o rity in y o ur o wn la n d ,

n ay , that aft e r a tim e th e r e w ill n o t o n ly b e a

P arliam e n t o f I n dia in w hi c h I n dia n s w ill sit but ,

a n I m p e rial C o u n c il gath e r e d r o un d t h e p e rs o n o f t h e
K i n g in w hi c h Se lf G o v e r n i n g I n dia wil l hav e h e r
,
-

r e pr e s e n tativ e s as mu c h a s an y o th e r c o n stitu e nt
,
4 44 THE F U T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

part o f this vast w o rl d w id e E mpir e Yo u k n o w

,
-
.

that my b e li e f is t hat E n gla n d an d I n dia ar e

n e c e s sary t h e o n e t o t h e o th er a n d that t h e w o rst ,

i n jury that a n y o n e can do t o e ith e r is t o t e ar th e s e

t w o la n ds apart But u n i o n in t h e futur e w ill hav e
.

t o g o o n t h e li n e s o f mutual r e sp e c t o f lib e r ty o f , ,

r e c o g n iti o n o f t h e pla c e o f I n dia n s in I n dia

th e re shall b e o n e gr e at C e n tral C o u n c il w h e r e i n t h e ,

w h o l e o f t h e gr e at E mpir e shall b e r e pr e s e n t e d For .

ma n y l o n g y e ars I h a V e b e li e v e d that t his w a s

c o m i n g but I se e n o w that it has u n e xp e ct e dly
,

c om e w ithi n t h e ra n g e O f pra c ti c al p o liti c s

I h o ld it up t o y o u as a n ide a l t o b e k e pt b e f o re
t h e e y e s o f e du c at e d I n dia : that y o u w ill hav e t h e
V illag e P a nc h aya t ; that y o u w ill th e n hav e t h e
D istri c t C o u n c il o r t h e Mun i c ipal b o dy ; that y o u
,

w ill hav e y o ur P r o vi n c ial b o di e s ; that y o u w ill hav e

y o ur N ati o n al b o dy r e pr e s e n ti n g I n dia a s a w h o l e
n o t a n u n auth o ritativ e C o n gr e ss but a P arlia m
,

en t
o f I n dia w h e r e h e r p e o pl e s will c a n b e c arri e d o ut
’
,

in t h e futur e th e n c r o wn i n g th e w h o l e w ith all

, ,

th e s e P arliam e n ts in all t h e ma n y Stat e s that o wn

o ur K i n g E mp e r o r — w h o m may G o d l o n g pre s e rv e
—a Co u n c il o f th e wis e st O f e v e ry N ati o n gath e re d
r o un d him a C o un c il o f t h e n o bl e st o f e v e ry p e o pl e
, ,

, a C o u n c il mark e d o ut by t h e c hara c t e r t h e h o no ur . ,

. t h e l e arn i n g o f it s m e mb e rs ; an d I n dia shall se n d

h e r so n s as Ca n ada a n d A u stralia an d N e w $e ala n d
and
,
—
So uth A fri c a shall se n d th e ir s t h e gr e at
( C o u n c il o f t h e E mpir e ruli n g t h e w h o l e u n d e r
,
.

G e o rg e V a s Kin g T hat i s what is c o mi n g

‘

. .
 S T E P BY S T EP

In S pe aki n g I n dustr ie s I said th at my

on ,
:

mi nd was se t O n th e b itil ding up o f I n dia i n t o ’

”
a migh ty S e lf Gov e r ni n g Co mmu n ity ; tha t
-

t he o l d syst e m o f g ov e r n me n t in In di a mor e
,
‘

tha n a ny ot h er sh o we d a g e n iuS for Self

,
l x
-

G o v e r n m e n t in th e peo pl e it sho ws th at t he
'
'
' ‘

”
I ndi an; a s it w e r e by natur e is capabl e Of ,

g u idi n g o f shap in g OI c o nt r o lli n g his o wn

, ,
:

af fai rs T hat c o mpet e nt S e lf G o v e r n m en t,

“
-

e f fe c tiv e S e lf G Ove r n m en t, c a n o n ly b e c arri ed

'

o n Ov e r a n are a wh e re t h e p e o pl e w h o Comp o s e

t h e g ove r n i n g b o dy Un d e r sta n d th e qu e sti o n s

’

With which th e y hav e to d eal I s m itt e d that

” ‘

“
th e a n c i e n t sy st e m pr e val e n t h e r e d e alt w i t h
th in gs in a mu c h mo r e p r a c ti c al way a way
1
'

whi c h mad e S e lf Gov ern ment at o n ce e ffe c ti ve,

-

c o mpe t e n t a n d r e al
”
I f t he futur e is to be
‘

built o n th e p ast then we must hav e t h e V ill age

,
‘

C ou n cils t he
, g r o upe d villa g e s
’

C o u n cil s ;
and SO Oh in ext e ndi n g are a s to t he D ist ri ct
$
‘

an d P r o v i n c i al C ou ncils or l ocal P arliam e n t s,

'
'
46 THE FU T URE OF IND I AN POLI T I C S

and ab o v e th e m t h e N ati o n al P arliam e n t ,

which w o uld s e n d r e pr e s e n tativ e s to th e Im

p e r ial C o u n cil N o n e w o ul d b e with o ut a shar e
.

i n g o v e r n i n g but h is p o w e r would b e limit e d

,

t o t h e ar e a o v e r w hich his k n o wl e dg e e xt e n d e d ,

“
a nd th e r e w o uld b e n o bar r i e r a n ywh e r e t o
”
t h e risi n g o f t h e c o mp e t e n t . Th e r e w o uld
b e I n dividual P o litics o r C ivics th e trai n i n g
, ,

o f t h e g o o d citiz e n ; Mu n icipal P o litics i n clud ,

i n g t h e grad e s O f C o u n cils fr o m t h e V illag e to

t h e P r o vi n c e ; N ati o n al P o litics t h e c o n c e r n s
,

o f t h e N ati o n d e alt w ith i n th e N ati o n al P a r lia

,

m e n t ; I mp e r ial P o litics d e ali n g with th e

,

E mpir e a n d with i n t e r n atio n al qu e sti o n s in t h e

I mp e rial C o u n cil I th e n d e alt with ag r icultur e
.
,

utilisi n g Japa n e s e e xp e r im e n ts villag e crafts

,

a n d guilds li n ki n g th e m with t h e L o cal C o u n

,

c i l s showi n g h o w I n d ia might hav e a happy

, ,

c o n t e n t e d agricultural an d i n d ustrial p o p ul a
,

ti o n whi c h at pr e s e n t e xists in n o cou n try in t h e

,

”
worl d . I poi n t e d o u t als o h o w C o O p e rativ e
-
 S T EP B Y S T E P 47

S o c i e ti e s w o ul d w o rk in h e lpi n g hom e in ,

du st er i s c ottag
,
e i n dustri e s e mb r o i,d e r y a n d
the
“
spi n n i n g o f thr e a d which ,agai n is a
woma n s i n d ust r y
’
whil e t h e m e n might
,

w e av e D e tails o n w e avi n g a n d o th e r matt e rs

—
.

w e r e giv e n in t h e app e n d ic e s pr o p o sals

w o r k e d o ut a n d h o w th e y w e r e c o n n e c t e d
,

with S e lf G o v e r n m e n t n o t m e r e rhaps o di e s
-
,

o n t h e ch a r ka a n d kha d da r as n i n e y e a r s
,

lat e r .

I f I a m t o f o r e c ast th e F utur e o f I n dia n

”
P o litics I must mak e it c l e a r tha t I b e li e v e
,

that t h e d e sti n i e s O f N ati o n s a r e pla n n e d by

th e O c c ult H i e r a r chy which r ul e s t h e w o rld ,

an d a r e n o t m e r e ly t h e struggl e s d e f e ats , ,

a n d vict o r i e s d i r e ct e d by R ul e r s G e n e r als
, , ,

A d mi r als Judg e s Stat e s m e n a n d P arlia

, , ,

m e n ts t h e act o rs o n t h e stag e o f t h e W o rld

,

D ra m a I b e li e v e that m e n a n d w o m e n by t h e
.
,

cou n tl e ss ch o i c e s b e tw e e n t h e s e lfish a n d
the u n s e lfish b e twe e n p e rs o n al gai n a n d
,
48 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S :

self sacrifici ng s e rvi c e in th e ir pr e c e d i n g liv e s ;

-
,
‘

fit th e ms e lv e s t o play t h e r e sp e ctiv e l e adi n g

'

part s O f h e r o a n d villai n t h e sm al l e r p ar ts o f
,
'

su b sidiar y a c tors a n d n o n d e s c ript sup e rs in a ny

’

Sp ec ial A c t o f t h e W o r ld P lay a n d I ,

ack n o wl ed g e that a N ati o n a c o ll e ctiv e Will , ,

may a cc e pt o r r e j e ct a n O pp o rtu n ity O ff e r e d

to it at s o m e particular e p o ch a n d that ,

i n dividuals a r e r e i n car n at e d i n t o N ati o n s

-

to play t h e parts d e ma n d e d by th e G r e at P la n ,

or W o rl d D rama as wh e n t h e sp e ctato r is
,

su r p r is e d to se e a n army o f li o n s c o mma n d
” ’
e d by ass e s ,
in s o m e t r ag e dy in a N ati o n s
lif e With i n fi n it e S kill t h e passio n s a n d
.
,

d e sir e s o f m e n wh e th e r g o o d o r e vil ar e
”

, ,

utilis e d to subs e rv e t h e w o r ki n g o ut O f th e
divi n e purp o s e o f e v o luti o n that m e n m a y ,

ris e high e r a n d high e r in t h e U n iv e r s e

which liv e s in its p e r f e c tio n in the H e art
Of Go d , a n d is gra d ually w o r k e d o ut in
t h e e v o luti o n O f M an Th o u mak e st t he
.
50 THE FU T U R E OF I N D I A N PO L I T I C S

had cr e at e d a n d l e d t h e C o n g r e ss w e r e thos e
wh o had t h e r ight to d e c id e its acti o n an d that ,

I h a d n o rig ht b e y o n d maki n g t h e sugg e sti o n .

Sir P h e r o z e sh a h wr o t e to m e that t h e qu e stio n

h ad aris e n v e ry e arly in t h e lif e o f t h e Co n gr e ss ,

a n d that it had b e e n d e cid e d th at o pi n i o n s

vari e d so mu c h o n r e ligi o us e d ucati o n al a n d

,

so c ial qu e sti o n s that it wa s th o ught to b e b e st

,

that th o s e who a gr e e d o n th e b r o ad li n e s o f
P o litical R e f o rm sh o uld n o t mar th e ir u n ity
by i n tr o duci n g o th e r matt e rs H e w r o t e v e ry
.

ki n dly a n d i n vit e d m e to talk thi n gs o v e r

with h im a n d I gladly ass e n t e d but his ill n e ss
, ,

pr e v e n t e d t h e m e e ti n g M r Da dab h a i N ao rO j i
. .

agr e e d with him a s to k e e pi n g th e p o litical

.

mov e m e n t s e para t e I th e r e f o r e start e d a w e e k

.

l y n e wspap e r T h e C o mmon we a t o n Ja n uary

, ,

2 1 9 1 4 to e mb o d y t h e f o urf o l d I d e al a n d
, , ,

“
an a r ticl e w ith t h e c apti o n O u r P o licy
,

se ts it f o r th . D e clari n g that a f r e e platf o r m

sh o uld b e k e pt by t h e jo ur n al fo r th e th o ughtfu l
 STE P BY STE P 51

d is c ussio n o f t h e f o ur class e s of subj e c ts it

‘

gav e its e dit o rial p o licy :

T h e e dit o rial p o li c y r e gard s t h e f o ur gre at
—
fu n c ti o n s O f huma n lif e b e l o n gi n g t o t h e Spirit t h e
—
,

M i n d t h e E m o ti o n s a n d t h e B o dy as b e i n g diff e r
,

e n t e x p r e ssi o n s o f O n e L if e a n d as th e r e f o r e c l o s e ly
,

i n t e r re lat e d T h e y f o rm t h e f o ur gre at d e p artm e n t s

- .

of N ati o n al R e f o rm i n e v e ry c o u n try a n d a n y ,

a n tag o n is m b e t we e n th e m n a y a n y mutual c o ld n e s s
, ,

o r i n diff e r e n c e thro w s th e w h o l e B o dy P o liti c o ut

,

o f h e alth .

In I n dia this is o lati o n i s p e c uliarly mis c hi e v o us

, ,

b e c aus e as M r A O H u m e p o i n t e d o u t in 1 885 :
, . . .

T h e e ar n e st a n d u n s e lfish lab o ur e rs fo r pr o gre ss

in t h is c o u n try c o n stitut e but an i n fi n it e simal fra c ti o n
O f t h e p o p ulati o n a fra c ti o n th a t b e c o m e s ab s o lut e ly
'

i n appre c iabl e if furth e r subdivid e d We sta n d ,

th e n fo r U n i o n am o n g a l l w o rk e rs I n t h e N ati o n al
,

Caus e a n d ask o n ly to b e all o w e d t o s e rv e it in a n y

,

o f t h e f o ur gr e at d e partm e n ts .

In R el ig io n it st o o d fo r i n d i v idual lib e r ty
, ,

m utual r e sp e ct r e ga rd i n g a ll r e ligi o n s as ways

,

t o G o d a n d r e c o g n isi n g t h e r e ligi o u s c o n
,

s c io us n e s s n o t any,
o u t e r a u th o r ity as t h e ,

I n n e r R ul e r O f e ach I t ask e d that all sh o uld

.

b e pr o t e c t e d in th e ir lib e r ty a n d that n o n e ,
52 TH E FU T U RE OF INDI A N PO LI T IC S

S h o uld b e privil e g e d In E d u ca t io n it pl e ad e d
.
,

fo r fl e xibility ,f e we r e xami n ati o n s fo r e n ,

c o u ra g e m e n t of i n itiativ e in t e ach er s a n d
pupils i n c lusi o n O f physical m o r al a n d r e ligio us
, ,

c ultu r e t h e l o w e r i n g O f f e e s t h e e n c o urag e
, ,

m e n t O f th e v er n aculars a n d classical la n guag e s

of I n dia m o r e s c h oo ls a n d c o ll e g e s m o r e
, ,

t e ch n ical a n d artistic i n structio n e du c ati o n o f ,

girls a n d o f t h e mass e s a n d g e n e rally fo r

,

“
u n iv e rsal e ducati o n o n N ati o n al li n e s with ,

a n o p e n path f r o m p r imary sch oo ls thr o ugh

high e r s c h o o ls to th e U n iv e r siti e s In So cia l

R ef or m it advo cat e d f o r e ig n t r av e l co O p e r a
, ,
-

ti o n uplift O f t h e subm e r g e d class e s with a b o

, ,

l itio n O f chil d marriag e s e clusi o n o f wo m e n

-
, ,

c o l o ur bar a n d th e cast e syst e m I a d d t h e full.

stat e m e n t o f th e P o litical R e f o rm d e sir e d ,

b e caus e it o utli n e s what w e m e a n t by S e lf

G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e way to it a n d t h e spi r it
i n wh ic h it was f r am e d a spirit O f u n i o n l o v e
, , ,

a n d c o O p e rati o n
-
n o t o f d isu n i o n hat r e d a n d
, ,
 S T E P B Y ST E P 53

no n - c o -O p e rati o n I t i n d i c at e s o ur p o litical
.

aim t h e F r e e F utu r e o f I n dia that which w e

, ,

lab o ur e d for in th e H o m e R ul e L e agu e ,

t h e C o n gr e ss L e agu e Sch e m e t h e M o n tagu

-
,

C h e l m sf o rd R e f o r ms t h e w o rki n g O f R e f o rms
, ,

a n d in t h e lat e r o pp o siti o n to t h e N o n C O -

O p e r ati o n m o v e m e n t l e d by Mr Ga n dhi
, . .

I t r un s :
In P o lit ic a l Re fo r m w e aim at t h e buildi n g up O f
c o m p l e t e Se lf G o v e r n m e n t fr o m V illag e C o u n c ils ,
-

thr o ugh D istri c t a n d M u n i c i p al B o ard s a n d P r o vi n c ial

L e gislativ e A ss e m b li e s t o a N ati o n al P arliam e n t ,
,

e qual in it s p o w e rs t o t h e l e gislativ e b o di e s o f t h e
Se lf G o v e r n i n g C o l o n i e s , by w hat e v e r n a m e th e s e
-

may b e c all e d ; als o at t h e dir e c t r e p r e s e n tati o n o f

I n dia in t h e I m p e rial P arliam e n t , w h e n that b o dy
s h a l l c o n tai n r e p r e s e n tativ e s O f t h e Se lf G o v e r n i n g
-

Stat e s o f t h e E mpir e . A l l m e asur e s that t e n d i n

this dire c ti o n w e s h e l l supp o rt , a n d all that r e tard
it we shall o pp o s e . W e r e c o g n is e t h e N ati o n al
C o n gre ss a n d t h e n o n O ffi c ial m e mb e rs o f r e p r e s e n
-

t a tiv e b o di e s as v o i ci n g t h e w ill o f I n dia . We c laim

a n o p e n p ath fo r I n dia n s t o e v e ry p o st i n th e ir
n ativ e la n d , as p r o mis e d by t h e P r o c lamati o n o f
1 858, a n d t h e ab o liti o n o f e v e ry l a w that pla c e s th e m
i n a p o siti o n i n f e ri o r t o that e n j o y e d by t h e E n glish .

W e ask that c a p a c ity a n d high c hara c t e r shal l

54 TH E FU T URE OF I ND I A N POLI T IC S

d e t e rmi n e all appo i n tm e n ts t o O ffi c e an d that ,

c o l o ur a n d re ligi o n shall b e e n tire ly disre gard e d as

qualifi c ati o n s .

O n e thi n g that li e s v e ry n e ar t o o ur h e art is

to d ra w G r e at Britai n a n d I n dia n e ar e r t o e a c h
o th e r by maki n g k n o wn i n G r e at B ritai n s o m e thi n g
,

o f I n dia n m o v e m e n ts a n d o f t h e m e n w h o w ill
,

i n flu e n c e fr o m h e r e t h e d e sti n i e s O f t h e E m p ire .

In 1 9 14 , I w e n t to E n gla n d a n d th e r e ,

tri e d but fail e d to f o r m a littl e pa r ty in th e

, ,

H o u s e o f C o m m o n s to p r o m o t e I n dia n i n t e r e sts .

I t fail e d b e caus e t h e H o m e R ul e q u e sti o n in

I r e la n d w a s b e f o r e t h e H ous e a n d its su p ,

p o r t e r s f e a r e d to e mbarrass Mr Asquith t h e .
,

th e n P r e m i e r by sta r ti n g a pa r ty advo cati n g

,

H o m e R ul e fo r I n d ia H o w e v e r I l e c ture d
. ,

fo r I n dia a n d in th e Gr e at $u ee n s H all E arl

’

, ,

B r ass e y in th e C hair I e xplai n e d h e r g r ie v

,

a n o e s a n d h e r n e e d s an d fi n ally d e clar e d that

,

’ ’
T h e p r ic e O f I n d ia s l o yalty is I n dia s F r e e
”
do m . Mr Jin n a h an d L 515 L a j pa t R ai
.

supp o r te d m e a n d t h e m e e ti n g was a gr e at
,

su c c e ss .
 STE P BY STE P 55

O n my r e tur n to I n dia , I start e d a daily

ne wspap e r t o adv o cat e t h e sam e p o li c y as
that o f Th e C o m mo n n ea l purchasi n g The r
,

M a dr a s S t a n d a r d . T h e first n umb e r w a s
issu e d o n July 1 4 1 9 1 4 a n d it w a s s oon
, ,

r e n am e d N ew I n dia I t s o u n d e d o ut t h e
.

S e lf G o v e r n m e n t n o t e o f 1 906a n d urg e d th at
-

i n st e ad O f aski n g fo r R e f o rms pi e c e m e al w e ,

sh o ul d b e n d o u r e n e r gi e s to w i n S e lf G o v e r n
-

m e n t H o m e R ul e a n d mak e th e r e f o rms fo r
, ,

o u r s e lv e s . In a n a r ticl e o n J uly 2 3 o n ,

“ ”
N ati o n al E ducati o n I pl e ad e d th at t h e
,

c o mi n g H i n d u U n iv e rsity sh o uld b e a
”
N atio n al n ot a
, G o v e r n m e n t U n I ve rsity ,

with p o w e r to m ak e its o w n c ur r iculum a n d ,

c o n t r o ll e d by I n d ia n s ( B o th. p o i n ts w e r e

gai n e d ) In that articl e o ccu r s t h e fo ll o wi n g

.

L e t a n E n glishma n imagi n e w hat E t o n a n d

H arr o w, O xf o rd a n d Cambridg e w o uld b e , if th e y
w e r e h e ld a n d ad mi n ist e r e d by G e r m a n s ; w o u l d
th e y a n y l o n g e r b e n urs e ri e s o f E n glish h e ro ism ,
o f E n g l is h patri o tism Wo uld E n glish b o ys bro ught
56 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

up on G e rma n hist o ry o r bi o graphi e s o f G e rma n

,

h e ro e s o n t h e live s o f Bluc h e r a n d B ismar c k

, ,

b e c o m e t h e E n glishm e n that c arry t h e E n glish

flag t o e v e ry quart e r o f t h e gl o b e ? Le t th e m th e n
r e alis e h o w I n dia n s f e e l wh o hav e b e hi n d th e m a
,

C ivilisati o n O f th o usa n ds o f y e ars a n d w h o s e s o n s a r e

,

n o w br o ught up o n liv e s w hi c h mak e th e m r e gard

—
th e ir f o re fa th e rs w h o p r o du c e d th e U p a n ish a ts th e ,

M a habhar a ta t h e dr a mas O f K ali dasa t h e c o mm e n

, ,

tari e s o f Sha nkarac h arya Ram an uj a a n d M adhva

, ,

t h e d e v o ti o n o f T u k ar am K abir a n d G uru N an ak
, ,

t h e val o ur O f P ratap Si n gh t h e stat e sma n ship o f

— ,

A kbar a s a c r o w d o f sup e rstiti o us dr e am e rs a n d

impra c ti c abl e visi o n ari e s w hil e th e y a re ta ught t o
,

l o o k to N e ls o n a n d We lli n gt o n as h e r o e s a n d t o ,

r e gard imp o rta n t I n dia n hist o ry as b e gi nn i n g with

Cliv e a n d Warr e n H asti n gs W e do n o t blam e t h e
.

G o v e rn me n t ; h o w sh o uld E n glishm e n u n d e rsta n d

t h e t o th e m f o r e ig n spl e n d o urs o f a n a n c i e n t e ast e rn
, ,

la n d T h e y hav e giv e n us o f th e ir b e st a n d n e v e r ,

w ill I n dia f o rg e t that w e o we t o th e m t h e uplifti n g

b e f o r e I n dia n e y e s o f t h e id e als o f L ib e rty a n d Se lf
G o v e r n m e n t th e i n spirati o n O f o rd e r e d F r e e d o m O f
, ,

N ati o n al s e lf c o n s c i o us n e ss ; w e o we t o th e m t h e
-

trai n i n g o f t h e pr e s e n t g e n e rati o n o f vakils d o c t o rs , ,

gre at m e rc ha n ts w h o f o u n d e d a n d hav e c arri e d o n

,

t h e N ati o n al C o n gre ss w h o f o rm e d I n dia n publi c

,
”
Op i n i o n t h e e du c at e d mi n o rity r e gard e d by Th e
, ,

Tim e s w ith a hatre d b o rn o f f e ar a n d by I n dia a s,

its pre s e n t gl o ry an d its futur e h o p e

, .
58 THE FU TU R E OF I NDI A N PO L I T IC S
’
O n t h e c o n t r ary wh e n War br o k e
, I n dia s o u t,

first impuls e first m o v e m e n t wa s to sp r i n g to

, ,

t h e sid e O f B r itai n to h e lp h e r to fight b e sid e

, ,

h e r t o liv e o r die wit h h e r T o I n d ia G e r ma n y

, .
,

e m b o di e d Aut o c r acy a n d Britai n L ibe rty

, Sh e .

th r ill e d to t h e w o r d s o f Asquith a n d L l o yd
G e o r g e Sh e wa s aflam e with e n thusiasti c
.

p r i d e a n d l o v e T h e Mad r as Bar v o lu n t e e r e d
.

wit h e ag e r n e ss a n d t h e first chill cam e with

,

t h e r e j e cti o n O f th e ir war m h e a r t e d e n t h u -

sia s m . T h e O ff e r o f th e ir ma n h oo d r e fus e d ,

th e y gav e th e ir m o n e y a n d t h e first H o spital

,

S hip was that O f M adras I e mb o di e d in

.

my E d it o rial N o t e s in Th e Theosop his t fo r

N o v e mb e r 1 9 1 4 t h e f e e li n gs whic h th r o bb e d
, ,

in all o u r h e arts in th o s e fi r st m o n th s o f Wa r ,

a n d I put it o n r e c o rd h e r e th at I may b e ar ,

wit n e ss fo r th o s e w h o w o r k e d po litically in
I n d ia fr o m 1 9 1 4 to 1 9 1 9 fo r th e i d e als fo r
w hich o u r m e n I n d ia n s a n d E n glish alik e
, ,

w e r e fighti n g i n t he tr e n c h e s O f n o rth e as t e r n -
 STE P B Y S TE P 59

F ra n c e andF la n d e rs in Gallip o li in M e sop o

, ,

ta m I a in P al e sti n e in E ast Africa th at th e y

, , ,

f o ught h e r e agai n st t h e aut o cracy w hi c h I n d ia

a n d Britai n w e r e d e st r o yi n g in E u r o p e wit h
,

t h e w o rds o f E n glis h l e a d e rs o n th e ir lips a n d ,

th e lov e o f E n glish Fr e e d o m in th e i r h e arts .

T h e war fo r L ib e rty ab r o a d fi r e d u s to w in
L ib e rty at H o m e that o ur s o ldi e r s migh t
,

r e tur n to an I n d ia gr o wi n g i n t o F r e e d o m T h e .

wa v e o f passi o n fo r L ib e r ty that sw e pt o v e r
t h e w o r l d a n d a t last d r o v e Am e ri c a i n t o t h e
,

’
War with Wils o n s r i n gi n g w o rd s c o ul d n o t
, ,

l e av e I n d ia u n t o uch e d but se t h e r h e art a

,

thr obbi n g An d so I w r o t e
.

All t h e w o rld o v e r is t h e tumult O f W a r ; t h e

lurid light o f d e va stat e d h o m e s blaz e s o u t fr o m t h e
burn i n g t o wn s o f B e lgium ; t h e r e li c s o f p ast a g e s
in L o uvai n a n d R h e ims a n d D i n a n t hav e b e e n
hamm e r e d i n t o p i e c e s by t h e n e w ha m m e r O f T h o r ;
hu n dre ds o f th o usa n ds o f m e n kill e d o r w o u n d e d
, ,

stre w t h e fi e lds that sh o uld ha ve b e e n y e ll o w i n g

fo r t h e si c kl e ; all t h e fai r p e a c e ful i n dustri e s o f
c o mm o n lif e a re w h e lm e d i n o n e r e d rui n .
60 THE FU T URE OF INDI A N POLI T IC S

A n d fo r w hat i s all this pai n this ag o n y O f ,

w r e n c h e d mus c l e s a n d shatt e r e d li mbs , this blasti n g

o f bri g ht y o u n g liv e s , this d e stru c ti o n o f gl o w i n g
h o p e s ? In th e pi c tu r e s o f t h e kill e d that app e ar i n
t h e illustrat e d pap e rs th e r e a r e s o ma n y fa c e s glad
,

w ith t h e sun shi n e o f lif e , b right fa c e s O f y o u n g

ma n h o o d , da wn i n g i n t o V irility fa c e s that m o th e rs
,

must hav e l o v e d s o d e arly , m ust hav e kiss e d so

passi o n at e ly as th e y s e n t th e m f o rth A s o n e l o o ks .

at t h e m o n e s e e s th e m trampl e d i n t o c rims o n m ud
, ,

s hatt e r e d by bu r sti n g sh e ll riv e n by c u t o f sabr e

, ,

a n d is glad th a t t h e e arth sh o uld hid e t h e h o rr o r o f

w hat wa s o n c e s o fair . Cl e ar e y e s l o o ki n g o ut S O
,

b rightly up o n j o y o us lif e that hav e gaz e d u n fli n c h

,

i n g l y i n t o th e e y e s O f d e ath L ips still S h o w i n g t h e

.
,

g ra c i o us c urv e s o f y o uth that hard e n e d in t h e

,

a t tl c rash t o r e lax agai n o n ly in t h e p e a c e o f

Btfi
-
,

ea

A n d all fo r w hat ? F o r w hat t h e br o k e n h e arts

i n all t h e h o m e s i n w hi c h th e s e galla n t lad s w e r e
light a n d j o y F o r w hat t h e a n guish O f t h e w id o w s
o f th e s e o th e r m e n , b e y o n d t h e first flush O f y o uth ,
w h o l e ft b e hi n d th e m th e ir e a rth s tr e asure ,
’

w ith t h e c hild r e n w h o shall w at c h fo r th e ir fath e r s

’

c o mi n g us e l e ss w at c hi n g fo r h o m e ward h e will
, ,

never c o m e agai n ? F o r w hat t h e myriads O f

d ark e n e d h o m e s , w h o s e br e ad wi n n e rs husb a n ds ,

a n d s o n s , fath e rs a n d l o ve r s , fi n d n o r e c o rd i n t h e
pi c tur e d pag e s th o ugh d e ar t o th e h e arts that l o v e
,

th e m as a r e t h e n o bl e a n d w e althy w h o ’th e r e o n
hav e th e ir pla c e ? F o r w hat t h e w o rld s gr e at
 S T EP B Y S T E P 61

a n guish m o urn i n g o v e r h e r slaught e r e d s o n s F o r

,

w hat
T h e r e hav e b e e n w ars b e gu n fo r tra n si e n t
o bj e c ts fo r t h e c o n qu e st o f a p i e c e o f la n d fo r t h e
, , ,

w e ak e n i n g o f a rival fo r t h e gai n i n g o f add e d p o w e r

, ,

b e gu n b e c aus e O f ambiti o n o f gr e e d o f j e al o usy o f

, , ,

i n sult In su c h w ars liv e s a r e flu n g a way fo r

. ,

trifl e s th o ugh t h e m e n w h o suff e r in th e m o r w h o

, ,
:

die w in o ut o f th e ir o w n a n guish add e d str e n gth

,

a n d b e auty o f c hara c t e r full r e ward fo r t h e p ai n

,

e n dur e d fo r th e y r e tur n w ith t h e sp o ils O f V i c t o ry

i n t o n e w av e n u e s o f as c e n di n g lif e a n d w ith th e m
,

it is v e ry we ll Su c h w ars a r e e vil in th e ir o rigi n

.
,

h o w e v e r mu c h t h e divi n e al c h e my may tra n smut e

t h e bas e i n t o fi n e g o ld .

But this Wa r is n o n e o f th e s e In this War .

mighty P ri n c ipl e s a r e battli n g fo r t h e mast e ry .

I d e als a r e l o c k e d in d e adly c o mbat T h e dir e c ti o n

$

o f t h e mar c h O f o ur pr e s e n t c ivilisati o n up w ard s ,

o r d o w n w ards d e p e n ds o n t h e i ssu e O f t he struggl e

, .

T wo I d e als O f W o rld E mpir e a r e bala n c e d o n t h e

-

s c al e s o f t h e future T hat is w h a t rais e s this W a r

.

ab o v e all o th e rs k n o wn in t h e bri e f hist o ry o f t h e

W e st ; it is t h e lat e st o f t h e piv o ts o n w hi c h in ,

su cc e ssiv e ag e s th e imm e diat e futur e o f t h e w o rld

,

has turn e d T o die battli n g fo r t h e R ight is t h e

.
, ,

gladd e st fa te that c a n b e fall t h e y o uth in t h e j o y o f

his da wn i n g ma n h o o d t h e m a n in t h e p rid e o f h is
,

stre n gth t h e e ld e r in t h e w isd o m o f his maturity a y e

, , ,

a n d t h e ag e d in t h e ri c h spl e n d o ur o f h i s w h it e n e d
62 THE FU T U RE OF IND I A N POLI T IC S

h e ad . T o b e w o u n d e d in this Wa r is t o b e e n r o ll e d
i n t h e ra n ks o f H uma n ity s Warri o rs , t o hav e f e lt
’

t h e str o k e O f t h e sa c rifi c ial k n if e t o b e ar i n t h e m o rta l

,

b o dy t h e gl o ri o us sc ar s o f a n im mo rtal struggl e .

O f t h e t wo p o ssibl e W o rld E m p i re s that o f -

,

G r e at Britai n a n d that o f G e rma n y o n e is alr e ad y ,

far adva n c e d in t h e maki n g a n d sh o w s i ts quality ,

w ith D o mi n i o n s a n d C o l o n i e s w ith I n d ia at its sid e

, .

T h e o th e r is but in e mbry o but c an b e judg e d by its

,

t h e o ri e s w ith t h e small e xa mpl e s availabl e a s t o

,

t h e fashi o n o f th e ir o ut w o rki n g i n t h e fe w C o l o n i e s
t hat it is f o u n di n g t h e o utli n i n g o f t h e u n b o r n e mbry o
, .

—
T he first e mb o di e s th o ugh as y e t but partially
—
r e alis e d t h e I d e al o f F re e d o m ; o f e v e r i n c r e asi n g -

S e lf G o v e r n m e n t ; o f P e o pl e s risi n g i n t o p o w e r
-

an d s e lf d e v e l o pm e n t al o n g th e ir o wn li n e s ; O f a
-

S upr e m e G o v e rn m e n t br o ad bas e d u p o n t h e
“
-

P e o p l e s W ill ; o f fair a n d just tre atm e n t o f

’ ”

u n d e v e l o p e d ra c e s aidi n g n o t e n slavi n g t h e m ; it
,

e mb o di e s t h e e mbry o o f t h e s p l e n did D e m o c ra c y o f

t h e F utur e ; o f t h e N e w Civilisati o n c o o p e rativ e -

—
, ,

p e a c e ful pro g re ssiv e arti s ti c just a n d fre e a

, , , ,

Bro th e rh o o d O f N ati o n s w h e th e r t h e N ati o n s b e

,

i n sid e o r o utsid e t h e W o rld E m p ir e -

T his is t h e .

I d e al ; a n d that G re at B ritai n h a s s e t h e r f e e t in t h e
p at h w hi c h l e ad s t o it is p r o v e d n o t o n ly by h e,
r
pa st i n t e ri o r h ist o ry w ith its struggl e s t o ward s
L ib e rty but als o by h e r gra n ti n g o f auto n o my t o h e r
,

C o lo nie s h e r f o rmati o n O f t h e b e gi n n i n gs o f
,
‘

S e lf G o v e rn m e n t I n I n dia h e r c o n sta n tly i mpro vi n g

-
,
 STE P BY STE P 63

a ttitud e t o ward s t h e u n d e v e l o p e d ra c e s
—a s in usi n g
t h e Salvati o n A rmy t o c ivilis e t h e c rimi n al trib e s in
—
I n dia all p ro mi si n g ad va n c e s t o ward s th e I d e al .

M o re o v e r , sh e v e r sh e lt e r e d t h e o p p r e ss e d
ha s e

e xil e s fl y i n g t o h e r sh o r e s fo r re fug e agai n st th e ir

—
,

t yra n ts t h e n a m e s o f K o ss u th M azzi n i K r o p o tki n , , ,

s hi n e o ut gl o ri o usly a s w i t n e s se s in h e r fav o ur ; s h e
has f o ught agai n st t h e sla v e trad e a n d w e ll n ig h -

a b o lish e d it A n d at t h e pr e s e n t m o m e n t s h e is
'

f ighti n g in d e f e n c e o f k e e p i n g faith w ith th o s e t o o

s mall t o e xa c t it ; in d e f e n c e o f T r e aty o b l igati o n s
a n d t h e sa n c tity o f a N ati o n s p l e dg e d w o rd ; in
’

d e f e n c e o f N ati o n al H o n o ur o f Justi c e t o t h e w e a k
, ,

o f that L a w o b e di e n c e t o
, w hi c h by t h e str o n g
Stat e s is t h e o n ly guara n t e e O f futur e P e a c e t h e ,

o n ly saf e guard o f So c i e ty agai n st t h e tyra n n y o f

b rut e Str e n gth F o r al l this E n gla n d is fig hti n g
.
,

w h e n s h e might hav e st o o d a sid e s e lfish a n d at ,

e as e , w at c hi n g h e r n e ighb o urs t e ari n g e a c h o th e r

i n t o pi e ce s w aiti n g u n til th e ir e xhau sti o n mad e it
,

p o ssibl e fo r h e r t o imp o s e h e r w ill I n st e ad O f thus

.

r e mai n i n g S h e has spru n g f o r w ard k n ight e rra n t

, ,
-

o f L ib e rty s e rva n t o f D uty With p o s s ibl e da n g e r

, .

O f Civil W a r b e hi n d h e r w i th supp o s e d p o ssibl e

,

r e v o lt in So uth Afri c a a n d I n dia w ith sham e ful ,

b rib e s o ff e r e d fo r h e r sta n d i n g asid e sh e s p ur n e d ,

a l l l o we r r e as o n i n gs a n d spri n g in g t o h e r f e e t s e n t
, ,

o ut a li o n s r o ar o f d e fia n c e t o t h e br e ak e r s o f
’

tr e ati e s utt e r e d a ri n gi n g sh o ut fo r h e l p t o h e r
,

p e o p l e s flu n g h e r littl e army t o t h e fro n t a —

,

v e ritabl e D avid agai n st G o liath

— t o gai n tim e tim e , ,
64 THE FU T U RE OF I ND I AN POLI T I C S

that t h e h o sts might gath e r t o h o ld t h e e n e my ba c k ,

at all c o sts l e t die w h o m ight o f h e r c hildr e n ;

,

c all e d fo r m e n t o h e r sta n dard m e n fro m t h e ,

n o bl e s fr o m t h e pr o f e ssi o n s fro m t h e trad e s m e n

, , ,

fr o m t h e pl o ugh fro m t h e f o rg e fr o m t h e mi n e
,
—
fr o m th e fur n a c e ; a n d this n o t fo r gai n s h e ha s
, ,

n aught —
to gai n f r o m t h e W a r but b e c a us e s h e
l o v e d L ib e rty H o n o ur Justi c e La w b e tt e r tha n
, , , ,

lif e o r tr e asur e that s h e c o u n t e d gl o ri o u s D e ath a

,

th o usa n df o ld m o r e d e sirabl e tha n sham e ful e xist e n c e

b o ught by c o w ardly e as e F o r this t h e N ati o n s .
,

bl e ss h e r ; fo r this h e r dyi n g So n s ad o r e h e r ; fo r ,

this H ist o ry shall applaud h e r ; fo r this shall t h e

, ,

W o rld E mpir e b e h e rs w ith th e c o n s e n t o f all F r e e

-

P e o pl e s a n d sh e shall b e t h e P ro t e c t o r n o t th e
, ,

T yra n t o f H uma n ity

, .

T h e s e c o n d c laima n t o f W o rld E mpir e e m -

b o di e s t h e I d e al o f Aut o c ra c y f o u n d e d o n F o r c e .

T h e c a n didat e p r o c laim s hims e lf t h e Wa r L o rd ,

an d in his r e alm n o M ast e r sav e hims e lf ; h e

d e c lar e s t o hi s army a s h e fli n gs his s wo rd i n t o ,

t h e s c al e o f W a r
R m mb r t h t t h G r m n p o p l
e e e t h ch o
a n of G o d
e e a e e ar e e se .

On m on m e, G rm n E m p r o r t h S piri t o f G o d h
e, as e a e , e as

d c n d d I m H i w p on H i w o rd d H i V ic g r n t
es e e . a s ea , s s , an s e e e .

W t th di o b di nt D th t c ow r d
oe o e s e e d u n b li v r
. ea o a s an e e e s.

T h e thi n k e rs t h e t e a c h e rs o f his p e o pl e hav e

, ,

f o rmulat e d t h e th e o ry o f t h e W o rld E mpir e ; it -

r e c o g n is e s n o l a w in d e ali n g w ith Stat e s s av e that

o f Str e n gth n o arbitram e n t sav e W a r
, I ts o wn .

s e lf i n t e r e st is d e c lar e d to b e its o n ly m o tiv e ; its

-
66 THE FU T U R E OF I NDI AN POLI T IC S

de se rt w h e r e th e y p e rish e d o f hu n g e r a n d
”
t h irst . O n this sampl e , w e r e fus e t h e g o o d s
o ff e r e d
. M o re o v e r , w e hav e s e e n t he E m p ire at
wo rk , c arry i n g o ut in B e lgium it s th e o ri e s O f
m urd e r , rap e , a n d l o o t T h e c h o s e n p e o pl e o f th e
.

”
( G e rma n ) G o d sti n k in t h e n o strils O f E uro p e .

T his e mbry o -E mpire o f t h e b o tt o ml e ss pit , c o n

c e ive d O f H atr e d a n d shap e d in t h e w o mb o f A mbi
ti o n must n e v e r c o m e t o t h e birth I t is t h e N e w
, .

Barbari sm ; it is t h e a n tith e sis o f a l l that is n o bl e ,

c o mpassi o n at e , a n d huma n e H uma n ity k n o w s t h e
.

way s o f G o ths , V a n dals a n d H u n s , th e B e rs e rk e r

r ag e o f t h e Viki n gs ; it r e fus e s t o b o w d o w n b e f o r e
t h e I d o l o f F o r c e , t h e N e gati o n o f La w, o f F r e e d o m ,
O f Justi c e a n d o f P e a c e T h e y that mak e th e s wo rd
.

t h e arbitra m e n t shall p e ri sh by t h e s wo rd . The

Wa r G e rma n y has pro v o k e d , a s h e r ro ad t o E mpire ,
s hall c rush h e r militarism , fr e e h e r p e o pl e , a n d
ush e r in th e r e ig n o f P e a c e .

B e c aus e th e s e thi n gs are so b e c aus e t h e fate

,

o f t h e n e x t A g e o f t h e Wo rld tu rn s n o w o n t h e c h o i c e
mad e by t h e N ati o n s I c a l l o n all w h o are pl e dg e d
,

t o U n iv e rsal Br o th e rh o o d all T h e o s o p hists t h e

,

w o rld o v e r t o sta n d fo r R ight agai n st M ight La w

, ,

a gai n st F o r c e , F re e d o m ag a i n st Slav e ry Bro th e r

,

h o o d agai n st T yra nn y .

Sur e ly that wa s no t a spirit of takin g a dva n

tag e of t h e War to pr e ss a n e w c laim fo r
D o mi n io n status .
 C HA P T E R II

A N EW D E P A R T UR E

AT th e T w e n ty i n th N ati o n al Co n gr e ss in
'

-n

M ad r as in D e c e mb e r 1 9 1 4 a n e w d e partur e
, ,

wa s tak e n .
( F o r th o s e w h o may b e puzzl e d ,

o n r e f e rri n g to t h e C o n gr e ss R e p o r ts by fi n d
,

i n g t h is C o n gr e ss c all e d t h e Tw e n ty n i n th -
,

i n st e a d o f t h e Thirti e th I may e xplai n that

,

t h e C o n gr e ss br o k e n up at Surat i n 1 907 was

t h e Tw e n ty thir d
-
. I t was a d j o ur n e d n o t dis,

solv e d a n d m e t agai n at Ma d ras in 1 908 with

, , ,

t h e sam e P r e si d e n t t h e H o n Mr R a sh Bih a ri
, . .

Gh o s e a s still t h e Tw e n ty thir d Co n g r e ss
,
-
.

T h e n c e forwar d t h e n umb e r o f t h e C o n gr e ss
i s o n e l e ss tha n it sh o uld b e ac c o rd i n g to t h e
y e ars si n c e
B e f o r e t h e C o n gr e ss Of 1 9 1 4 m e t a fat e ful
,

d e c isi o n had b e e n t a k e n whi c h r e u n it e d th e

,
-
 68 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S

I n d ia n p o liti c al party split in two at Surat in

,

1 907 a n d th e r e aft e r k n o wn a s E xtr e mists

$

‘ ,

and C o n gr e ssm e n T h e u n io n c o mpl e t e d

at L uck n o w in 1 9 1 6 wa s agai n thr e at e n e d in
, ,

1 9 1 8 a n d br o k e n d e fi n it e ly i n 1 9 1 9 o v e r t h e
,

R e f o rm A c t o f that y e ar O n th at o ccasi o n .
,

“
h o w e v e r t h e C o n g r e ss w e n t with t h e
, Ex
”
t r e m is t s
, an d th e M o d e r at e s a n d N ati o n
”
a l H o m e R ul e r s t oo k n o furth e r pa r t in it ,

t h e Sp e cial C o n g r e ss o f 1 92 0 at C alcutta , ,
’
a d o pti n g M r Ga n dhi s m e th o d O f N o n CO
.
-

O p e rati o n a n d t h e An n ual C o n gr e ss at N ag
,

mm 1 9 2 0 c h,
a n gi n g its cr e e d a n d c o n stit u ti on .

Tha t h o w e v e r is o n ly a hasty gla n c e f o r wa r d

, , .

We must r e tur n to 1 9 1 4 .

Stayi n g with Mr G o khal e in th e S e rva n ts

.

’
of I n dia S o ci e ty s h o m e in P o o n a in t h e autum n ,

of 1 9 1 4 ,
h e ask e d m e t o g o to Mr Tilak his .
,

Ol d e n e my a n d se e if a via med ia c o uld n o t b e

,

fou n d fo r j o i n i n g i n t o o n e b o d y all w h o d e sir

’
e d I n d ia s f r e e d o m so that t h e g r e at split mad e
,
 A N EW D EP A R T U RE 6

at Surat might b e h e al e d H e sh o w e d m e th e
.

outli n e o f R e f o rms that h e ha d draw n u p a n d ,

s ugg e st e d that Mr Tilak a n d h is pow e r ful

.

party m ight r e e n t e r t h e C o n g r e ss a n d a
-
,

U n it e d I n dia might w o rk fo r S e lf G o v e r n m e n t -

”
withi n t h e E mpir e o n C o l o n ial li n e s as t h e
“
,

c r ee d O f th e C o n gr e ss laid d o w n I w e n t an d
saw M r .
—
Tilak w h o ha d b e e n a m e mb e r of
th e Th eo s o phical S o c i e ty in t h e e arly days a s ,

w e r e so ma n y O f t h e o rigi n al Co n gr e ssm e n
a n d w e had s o m e c o n v e rsati o n s U ltimat e .

l y we c am e to a pr e limi n ary agr e e m e n t ;

,

M r Tilak cam e to se e Mr G o kh al e a n d it
. .
,

was agr e e d that a pr o posal d raw n up by ,

M r Gokhal e sh o uld b e put b e for e t h e comi n g

.
,

C o n g r e ss to o p e n th e way fo r th e r e tu rn i n to
,

“ ”
t h e C o n gr e ss of t h e E xtr e mists a s th e y ,

w e r e th e n c all e d U n ha ppily a c ru e l a cc us a
.
,

tio n was flu n g at Mr Gokhal e tou c hi n g h is

.
,

ho no ur j ust be f o r e th e C o n gr e ss an d h e s e n t
, ,

a m e ssag e to m e biddi n g m e n o t bri n g forward

,
70 THE FU T URE OF INDI A N PO L I T IC S

h is proposal . I o f c o urs e dropp e d it but

, .
,

h avi n g pro m ise d to plac e b e f o r e th e C o mmitt e e

a sugg e sti o n that c e rtai n modifi c ati on s should
b e mad e in t h e rul e fo r e l e c ti o n o f d e l e gat e s ,

a n d th e r e b e i n g n o tim e t o c o mmu n icat e with

Mr G o khal e I mad e but di d n o t c arry

.
, , ,

that pr o p o sal e n tir e ly o n my o w n acc o u n t H e

, .

w a s a n gry with m e fo r th e m o m e n t but wh e n ,

I poi n t e d o ut th at w ith his c o n s e n t 1 had

, ,

pl e dg e d mys e lf to do so h e e v e r j ust appr o v e d

, , , ,

a n d said that som e m o n th s lat e r his pr o p o sal

, ,

might b e mad e but h e c o uld n o t mov e th e n

, .

Alas $ h e pass e d away in th e F e bruary o f

—
1 9 1 5 fo r thos e w h o lik e c o i n cid e n c e s I may ,

n ot e that h e l e ft u s o n F e bruary 1 9t h th e day ,

o n whi c h o cc urr e d in 1 86 1 t h e L ib e ratio n of

, ,

t h e R ussia n s e rfs a good day for o n e w h o was

,

o n e of t h e L ib e rators o f I n dia Still in t he .

,

C o n gr e ss of 1 9 1 5 t he n e c e ssary c h a n g e was
,

”
m ad e a n d t h e
,
Tilak party r e join e d th e
C o n gr e ss in 1 91 6 at L uc k n ow
,
.
 A N EW D EP A R T URE 71

The 1 91 4 C o n gr e ss b e ga n usual wit h

, as ,

vot e s of c o n d o l e n c e o n d e ath s whi c h had

o cc urr e d duri n g t h e y e a r a n d th e n pass e d t h e
,

foll o w i n g r e so luti o n r e pr e s e nti n g th e f e e li n gs

,

of I n dia t o wards Britai n a n d t h e War :

I V Reso l ve d ( a ) that this C o n gr e ss d e sire s
.
-

t o c o n v e y t o H i s M aj e sty t h e K i n g E mp e ro r an d t h e
-

p e o pl e o f E n gla n d its pr o f o u n d d e v o ti o n t o t h e
T hr o n e it s u n swe rvi n g all e gia n c e t o t h e British
,

c o nn e c ti o n a n d its firm r e s o lv e t o sta n d by th e

,

E mpir e at all hazards a n d at all c o sts

, .

( b) T hat this C o n gr e ss pla c e s o n r e c o rd th e

d e e p s e n s e O f gratit ud e a n d t h e e n thusia s m w hi c h
t h e R o yal M e ssag e addr e ss e d t o t h e P ri n c e s a n d
,

P e o p l e s o f I n dia at t h e b e gi nn i n g o f t h e W a r has ,

e v o k e d thr o ugh o ut t h e l e n gth a n d br e adth o f t h e

c o u n try a n d w hi c h striki n gly illustrat e s H is
,

M aj e sty s s o li c itud e a n d sympathy fo r th e m a n d

’
,

str e n gth e n s t h e b o n d w hi c h u n it e s th e P ri n c e s an d
P e o p l e s O f I n dia to H is R o yal H o us e a n d t h e p e rs o n
o f H is G ra c i o us M aj e sty .

I t pro c e e d e d to appr o v e warmly t h e de s

patch o f the I n dia E xpe dition ary F orc e a n d ,

ask e d for military trai n i n g .

.
—
V Re so lve d T hat this C o n gre ss n o t e s with
gratitud e and satisfa cti o n t h e d espat c h o f th e I n di a n
72 THE FU T U RE OF I NDI A N PO L I T IC S

E xp e diti o n ary F o r c e t o t h e th e atr e o f W a r a n d ,

b e gs t o o ff e r t o H E t h e V i c e ro y t h e m o st h e art
. .

f e lt tha n ks fo r aff o rdi n g t o t h e p e o pl e O f I n dia a n

o pp o rtu n ity o f sh o w i n g that a s e qual sub j e c ts o f
,

H is M aj e sty th e y a r e pr e par e d to fight sh o uld e r t o

,

sh o uld e r w ith t h e p e o p l e o f o t h e r parts o f t h e

E mpire in d e f e n c e o f right a n d justi c e a n d t h e ,

c aus e o f th e E mpir e
—
.

V I Re so l ve d T hat this C o n gr e ss urg e s o n t h e

.

G ov e rn m e n t th e n e c e ssity w isd o m a n d justi c e o f

, , ,

thr o w i n g o p e n t h e high e r o ffi c e s in t h e Army t o

In dia n s a n d o f e stablishi n g in t h e c o u n try M ilitary
,

Sc h oo ls an d C o ll e g e s w h e r e th e y may b e trai n e d
,

fo r a military c ar e e r a s O ffi c e rs in t h e I n dia n A rmy .

In r e c o g n iti o n O f t h e e qual rights O f c itiz e n ship o f

t h e p e o pl e o f I n dia w ith t h e r e st O f t h e E mpir e ,

a n d i n vi e w o f th e ir pr o v e d l o yalty s o u n mistakably
an d sp o n ta n e o usly ma n if e st e d a n d t h e str o n gl y
,

e x pre s s e d d e sir e o f all c lass e s a n d gra d e s t o b e ar ,

arms in t h e s e rvi c e o f t h e Cro wn a n d o f t h e

E mpir e thi s C o n gre s s urg e s up o n t he G o v e rn m e n t
,

t h e n e c e ssity o f t e o rga n isi n g t h e pr e s e n t syst e m

-

o f v o lu n t e e ri n g s o a s t o e n abl e t h e p e o pl e o f thi s
,

c o u n tr y
w ith o ut disti n c ti o n o f ra c e o r c l ass t o
, ,

e n l ist th e m s e lv e s a s c itiz e n s o ldi e rs o f th e E mpir e

- .

T he str e ss laid o n th e e qual rights o f

c itiz e n ship will b e n o t e d a s w e ll as t h e e n rol z
,
-

”
m e n t without disti n c tio n o f ra c e o r c la ss o f
“ ”
c itiz e n soldi e rs of th e E mpir e
-
M o difi c atio n s .
74 THE FU T UR E OF INDI AN POLI T IC S

and in R e soluti o n X it ask e d that that e quality

might als o b e r e c o g n is e d de j u r e As a matt e r
.

o f fa c t , th e r e w a s n o e quality of sa c rifi c e in
t h e C o l o n i e s a n d I n d ia fo r I n dia had l o n g at
, ,

a hug e a n d e v e r i n cr e asi n g c o st mai n tain e d

-
,

on a Wa r f oo t ing a n Army far b e y o n d h e r

need s , a n d it wa s this which e n abl e d L o rd

H ar d i n g e to fli n g ac r o ss th e s e as i n t o F ra n c e
a n Army r e a d y to tak e t h e fi e ld r ight athwart
,

t h e path to P aris b e tw e e n t h e a d va n ci n g hosts

of G e r ma n y a n d t h e spl e n d id but w o r n o ut
, ,

“
c o n t e mptibl e littl e Army O f Britai n ; to
falsify th e b o ast o f t h e K ais e r that h e w o uld
”
di n e in P aris in a f o rt n ight ; to sav e Britai n
in th e hour of h e r bitt e r n e e d . T h e G e rma n s
wou l d hav e w o n whil e t h e C o lo n i e s w e r e
pr e pari n g an d Britai n wa s trai n i n g th e ir raw
l e vie s aft e r th ey la n d ed ; an d th e fra n ti c
e n thusiasm with wh i c h P arliam e n t w e l c om e d

t h e arrival o f t h e I n dia n s at that c riti c al

,

mom e n t sh o w e d its s e n s e of t h e immi n e n c e of

,
 A N E W D E P A R T URE 75
’
B ritai n s p e r il an d of t h e gr e at n e ss of t he
,

s e rvi c e r e n d e r e d to t he E mpir e by I n dia .

B ritai n w o uld d o ubtl e ss hav e wo n i n t h e

end ,
but with t h e G e rma n s in P aris sh e
, ,

woul d pr o bably hav e suff e r e d t h e horr o rs of

i n vasio n .

A s t h e e n thusiasm fad e d with t h e passi n g

of th e imm e diat e p e ril a n d tr o ops p o u r e d in
,

in from th e C o l o n i e s whil e fe w O f that first

,

Army r e mai n e d aliv e I will put O n r e cord ,

h e r e th e e vid e n c e O f G e n e r al Sir Jam e s

Will c o cks ,

LL D. . in h is i n valuabl e book
, Wi t h t he
I n dia n s in F r a n ce publish e d in 1 92 0
, I t is .

d e di c at e d

T o M Y B R AV E C O M RA D E S
O F A LL RA N K S O F T H E i N D IAN A R M Y
I D E D I CA T E T H I S B O O K , W H I C H I S A N
E A R N E ST E N D E A V O U R T O R E C O R D T H E I R
L O Y A LT Y A N D U N P E R I S H AB LE V A L O U R
O N T H E B A TT L E F I E L D S O F-

F R ANC E A N D B E L G I U M
76 THE FU T U RE OF I ND I AN PO LI T IC S

Sir Jam e s Will c o cks claims in his In tro duc

,

ti o nth at fe w if a n y hav e a b e tt e r k n o wl e d g e
“
, ,

o f t h e brav e I n dia n s o ldi e r s a n d th e d e e d s th e y

”
p e r f o rm e d tha n I hav e . H e r e ma r ks that
th e y c o uld n o t h av e d o n e what th e y did
“
w ith o ut t h e h e lp a n d e xampl e O f t h e ir
illustri o us c o mrad e s O f t h e Sc o t c h I rish ,

a n d E n glish battali o n s whi c h f o rm e d pa r t o f

e a c h b r igad e , o r o f t h e spl e n di d T e rrit o rial

u n its wh ich l at e r j o in e d u s a n d t h e sup e rb
,

British artill e ry which pav e d t h e way fo r

”
all our e ff o rts But .
,
h e sai d o n ly too truly ,

“
of th e s e H ist o ry will assur e dl y fur n ish a
brillia n t ac c o u n t I t is n o t always so o f I n dia n
.

troops Th e ra n k a n d fil e will fur n is h

n o writ e rs to thrill t h e g e n e ratio n s to c om e ;

th e y will just pass with th e gr e at mass e s Of

I n dia c o n t e n t that th e y hav e do n e th e ir duty
,

a n d b e e n faithful t o th e ir salt I r e me mbe r

.

how o n e of the A n za c s said aft e r r e tur n i n g to

,

Australia : An I n dia n was a good pal to have

 A N EW D EPA R T U RE 77

b e sid e y o u in th e t r e n ch e s H e c o n c lud e s
.

t h e I n t r o ducti o n by sayi n g t hat it i s due t o

I n dia th at t h e facts s h o ul d b e t o ld
T h e day is past w h e n that gr e at p o rti o n o f o ur
E mpire c o uld b e k e pt in c o mparativ e dark n e ss t h e
light is da wn i n g an d th e G r e at W a r h a s o p e n e d t o
,

h e r a n o p p o rtu n ity w hi c h s h e n e v e r had b e f o r e .

H e r s o n s hav e shar e d t h e gl o ry o f t h e E m p ir e .

F r o m t h e b o ggy fi e lds a n d tr e n c h e s o f F la n d e rs a n d
t h e d e s e rt sa n d s o f E gyp t ; fr o m t h e imm o rtal
h e ights o f G alli p o li fro m t h e burn i n g p lai n s O f
M e s o p o tamia a n d t h e imp e n e trabl e ju n gl e s o f E ast
A fri c a c o m e s up w ith o n e v o i c e fr o m t h e th o usa n d s
, ,

w h o f o ught a n d bl e d fo r E n gla n d
I n dia h a s tak e n a n e w birth
T h e h e av e n s ab o v e t h e s e a t h e e arth
, ,

H av e c ha n g e d fo r a y e t h e dark n e ss di e s
, ,

L ight h a s illumi n e d all m e n s e y e s ’

,

Si n c e A rmag e dd o n s day
’
.

Sir Jam e s c o mma n d e d fo r a y e a r a n I n dia n

“
Army C o rps ,
fo r t h e first ti m e in hist o ry t o
”
b e e mpl o y e d in E ur o p e H e r e ma r ks that
.

“
th e Army o f I n dia w a s littl e u n d e r st o o d in
Gr e at Britain , wh e r e n e wspap e r writ e r s
th o ught that it w a s c o mp o s e d o f Sikhs a n d
Gu r khas , wh e r e a Sikh squadr o n wa s
78 THE F U T URE OF IND I A N POLI T IC S

de s c ribe d as fi e r c e turba ned M uslims o n fi e ry

Arab st e e d s a n d t he artill e ry
, c o mpose d of
” ”
t h e fi n e st B ritish b a tt e ri e s sup e rbly hors e d
, ,

wa s r e p o rt e d by o n e pap e r a s c o n sisti n g of
”
mou n tai n gu n s bor n e o n Abyssin ia n mul e s .

B ut t h e g e m wa s fr o m a for e ig n pap e r ,

a n n o u n ci n g t h e arrival o f th e first Army

C o rp s at Mars e ill e
T hi s C o rp s has b e e n rai se d a n d e quip p e d e n
t ir e l y at t h e e x p e n s e O f thr e e gr e at I n dia n P ri n c e s ,

w h o a r e n o w o cc upyi n g t h e fi n e st h o t e l in M ar
se ill e
. T h e ir n am e s a r e P ri n c e Siky e ( e vid e n tly
a c o rru pti o n o f Sikh ) P rin c e G o ro k ( G urkhas ) ; a n d
P ri n c e B al ukin ( m e a n t fo r Balu c his ) .

Sir Jam e s m e n ti o n s th e sp e c ial diffi c ulti e s

O f t h e I n dia n s th e ir O ld rifl e s r e pla c e d with
,

fr e sh o n e s at Ma r s e ill e n e w a mmu n itio n t he

, ,

u se o f ha n d gr e n a d e s a n d tr e n c h mortars a n d
-
,

oth e r shortag e s of thi n gs e ss e n tial to a for c e

,

s udd e n ly dum p e d d o w n from railh e ad i n t o t h e

tr e n c h e s H e says
I have no d e sire u n n e c e ssarily t o stri n g o ut th e
m a n if e st disadva n tag e s t h e I n dia n C o rps lab o ure d
 A N EW D EP A R T URE 79

un d e r but I hav e h e ard to o mu c h t h e c riti c isms o f

,

o ur I n dia n tr o o p s b y so ldi e rs an d c ivilia n s w h o a re ,

w ith o ut th e fai n t e st k n o wl e dg e o f w hat th e y talk

a b o ut a n d it is o n ly right that t h e truth s h o uld b e
,

k n o wn T h e r e is a gr o wi n g b o dy o f I n dia n s wh o
.

hav e e ve ry d e sire but n o m e a n s o f as c e rtai n i n g t he

fa c ts a n d if thi s b o o k c an b e O f a n y us e in h e lpi n g
,

t o e x plai n t o my n umb e rl e ss fri e n d s a n d a c quai n t

a u c e s in I n dia t h e S p l e n did d e e ds o f th e ir br e thr e n
w h o f o ught a n d bl e d o n t h e s o dd e n plai n s o f F la n
d e rs u n d e r h an di c ap s w hi c h must hav e b e e n s e e n
,

a n d f e lt t o b e u n d e rst o o d I shall b e m o r e tha n

,

r e ward e d M o re o v e r as c o mma n d e r O f th o se
.
,

troo ps du r i n g a y e ar o f w a r I had o pp o rtu n iti e s o f

k n o wi n g m a n y d e tails u n k n o wn to o th e rs a nd n o w ,

that th e w a r is o v e r I am fr e e t o writ e t h e trut h

w hi c h fo r y e ars has b e e n o f n e c e ssity suppr e ss e d .

W hat e v e r may hav e b e e n t h e sh o rt c o mi n gs o f

t h e I n dia n army it p o ss e ss e d o n e ass e t w hi c h n e v e r
,

s t o o d it i n b e tt e r st e ad tha n i n F ra n c e ; its British

O ffi c e rs alth o ugh far to o small in n umb e r w e r e
, ,

t h e salt O f t h e e arth A s l e ad e rs o f m e n c o mrad e s

.
,

a n d fri e n ds O f th e ir I n dia n o ffi c e rs s epo ys and , ,

s o wars as l o yal a n d brav e g e n tl e m e n th e y c o uld

, ,

n o t b e surpass e d I al ways b e li e v e d in th e m but

.
,

i n F ra n c e my b e li e f was h e ight e n e d t o pr o f o u n d
-

admiratio n a n d a s d e ath t o o k its h e avy t o ll day by

,

d a y I k n e w that by n o m e a ns c o u l d th e y b e r e
,

pla c e d for th e gre at e ss e n tial was that th e y sh o uld

k n o w th e ir me n an d th e ir la n guag e a n d this b e c am e ,
80 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

imp o ss ibl e as I n dia s e n t m o r e an d m o r e tr o o ps to

t h e var i o us th e atr e s o f w a r .

N e x t t o t h e British w e r e t h e I n dia n O ffi c e rs ,

m o st o f th e m m e n w h o had e ar n e d th e ir c o mmis
si o n s by brav e a n d l o yal s e rvi c e , o f fighti n g st o c k ,
w ith martial traditi o n s r e ady t o giv e th e ir liv e s fo r
,

th e ir K i n g E mp e r o r , pro ud o f th e ir p r o f e ssi o n O f
-

arms ; th e y f o rm e d t h e e ss e ntial li n k b e t we e n t h e
B ritish O ffi c e rs a n d m e n In o rdi n ary c ir c umsta n c e s
.

in t h e F i e ld th e y w e r e w e ll fitt e d t o fill t e m p o rarily

t h e pla c e o f th e ir l o st British l e ad e rs .

D e spit e this h e says

,

On e Of m y c hi e f d iffi c ulti e s at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f
this w a r wa s t o mak e it u n d e rst o o d that t h e I n dia n s
c a n n o t b e tr e at e d a s pure ma c hi n e s a n d that ,

th e y p o ss e ss n ati o n al c hara c t e risti c s as vari e d as

th o s e b e t w e e n Sc a n di n avia n s a n d I talia n s I o w n .

that Sir J o h n F r e n c h a n d his Staff g e n e rally mad e

e v e ry all o w a n c e fo r th e s e fa c ts but th e r e w e r e
,

o th e rs w h o mad e n o n e ; a n A rmy C o r p s ( n o matt e r

its fighti n g str e n gth in n umb e rs ) wa s a n A rm y
C o rps a n d n o thi n g e ls e A n A rmy C o rps w a s
.

sup p o s e d t o b e abl e t o o cc upy so ma n y th o usa n d

yards o f tre n c h e s a n d th e o rd e rs we r e issu e d by
,

this r outi n e rul e .

I t might b e said t h e I n dia n C o rp s w a s s en t a s a

C o rps a n d tim e s w e r e to o pr e ssi n g t o g o i n t o su c h
,

d e tails ; this is p e rha p s tru e a n d w e all r e c o g n is e d

,

it at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e F la n d e rs fighti n g but as
82 T HE FU T URE OF i N D IA N POLI T IC S

s tro n gly h e ld by th e m a n d must b e se t right I zza t

.

i s a thi n g littl e u n d e rst o o d by a n y but I n dia n s but ,

i t is a gre at drivi n g fo r c e ; i t i a is e s m e n in t h e
e stimati o n o f th e ir f e ll o w s w hilst t h e l o ss o f it
,

de bas e s th e m .

’
In j u d gi n g t h e e ff e ct o f t h e War o n I n dia s
outl o o k w e must tak e acc o u n t o f t h e fact that
,

t h e fe w surviv o rs w h o r e tur n e d fr o m t h e e arly

,

days o f th e War to th e ir villag e s br o u ght wit h

,

th e m th e m e m o r i e s o f t h e ir c o mra d e s in th e
tr e n c h e s t h e m e m o ri e s o f t he whit e tr o o ps
,

th e y f o ught a gai n st t h e m e m o r i e s o f t h e
,

galla n t d e e ds p e rf o r m e d by I n dia n s o l d i e rs a n d
,

of t h e h o n o ur pai d to th e m in F ra n c e a n d
E n gla n d .Thus t h e V illag e r s cam e i n t o t o u ch
with a larg e r lif e a wi d e r o utl o o k a k n o w
, ,

l e d g e O f f r e e c o u n tri e s a n d o f t h e h o n o u rs
,

w o n by I n d ia n s i n th e fi e l d s wh e r e t h e y
,

fo ugh t b e si d e a n d agai n st t h e fi n e st whit e

sold i e rs i n t h e w o r l d . I do n o t th i n k th at t h e
shar e o f t h e War i n a r o usi n g N ati o n al p r i d e
h a s b ee n fitly r e c o g n is e d n o r t h e r e sult o f
,
 A N EW DEP A R T U RE 83

co mi n g back f r o m f r e e c o u n tri e s wh e r e th ey ,

h ad f o ugh t fo r fr e e d o m a n d l e ft th e i r d e a d
b e hi n d i n t o a c o u n t r y wh e r e d e spit e all th e y
, .
,

h ad s uff e r e d th e y f o u n d th e ms e l v e s still u n d e r
,

“
th e i n to l e rabl e d e gradati o n O f t h e y o k e O f a
f o r e ig n N ati o n .

T o r e tu r n to th e C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 4 T he .

R e s o lutio n r a n
X . Re s o —
i n V i e w o f t h e pro f o u n d
l ve d T hat
a n d av o w e d l o yalty that t h e p e o p l e O f I n dia hav e
ma n if e st e d in t h e p r e s e n t c risis , this C o n gre ss
a p p e als to t h e G o v e r n m e n t to d e e p e n a n d p e rp e tuat e
it a n d ma k e it a n e n duri n g an d valuabl e a ss e t o f t h e
,

E mpire by re m o vi n g all i n vidi o us disti n c ti o n s h e r e

,

a n d ab ro a d b e t w e e n H is M aj e sty s I n dia n a n d o th er
’
,

subj e c ts by r e d e e mi n g t h e p l e dg e s o f P ro vi n c ial
,

A ut o n o my c o n tai n e d i n t h e D e spat c h O f t h e 25t h

A ugust 1 9 1 1 a n d by ta ki n g su c h m e asure s as may
, ,

b e n e c e ssa r y fo r t h e r e c o g n iti o n o f I n dia as a c o m

p o n e n t part o f a f e d e rat e d E m pir e in t h e full a n d
,

t h e fr e e e n j o ym e n t o f t h e rights b e l o n g i n g t o that
status .

Th u s was th e n o t e st r u ck T h e R e s o luti o n
.

was m o v e d by t h e w e ll k n o w n patri o t M r
-
,
.

Su r e n dr a n a th Ba n n e r j i In a w e ll r e as o n e d
,
-
84 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S
’
S p e e c h basi n g I n d ia s c laim o n t h e Pr o c lama
,

tio n o f 1 858 a n d t h e D e spat c h of August 2 5 ,

“
1 9 1 1 a n d d e cla r i n g in favo ur o f a n umb e r o f
,

admi n istrati o n s aut o n o mous in all pr o vi n c ial

,

affairs with th e G o v e r n m e n t of I n dia ab o v e

,

th e m a n d p o ss e ssi n g p o we rs to i n t e rf e r e in
,
$

”
c as e o f m is g o v e r n m e n t
- H e ask e d th e
.

audi e n c e to formulat e a s c h e m e a n d pr e ss it
o n t h e British publi c In supp o rti n g it I urg e d
,

o n the y o u n g e r m e n who will b e part o f th e

,

S e lf Gov e r n i n g N ati o n to practis e t h e s c i e n c e

-
,

a n d art of Gov e r n m e n t in l o cal bodi e s a n d ,

ask e d C o n gr e ss to f o rm a d e fi n it e s c h e m e o f
S e lf G o v e r n m e n t to pr e s e n t to E n gla n d aft e r
-

t h e War .

Aft e r a y e ar O f vig o r o us pr o p aga n d a t h e

C o n gr e ss o f 1 91 5 o rd e r e d its C o mmitt e e s to
pr e par e su c h a s c h e m e .
 C HA P TE R III

T H E G RE AT A G I T A T I O N

AN D v e ry vig o r o us that pr o paga n da was all ,

t h e c ir c umsta n c e s o f t h e tim e c o o p e rati n g to

-

i n cr e as e its i n t e n sity. In th e pr o paga n da ,

N ew I n di a a n d T he C o m mo n wea l l e d t he way ,

with stirri n g articl e s a n d o utsp o k e n dir e ct n e ss ,

n e w in I n d ia n p o litics . I t w a s a n E n glish
p o litical agitatio n c arri e d o n with u n br o k e n
,

e n e rgy. But o th e r m e a n s w e re adopt e d in ,

additi o n to a daily a n d a w e e kly pap e r O n .

N e w Y e ar s D ay 1 9 1 5 it was pr o p o s e d to
’

, ,

”
s tart a Madras P arliam e n t i a a D e bati n g
:
. .
, ,

S o c i e ty which o bs e rv e d P arliam e n ta r y f o rms ,

fo r it was though t that a s we w e r e aimi n g at

H o m e Rul e it w o ul d b e w e ll t o trai n ours e lv e s
,
86 THE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

in t he c ar e ful study o f N atio n al pro bl e ms a n d ,

t h e m e th o ds o f pr o duci n g m e asur e s ac c urat e ly

a n d syst e mati c ally t h e r e p o rts o f th e d e bat e s ,

a n d t h e cir c ulati o n of t h e Tra n sacti o n s in t h e

f o rm o f A c ts w o uld all s e r v e to aro us e a n d

,

dis c ipli n e p o liti c al a c tivity A Co mmitt e e of

.

1 7 p e rs o n s f o rm e d its e lf e a r ly in F e bruary ,

1 9 1 5 a n d dr e w up rul e s ; t h e H o n M r Justic e
, . .

Sa dasivie r was i n vit e d to b e th e first Sp e ak e r

a n d a c é e p te d th e o ffi c e ; D e w a n Ba h adti r L A
'

. .

G o vin da r ag h av a I y e r was O ff e r e d th e p o st o f
,

L e a d e r O f t h e H o us e but as h e d e cli n e d it w a s
, ,

l e ft to t h e m e mb e rs to e l e ct th e i r o wn m an
( C o m m o n w e a l ,
F e bruary 1 2 1 9 1 5
,
pp 1 2
, 5 .
,

T h e i n augural m e e ti n g w a s h e ld o n
Fe bruary 1 4 wh e n aft e r t h e r e gistrati o n o f
, ,

m e mb e rs A n n i e B e sa n t was e l e ct e d P rim e
,

M i n ist e r an d March 6 was fix e d fo r t h e first

,

busi n e ss m e e ti n g (I bid F e bruary 1 9 p

. .
, , .

In The C o mmon wea l O f F e bruary 2 6 th e

fi r st M i n istry is a n n o u n c e d ( p . P r i me
 THE G RE A T AG I T A T ION 87
~

M i n i s t er a nd S e cr et a r y f or t he Tr ea s u r y , A n n ie
B e sa n t . Un de r -
Secr e t a r y ( no t y e t ch o s e n ) . L o ca l
G over n men t B oa r d , T . Ra ng ach ar i . Un der
S e cr e t a r y , K C De sik ach ar ia r E d u ca t ion
. . .
,

C P R a mas wa mi Aiyar
. . Un der S ecr e t a r y .
-
,

C Jin ar aj a dasa
. I n d us t r ies Ho n M r B N
.
,
. . . .

Sarma Un der S ecr e t a r y ( n o t y e t c hos e n )

$

-
.

C o m mer ce R ai sa hab G Soo bb iah C h e tty

, . .

Un der S e cr e t a r y C Go pala M e n o n
-
, C o op er a
. .
-

t io n De w a n Ba h adfi r M Au din a r ay a na I yah

, . .

Un d er S e c r et a r y
-
V Ve n k atasub b a y a H o me
, . .

D ep a r t me n t De w a n Ba h adfi r L A G o vi n da
, . .

r ag h a v a I ye r Un der S ecr e t a r y H o n M rf
‘

-
. .
,

V S Sri n iv a sa sa s tri R B Ai n g e r Barr a t

. . . . .
,
-

L aw wa s C l e rk Of th e H o us e
, T h e Whip s .
,

C S G o vin dar aj a M u dal ia r a n d J R Aria

. . . . .

T h e P arlia m e n t m e t o n March 6 a n d its ,

-

fi r st m e e ti n g was h e l d u n d e r th e shad o w o f a
g r e at l o ss I had c o n sult e d M r G o khal e o n
.

t h e subj e ct a n d h e ga v e it h is e n thusiastic
” ’
approval , a n d o n F e bruary 1 3 wir e d h is wis h
88 TH E FU T UR E OF I N DI AN PO L I T IC S

that it sh o uld b e h e lp e d ; alm o st a dyi n g wish ,

a s h e pas s e d a way o n F e brua r y 1 9 I w r o te

.

“
on F e bruary 2 6: N e e d l e ss to sa y I had
c o u n t e d o n his a d v i c e as it w e n t o n fo r e arly
,

i n 1 9 1 4 h e had a c c e pt e d m e as a f e ll o w
,

w o rk e r in t h e p o litical fi e ld a n d I r e li e d o n
,

his e xp e r i e n c e fo r c o u n s e l in a n y p o litical
w o r k a n d di d n o t i n t e n d to tak e a n y st e p
,

with o ut his sa n c ti o n N ew I n dia w a s plac e d

.

at h is d isp o sal a s s oo n as pur c hase d a n d h e ,

had i n t e n d e d to u se it in pr e parati o n fo r th e
n e xt C o n gr e ss to whi c h with imp r o v e d
, ,

”
h e alth h e wa s looki n g f o rwa r d . U n d e r h is
bl e ssi n g th e P arliam e n t di d mu c h us e ful
,

work . I se e n am e s n o w in th e C o u n c il O f
Stat e th e L e gislativ e A ss e mbly th e Madras
, ,

L e gislativ e C ou n cil wh o a r e worki n g in r e al

,

’
P arliam e n ts a n d p r actis e d th e ir p r e n tic e
e ff o rts i n o u r l o c al P arliam e n t Th e latt e r
.

di e d in Ju n e 1 9 1 7 wh e n thr e e of its m e m
, ,

be rs w e r e i n t e r n e d a n d t h e oth e rs thr e w
,
90 THE FU T U RE OF IND I A N POLI T I C S

Wadia but was n o t p ublish e d Th e s e m e asur e s

,
.

w e r e v e ry vig o rously d e bat e d Mr G S , . . .

A r un dal e maki n g a most dashi n g l e ad e r o f t h e

O pp o sitio n .

A n o th e r s e ri e s o f pap e rs O f whi c h a hug e

n umb e r we r e circulat e d w e r e th e
, N ew
”
I n dia P oliti c al P a mphl e ts e a c h of wh i c h bo r e
,

t h e m o tt o
H o w l o n g e r e th o u tak e stati o n
H o w l o n g e r e thralls liv e fre e

We , fact fl oo d e d th e c o u n try with tra c ts

in , ,

gav e l e c tur e s c a r ri e d o n a s said a v e ry V ig o r

, , ,

o u s pr o pa ga n da .

D uri n g this y e ar w a s als o publish e d in Th e

C o mmo n wea l , H ow I n d ia Wr o ug h t fo r F r ee
do m , a n arrativ e o f t h e Co n g r e ss fro m 1 885 to
1 9 1 4 publish e d lat e r a s a b o o k a n d pr e fa c e d by
,

a H ist o rical I n tr o ducti o n w hich i n furiat e d th e

,

A n gl o I n dia n P r e ss b e c aus e it w a s a n arrativ e

-
,

of facts a nd c o uld o n ly b e abus e d n o t dis

, ,

p rov e d .
 THE G RE A T AG I TAT ION

The f o rmatio n o f a H o m e R ul e L e agu e w a s

discuss e d an d w o rk e d fo r T h e c o u n try c au gh t
.

e ag e r ly at t h e i d e a a n d in S e pt e m b e r I w e n t
,

to B o mbay to c o n sult M r D a dab h a i N ao rO j i o n

.

t h e s ubj e ct a n d r e c e iv e d his h e a r ty appr o val

,

T h e l o cal l e ad e r s h o we v e r d id n o t w e lc o m
, ,
e

th e i d e a thi n ki n g it mig ht w e ak e n th e
,

C o n gr e ss wh e r e as th e h O p e was to st r e n gth
,

e n it I t was b e c aus e t h e C o n gre ss sh o w e d

.

littl e activity b e tw e e n its a n n u al s e ssi o n s

that t h e n e e d fo r a H o me R ul e L e a gu e
had a r is e n to b e a n activ e p r o paga n d is t
,

bo d y to c ar r y o n a st e a d y a n d p o w e r ful
,

agitatio n fo r H o m e R ul e T he w o rd s H o m e
.

”
R ul e w e r e chos e n a s a sh o rt p o pula r,

c r y ma r ki n g th e fact that t h e struggl e w a s

,

n o t agai n st Gr e at B r itai n but fo r L ib e rty with

,

in t h e E mpir e SO su c c e ssful w as t h e cry th at

.

by 1 9 1 7 th e w o rds h a d b e c o m e as Mr Ga n d h i ,
.

“ ”
sai d , a ma n tr am in e v e ry c o tta g e In a .

Guj e r a ti pap e r I n d ia wa s pictur e d as a w o ma n

,
 92 THE FU T U RE OF INDI A N PO L I T IC S

b l o wi n g a trump e t from t h e m o uth Of w hic h

,

“ ”
i ssu e d t h e E n glish wor d s .

, H o m e R ul e .

O n e thi n g sp e c ially ai m e d at was a c o mm o n

p latf o rm o n which H i n d ii s a n d Muslims c o ul d
w o r k t o g e th e r i n st e a d O f r e gula r ly w o r ki n g
,

i a a r t i n a N ati o n al C o n gr e ss to which fe w
p ,

f M u sa l m an s cam e , an d an All I n d ia
-
Muslim
L e agu e to whic h o n ly Muslims w e r e ad mitt e d .

Whil e this ma n y f e atur e d a n d p o w e rful

-

e ducati o n al —
agitatio n a th o r o ughly h e althy
a n d c o n stit u ti o n al o n e ,n e v e r o n c e d isfigur e d

—
b y vi o l e n c e wa s g o i n g o n all o v e r t he c o u n try ,

t h e c ircumsta n c e s O f th e tim e w e r e such as to

for c e t h e N ati o n rapidly f o rward i n t o a c o n
s c io us n e ss o f N ati o n h oo d , an d o f h er th e n
p l a c e i n t h e e y e s O f t h e w o rld a plac
, e s o

u n w o rthy of h e r st o ri e d past a n d O f t h e
,

virility o f h e r p e o pl e in the pr e s e n t wh e n ,

rs ti rr e d by a c all t hat m o v e d th e m to e x e rtio n .

T hat call cam e fr o m t h e War whi c h he ,

c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e t e rribl e a s it sw e pt Ov e r
94 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S

S hehad ac c e pt e d E n glish rul e by h abit ; n o w

s h e w as sho c k e d i n t o r e alisi n g t h e p o siti o n

wh ich sh e fill e d in t h e e y e s o f t he w o r l d A .

s ubj e c t N ati o n A subj e ct rac e Was that

. .

r e ally h o w t h e whit e N ati o n s l o o k e d o n h e r ?

W a s th at why h e r s o n s w e r e tre at e d a s c o o li e s
i n t h e o utsi d e w o r l d ? D i d a f o r e ig n y o k e at
h o m e m e a n u n sp e akabl e humiliati o n s ab r o ad ?
Th e n t h e pri d e o f t h e A rya n M o th e rl a n d t‘
a wo k e
. . H ad sh e n o t a civilisatio n dati n g ba c k
b y mill e n n ia b e si d e whi c h th e s e whit e r ac e s
, ,

sp r u n g fr o m h e r w o mb w e r e but o f y e st e rd ay
.
,

H a d sh e n o t b e e n r ich st r o n g a n d s e lf r ul e d
, ,
-
,

w hil e th e s e wa n d e r e d n ak e d i n th eir f o r e sts ,

a n d q u arr e ll e d with e ach o th e r ? H ad s he n o t

l iv e d as e qual with th e m i ghti e st N ati o n s o f a

f a r o ff past w h e n Babyl o n was t h e w o n d e r o f
-
,

t h e w o r l d wh e n t h e st r e e ts o f N i n e v e h w e r e
,

c ro w d e d w h e n E gypt w a s t h e t e ach e r o f
,

w isd o m w h e n P e r sia wa s a m ighty E mpi r e

, ,

w h e n Gr e e k phil o s o p hy wa s a n o ffsh o o t o f
 TH E G RE AT A G I T A T IO N 95

h er c h oo ls wh e n R o m e clad h e r haughti e st
s ,

m at r o n s in th e p r o ducts o f h er l oo ms ? H a d n o t
ma n y a N ati o n i n va d e d h e r a n d h a d s h e n o t ,

e ith e r d r iv e n th e m back o r assimilat e d th e m , ,

a n d r e cr e at e d th e m i n t o I n d ia n s ? H ad n o t
-

t h e g o l d o f t h e w o r l d fl o w e d i n t o h e r c o ff e rs ?
Ye t n o w s ize wa s po or H a d n o t gr e at E m pi r e s
.
,

n o w d e ad s e n t ambassad o rs to h e r C o u r ts
, But
n ow s he wa s a D ep en den cy f
o a l it t l e f a r -
f
o

I sl a n d i n n o r t he r n s ea s . Sh e ha d b ee n asl e e p .

Sh e ha d b e e n d r e ami n g But n o w s he a w ak e n
.

ed . Sh e o p e n e d h e r e y e s a n d l o o k e d ar o u n d ,

her . S he saw h e r p e asa n ts starvi n g at h o m e , ,

but h o l d i n g th e ir o w n a s s o l d i e r s ab r o a d T h e .

’
c o oli e s d e spis e d in E n gla n d s C o l o n i e s w e r e
, ,

c h e e r e d a s h e r o e s by E n glishm e n i n t h e str e e ts

o f th e ir c apital city Ye s A squith w as r ig ht

.
,

“
t h e i n t o l e r ab l e d e g r a d ati o n o f a f o r e ig n
yo ke I f sh e w a s w o r thy t o fight fo r F r e e
do m sh e was w o r thy to e n j o y it
, I f sh e .

s to o d e qual with E n glishm e n Sc o tch m e n , ,

96 T H E FU T URE OF INDI A N POLI T IC S

C ol o n ials in t h e t r e n c h e s a n d h e r p o ur e d o u t
, ,
-

bl o o d mi n gl e d wi t h th e i r s i n d isti n guish ably

,

soaki n g i n t o F r e n ch an d F l e mish s o il th e n ,

sh e sh o uld b e e qual with th e m in h e r o wn

a n c i e n t la n d T h e s o uls o f he r d e ad in F ra n c e
.
,

in B e lgium in Gallip o li in P al e sti n e i n Syria

, , , ,

in M e sop o tamia in E ast Africa cri e d to h e r to

, ,

c laim th e F r ee d o m fo r which th e ir bodie s la y

s c att e r e d far fr o m hom e a n d k in I n dia spra n g . .

to h e r f e e t — a N ati o n .

An d th e n b e caus e a whit e woma n h ad b e e n

,

c ryi n g in he r sl e e pi n g e ars th e s e truths ab o ut

h e rs e lf fo r m o r e tha n tw e n ty y e ars a n d wa s ,

cryi n g th e m al o ud still in h e r e a r s awak e n e d

by th e c rash o f War sh e tur n e d to h e r fo r a
,

whil e as h e r n a tu r al l e ad e r w h o had bl o w n ,

An d
’
t h e c o n c h fo r L ib e rty s battl e in I n dia .

sh e sa n g
WA K E U P I N D I A ,

H ark th e tramp o f mar c hi n g n umb e rs ,

I n dia waki n g fro m h e r slumb e rs

, ,

Calls u s to t h e fray .
 C HAP TE R IV

T H E G R E AT A G I TAT I O N ( Co n t in ued)

BO M B AY L U C K N O W A N D T H E
, ,

H O M E RU LE L EA GU E S

WHE N th e C o n gr e ss me t at Bombay 1 9 1 5 Sir , ,

Saty e n dr a Si n ha in t h e c h air it was so far a s

, ,

t h e bulk of t h e d e l e gat e s w e r e co n c e r n e d a
H o m e R ul e C o n gr e ss throbbi n g with lif e a n d
,

n e w e n e rgy . But t h e O ld e r m e n t h e l e ad e rs
, ,

a s said ab o v e , did n o t wish that a s e pa r at e

orga n isati o n sh o uld b e f o r m e d a s th e y th ought it
,

w o uld w e ak e n the C o n gr e ss We h a d a m e e t
'

i n g o f l e a d i n g adh e r e n ts o f th e t wo pa rti e s ,

a n d a g r e e d that if t h e C o n gr e ss ha d n o t sta r t e d

a n e d ucati v e p r o paga n da by A u gust 3l st 1 9 1 6 , ,

a H o m e R ul e L e agu e might b e start e d Ma n y .

 T H E G RE AT AG I TAT IO N 99
'

of th o s e w h o f o ll o w e d my pr o gr a m m e w e r e
a n gry with m e fo r yi e ldi n g so far to t h e w ish e s
o f t h e O ld e r m e n e sp e c i al l y as Mr D a da b h a i
, .

N ao rO JI had app r o v e d t h e i d e a I f e lt h o w.
,

e v e r that w e c o u l d aff o rd to wait e ight m o n ths

,
.

fo r t h e sak e o f u n i o n a n d t hat it w a s n o t fo r
,

,
- —
m e a n e w c o m e r i n t o t h e C o n g r e ss ha v i n g
a tt e n d e d it fo r t h e fi r st tim e i n 1 9 1 4
— to g o
agai n st t h e o l d e r m e n w h o had b o r n e t h e
,

burd e n a n d h e at o f t h e d ay I ma n ag e d.

th e r e f o r e to r e strai n my mor e e n thusiastic

f o llow e r s w ith t h e r e sult that all a gre e d to
,

t h e r e s o lutio n t o f o rm a d e fi n it e sch e m e a s ,

s ugg e st e d t h e y e ar b e f o r e .

R e s o luti o n XIX o nSe lf G o v e r n m e n t w a s i n tr o

,
-

du c e d says t h e A n gl o I ndia n M a d r as Ma l l
“
,
- amidst ,

sce ne s of g re a t e n th u s iasm t h e sp e a k e r s b e i n g
,

r e p e at e dly c h e e r e d n o ta b l x t h e H o n M r Sur e n
, . .

dra n a th Ba n n e r j i M r s B e sa n t a n d t h e H o n P a n di t
, .
,

M ada n M o ha n M a la viy a T h e R e s o luti o n w a s a s

f o ll o w s
T hat
this C o n gre ss 1 8 o f o pi n i o n that t h e tim e
has arriv e d t o i n tro du c e furth e r a n d substa n ti al
1 00 T H E FU T U RE OF I NDI AN PO LI T IC S

m e asur e s o f r e f o rm t o w ard s t h e attai n m e n t o f Se lf

G o v e r n m e n t as d e fi n e d in A rti c l e I o f t h e C o n stitu
ti o n n am e ly r e f o rmi n g an d lib e ralisi n g t h e syst e m
,

o f G o v e r n m e n t in this c o u n try s o as t o s e c ur e t o
t h e p e o pl e a n e ff e c tiv e c o n tr o l o v e r it by a m o n gst
o th e rs

( a ) t h e i n tr o du c ti o n o f P r o vi n c ial Aut o n o my
i n c ludi n g fi n a n c ial i n d e p e n d e n c e ;
( 6) e x pa n si o n a n d r e f o rm o f th e L e gislativ e
C o u n c ils s o as t o mak e th e m truly a n d ad e quat e ly
r e pre s e n tativ e o f all s e c ti o n s o f t h e p e o pl e an d t o
giv e th e m e ff e c tiv e c o n tr o l o v e r t h e a c ts o f t h e
-

E x e c utiv e G o v e r n m e n t ;
( 0) t h e r e c o n stru c ti o n o f t h e vari o us Ex e cu
tiv e C o u n c il s a n d t h e e stablishm e n t o f si mil ar
E x e c utiv e C o u n c ils in P r o vi n c e s w h e r e th e y do n o t
e x i st ;

( d) th e r e f o rm o r t h e ab o liti o n o f th e C o u n c il
o f t h e Se c r e tary o f Stat e fo r I n dia

( e ) e stablishm e n t o f L e gislativ e C o u n c ils in

P r o vi n c e s w h e re th e y do n o t n o w e xist
( f) t h e r e adjustm e n t o f t h e r e lati o n s b e t w e e n
t h e Se c r e tary o f Stat e fo r I n dia an d t h e G o v e rn m e n t
o f I n dia ; a n d ;

( g ) a lib e ral m e asure o f L o c al Se lf G o v e rn

-

m en t .

T hat this C on gr e ss auth o ris e s t h e A ll I n dia -

C o n gre ss C o mmitt e e t o fram e a s c h e m e o f r e f o rm

1 02 T H E FU T UR E OF I ND I AN PO LI T IC S

qu e stio n o f Muslim r e pr e s e n tati o n T h e d e c i .

si o n o n this was a c c e pt e d lat e r by t h e British

G o v e r n m e n t a n d was i n c o r p o rat e d in th e
,

R e f o rm A c t .

I wr o t e fr o m B o mbay o n D e c e mb e r
to N ewJa dea , i n l e tt e r I n which t h e f o ll o wi n g

Occ urr e d .

I exp e c t a sthis r e s o luti o n ha s b e e n c arri e d t h e ,

H o m e R ul e L e agu e w ill n o t b e sa n c ti o n e d thi s

eve n in g . T h e o p p o rtu n ity o f j o i n t a c ti o n o n a c o m
m o n p latf o rm b e t we e n H i n dus a n d M uslim s w ill
thus b e d e str o y e d I am o f c o urs e b o u n d by my
.
, ,

pr o mis e n o t to start t h e o rga n isati o n if t h e I n dia n

l e ad e rs disa pp r o v e it d e e p a s w ill b e th e disap p o i n t
,

m e n t f e lt all o v e r th e c o u n try by t h e ra n k a n d fil e ,

w h o hav e c o m e t o t h e C o n gre ss with t h e o bj e c t o f

j o i n i n g it T h e y m ust c o n s o l e th e ms e lv e s w ith th e
.

fa c t that t h e str e n gth o f th e d e l e gat e s in fav o ur o f a

c o n sti tuti o n al agitati o n to b e b e gu n at o n c e a n d ,

c arri e d o n th ro ugh t h e y e ar has f o rc e d e v e n t h e

,

timid to agre e t o a r e s o luti o n o r de ri n g t h e A l l I n dia -

C o n gre ss C o mmitt e e t o f o rm a pr o gramm e fo r su c h

e du c ativ e w o rk I h o p e w e shall h”e a r n o m o re
.

“
ab o ut e mbarrassi n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t n o w that t h e
,

C o n gre ss u n d e r t h e c auti o us P r e sid e n tship o f Sir

,

Sa ty e n dr a P Si n ha has o rd e r e d this pr o p aga n da to

.
,

b e c arri e d o n ( N e w In dia D e c e mb e r 31 1 91 5 p
.
, , , .
 THE G RE AT A G I T AT ION 1 03

An d agai n in N ew I n dia of Ja n uary 6, 1 9 1 6

A s~ susp e n si o n o f th e f o rmati o n o f
r e g a r ds th e
th e H R L . t h e p o siti o n i s r e ally quit e c l e ar
.
, I .

had said fro m t h e b e gi n n i n g that it w as i n t e n d e d t o

str e n gth e n n o t t o w e ak e n
, t h e C o n gr e s s I had
,

furt h e r said in a n o t e a ddr ess ed to eve ry szg n a to ry

, ,

that I wo uld n o t o rga n is e t h e L e agu e I f t h e I n dia n

l e ad e rs we r e agai n st it T h e e n thusiasm rais e d by
.

t h e bri e f thr e e m o n th s w o rk bro ugh t a hug e

’

n umb e r o f d e l e gat e s t o t h e C o n gr e ss t h e r e s o luti o n

w hi c h w a s c arri e d t o o k up t h e pr o p o s e d w o rk o f t h e
. .
—
H R L m y r e s o luti o n o n t h e 27 t h D e c e mb e r wa s
.

T o e stablish a H o m e R ul e L e agu e to c arry o n a n

e du c ativ e pr o paga n da th r o ugh o ut t h e c o u n try
—and
ad o pt e d aft e r that me e ti n g t h e m an dat e t o t h e A ll
, ,

I n dia C o n gre ss C o m mitt e e to fram e a pro gra m m e

fo r c on ti n u o us e du c ati o n al pr o p aga n da I had to .

c h o o s e o n t h e 29th b e t w e e n o b e yi n g this ma n dat e

, ,

a s a m e mb e r o f t he A ll I n dia C o n gr e ss C o mmitt e e
-
,

o r starti n g a n e w o rga n isati o n t o do e x a c tly t h e

s a m e thi n g c re ati n g a split fo r t h e m e re sak e o f
,

l e adi n g a n e w b o dy w h e n t h e o l d o n e had tak e n up

t h e wo rk A l l th e w e ll k n o w n C o n gr e ss l e ad e r s
.
-

we r e agai n st t h e f o rmati on o f a n e w b o d y u n d e r t h e
c ha n g e d c o n diti o n s a n d my o w n ju dgm e n t agr e e d
,

w ith th e irs F o r I sh o uld hav e had t o l e ad t h e

.

y o u n g m e n i n t o a pr o paga n da w ith o ut t h e pr o t e c ti o n
o f t h e e ld e rs w hi c h I had s o ught t o gai n fo r th e m ,

an d I al one sh o uld hav e b e e n u n abl e t o pr o t e ct

, ,
.
1 04 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

th e m I t w o uld hav e b e e n m ad n e ss t o do this

.
,

w h e n th e y c o uld do e xa c tly t h e sa m e w o r k u n d e r
t h e a gi s o f t h e C o n g r e ss T h e f o rmati o n w a s
.

th e r e f o re adj o ur n e d I f t h e Al l I n dia C o n gr e ss
.
-

C o mmitt e e d o e s n o t c a r ry o u t t h e m a n dat e o f th e
C o n gre ss a n d if t h e C o n gr e ss o rga n isati o n g o e s t o
,

sl e e p th e n w e c a n g o o n w ith o u r a d j o urn e d m e e t
,

in g . But w e h av e n o right t o i n s ult t h e tru st e d m e n

e le ct e d by t l e C o n g r e ss Cir c l e s b y assum in g that
th e y w ill di s o b e y t h e C o n gr e ss In M adras w e a re
.
,

alr e ady b e gi n n i n g w ithi n o n e we e k o f o ur r e tur n a n d

, ,

I hav e n o d o ubt that o th e r Circ l e s w ill do t h e sam e .

I f w e a r e to w in H o m e R ul e u n i o n is abs o lut e ly
,

n e c e ssary t h e R ight an d L e ft W i n gs o f th e N ati o n al

P arty a r e u n it e d by t h e C o n gr e 8 3 ; t h e C o n gr e ss a n d
t h e M uslim L e agu e hav e ap p o i n t e d C o mmit t e e s t o
c o n f e r w ith e a c h o th e r o n a s c h e m e o f r e f o rm a n d ,

it r e sts w ith us t o mak e R e f o rm a n d H o m e R ul e

id e n ti c al W o uld it hav e b e e n right at this c riti c al
. ,

m o m e n t to p lay i n t o t h e ha n ds o f t h e str o n g party

,

O pp o s e d t o I n dia n Se lf G o v e r n m e n t by i n sisti n g o n
-

a s e parat e m o v e m e n t a s e parat e lab e l fo r id e n ti c al

,

w o rk y i e l di n g t o t h e fissipar o u s t e n d e n c y w hi c h i s
,

t h e c urs e o f I n dia I s it n o t b e tt e r fo r us all to

s a c rifi c e p e rs o n aliti e s t o pri n c ipl e s n am e s t o fa c t s
, ,

and r e j o i c i n g that t h e N ati o n al C o n gr e ss h a s tak e n

,

t h e w o rk w e pr o p o s e d t o do a s a n auxilia r y i n t o its ,

o w n ha n d j o y fully a n d l o yally t o la b o ur t o mak e its

,

wo rk a su cc e ss as it w ill b e if w e thr o w all o ur

,

e n thusiasm a n d e n e r gy i n t o t h e pr o paga n da it has

o rd e r e d .
1 06 THE FU T U RE OF I ND IA N POLI T I C S

w hi c h th e propaga n da for H o m e R ul e c ould

b e c arri e d o n whil e ar o usi n g a n d e d u c ati n g
,

th e c o u n try a n d w as add e d to t he w o rk b e gu n
,

in 1 9 1 5 a n d c o n ti n u e d thr o ug h 1 9 1 6an d 1 91 7 ,

so th at t h e v o lum e o f pr o paga n da lit e ratur e

g r e w e v e r gr e at e r duri n g th e s e y e ars .

Th e y e ar 1 9 1 6o p e n e d u n d e r g o o d auspi c e s .

I wr o t e in T he C o m mo n wea l O f Ja n uary 7 ,

1 9 1 6(p 2] .

T h e tim e fo r pi e c e m e al r e f o rm s is o v e r a n d t h e
,

C o n gr e ss mar c h e s st e adily f o r ward u n de r t h e

ba n n e r o f Se lf G o ve r n m e n t
-
I t is abs o lut e ly
.

e ss e n tial that t h e pr o paga n da pr o p o s e d fo r t h e H o m e

R ul e L e agu e a n d ad o pt e d by t h e C o n gre ss shall g o ,

f o r w ard a c tiv e ly M r C Y Chi n tama n i b e ga n it

. . . .

n o bly w ith his brillia n t l e c tur e o n Se lf G o v e r n m e n t

-

in P o o n a w ith M r Bal G a ng adh ar Tilak in t h e c hair

, .

-
t h e c o m bi n a t i o n p r o c laimi n g t h e r e u n i o n o f t h e
R ight a n d L e ft W i n gs O f t h e N ati o n al party a —
n e c e ssary p r e limi n ary t o su cc e ssful a c ti o n M r . .

Chi n tama n i w e a r e sur e w ill do his part in t h e U P

, , . .

W e i n M adras a r e p la n n i n g o u r c am p aig n a n d we ,

sh o uld s o o n h e ar fro m Bihar a n d fr o m Lu c k n o w .

Si n dh w e k n o w is e ag e r fo r w o rk
, , T h e p o pula r
pr o paga n da c a n b e c arri e d o n up o n t h e br o ad li n e s
w e a re alr e ady agr e e d up o n whil e we pr e par e t h e
,

m o r e d e tail e d pla n fo r E ast e r .

 THE G RE A T AG I TAT ION 1 07

Th e r e u n i o n sp o k e n o f was br o ught about a s

r e lat e d in a l e tt e r to N ew I n dia whi c h ,

app e a r e d o n D e c e mb e r 31 1 9 1 5 p 1 1 , , .

A matt e r o f gr e at r e j o i c i n g i s t h e C l o si n g o f t h e
br e a c h b e t we e n t h e t wo w i n gs o f t h e N ati o n al
P arty a n d t h e d e c larati o n that it is n o t n e c e ssary
,

that a d e l e gat e sh o uld b e a m e mb e r o f a C o n gr e ss

C o mmitt e e in o rd e r that h e sh o uld b e e l e c t e d thu s —
f o rbiddi n g a n y u n fair o rd e r su c h as t h e o n e by t he
B o mbay P r o vi n c ial C o n gr e ss in o rd e r t o S hut o ut
p e o p l e th e y di slik e d W e shall hav e a U n it e d
.

C o n gre ss at L u c k n o w t h e first si n c e t h e Su rat split ;

,

t h e w o u n d has b e e n h e al e d a n d w hat M ad ras b e g a n

, ,

B o mbay has c o mpl e t e d Le t us n o w all w o r k .

t o g e th e r fo r t h e c o mm o n M o th e rla nd a n d b e r iva l s ,

o n ly i n d e v o ti o n t o h e r .

In that sam e n umb e r i n I n dia a n d Gr e at

,

”
B r itai n I wr o t e (p 3)
, .

G r e at a n d e p o c h maki n g is t h e p o i n t in th e mi n t
-

hist o ry at w hi c h I n dia a n d E n gla n d hav e n o w

arriv e d a n d o n th e ir attitud e to e a c h o th e r a n d o n
,

t h e d e c isi o n s that w ill b e c o m e t o at t h e e n d o f t h e

W a r ha n g mighty issu e s aff e c ti n g t h e w e l far e a n d
, ,

hap p i n e ss o f y e t u n b o r n g e n e rati o n s in b o th la n d s .

e may w e ll s p e n d t h e m o n ths w hi c h l ie b e f o r e
us e r e t he Wa r c a n e n d a n d t h e t e r ms o f p e a c e c a n
, ,

b e so s e ttl e d b e t w e e n t h e b e llig e r e n ts that th e r e is

br e athi n g t im e fo r o th e r p ro bl e ms t o b e ha n dl e d in
-
,
 1 08 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

c on sid e ri n g c ar e fully a n d d e e ply t h e ma n y sid e d -

q u e sti o n s w hi c h must aris e o v e r t h e r e se ttl e m e n t

-

o f t h e r e lati o n o f I n dia t o G r e at Britai n .

Th e qu e sti o n o f H o m e R ul e fo r I n dia has n o w

b e e n bro ught w it h i n t h e s p h e r e o f p ra c ti c al
p o liti c s t h e gr e at d e m o n strati o n by t h e C o n gr e ss ,

a n d t h e p lai n S p o k e n d e c larati o n s o f t h e P r e si d e n t o f
-

t h e M usli m L e agu e m e e ti n g hav e br o ught it to t h e

,

fr o n t ; fr o m all p arts o f I n dia d e l e gat e s fl o c k e d t o

a cc laim it ,a n d t h e C o n gr e ss has b e e n r e vitalis e d
a nd pla c e d in t h e v a n o f t h e N ati o n by t h e
e n thusiasm ar o us e d by t h e c r y o f H o m e R ul e .

N e v e r agai n w ill i t b e p o ssibl e fo r a n y o n e t o d e c lar e

o n t h e C o n gr e ss platf o rm that I n dia n Se lf G o v e r n -

m e n t is a far o ff visi o n fo r it has d e s c e n d e d fr o m

-
,

t h e w o rl d o f id e als i n t o t h e w o rld o f a c ts .

Aft e r p o i n ti n g o u t th at t h e pr e pa r ati o n o f th e
C o n g r e ss Sch e m e must b e acc o mpa n i e d by a
p r o gram m e fo r e ducati o n al p r o paga nd a du r i n g
”
t h e y e ar , so tha t t h e p e o pl e m ight b e c o m

p e t e n t t o discuss t h e d e tail s p u t b e for e th e m

i n t h e S c h e m e I u r g e d that e ach C o n gr e ss
,

C i r cl e S h o uld p r e pa r e l e a fl e ts a n d pamphl e ts
t o aid this p r o paga n da F u r th e r I pl e ad e d
.
,

t hat H o m e R ul e w o ul d r e m o v e t h e ca uses of
1 10 THE FU T UR E OF I N DI AN POLI T I C S

o f a ra c e c o n s c i o us o f its fr e e d o m t o d e f e n d th e ,

E mpir e i n w hi c h S h e wa s a part n e r to m ak e E gypt ,

a n d t h e Su e z Ca n al as saf e as t h e c e n tr e o f E n gla n d .

T h e Wa r w o uld hav e b e e n o v e r in a fe w w e e ks if ,

i n d e e d it h a d e v e r b e gu n w ith t h e milli o n s o f a
,
: :

fr e e a n d arm e d I n dia sta n di n g f o r w ard t o p ro t e c t t h e

E mpir e .

F o r w h e n H o m e R ul e has o blit e rat e d t h e sad

m e m o ri e s o f t h e past a n d w h e n I n dia n s in E n gla n d
,

a n d E n glishm e n i n I n dia m e e t as e quals a s c itiz e n s , ,

a s w e l c o m e r e sid e n ts in e a c h o th e r s c o u n tri e s i n
’
,

t h e mutual r e sp e c t a n d tru st that c a n o n ly gro w o ut

o f e qual fr e e d o m th e n i n d e e d S hall th e y b e shar e rs in
,

a n E mpir e p e a c e ful fr e e a n d pro spe ro us

, , , Th en .

S hall th e y b e k n it t o g e th e r by ti e s o f l o v e that
n o thi n g c a n r e n d asu n d e r T h e n S hall E ast a n d
.

W e st u n d e rst a n d e a c h o th e r ha n d c lasp e d in ha n d
, ,

C l e a r e y e s shi n i n g o n e a c h o th e r in mutual fri e n d

s hip ,m utual h e l p ful n e ss T h e n S hall th e d e sig n s
.

o f P r o vi d e n c e i n bri n gi n g th e m t o g e th e r he n o l o n g e r
i n s c rutabl e fo r th e y S hall f o rm a n E m p ire that
,

n o n e S hall dar e t o thr e at e n a n E mpir e tha t shall

,

b e t he h o m e o f L ib e rty t h e G uardia n o f w e ak
,

N ati o n s t h e t e rr o r o f t h e w o uld b e o p p r e ss o r t h e
,
-
,

gl o ri o us h o m e o f Sc i e n c e o f Lit e rature o f A r t a n
, , ,

E mpi r e w h i c h S hall u n it e E ast a n d We st in w hi c h , ,

R ight e o us n e ss a n d P e a c e shall hav e kiss e d e a c h

”
o th e r .
( Ibid Ja n uary 1 4 p
.
, , .

I f t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 mark e d t h e b e gi n n i n g o f
a n e w p has e in t h e struggl e for L ib e rty it ,
 T HE G RE A T A G I T A T IO N

als o sa w th e b e gi nn i n g o f a n e w f o rm o f r e sist
a n c e to it T h e growi n g str e n gth o f t h e H o m e
.

R ul e mov e m e n t duri n g t h e autum n o f 1 9 1 5

alarm e d th e G o v e r n m e n t o f Ma d ras which ,

poss e ss e d p e rhaps t he most r e acti o n a r y o f

, ,

t h e C ivilia n class in its E x e cutiv e C o u n c il

a nd bur e aucratic G o v e r n m e n t a n d L o rd ,

P e n tl an d t h e th e n G o v e r n o r wa s plia n t in
’

, ,

—
t h e ir h a n ds a w e ll m e a n i n g but w e a k m a n
- -
.

Th e y d e t e rmi n e d o n r e p r e ssi o n a n d t h e ,

P r e ss A c t t he Act which pla c e d e ve ry n e ws

,

p ap e r a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e L o c al G o v e r n m e n t
was i n v o k e d O n May 2 6 1 9 1 6 n o ti c e w a s
.
, ,

s e r ve d o n N e w I n d ia a n d a s e c u r ity l e vi e d of
,

RS . pai d o n Ju n e 5 I t was th e fi r st .

s t e p o f t h e P e n tla n d G o v e r n m e n t o n t h e path

that l e d quickly to t h e R e fo r m Act o f 1 9 1 9 .

I n ci d e n tally t h e first C o u r t o f t h e H i n dij

‘

U n iv e r sity o f w hich I w as a m e mb e r t o o k
, ,

p lac e o n August 1 2 o f t h e sam e y e ar N atu r ally .

,

t h e l e vy o f s e curity c o ul d mak e n o diff e r e n c e

1 12 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T I C S

in t h e w e ll c o n sid e r e d p o licy o f N ew I n dia

-
,

a n d t h e s e cu r ity was f o r f e it e d o n August 2 8 ,

a n d a n e w s e cu r ity o f R S . l e vi e d T h e .

Act stat e d that t h e s e c urity might b e giv e n in

Gov e r n m e n t P r o miss o ry N o t e s o r in c ash ; t h e
,

Gove r n m e n t r e fus e d t h e N o t e s a n d i n sist e d o n

t h e cash . Wh e n th e P r e ss Bill w as b e f o r e t h e
C o u n cil th e L aw O ffic e r Mr Si n h a had
, , .
,

pr o mis e d that i n t e r e st sh o uld always b e paid

o n t h e m o n e y tak e n as s e curity sayi n g th a ,
t it
was always i n v e st e d a n d th e r e f o r e i n t e r e st
,

a cc ru e d T h e Madras G o v e r n m e n t h o w e v e r
.
, ,

did n o t f e e l its e lf bou n d by t h e pl e dg e o f th e

e r n m e n t o f I n d ia ; it r e fus e d t h e G o v e r n
G ov
m e n t pap e r i n sist e d o n cash an d s o m e o f it s
, ,

a g e n ts put t h e i n t e r e st i n t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t
tr e asury thus l e vyi n g o n N e w I n dia a c o n ti n u
,

i n g fi n e o f R s 350 a y e ar r e ck o n i n g i n t e r e st at
.
,

t h e l o w figur e o f 3% p e r c e n t . Such w e r e t h e
pl e asa n t littl e ways o f t h e Madras Gov e r n m e n t
a t that tim e .
1 14 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

This all mad e good propaga n d a an d e duc at ,

e d t h e p e o pl e to u n d e rsta n d t h e b e n e fits of

bur e au c rati c rul e T h e adva n tag e o f g o i n g o n

.

to t h e P rivy C o u n cil wa s that it ti e d up t h e

bur e au c rati c h a n ds wh il e N ew I n dia th o ugh
,

u n d e r h e avy s e c urity a n d liabl e to h av e t h e

pr e ss f o rf e it e d aft e r a s e c o n d f o rf e itur e o f t h e
s e c urity c o uld g o o n upo n its u n r e p e n ta n t way
,

u n til t h e fi r st s e c u r ity cas e wa s fi n ally d e cide d .

T wo H o m e R ul e L e agu e s w e r e f o rm e d
duri ng t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 Mr Tilak f o rm e d o n e
. .

a n d I t h e o th e r o n t h e gr o u n d that s o m e p eo pl e
,

lov e d him a n d hat e d m e a n d o th e rs hat e d him

,

an d lov ed m e ; h e nc e in g tog e th e r s e pa
- -

r a t e l y w a s t h e b e st p o lic We o f t h e Co n g r e ss
of 1 9 1 5 f o rm e d ou r All I n d ia H o m e R ul e
$
-

L e agu e in S e pt b e r 1 1 91 6 a cc o rdi n g to th e
, ,

agr e e m e n t r e ach e d at C hristmas ,

1 91 5 . I t w o rk e d spl e n d i d ly a nd su cc e ssfully
through t h e r e mai n i n g mo n ths o f 1 9 1 6 through ,

1 91 7 an d 1 91 8
.
 THE G RE A T A G I TA T IO N

A H om e R ul e ( E n glish Au x iliary] L e agu e

wa s f o rm e d in E n gla n d d uri n g 1 9 1 6 a n d in ,

fa c t it pr e c e d e d o urs I t work e d m o st a c tive ly

,
.

i n Britai n r e pr e s e n ti n g t h e wish o f I n dia fo r

,

F r e e d o m withi n t h e E mpir e pri n t e d a n d ,

c ir c ulat e d larg e n umb e rs o f pamp hl e ts an d ,

c r e at e d in E n gla n d so liv e ly a n i n t e r e st in
I n dia th at th e G o v e r n m e n t th e r e l o ok e d o n it
suspi c iously with o ut t h e small e st r e as o n
, ,

u n l e ss it w e r e t hat aft e r t h e G o v e r n m e n t had

p e rsua d e d t h e publish e rs in E n gla n d o f a li t tl e
,
—
S ixp e n n y b o o k o f mi n e call e d $n a ia A N a t io n’

t o with d raw it fr o m c irculati o n t h e E n glish ,

Auxilia r y p r i n t e d a pr e tty half c r ow n e diti o n o f

-

it a n d s e n t it to e v e ry m e mb e r o f P arliam e n t
, .

Mu r i e l C o u n t e ss De L a Wa r r Miss Barb a r a
—
, ,

V illie r s M r G e o rg e L a n sbu r y b e f o r e t he days

—
.
,

of d ir e ct actio n a n d M r Jo h n Sc u r r w e r e
'

.
,

t h e m o st pr o mi n e n t m e mb e rs o f it .

At th e C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 6 at L uck n ow we
, ,

had a spl e n d i d gath e ri n g At m a n y m e e ti n gs

.
1 1 6 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

thr o ugh t h e y e ar w e had hamm e r e d o ut o ur

Sch e m e a s said ab o v e a n d it was pass e d b o th
, ,

by t h e C o n gr e ss a n d t h e M uslim L e agu e .

Misf o rtu n e s mak e stra n g e b e d f e ll o ws a n d

-
,

t h e Madras G o v e r n m e n t casti n g ab o ut fo r a
,

n e w w e ap o n agai n st t h e ir r e pr e ssibl e H o m e
—
R ul e r s w h o c o n ti n u e d th e ir c o n stituti o n al
st r uggl e fo r R e f o rms a n d ha d n o w a Co n
g r e ss L e agu e Sch e m e w hich th e y w e r e b e n t
-

o n p o pula r isi n g
— f o r m e d by s o m e o f its m e m
b e r s a n allia n ce w ith Dr N ai r a p o w e r ful
.
,

w r it e r w ith a savag e p e n a n d r e ga r di n g
, ,

t h e H o m e R ul e m o v e m e n t as chi e fly a m o n g
B r a h ma nas p re e mi n e n tly t h e i n t e llig e n tsia
,
-

o f t h e c o u n try a n d p r e d o mi n a n t am o n g C o n

g r e ss l e ad e r s it was re s o lv e d to sti r up
—
,

t h e N o n Br a hma nas
-
wh o i n clud e d m o st o f
'

t h e g r e at la n d l o r d s a n d t h e w e a l th y m e r
cha n t class as w e ll as a m aj o rity o f th e
—
,

i n dustrial w o rk e r s agai n st t h e Br a hma nas .

T h e la n d l o r d s a n d r ic h m e r cha n ts w e r e e v e n
1 18 T HE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N P OLI T IC S

furious attack o n all w h o d e sir e d to win

p o liti c al fr e e dom withi n t h e British E mpir e .

In N ew I n di a Ja n uary 2 2 1 9 1 7 p 5 a
, , , .
,

r e port i s g i v e n o f a m e e ti n g o f t h e n e wl y
’
f o rm e d S o uth I n d ia n P e o pl e s Ass o c iati o n .

T h e m o v e m e n t w a s th e n sai d R ao Ba h adfir
,

P Th e agaraya C h e tty o n ly a m o n th o l d but

.
, ,

th e y had al r e a d y R s a n d w e r e sur e o f
.

g e tti n g t h e lakh th e y w a n t e d to sta r t a pap er

in a short tim e I t w a s a w e alth y party
. .

Mr Ka n dasaw m i C h e tty said

.

G o v e rn m e n t by t h e p e o pl e m e a n t that th e y
sh o uld hav e a b o d y o f i n t e llig e n t p e o pl e We re .

th e y in a p o siti o n t o hav e G o v e rn m e n t by t h e
p e o pl e ? Wo uld th e y pr e f e r t o b e g o v e r n e d by a
typi c al E n glishma n o r a typi c al Brahma n a ? T h e
,

E n glishma n w as a s e lfish c re atur e H e wa s a .

m e r c a n til e b e i n g but h e had als o id e als o f fre e d o m

, ,

justi c e an d fairplay SO h e w o uld rath e r thro w

.

hims e lf o n t h e m e rc y o f th e lib e rty l o vi n g E n glish

-

ma n tha n o f a n o ligar c hy w hi c h play e d up o n t h e

,

p e o pl e a n d th e ir we ak n e ss T h e ir H o m e R ul e
.

m e a n t A n ti F o re ig n R ul e H e c o uld n o t bri n g him

-
.

se lf t o thi n k that a n E n glishma n w as a c o mm o n

e n e my .H e might b e a n e n e my o f th e Brahma n a s ,
 TH E G RE AT A G I T A T IO N 1 19

but c e rtai n ly b e wa s n o t a n e n e my o f the N on

Brahmana s N on Brahma n as did n o t l o o k up o n the
.
-

G o v e rn m e n t o r E n glishm e n a s e n e mi e s .

Thu s b e ga n t he H ym n o f H at e a g aI n st a
small but brillia n tly i n t e ll e c tual a n d c ultur e d
c lass ; it b e c am e a v e n d e tta a crusad e by ra n k
, ,

w e alth a n d n umb e rs agai n st a c lass fo r t he

,

m o st part p oo r but highly e du c at e d ; fo r t h e

,

Br a hma nas traditio n al l y l e ar n e d had grasp e d

, ,

at E n glish e du c ati o n a n d had th e r e by ris e n to

,

p o sts in which high i n t e ll e ctual ability a n d

k no wl e dg e o f E n glish w e r e r e quir e d whil e ,

t h e bulk o f t h e p oo r o f that c ast e c r o w d e d t h e

G o ve r n m e n t sub o rdi n at e O ffi c e s o n mis e rabl e
,

sala r ie s as c l e rks tra n slat o rs e tc

, , .

Th e sp e e ch was typi c al n o t o n ly in its ha t e

but in it s misr e pre s e n tatio n I t will b e s e e n
.

from t h e pr e c e di n g e xtra c ts that t h e R e f o rm e rs

did n o t hat e t h e E n glish th o ugh th e y f o ugh t
,

t h e Bur e au c ra c y that d e n i e d liberty to t h e

N atio n .
C o n sta n tly th ey put f o rwar d t h e
1 20 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

E n glish id e als o f L ib e rty a n d urg e d a r e f o rm

,

o f th e syst e m o f G o v e r n m e n t fo r E n gla n d s
’

’
sak e as w e ll as fo r I n d ia s T h e wh o l e H o m e
.

R ul e m o v e m e n t was d e sig n e d to b e n e fit b o th

c o u n tri e s a n d o n e o f t h e O bj e cts o f t h e All
,

I n dia H o m e R ul e L e agu e wa s to st r e n gth e n

t h e British c o n n e c ti o n a n d t o w in t h e status o f
a F r e e N ati o n as pa r t o f a C o mm o n w e alth o f
F r e e N atio n s u n d e r t h e British C r o w n H o m e .

R ul e rs r e c o g n is e d that H o m e R ul e was a
c o n d iti o n o f p r e s e rvi n g t h e British c o n n e ctio n .

T h e allia n c e b e tw e e n m e mb e rs o f t h e Ma d ras
G o v e r n m e n t a n d th e n o n B r a h ma na o r r ath e r
-
,

a n ti Br a hma na c rusad e was sh o w n by t h e p re

-
,

s e n c e o f Sir Al e xa n d e r C a rd e w at a m e et i n g
h e ld in Madras o n N o v e mb e r 2 4 1 9 1 7 wh e n , ,

D r N air R ao Ba h adt I r P Th e aga r aya C h e tty

'

.
,
.
,

K V e n ka ta R e d d i N aidu a n d R Ve n k atar a tn am
. .

N ai du with t h e D i r e ctor o f P ublic I n stru o

,

ti o n w e r e pr e s e n t to w e lc o m e t h e n o n B r a h
,
-

ma na gra d uat e s o f t h e y e a r a n d Dr N a ir ,
.
1 22 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

drag o n se e d s of hatr e d agai n st t h e small cla s s

-

of Br a hma nas am o n g th e p e opl e of th e

P r e sid e n cy ; lat e r it was n a turally f o llow e d
,

by bitt e r atta c ks fr o m t h e outca st e s agai n st all

w h o w e r e cast e m e n -
.

—
T h e e arly m o n th s o f 1 9 1 7 SO far as w e
—
w e r e c o n c e r n e d w e r e pass e d in acti ve p r o
p g
a a n da p
, o pularisi n g t h e C o n gr e ss L e agu e -

Sch e m e O n t he o th e r ha n d L o r d P e n tla n d
.
,

took o c c asi o n to say that i n th e L e gislativ e

C o u n cil :
A ll th o ughts o f t h e arly gra n t o f R e sp o n s i bl e
e
Se lf G o v e r n m e n t sh o uld
-
b e p ut e n tir e ly o ut o f mi n d.

( N e w In dia M a y 2 5
, , 1 91 7 p, .

That wa s imp o ssibl e a n d w e w e n t o n ,

with our w o rk T h e n cam e a bl o w which

.

w a s i n t e n d e d to put a sudd e n e n d to th e -

work of t h e pap e r th e n r e gard e d a s t h e chi e f

—
,

advocat e of H om e R ul e ; N ew I n dia as
it w o uld n ot stop for s e curiti e s sh o uld —
b e stopp e d by t h e i n t e r n m e n t o f its E ditor ,
 THE G RE AT A G IT A T IO N

it s Assista n t E di to r a n d its liv e lie st a n d

—
,

most pu n g e n t c o n tributo r A n n i e B e sa n t ,

B P Wadia a n d G S A r un dal e
. . . . An ord e r .

of i n t e r n m e n t wa s issu e d with a fe w days

grac e ; that e x e cut e d th e pr e ss could b e
,

s e qu e st e r e d an d all w o uld be w e ll I t wa s .

s e rve d o n Ju n e 1 6 th e day aft e r t h e a nn ive r

,

sary o f t h e sig n i n g of Mag n a C arta in 1 2 1 5 .

N O r e as o n wa s assig n e d a n d w e n e v e r l e ar n t
,

what w as o ur e xa c t O ff e n c e L o rd P e n tla n d .

c all e d m e to se e him but r e fus e d an y i n f o rma

,

tio n I susp e n d e d N ew I n dia o n Ju n e 1 8t h

.
,

i n o r d e r to sav e t h e s e c urity a n d t h e pr e ss ,

s o ld th e Va san ta P r e ss to R ai S a hab
G Soob b iah C h e tty a n d r e c o v e r e d i ts Rs
.
, .

s e c u r ity o n Ju n e 1 9 ; o n Ju n e 2 0 I sold The ,

C o mmon wea l P r e ss to Mr R a nga R e ddi a n d

.
,

th e N ew I n dia P r e ss to Mr P K T e la n g . . .
,

r e c o v e ri n g RS
. a n d Rs a n d issu e d
.

a n o tic e to N ew I n dia subs c rib e rs ; t he pap e r

app e ar e d a gai n o n th e l t ; it wa s qui c k work ,
1 24 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

but th e tim e was sh o r t an d I had to hustl e

,

So we had thr ee bra n n e w pr e ss o w n e rs -

,

u n d e r s e cu r iti e s o f o n ly Rs . e a c h i n st e ad ,

o f Rs . I do n o t thi n k that t h e P r e ss
A c t was i n t e n d e d t o h av e a motor car driv e n
- -
,

by a la d y o f n e arly s e v e n ty r ush e d thr o ugh it

,

i n this way lik e t h e p r o v e rbial

, c o ach a n d
”
h o rs e s But th e n it was d r aw n up by
.

bur e aucrats w h o had had n o e xp e r i e n c e o f

H o m e R ul e rs th e y w e r e a c cust o m e d to r e vol u
t io n ar ie s a n d e v e n passiv e r e sist e rs but had ,

n e ve r m e t with c o n stituti o n al fight e rs for

L ib e rty w h o r e ga rd e d th e m w ith amus e d
,

u n c o n c e r n a n d p e r f e ct g o o d t e mp e r B e f o r e
, .

w e l e ft Mr H o rn im a n a n d Mr K e lka r ki n dly
, . .

c am e o v e r fr o m B o mbay a n d P o o n a to o ff e r
h e lp a n d e a c h wr o t e a n a r ticl e fo r N ew I n dia
,

O f th e 2 1 st ; as th e y w e r e alr e ady e d it o r s w e ,

th o ught it was b e t t e r that Mr P K T e la n g . . .

sh o uld assu m e charg e o f N ew I n dia an d h e ,

pr o mptly fill e d t h e gap H e f o rf e it e d t h e

.
1 26 T H E F UT U R E O F = I N DI A N POLI T IC S

h av e b e e n su c h a fuss about o n e old

woma n C rowds o f p eopl e a n d ma n y popular
l e ad e rs j o i n e d th e H om e R ul e L e agu e M e e t .

i n gs w e r e h e ld r e s o lutio n s fl e w ab o ut ; C P
, . .

R a mas wa mi Aiyar Ja mn a das Dwar k a das

, ,

C o n gr e ssm e n e v e ry wh e r e fa n ne d t h e s t o rm
,

a nd r o d e it Th e y pr e s e rv e d p e rf e c t ord e r ; n e v e r
.

a wi n d o w was bro k e n ; n e v e r a riot o c c urr e d

n e v e r a p o li c e ma n wa s assault e d ; n e v e r m an ,

w o ma n o r child w e n t to ga ol . Fo r thr e e
mo n th s th e v e h e m e n t agitatio n c o n ti n u e d u n
b r ok e n ly w ith o ut e v e r br e aki n g a law a n d
, ,

t h e stud e n ts w h o wa n t e d to strik e w e r e k e pt
i n th e i r s c h oo ls a n d c o ll e g e s a n d th e n
,

c am e th e d e c larati o n o f August 2 0 1 9 1 7 that , ,

t h e g o al o f Gr e at Britai n in I n dia was R e s

o n sib l e G o ve r n m e n t a n d a n a n n ou n c e m e n t
p ,

t hat th e S e cr e tary o f Stat e fo r I n dia w as

c o mi n g thith e r , to l e ar n th e wish e s o f th e
e o pl e T o O btai n a c al m atm o sph e r e t h e
p .

t hr e e i n t e r n ee s w e r e t o b e lib e rat e d .
 T HE G RE AT A G I T AT IO N 1 27

I t wa s a truly co n stituti o n al trium p h w o n ,

by a U n it e d I n dia a n d w a s c r o w ne d by th e
,

e l e c ti o n o f t h e H o m e R ul e P r e sid e n t as P r e

s ide n t of th e N atio n al C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 7 .

Mr Mo n tagu th e S e c r e tary o f Stat e c am e

.
, ,

to I n d ia a n d trav e ll e d wit h t h e V ic e r o y
, ,

L o rd C h e lmsf o rd all o v e r I n dia m e e ti n g

, ,

$D e putati o n s r e pr e s e n ti n g e v e ry typ e o f p o liti

c al o pi n io n . T h e N ati o n al C o n gr e ss a n d t h e
Muslim L e agu e a n d t he t wo H o m e R ul e
,

L e agu e s pr e s e n t e d at D e lhi o n N o v e mb e r 2 6 ,

1 9 1 7 m e m o rials aski n g fo r H o m e R ul e
, The .

N atio n al C o n gr e ss a n d t h e L e agu e we r e
r e pr e s e n t e d by a Jo i n t D e putati o n fr o m
t h e ir r e sp e c tiv e E xe cutiv e s a n d t h e m e m o rial
,

wa s r e ad by Mr Su re n dr a n at h Ba n n e r j I Aft e r
. .

a c ar e ful a n d argum e n tativ e pr e s e n tati o n o f t h e

I n d ia n cas e it w o u n d up
,

W e submit that t h e r e f o rms fo r w hi c h t h e

N ati o n al C o n gr e ss a n d t h e M uslim L e agu e pl e ad ,

a r e n e e d e d as mu c h in t h e i n t e r e sts o f th e g o o d

g ov e rn m e n t o f t he c o u n try a n d th e happi n e ss a n d
1 28 T
HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T I C S

pro sp e rit y o f th e p e o pl e as fo r t h e l e gitimat e satis

fa c ti o n O f o ur N ati o n al s e lf r e sp e c t a n d fo r a du e
-

r e c o g n iti o n o f I n dia s p la c e am o n g t h e fr e e a n d
’

c ivilis e d N ati o n s o f th e E mpir e a n d t h e o utsid e

w o rld N o r a r e th e y l e ss n e c e ssary t o str e n gth e n
.

a n d s o lidify t h e British c o n n e c ti o n w ith this a n c i e n t

la n d I n dia has giv e n fr e e ly o f h e r l o v e a n d s e rvi c e
.

t o E n gla n d an d s h e aspir e s t o a ttai n t o h e r pr o p e r

,

pla c e o f e quality a n d h o n o ur in t h e C o mm o n w e alth

o f N ati o n s w hi c h a r e pr o ud t o o wn fid e lity t o his
,

I mp e rial M aj e sty t h e K i n g E mp e r o r I f as has .

,

b e e n said t h e B ritish E m p ir e is t h e gre at e st s e c ular

,

p o w e r o n e arth maki n g fo r t h e g oo d o f ma n ki n d ,

I n dia is h o p e ful a n d c o n fid e n t that S h e will n o t b e

d e n i e d w hat is in e v e ry w a y du e t o h e r e sp e c ially ,

aft e r this gr e at W a r o f L ib e rty in w hi c h it h a s ,

b e e n auth o ritativ e ly r e c o g n is e d that s h e has p lay e d

a disti n guish e d a n d h o n o urabl e part .

T h e t w o H o m e R ul e L e agu e s w e r e r e p r e
s e n t e d by M r Tilak a n d mys e l f r e sp e ctiv e l y
.

a n d w e als o r e a d o ur m e m o r ials At Ma d ras .

,

t h e All I n d ia H o m e R u l e L e agu e pr e s e n t e d
-

Mr M o n ta gu w ith a milli o n v e r ifi e d sig n a

.

tu r e s gath e r e d in th e Pr e sid e n cy a n d c o n v e y e d
, ,

t o him i n th r e e o r f o ur ca r ts .

I t was t h e e n d o f a st r e n u o us struggl e o f
thr e e crowd e d y e a r s to m e th e e n d o f a n o th er
 C HAPTE R V

T H E N E W S PI RI T I N I N D I A

WRI T I N G at t h e e n d of 1 9 1 7 I sk e t c h e d out
,

wh at s e e m e d to me to b e t h e C aus e s of what
“ ”
I c all e d t h e N e w Spirit in I n dia I t wa s
.

pa rt of my sp e e c h a s P r e si d e n t o f t h e N atio n al
Co n gr e ss t h e post which si n c e 1 885 h a d b e e n
, , ,

r e gard e d a s t h e hig h e st plac e withi n th e

’
N ati o n s gift t h e pro o f o f h e r full e st c o n fid e n c e
,

a n d l o ve .R e a d i n g that sk e tch t o d ay in 1 9 2 2 , ,

I do n o t f e e l th at I c an b e tt e r
h e r e a n d it has t h e adva n ta g e o f ma r ki n g t h e
,

pla c e h e l d at t h e e n d o f 1 9 1 7 by t h e N a t io n al
M o ve m e n t in I n d ia as s e e n by o n e wh o w a s
,

am o n g t h e l e a d e r s i n that st r uggl e which h ad

e n d e d in triumph .
$H e r e b eg i n s t h e r ep r i n t
]
.
 T HE N EW S PIRI T IN I N D IA 1 31

Apart f r o m t h e n atu r al e xcha n g e o f though t

b e t w e e n E ast a n d W e st t he i n flu e n c e o f
,

E n glish e d ucati o n lit e r at u r e a n d i d e als t h e

, ,

e ff e c t o f t r av e l i n E u r o p e Japa n a n d t h e
,

U n it e d Stat e s o f A m e r ica a n d o th e r r e c o g n is e d
,

c a u s e s fo r th e cha n g e d o utl oo k in I n d ia th e r e ,

hav e b e e n sp e cial f o r c e s at w o r k d u r i n g t h e
last fe w y e a r s to a r o us e a N e w Spi r it i n I n d ia ,

a n d t o alt e r h e r attitu d e o f mi n d . Th e s e may

b e summ e d up a s

( a ) T h e Aw a k e n i n g o f Asia .

( )
b D iscussi o n s ab r o ad o n Ali e n R ul e a n d
I mp e r ial R e c o n stru c ti o n .

( c ) LOSS o f B e li e f i n t h e Sup e r i o r ity o f

t h e Wh it e R ac e s .

( )
d T h e Awak e n i n g o f t h e M e r cha n ts .

( )
e T h e A w ak e n i n g o f t h e W o m e n to
claim th e i r A n ci e n t P o sitio n .

( )
f T h e A w ak e n i n g o f t h e Mass e s .

E ach o f th e s e ca u s e s has ha d its sha r e i n

t h e spl e n di d cha n g e o f attit u d e i n t h e I n d ia n
 1 32 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

N ati o n , in t h e uprisi n g o f a spirit o f p r id e o f

c o u n t r y o f i n d e p e n d e n c e o f s e lf r e lia n c e o f
, ,
-
,

dig n ity o f s e lf r e sp e c t T h e War h a s quick

,
- .

e n e d t h e rat e o f e v o luti o n o f t h e w o rl d a n d n o ,

c o u n try h as e xp e ri e n c e d the quick e n i n g m o r e

tha n our M o th e rla n d .

( )
a The A wa ke n ing o f A sia

In a c o n v e r sati o n I had with L ord M i n to ,

soo n aft e r h is a r rival as V i c e r o y h e dis c us se d ,

“ ”
t h e so c all e d
-
u n r e st in I n dia an d r e c og n is e d
,

it a s the i n e vitabl e r e sult o f E n glish E du c a

ti o n o f E n glish I d e als o f D e m o c ra cy o f t h e
, ,

Japa n e s e v ict o ry o v e r R u ssia a n d o f t h e ,

C ha n gi n g c o n ditio n s in t h e o ut e r world I .

was th e r e fo r e n o t surpris e d to r e a d his r e mark

“
that h e r ec o g n Ise d fra n kly a n d publi c ly
, ,

that n e w aspi r ati o n s w e r e stirri n g in the

h e arts o f t h e p eo pl e that th e y w e r e part o f a
,

larg e r m o v e m e n t c o mm o n to t h e wh o l e E ast ,

a n d that it was n e c e ssary to satisfy th e m to a

1 34 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

C hi n e s e R e publi c t h e e ff o rts at impr o v e m e n t

,

in P e r sia hi n d e red by t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f
,

R ussia a n d Gr e at Britai n with h e r g r owi n g

a mbitio n and , t h e c r e ati o n of British an d
”
R ussia n sp h e r e s o f i n flu e n c e de p r I V I n g h e r
,

of h e r j ust lib e rty a n d n o w t h e R uss i a n

,

R e volutio n a n d th e p r o babl e ris e o f a R ussia n

R e p ubli c in Eu rOp e a n d Asia hav e all e n tire ly ,

c ha n g e d t h e c o n d iti o n s b e f o r e e xisti n g in
I n dia Acr o ss Asia b e y o n d t h e H im a layas
.
, ,

stre t c h fr ee a n d s e lf ruli n g N atio n s I n dia n o

-
.

l o n g e r s e e s a s h e r Asia n n e ig hbo urs t h e hug e

domai n s o f a Tsar a n d a C hi n e s e d e sp o t a n d ,

c o mpar e s h e r c o n diti o n u n d e r British rul e

with th o s e o f th e ir subj e c t p o pulatio n s B r itish .

rul e profit e d by t he c o mpa r is o n at l e ast u n til ,

1 905 wh e n t h e gr e at p e ri o d of r e p r e ssi o n se t
,

in . Bu t in futu r e u n l e ss I n dia wi n s S e lf
,

G o v e r n m e n t sh e will l oo k e n vio usly at h e r

,

S e lf G o v e r n i n g n e ighb o u r s a n d t h e c o n tr a st
-
,

will i n t e n sify h e r u n r e st .
 -
T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N DI A 1 35

B ut v e n if s he gai n s H om e R ul e a s I
e ,

be li e v e she will he r p o siti o n i n t h e E mpir e

,

will imp e rativ e ly d e ma n d that sh e shall be

stro n g a s w e ll a s fr e e Sh e b e c o m e s n o t o n ly
.

a vul n e rabl e poi n t in t h e E mpir e as th e Asia n ,

N a tio n s e volve th e ir o wn ambitio n s a n d rival

ri e s but also a p o ss e ssio n to b e battl e d for
, .

“
Mr L ai n g o n c e sai d : I n dia is th e mil c h c o w
.
-

”
O f E n gla n d a K a madh e n u in fact a co w of
, , ,

pl e n ty a n d if that vi e w shoul d aris e in Asia ,

t h e o wn e rship o f t h e milch c o w w o uld b e c o m e -

a matt e r o f disput e a s o f o ld b e tw e e n Va sh ish

,

tha a n d Vish vamitra H e n c e I n dia must be .

ca pabl e of s e lf d e f e n c e b o th by la n d a n d se a
-
.

Th e r e may b e a struggl e for t h e prima c y o f

Asia for supr e ma c y in t he P a c ific for t he
, ,

maste ry of Australasia to say n oth i n g o f t h e ,

in e vitabl e tra d e struggl e s in which Japa n is

-
,

al r e ady e n da n g e ri n g I n dia n i n dustry a n d

I n dia n trad e whil e I n dia is u n abl e to pro t e c t
,

h e rs e lf .
1 36 TH E FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

In o rd e r to fac e th e s e larg e r issu e s with

e qua n imity , th e E mpir e r e qui r e s a c o n t e n t e d ,

str o n g s e lf d e p e n d e n t a n d arm e d I n dia abl e

,
-
,

t o hol d h e r o w n a n d t o aid th e D o mi n i o n s ,

e sp e c ially Australia with h e r s mall p o pu l atio n

,

a n d i m m e n s e u n o c cupi e d a n d u n d e f e n d e d a r e a .

I n dia al o n e has t h e m an pow e r whi c h ca n

-

e ff e ctiv e l y mai n tai n t h e E mpi r e in Asia a n d ,

it is a sh o rt sig ht e d a crimi n ally sh o rt S ight e d

-
,
-
,

poli c y n o t to build up h e r str e n gth a s a S e lf

Gove r n i n g Stat e withi n t h e C o mmo n w e alth of
F r ee N ati o n s u n d e r t h e British C r o w n T h e .

E n glish m e n i n I n d ia talk l o udly o f th e ir

i n t e r e sts ; what c a n this m e r e ha n dful do to
pr o t e c t th e ir i n t e r e sts agai n st a t ta c k in th e
c omi n g y e ars ? O n ly in a fr e e a n d p o w e rful
I n dia will th e y b e saf e Th o s e who r e ad
.

Japa n e s e pap e rs k n o w h o w st r o n gly e v e n ,

duri n g t he War th e y parad e u n c h e ck e d th e ir

,

p r o
-
G e rma n sympathi e,s a n d h o w lik e ly aft e r
t h e War is a n allia n c e b e tw ee n th e s e t wo
1 38 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

th e y h av e i n v e st e d th e r e Why
th e n sh o uld th e y c laim to d o mi n at e I n d ia o n
t h e gr o u n d o f th e ir i n v e stm e n ts ? Brit o n s must
giv e u p t h e id e a that I n dia is a p o sse ssio n to
.

b e e xpl o it e d for th e i r o wn b e n e fit a n d must ,

s e e h e r a s a f r i e n d a n e qual a S e lf G o v e r n i n g
, ,
-

D o mi n i o n withi n th e E mpi r e a N atio n lik e

,

t h e ms e lv e s a willi n g part n e r in t h e E mpir e

, ,

but n o t a d e p e n d e n t . T h e d e mo c rati c m o v e
m e n t in Japa n C hi n a a n d R ussia in Asia h as
,

sympath e ti c ally aff e ct e d I n dia a n d it is i d l e

,

t o p r e t e n d that it will c e as e t o aff e ct h e r .

6
( ) D is c ussio n s A br oa d on A l ie n R u l e an d
R e co n s t r u c t ion

But th e r e a r e oth e r caus e s w hi c h hav e b e e n

w o rki n g in I n d ia c o n s e qu e n t o n t h e British
,

attit u d e a gai n st aut o cra c y a n d in d e fe n c e o f

f r e e d o m in E u r o p e W hil e h e r attitud e to I n d i a
,

h a s u n til lat e ly b e e n l e ft in doubt

, , Th e re f o r e
.
 T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N DI A 1 39

I sp o k e o f a spl e n did o pp o rtu n ity l o st I n di a .

at fi r st b e li e v e d wh o l e h e art e d ly that Gr e at
Britai n was fighti n g fo r t h e fr ee d o m of al l
N ati o n aliti e s E v e n n o w Mr Asquith d e c lar e d
—in h is sp e e c h in the H ous e o f Co mm o n s
.
, .

r e p o rt e d h e r e la st O ct o b e r o n th e p e a c e
—
,

r e s o lutio n of M r R amsay Ma c do n ald that

.

“
t h e A l li e s a re fighti n g fo r n o thi n g b ut
“
f re ed o m, an d an imp o r ta n t ad d iti o n
,
fo r
”
n o thi n g sh o r t o f f r e e d o m . In his sp e e c h
d e cla r i n g th at Britai n w o uld sta n d by F ra n c e
in h e r claim fo r t h e r e st o rati o n o f Alsa c e
L o r rai n e h e s po k e o f t h e i n t o l e rabl e d e grada
,
“

t io n of a fore ig n yo ke Is such a yok e l e s s

i n tol e rabl e l e ss w o u n d i n g to s e lf r e sp e c t h e r e
,
-
,

tha n in Alsac e L o rr ai n e wh e r e t he rul e rs a n d

-
,

t h e r ul e d a r e b o th o f E u r o p e a n bl oo d simila r
,

in r e ligi o n a n d h abits ? A S t h e War w e n t o n ,

I n d ia sl o wly a n d u n willi n gly c am e to r e alis e

that t h e hatr e d o f aut o cracy wa s c o n fi n e d to
a utocracy in t h e W e st a n d that t h e d e gradati o n
,
14 0 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI AN PO LI T IC S

wa s on ly r e gar d e d a s i n t o l e r abl e fo r me n
o f whit e r ac e s ; that f r e e d o m w as lavishly
pr o mis e d to all Ex c e pt to I n d ia ; that n e w
po w e r s w e r e to b e giv e n to t h e D o mi n i o n s ,

but n o t to I n d ia I n d ia was ma r k e d ly l e ft o u t
.

o f t h e sp e e ch e s o f stat e sm e n d e ali n g w ith t h e

futur e o f t h e E mpir e a n d at last th e r e wa s

,

plai n ta l k o f th e Whit e E mpi r e t he E mpi r e

,

”
o f t h e F iv e N ati o n s a n d t h e
, c o l o ure d rac e s
w e r e lump e d tog e th er a s t h e wa rd s o f th e
W h it e E mpi r e d o o m e d to a n i n d e fi n it e
,

m i n o rity .

T h e p e ril was pr e ssi n g ; t h e m e n a c e u n m is

t akabl e . T h e R e c o n stru c ti o n o f th e E mpir e
was o n t h e a n vil ; what w a s to b e I n d ia s ’

pla c e th e r e i n T h e D o mi n i o n s w e r e pr o claim
ed as part n e rs ; w a s I n dia to r e mai n a
D e p e n d e n cy ? M r B o n ar L aw ba d e t h e
.

D o mi n i o n s st r ik e whil e th e i r o n w a s hot
w a s I n dia to wait til l it w a s c o ld I n d ia sa w
h e r soldi e rs fighti n g fo r fr e e d o m in F la n d e rs ,
142 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

in th e right d ir e ctio n But d isapp o i n tm e n t

.

was f e lt that whil e o th e r c o un tri e s w e r e r e p r e

s e n t e d by r e sp o n sibl e M i n ist e rs t h e r e pr e s e n ta
,

’
t i o n in I n d ia s cas e was o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f ,

a Gov e r n m e n t irr e sp o n sibl e to h e r a n d n o t t h e ,

r e pr e s e n tativ e o f h e rs e lf N o fault was f o u n d

.

with t h e c h o ic e its e lf but o n ly with t h e n o n

,

r e pr e s e n tative c h aract e r o f t h e ch o s e n for ,

t h e y w e r e s e l e c t e d by th e Gov e r n m e n t a n d ,

n o t by t h e e l e c t e d m e mb e rs o f t h e S u p re m e

C ou n cil T his d e f e ct i n th e r e soluti o n m o v e d

.

by t h e H o n K h a n Bah a d u r M M Sh a fi o n
. . .

O ctob e r 2 1 9 1 5 wa s p o i n t e d o u t by t h e H o n
, ,
.

M r Sur e n dra n ath Ba n n e rj i

. H e said .

M y L o rd vi e w o f a S ituati o n s o full o f h o p e
, in
a n d pr o mis e it s e e ms t o m e that my fri e n d s Re ’
,

s o luti o n d o e s n o t g o fa r e n o ugh H e p l e ads fo r

.

o fficia l r e pr e s e n tati o n at t h e I m p e rial C o n fe re n c e

h e d o e s n o t pl e ad fo r p op u la r r e p re s e n ta ti o n He .

urg e s that a n addre ss b e pr e s e n t e d to H is M aj e sty s ’

G o v e r n m e n t thr o ugh t h e Se c r e ta r y o f Stat e fo r

,

I n dia fo r o ffi c ial r e p re s e n tati o n at t he I mp e rial

,

C o u n c il M y L o rd o ffi c ial r e pr e s e n tati o n may m e a n

.
,

l ittl e o r n o thi n g I t may i n d e e d b e att e n d e d with

.
 T H E N E W S PIRI T I N I N DI A 14 3

s o m e risk ; fo r I am s o rry to h av e t o s a y but say it—

—
I must that o u r o ffi c ials do n o t al w ays se e e y e t o
e y e w ith us as r e gards ma n y gr e a t p ubli c qu e sti o n s
w hi c h aff e c t this c o u n try ; a n d i n d e e d th e ir vi e w s ,

j udg e d fr o m o ur sta n dp o i n t may s o m e tim e s s e e m

,

ad ve rs e t o o u r i n t e r e sts A t t h e sam e tim e m y

.
,

L o rd I r e c o g n is e t h e fa c t that t h e I m p e r ial C o n
,

f e r e n c e is a n ass e mblag e o f o ffi c ials pur e a n d sim p l e ,

c o n sisti n g o f M i n ist e rs o f t h e Un it e d K i n gd o m a n d
o f t h e Se lf G o v e r n i n g C o l o n i e s
- But my L o rd th e re
.
, ,

is a n e ss e n tial diff e re n c e b e t we e n th e m a n d o u r
s e lv e s . In th e ir c as e th e M i nist e rs a r e t h e e l e c t o f
,

t h e p e o pl e th e ir o rga n a n d th e ir v o i c e a n s we rabl e
, ,

t o th e m fo r th e ir c o n du c t a n d th e ir p ro c e e d i n gs In .

o ur c a s e ,o u r o ffi c ials a r e publi c s e r v a n ts in n am e ,

but i n r e ality th e y a re t h e mast e rs o f t h e publi c .

T h e situati o n may i mpro v e a n d I trust it w ill u n d e r

, ,

t h e lib e ralisi n g i n flu e n c e o f y o ur E x c e ll e n c y s

’

b e n e fi c e n t ad mi n istrati o n ; but w e must tak e thi n gs

a s th e y a re a n d n o t i n dulg e in buildi n g c astl e s i n
,
“
t h e air w hi c h may va n ish lik e t h e bas e l e ss fa b r i c
o f a visi o n

I t was said to b e a n e p o ch maki n g e v e n t -

“
t hat I n d ia n R e pr e s e n tativ e s t o o k part i n
t he Co n fere n c e R e pr e s e n tativ e s th e y w e r e
.
,

but as sai d o f t h e B r itish G o v e r n m e n t i n

, ,

I n d ia n o t o f I n d ia wh e r e a s th e i r c oll e agu e s
, ,

r e p r e s e n te d th e ir N atio n s Th e y did g o o d .
14 4 THE FU T U RE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S

w o rk , non e t he l e ss fo r
th e y w e r e abl e
,

and e xp e ri e n c e d m e n th o ugh th e y fail e d

,

us in t h e I mp e rial P r e f e r e n c e C o n f e r e n c e ,

and , partially o n t h e I n d e n tur e d L abour

,

qu e sti o n Ye t w e h o p e that th e pr e s e n c e in
.

t h e C o n f e r e n c e of m e n o f I n dia n birth may

“
prov e to b e t h e prov e r bial th i n e n d o f t h e
”
we d g e , a nd may h av e c o n vi n c e d th e ir
c oll e agu e s that whil e I n dia was still a
,
’
D e p e n d e n c y I n dia s so n s w e r e fully th e ir
,

e quals .

T h e R e p o rt o f th e P ubli c S e r vi c e s C o mmis
sio n th o ugh n o w too o bviously o bs o l e t e to
,

b e dis c uss e d caus e d both disapp o i n tm e n t a n d

,

r e s e n tm e n t ; fo r it sh o w e d that in t he e y e s o f ,

th e majority -o f t h e C ommissio n e rs E n g l ish ,

d o mi n atio n in I n dia n ad mi n istratio n wa s to b e

p e rp e tual a n d th at 30 y e ars h e n c e sh e w o uld
,

o n ly h o ld a pitiful 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e high e r

appoi n tm e n ts in t h e I C S a n d t he P o li c e I
. . . .

c a n n ot how e v e r m e n tio n that C ommissio n

, , ,
146 T HE FU T URE OF I N D IA N PO LI T IC S

th e Brit o n rul e s in Gre at B ritai n th e ,

F r e n c h ma n in F ra n c e t h e Am e rica n i n
,

Am e ri c a e a c h Domi n io n i n its o w n are a but

, ,

t h e I n dia n w a s t o r ul e n o wh e r e al o n e am o n g
t h e p eo pl e s o f t h e w o rld h e wa s n o t to f ee l
,

“
h is o w n c o u n try as h is o wn B r itai n fo r
.

” “
t h e British was righ t a n d n atu r al ; I n dia
”
for t h e I n d ia n s was wr o n g e v e n s e diti o us
, .

”
I t must b e I n d ia fo r t h e E mpir e
‘
o r no t ,

“
e v e n fo r t h e E mpir e , but fo r t h e r e st o f t h e -

”
E mpir e car e l e ss o f h e rs e lf
, British supp o r t
.

for Br itish Tra d e was patri o tic a n d pr o p e r

“ ”
in Britai n . Sv a de shi g oo ds for I n dia n s
sh o we d a p e tty a n d a n t i I mp e rial sp irit in
-

I n dia T h e I n dia n was to c o n ti n u e t o liv e

.

p e rp e tually a n d e v e n tha n kfully a s G o p a l

, ,

K rsh na G o khal e sai d h e liv e d n o w in an ,

atm o sph e r e o f i n f e ri o rit y a n d to b e pr o u d to

,

b e a citiz e n ( with o ut rights ) o f t h e E mpir e ,

whil e its o th e r c o mp o n e n t N atio n s w e r e to b e

c itiz e n s ( with rights ) in th e ir o wn c o u n tri e s
 T H E N E W S PI RI T I N I N DI A 14 7

first , an d citiz e n s o f t h e E mpir e s e c o n darily .

Just as he r trust in Gr e at Britai n was strai n e d

n e arly t o br e aki n g p o I n t c am e t h e glad n e ws

of M r M o n tag u s app o i n tm e n t as S e c r e tary of

’
.

’
Stat e fo r I n dia o f t h e V i c e r o y s i n vitatio n to
,

him a n d o f his c o mi n g to h e ar fo r hims e lf

,

what I n d ia wa n t e d I t was a r ay o f su n shi n e

.

br e aki n g thr o ugh th e gl oo m c o n fi d e n c e in

,

Gr e at B r itai n r e viv e d a n d gla d p r e parati o n

,

wa s mad e to w e l c o m e t h e c o mi n g o f a
fri e n d .

T h e attitud e o f I n dia has cha n g e d to m e e t

t h e cha n g e d attitu d e o f t h e G o v e r n m e n ts of
I n dia a n d Gr e at Britai n But l e t n o n e imagi n e
.

that that c o n s e qu e n tial C ha n g e o f attitud e c o n

n o t e s a n y cha n g e in h e r d e t e r mi n ati o n to W i n

H o m e R ul e Sh e is r e a d y to c o n si d e r t e rms o f
.

”
p e ac e but it must b e
, p e ac e w ith h o n o ur ,

a n d ho n o ur in this c o n n e cti o n m e a n s F r e e d o m :

I f this b e n o t g r a n t e d a n e v en m o r e vig o r o u s
,

agitatio n wil l b e gi n .
14 8 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S

( ) c L oss of B el ief in t he S uper i or i ty

o f t he Whi t e R a ces

T he u n d e rmi n i n g o f this b e li e f dat e s fr o m

t h e spr e adi n g o f t h e A rya Sam a j an d t h e
T h e oso ph ical So c i e ty B o th b o di e s s o ught to
.

l e a d t h e I n dia n p eo pl e to a s e n s e o f th e valu e
o f th e ir o wn civilisati o n to prid e in th e ir past
, ,

cr e ati n g s e lf r e sp e ct in t h e pr e s e n t a n d s e lf
-
,

c o n fid e n c e in th e futur e Th e y d e str o y e d t h e

.

u n h e althy i n cli n atio n to imitat e t h e W e st in

all thi n gs a n d tau ght dis c rimi n atio n th e usi n g
, ,

o n ly o f what wa s valuabl e i n w e st e r n th o ught

a n d cultur e , i n st e a d o f a m e r e slavish c o pyi n g
of e v e rythi n g A n o th e r g r e at f o r c e wa s that o f
.

Sw a mi V iv e k a n a n da alik e in his passi o n ate

,

lov e a n d a d mirati o n fo r I n dia a n d his e xp o sur e

,

o f th e e vils r e sulti n g fr o m Mat e r ialism in t h e

W e st Tak e t h e f oll o wi n g
.

Child re n o f I n dia I am h e r e
, to sp e ak to y o u to
day ab o ut s o m e pra c ti c al thi n gs , a n d my o bj e c t in
1 50 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN PO LI T IC S

th e s e w a s c on fi n e d to t h e fe w a n d did n o t
r e a c h t h e ma n y Th e fi r st g r e at sh o c k to
.

t h e ir b e li e f i n wh it e sup e r i o rity ca m e fr o m th e
triumph o f Japa n o v e r R u ssia t h e faci n g ,

of a h ug e E ur o p e a n P o we r by a c o mpa r a tiv e ly
small e ast e r n N ati o n t h e e xp o sur e o f th e
,

w e ak n e ss a n d r o tt e n n e ss o f t h e R ussia n
l e ad e rs a n d t h e c o n t r ast with th e i r ha r dy
,

vi r il e o pp o n e n ts r e ady to sac r ific e e v e ry

,

thi n g fo r th e i r c o u n t r y .

T h e s e c o n d g r e at sh o ck has c o m e fr o m th e
fra n k brutality o f G e r ma n th e o r i e s o f th e
S tat e a n d th e ir practical c arryi n g o ut in t h e
,

tr e atm e n t o f c o n qu e r e d districts a n d th e layi n g

,

wast e o f e vacuat e d a r e as in r e tr e at . T he
t e ach in gs o f Bismarck an d th e ir practical
appli c ati o n in F ra n c e F la n d e r s B e lgium
, , ,

P o la n d a n d S e rbia hav e d e str o y e d all th e

glam o u r o f t h e sup e ri o rity o f C hrist e n d om
o v e r Asia . I ts vau n t e d civilisati o n is s e e n to
b e but a thi n v e n e e r a n d it s r e ligi o n a matt e r
,
 T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N DI A

of f o rm rath e r tha n of lif e Gazin g fro m afar

.

at t h e ghastly h e aps o f t he d e a d a n d t h e hosts o f

th e mutilat e d at sci e n c e tur n e d i n t o d e vilry
, ,

a n d e v e r i n v e n ti n g n e w tortur e s fo r r e n di n g

a n d slayi n g , A sia may b e f o rgiv e n fo r th i n k

i n g that o n t h e wh o l e sh e pr e f e r s h e r o wn
, ,

r e ligi o n s a n d h e r o w n civilisatio n s .

But e v e n d e e p e r tha n t h e o ut e r tumult o f

Wa r ha s pie r c e d t h e doubt as t o th e r e ality of
the I d e als o f L ib e rty a n d N atio n ality so l o udly
pr o claim e d by t h e f o r e m o st w e st e r n N atio n s ,

t h e d o ubt o f t h e h o n e sty o f th e ir champio n s .

Si r Jam e s M e sto u said truly a sh o r t tim e a g o

, ,

that h e had n e v e r i n his l o n g e xp e r i e n c e

, ,

k n o w n I n dia n s in so dist r ustful a n d suspicio us

a m o o d as that which h e m e t in th e m to d ay -
.

An d that is so . F or lo n g y e ars I n dia n s hav e

b e e n chafin g ov e r t h e ma n y br e ach e s o f p ro
mise s an d pl e dg e s to th e m that r e mai n
u n re d e e med . Th e mai n t e n a n c e h e r e o f a
syste m of p o liti c al r e pre ssio n o f c oe rciv e
,
 1 52 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

In e a sur e s i n c r e as e d in n umbe r a n d m o r e
harshly appli e d si n c e 1 905 th e carryi n g o f
,

t h e syst e m to a wid e r e xt e n t S i n c e t h e War

for t h e sa n c tity o f tr e ati e s a n d fo r t h e p ro te c
tio n of N ati o n aliti e s h a s b e e n g o i n g o n hav e
,

d e e p e n e d th e mistrust A fra n k a n d co ur a g
.

e o u s stat e sma n ship appli e d to t h e h o n e s t carry

in g o ut o f larg e r e f o rms too l o n g d e lay e d c a n

,

al o n e r e m o v e I t. T h e tim e fo r political
ti n k e ri n g i s past ; th e tim e fo r wis e an d
d e fi n it e c ha n g e s is h e r e
.

To th e s e d e e p cause s must b e add e d t h e

c ompariso n b e tw e e n t h e pr o gr e ssiv e p o licy o f
s o m e of th e I n dia n Stat e s in matt e rs whi c h
m o st aff e c t t h e happi n e ss o f t h e p eo pl e a n d,

th e sl o w adva n c e mad e u n d e r British a dmin is

tratio n . T h e I n dia n n o t e s that this ad va n ce
is ma de u n d e r th e guida n c e o f rul e rs a n d
mi n ist e rs of his o wn ra c e Wh e n h e See s
.

’
that th e sugg e sti o n s mad e in th e P eo pl e s
A ss e mbly in My sor e a r e fully c o n sid e r e d a nd ,
1 54 THE F U T U RE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S

ab o ut H ith e rto th e m e rcha n ts had r e mai n e d

.

imm e rs e d in th e ir o w n o c cupati o n s but th e y

,

w e r e awak e n e d by t h e War to t h e n e c e ssity

o f taki n g p art in p o liti c s by fi n di n g that thos e

v e ry o ccupatio n s w e r e th r e at e n e d w ith dis

ast e r by th e attit u d e o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t ; a s
fo r i n sta n c e t h e r e fusal t o l e n d a h e lpi n g ha n d
,

to i n d ust r i e s which ha d b e e n c o n n e ct e d C l o s e ly
with G e rma n t r a d e a n d w e r e m e n ac e d w ith
rui n by t h e War ; by t h e r e fusal to aid t h e
e ffo r ts ma d e t o r e plac e n e c e ssa r i e s
— hith e rt o
—
S uppli e d by G e r ma n y b y th e f o u n di n g o r
fi n a n c i n g o f fact o r i e s fo r th e i r pr o d u cti o n at
h o m e by t h e r e s t r ictio n s put o n trad e u n d e r p re
t e xt o f t h e War that pr e v e n t e d t h e l e gitimat e
,

e xpa n sio n o f pr o misi n g b r a n c h e s o f i n d ustry ;

by th e abs e n c e o f e ff o rt to r e li e v e th e st r i n g e n cy
o f t h e m o n e y mark e t w e althy m e rcha n ts b e i n g
,

u n abl e to obtai n cash to m e e t th e i r liabiliti e s

h e r e b e c aus e t h e ir E n glish d e bto rs c ould n o t
,

tra n smit t h e m o n e y th e y ow e d ; s o me w e r e
 T H E N E W S PI RI T IN I N DI A 1 55

e v e n o blig e d to s e ll t h e d e pr e c iat e d Gov e r n

m e n t pap e r at h e avy loss in o r d e r to main tai n
th e ir c r e dit in o th e r c as e s War B o n ds w e r e
off e r e d to th e m in li e u o f cash fo r goods su p
plie d T h e d e tails hav e vari e d i n diff e r e n t
.

c e n tr e s a n d th e w e althy a n d i n d e p e n d e n t
,

m e rcha n ts o f B o mbay hav e suff e r e d l e ss tha n

t h e m e r cha n ts o f Ma d ras with wh o s e di fficul t
,

ie s I am n atu r ally m o r e familiar .

Th e r e a dd e d difficulti e s c o n sta n tly arise

,

fr o mth e fav o uritism sh o w n by th e P r e sid e n c y

Ba n k to E n glish as compar e d with I n dia n
, ,

C li e n ts a n d t h e abs e n c e o f I n dia n s fr o m its

,

D i r e ct o rat e c o mplai n e d o f fo r y e a r s
, The
.

a n xi e ty f e lt by t he m e rcha n ts was larg e ly in

cr e as e d by th e d e pr e ciati o n O f G o v e r n m e n t
pap e r a n d apart from th e h e avy l o ss e s o f
c apital in cu r r e d wh e n n e c e ssity forc e d hold e r s
t o s e ll fo r cash a n u n e asy f ee li n g ar o s e a s to
,

t h e stability o f th e Go v e r n m e n t wh e n it s
,

s e c u r i ti e s fe ll so l o w .
1 56 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T I C S

A n oth e r disturbi n g c aus e w a s th e ali e n atio n

d u r i n g ma n y y e ars o f la n d s a n d mi n e rals to
for e ig n e rs t h e G o v e r n m e n t loo ki n g o n with
,

i n diff e r e n c e .

T h e c o pra a n d c o ir i n dustry o f t h e W e st
C o ast ha d pass e d i n to G e rma n h a n ds ; stru c k
a way f r om th e m by t h e War th e r e was da n g e r
,

o f its b e i n g abs o rb e d by th e E n glish ; happily

t h e firm o f Tata a n d S o n s st e pp e d i n a n d r e s
c u e d it, a n d it r e mai n s a n I n dia n i n dustry .

T e n y e ars a g o t h e w o rki n g o f t h e bl e n d k n o w n
,

a s m o n azit e a n i n gr e di e n t in mu n iti o n s w a s
, ,

a bs o rb e d by G e rma n y . I n dia n mi c a mi n e s
b e cam e G e rma n pr o p e rty U n dr e ss e d hid e s
.

w e r e e xp o rt e d wh o l e sal e to G e r ma n y although
,

M ysor e had sh e w n that th e y c o uld b e d r e s se d

a n d t a n n e d b e tt e r in I n dia n tha n in E uro p e a n
fa c t o ri e s a n d o n ly a littl e e n c o urag e m e n t a n d
,

h e lp w e r e n e e d e d to e n sur e th e ir d r e ssi n g a n d
t a nn in g, if n o t also th e ir w orki n g h e r e , .

I n st e ad o f that t h e u n dr e ss e d hid e s w e r e
,
1 58 TH E FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

B ritish c apitalists , th e n th e out c om e shoul d be

th e pr o p e rty of I n dia a n d e n ri c h th e p e opl e o f
t h e c o u n try n o t British m e r c ha n ts a n d ma n u
,

fa c tu re r s s e ttl e d h e r e .

T h e War h a s tur n e d th e att e n tio n o f G o v e r n

m e n t to t h e wisdo mo f utilisi n g I n dia s imm e n s e
’

n atural r e sour c e s , a n d t h e V ic e r o y sp e aks o f

o rga n isi n g th e s e r e s o ur c e s with a vi e w to

maki n g I n dia m o r e s e lf c o n tai ne d an d l e ss
-
,

de p e n d e n t o n t h e o ut e r w o rl d fo r t h e s uppli e s
o f ma n ufactu r e d g oo ds We h e ar t ily e n d o rs e
t his vi e w This h a s l o n g b e e n th e c r y fr o m
.

I n d ia n s fo r I n d ia with h e r va r i e ti e s of s o il
, ,

a n d climat e c a n pr o duc e all t h e m at e r ials sh e

,

n e e ds a n d with h e r surplu s g oo ds S h e c a n
,
— as

P h il lim o r e said o f h e r in t h e s e v e n t e e n th
c e n tury with t h e d r o ppi n gs o f h e r s o il f e e d
”
d ista n t N ati o n s . But t h e E ast I n d ia C om
p a n y first t
, h e British Gov e r n m e n t n e xt
, a n d
lat e ly e xpl o iti n g b o di e s o f I mp e rialist Trad e rs ,

hav e v e h e m e n tly i n sist e d that I n dia sh o uld

 T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N DI A 1 59

s upply raw mat e rials e xp o rt th e m fo r ma n u

,

fa c tur e ab r o ad , an d pur c has e p r e f e rably

,

withi n th e E mpir e t h e good s ma n ufactur e d

,

o ut of th e m . A s Ma c aulay p o i n te d o ut t h e ,

marv e ll o us e xpa n sio n o f E n glish i n dustry w a s

c o n t e mpora n eo us with t h e imp o v e rishm e n t of
I n dia T h e r e v e rsal o f this p o licy by the p r e s e n t
.

’
V ic e r o y will e ar n I n dia s u n dyi n g g r atitu d e if ,

h e f o st e r s I n dia n i n d ustri e s a n d n o t E n glish

i n d ustri e s in I n d ia . A wit n e ss b e f o r e t h e
I n d ust r i e s C o mmissi o n stat e d that I n dia sh o uld
rais e p r o ducts fo r u se o utsi d e t hat is as th e
, ,

E ast I n dia C o mpa n y put it b e c o m e a pla n ta

,

ti o n fo r t h e supply o f raw mat e rial s T h e .

V ic e r o y must pard o n us if pr e vio us e xp e r i

,

e nce h as ma d e us a n xio u s o n t his p o in t .

W e ca n n o t f o r g e t th at a c e n tury a g o t h e
trac e s o f iro n W e r e f o u n d in th e C e n tral P ro
‘

vi n c e s a n d that n o thi n g was d o n e to e xtract

,

t h e m e tal — E n gla n d th e n b e i n g th e wo rld s

’

s hop fo r I r o n t o h e r o wn hug e profit a n d n o t ,

 1 60 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

d e siri n g a rival I t w as l e ft fo r Tata t o s e iz e

.

t h e O pportu n ity a n d h is sh ar e s o f Rs 30 ar e
, .

n o w S old at R s 1 1 80 . . H e start e d a gr e at
i n dustry a n d Tata 8 st e e l is sought so larg e l y
,

th at h e c a nn ot m e e t t h e d e ma n d H ad t he .

iro n b e e n rais e d an d w o rk e d h e r e duri n g th e s e

lo n g y e ars w e should n o t n o w b e d e p e n d e n t
,

on Britai n fo r o ur ma c hi n e ry t h e wa n t o f
,

wh i c h c rippl e s t h e e ff o rts to fou n d n e w in

dustr ie s a n d to e xpa n d O l d o n e s in ord e r to,

supply t h e d e ma n d c aus e d by t h e n e c e ssary

abs o rpti o n o f fa c to rie s in Gr e at Britai n for War
w o rk .

T h e V i c e r o y r e marks truly that pr e vious

”
e ff o r ts w e r e m o r e sp o radic tha n syst e mati c ,

but pr o c e e ds
T h e mark e d su cc e ss w hi c h h as f o ll o w e d th e
o rga n isati o n o f r e s e ar c h a n d d e m o n strati o n w o rk i n
s c i e n tifi c agri c ultur e a n d t h e assista n c e w hi c h h as
,

b e e n giv e n t o t h e mi n e ral i n dust ri e s by t h e G e o l o gi

c a l Surv e y , a r e striki n g e x ampl e s that e n c o urag e a
b o ld e r p o li c y o n similar li n e s fo r t h e b e n e fit o f o th e r
a n d e sp e c ially t h e ma n ufa c t uri n g i n dustri e s .
1 62 THE F U T U R E OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

th e nee d for mu n iti o n s h as f o rc e d in dustrial

o rga n isati o n fo r th e i r pr o ducti o n .I t is fo r
I n d ia n m e r c ha n ts to se e by s e izin g a n d
,

utilisi n g t he p o litical w e ap o n that t h e o rga n isa

,

ti o n a n d e n c o ura g e m e n t o f i n dustri e s by
—
Gov e r n m e n t u n l e ss it b e a H o m e G o ve r n
—
m e n t u n d e r th e ir o w n co n t r o l d o e s n o t
,

r e duc e I n dia n s t o a mor e sub o rdi n at e p o sitio n

tha n th e y n o w h o ld I t is this da n g e r whi c h
o .

is playi n g a gr e at pa r t in t h e f e ar which h a s
c aus e d t h e Awak e n i n g o f th e M e r c ha n ts T h e
.

te a i n dust r y fo r i n sta n c e is in t h e ha n ds of
, ,

E n glish p la n t e rs a n d whil e i n c o m e s d r aw n
,

from oth e r agri c ultural pr o fits hav e b e e n

—
tax e d i n c o m e s de riv e d f r o m t ea whi c h is
,

—
c e rtai n ly a n agri c ultural pr o fit hav e wholly
e sc ap e d till lat e ly I f this p o licy b e pursu e d
.
,

a n d t h e f o st e ri n g o f i n dust r i e s with In dia n

m o n e y pla c e s t h e i n dustri e s in f o r e ig n ha n ds ,

I n dia n s will e ve n m o r e tha n n o w b e

, ,

dub ash e s a n d c l e rks a n d oth e r e mpl o y e e s o f

, ,
 T H E N E W S PI RI T IN I N DI A 1 63

E n gli sh c aptai n e d firms a n d wil l d e p e n d e v e r

-
,

m o r e a n d m o r e o n wag e s driv e n l o w e r a n d ,

l o w e r by i n c r e asi n g c o mp e titi o n .

T h e i n dust r ial p r o sp e cts in I n d ia a r e by n o

m e a n s disc o uragi n g if I n dia n s e x e r t th e m
,

s e lv e s to h o l d th e ir o w n M r T o z e r i n h is . .
,

B r i t is h I n d ia a n d I t s Tr a d e says : ,

T he c o tt o n a n d jut e ma n ufa c ture s alre ady c o n ,

d u c t e d o n a larg e s c al e O ff e r s c o p e fo r still furth e r

,

d e ve lo p m e n t . Sugar a n d t o ba cc o a re pro du c e d in
larg e qua n titi e s but b o th r e quir e t h e a p p li c ati o n o f
,

t h e lat e st s c i e n tifi c p ro c e ss e s o f c ultiva t i o n a n d

ma n ufa c ture O il s e e d s might b e c rush e d in I n di a
.

i n st e ad o f b e i n g e x p o rt e d ; w hil e c o tt o n s e e ds a s y e t ,

imp e rf e c tly utilis e d c a n b e tur n e d to g o o d a cc o u n t

, .

H id e s a n d S k in s n o w larg e ly e x p o rt e d r a w mig ht
, ,

b e m o r e lar g e ly ta nn e d a n d d re ss e d in I n dia A gai n .

,

t h e wo o ll e n a n d silke n fabri c s ma n ufa c tur e d i n

I n dia a r e m o s t ly c o ars e fabri c s a n d t h e re is s o me
fo r t h e pr o du c ti o n o f fi n e r g o o d s A lth o ugh rail ways.

make th e i r o w n r o lli n g s to c k th e y hav e t o im p o r t

,

w h e e ls a n d axl e s tyr e s a n d o th e r ir o n wo rk
, At .

p re s e n t st e e l is ma n ufa c t ure d o n a v e ry small s c al e ,

a n d t h e n u m b e r o f ir o n f o u n dri e s a n d ma c hi n e
s h o ps, alth o ugh i n c r e asi n g is c a p a b l e o f gre at e r
,

e x pa n si o n . M a c hi n e ry a n d ma c hi n e t o o ls h a v e
fo r t h e m o st part t o b e imp o rt e d M illi o n s o f .
1 64 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

agri c ulturists a n d artisa n s u se rud e t o o ls w hi c h might

b e r e pla c e d by similar arti c l e s that a r e m o r e durabl e
a n d o f b e tt e r m a k e I mpro v e d o il p r e ss e s a n d ha n d
.

] o o m s sh o uld fi n d a pr o fitabl e mark e t P ap e r mills .

-

a n d fl o ur mills m ight b e e stablish e d i n gr e at e r

n umb e rs T h e r e a r e o p e n i n gs als o fo r t h e ma n u
.

fa c tur e o f s e wi n g ma c hi n e s fir e w o rks ro p e b oo ts

,
-
, ,

a n d sh o e s s addl e ry
, har n e ss c l o c ks w at c h e s a n i
, , , ,

li n e a n d a l a z a r in e d y e s e l e c tri c al applia n c e s glas s

, ,

and glass war e t e a c h e sts gl o v e s ri c e star c h

, , , , ,

mat c h e s lamps c a n dl e s s o ap li n e n hard war e a n d

, , , , ,

c utl e ry .

O bvi o usly I n dia might b e larg e ly s e lf

,

suffici n g a n d as o f o l d e xp o rt h e r surplus
, , , . .

But n o w h e r imp o rts ar e r isi n g a n d u n d e r t h e ,

pr e s e n t syst e m h e r e xports do n o t e n rich h e r

a s t h e y should .

I mp o r ts w e r e st e a d ily risi n g b e f o r e t h e
War but d r o pp e d with it (a m o u n ts giv e n in
,

p o u n ds st e rli n g )

1 91 1 1 2 - P i e c e G o o ds
12 13 -
53
.

13 14 -

1 4 -1 5
15 16 -
1 66 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

Is it a n y wo n d e r th at th e y d e sir e a H o m e
Gov e r n m e n t that will put duti e s o n th e s e
,

f o r e ig n goods an d prot e ct th e ir o wn p ro
du c ts ?
T h e furious uprisi n g o f t h e E urop e a n A s
so c iatio n s e v e r i n diff e r e n t to p o litics wh ic h
,

o n ly c o n c e r n I n dia n i n t e r e sts h as sh o w n th e m
. ,

that th e ir trad e rivals dr e ad t h e tra n sf e r o f

p ow e r , b e c aus e th e y f e ar t o los e t h e u n fai r

privil e g e s a n d a dva n tag e s whi c h th e y hav e

always e n j o y e d si n c e t h e humbl e trad e rs of
,

t h e s e v e n t ee n th c e n tury b e cam e t he mast e r s

o f I n dia . Th e y a re n o t a cc ust o m e d to a stru g
g l e o n e qual t e rm s a n,d t h e pr o sp e c t d ismay s

th e m Th e y wa n t privil e g e n o t justi c e a n d a
.
,

fair fi e ld Muc h o f th e ir f e ar a n d a n g e r t h e
.
,

n e e d f e lt by Sir H ugh Bray fo r E n glish do

m in a n c e for t h e pr o t e c tio n o f E n glish i n t e re st s ,

lie in t h e fact that th e y d r e ad t h e Budg e t o f a

H om e G o v e r n m e n t e v e n m o r e tha n th e y
,

dr e ad a fair trad e c o mp e titio n .

 T H E N E W S PIRI T I N IN D IA 1 67

The I n dia n m e r c ha n ts now

r e alis e that in
t he trad e war aft e r t h e e n d o f t he pr e se nt
-

War th e y will g o d o w n u n l e ss th e y hav e

, ,

p o w e r in th e ir o wn c o u n try Trad e c omm e r c e

.
, ,

i n dustry o rg a n is e d by t h e c ou n trym e n of the

,

E ur o p e a n C hamb e rs of C omm e r c e a n d Trad e

Asso c iatio n s m e a n rui n to th e I n dia n m e r
,

c ha n ts trad e rs a n d ma n ufa c tur e rs

,
Th e
favo uritism o f Gov e r n m e n ts a n d E n glish
Ba n ks h as sp e lt hard struggl e d uri n g t h e
.

p e riod wh e n o rga n isatio n wa s wa n ti n g Wh e n .

it is a cc o mpa n i e d by orga n isatio n c r e at e d

a n d rul e d by t h e for e ig n e rs it will S p e l l rui n
, .

Mr J W R oot h a s rightly o bs e rv e d that to

. . .
'

giv e Gr e at Britai n u n d e r pr e s e n t c ir c um
,

sta n c e s ,

t he c o n tro l o v e r I n di a n f o r e ig n trad e a n d i n t e r
n al i n du s tr y that w o uld b e s e c ur e d by a co mm o n
tariff wo uld b e a n u n pard o n abl e i n iquity Can it
b e c o n c e iv e d that w e r e I n dia s fis c al arra n g e m e n t s
’

pla c e d to an y c o n sid e rab l e e x t e n t u n d e r t h e c o n tr o l

o f British l e gislat o rs th e y wo uld n o t b e r e gulat e d
,

w ith a n e y e t o British i n t e r e st s I n t e n s e j e a l o us y
1 68 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S

of I n dia is al ways c ro p p i n g up in e v e rythi n g aff e c t

in g fis c al o r i n dustrial l e gislati o n .

I n dia n m e r c h a n ts ar e fully aliv e to this da n g e r ,

a n d to av e rt it th e y ar e w e l c o mi n g H o me R ul e .

T h e m e rch a n ts als o r e alis e that fiscal aut o

n o my c a n o n ly c o m e with p o litical aut o n o my .

O n ly t h e ill o gical d e ma n d fis c al auto n o my a n d

re j e c t H o m e R u l e A bu d g e t fram e d by a n
.

I n dia n F i n a n c e Me mb e r w o uld aim at a mu c h

i n c r e as e d e xp e n ditur e o n e ducatio n sa n itatio n ,

a n d irrigati o n — an e xp e n ditur e that would

r e sult in i n cr e as e d capacity an d i n c r e as e d h e alth
for t h e c itiz e n s a n d i n c r e as e d produ c tiv e n e ss
for t h e la n d R ail ways w o ul d b e c o n struct e d
.

o u t o f l o a n s rais e d for t h e parti c ular pr o j e c t ,

n o t out o f r e ve n ue .Admi n istrati o n c harg e s

w o uld b e r e duc e d by th e r e ducti o n o f salarie s
a n d gr e at e r e c o n o my T he y hav e i n c r e as e d
.

in a d e cad e by R s 1 60 milli o n s
. .

O n t h e r e v e n u e sid e t h e taxatio n o n
,

l an d would b e light e n ed so that c ul t ivators

,
1 70 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

th e South Afri c a n U n io n but th e sh o rt s e rvi c e

,

syst e m w o uld b e abolish e d a n d r e c ruiti n g ,

C h arg e s r e du c e d .

E v e n so hasty a gla n c e o v e r th e e c o n omi c

c o n ditio n o f I n dia mak e s v e ry plai n th e r e aso n s
fo r t h e awak e n i n g o f I n dia n M e rcha n ts a nd ,

th e ir e n try i n to t h e H o m e R ul e C amp .

( )
e Tb e A wa ke n ing f
o t he Wo men

T he p o sitio n o f wom e n in t h e a n c i e n t Arya n

c ivilisatio n was a v e r y n o bl e o n e T h e gr e at .

maj o rity marri e d b e c omi n g a s Ma n u said the

, , ,

L ig ht o f t h e H o m e ; s o m e t oo k up t h e as c e ti c
lif e r e mai n e d u n marr ied a n d so ught t h e
, ,

k n o wl e dg e of Brahma n T h e st o ry of t h e
.

’
R a ni D amaya n ti to wh o m h e r husba n d s
” ' ‘

M i n ist e rs cam e wh e n th e y w e r e tr o ubl e d by

,

t h e R a j a s ga mbli n g ; that o f G a n dh a ri in t h e
’

C o u n cil o f K i n gs a n d war r i o r C hi e fs r e mo n ,

st r a t in g with h e r h e adstro n g so n ; in lat e r

 T H E N EW S PIRI T IN I N D IA 17k

days , th o s e of P a dm avati of C hittoor , of

M i r ab ai o f M a rw a r th e sw e e t po e t e ss of
, ,

T a r a bai of Tho da t h e warrio r o f C h a n d Bibi

, ,
.
,

the d e f e n d e r of Ah m e dn agar o f A h al ay a Bai

,
;

Of ,
—
I n d o r e t h e gr e at rul e r all th e s e a d n ?

c o u n tl e ss o th e rs a r e w e ll k n ow n .

O n ly in th e last five o r six g e n e ratio n s hav e

t h e I n dia n w o m e n slipp e d away fr o m th e ir
pla c e at th e ir husba n ds S i d e a nd l e ft th e m
’
,

u n h e lp e d in publi c lif e . E v e n n o w th e y ,

wi e ld gr e at i n flu e n c e o v e r husba n d a n d son ,

but lack th o ro ugh k n o wl e dg e to aid C ultur e .

h as n e v e r f o rsak e n th e m but t h e E n glis h

,

e d u c ati o n o f th e ir h usba n ds a n d so n s wit h ,

t h e n e gl e c t o f Sa msk rt a n d t h e V e r n a c ular ,

h av e ma d e a barri e r b e tw ee n t he c ultur e o f
t h e husba n d a n d that o f t h e wif e , a n d hav e
shut t h e w o ma n o ut fr o m h e r o ld sympath y
with t h e larg e r lif e o f m e n W hil e t h e
.

i n t e r e sts o f th e husba n d hav e wid e n e d th o s e ,

o f t h e wif e h av e n arr o w e d .T h e mat e rialisi n g ,

1 72 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

o f t he husba n d h a s t e n d e d also by r e a c tio n

,
-
,
’
t o r e n d e r t h e wif e s r e ligio n l e ss bro ad a n d
wis e a n d by thro wi n g h e r o n th e family
,

pri e st fo r guida n c e in r e ligio n i n st e ad a s , ,

o f o ld o n h e r husba n d has mad e t h e r e ligio n

, ,

e n tir e ly o n e o f d e v o ti o n ; a n d la c ki n g th e
s tr o n g stimulus o f k n o wl e d g e , it mor e e asily
s lid e s d o w n i n t o sup e rstiti o n i n t o d e p e n d e n c e
,

o n f o r ms n o t u n d e rst o o d .

T h e wish to sav e th e ir s o n s fr o m t h e
m at e rialisi n g r e sults o f E n glish e du c atio n
‘

a w o k e k e e n sympathy a m o n g I n dia n moth e rs

with t h e m o v e m e n t to mak e H i n d u ism a n in

t e g ra l part o f e du c ati o n . I t wa s p e rhap s t h e
, ,

first m o v e m e n t in m o d e r n d ays which ar o us e d

a m o n g th e m in all pa r ts o f I n d ia a k e e n a n d

livi n g i n t e r e st .

T h e n t h e t r o ubl e s o f I n d ia n s o utsid e I n dia

r o us e d t h e e v e r quick sym p athy of I n dia n
-

w o m e n a n d t h e attack in South Afri c a o n t he

,

s a c r e d n e ss of I n dia n marriag e dre w larg e

1 74 THE FU T U RE OF I N D IAN POLI T IC S

o f w o ma n ly p e rf e cti o n c o uld n o t r e mai n

,

’
i n diff e r e n t to th e gr e at mov e m e n t fo r I n d ia s
l ib e rty . An d du r i n g t h e last fe w y e a r s t h e
hi d d e n fir e lo n g bu r n i n g in th e ir h e a r ts fir e ,

o f l o v e to B h ar a ta m ata , fir e o f r e s e n tm e n t
a gai n st t h e l e ss e n e d i n flu e n c e o f t h e r e ligio n

whi c h th e y passio n at e ly l o v e i n sti n ctiv e

,

d islik e o f t h e f o r e ig n e r as ruli n g in th e ir la n d ,

h av e c aus e d a marv e ll o us awak e n i n g . T he

s tr e n gth of th e H o m e R ul e m o v e m e n t is
r e n d e r e d t e n f o l d g r e at e r by t h e a d h e si o n to it

o f larg e n umb e r s o f w o m e n w h o b r i n g to i ts
,

h e lpi n g t h e u n calculati n g h e r o ism t h e e n d ur

,

a n c e th e s e lf sac r ific e o f t h e f e mi n i n e n atur e

,
-
, .

’
O ur L e agu e s b e st r e c r uits a n d r e cruit e rs a r e
a m o n g t h e w o m e n o f I n d ia a n d t h e wom e n of
,

M ad r as boast that th e y ma rc h e d in pr o c e ssi o n

w h e n t h e m e n w e r e st o pp e d a n d that th e ir
,

praye rs in t h e t e mpl e s se t t h e i n t e r n e d
c aptiv e s fr e e. H o m e R ul e h a s b e com e so
i n t e rtwi n e d with r e ligi o n by th e pray e rs o ff e re d
 T H E N EW S PIRI T I N I N D IA 1 75

up in th e gr e at south e r n T e mpl e —
s sacr
ed

—
plac e s o f pilgrima g e an d spr e adi n g fr o m
t h e m to villag e t e mpl e s an d als o by its b e i n g
,

pr e ach e d up a n d d ow n t h e c o u n try by
, ,

S adhus a n d Sa n n y a si n s that i t h a s b e c o m e
,

i n t h e mi n d s o f t h e w o m e n a n d o f t h e e v e r
r e ligio us mass e s i n e xtricably i n t e rtwi n e d with
,

r e ligio n That is in th is c ou n try t he sur e s t

.
, ,

way o f wi nn i n g alik e th e w o m e n of t he
h igh e r C lasse s a n d t he m e n a n d wo m e n vil
lag e rs An d that is why I j ust said that t he
.

“
t wo w o rds H o m e R ul e
, h a ve b e com e a
,

M an tram .

(f ) T he A wa ke n i ng f t he M a sses
o

This is a n oth e r startli n g ph e n o m e n o n of o ur

t im e s due o f l a t e t o t h e t e achi n g o f S a d hus
,

a n d Sa n n y a si n s a n d t he campaig n o f p r ay e r ,

just m e n tio n e d but m u c h m o re to t he st e ady

,

i n flu e n c e o f. th e e du c a te d c las se s p e rm e ati n g

1 76 T HE FU T U R E OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

the mass e s fo r v e r y ma n y y e ars th e c lass e s ,

wh ich as w e sh all se e hav e th e ir r oo ts struck

, ,

d e e p i n t h e villag e s I t must b e r e m e mb e r e d
.

th at t h e raiya t thoug h i n n o c e n t o f E n glish

, ,

h as a cultur e o f his o w n mad e up o f ol d tradi

,

ti o n s a n d l e g e n ds an d folk lor e c o mi n g d o w n
-
,

fr o m tim e imm e m o rial H e is r e ligious k n o w s

.
,

t h e gr e at laws o f K arma a n d R e i n car n ati o n is ,

i n dustri ou s a n d shr e wd H e c ar e s v e ry littl e

.

“
for w ho is t h e Sirkar a n d v e ry mu c h for
,

t h e ag e n ts who c om e t o c o ll e ct his tax or to ,

m e ddl e with his fi e ld s In t h e O l d days w hich

.
, ,

fo r him still liv e t h e P a fi c h ay a t ma n ag e d t h e

,

villag e affai r s a n d h e was p r o sp e r o us a n d

,
’
c o n t e n t e d sav e wh e n th e K i n g s tax gath e r e r
,
-

cam e o r soldi e r s harri e d his villag e Th e s e

,
.

w e r e i n e vitabl e n atural e vils lik e drought or ,

fl o o d ; a n d if a raid cam e o r a n i n vasi o n th e y ,

f e lt th e y w e r e suff e ri n g with th e ir K i n g as ,

in t h e tax th e y w e r e sha r i n g with th e ir K i n g ,

wh e r e as th ey a r e c rush e d n o w in a n ir o n
1 78 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

subj e c ts M e ssrs Mor e la n d a n d E wi n g writi n g

. .

in t he $ u a r t er l y R eview r e mark e d ,

T he ha n g e o f attitud e o n t h e part o f t h e
C

p e asa n t c o upl e d w ith t h e pro gr e ss mad e in o rga n i

,

sa ti o n mai n ly thr o ugh t h e C o o p e rativ e pr o paga n da

-
,

i s t h e o utsta n di n g a c hi e v e m e n t o f t h e past d e c ad e ,

a n d at t h e sam e tim e t h e c hi e f gr o u n d fo r t h e r e c e n t
c o n fid e n c e w ith whi c h agri c ultural re f o rm e rs c an
n o w fa c e t h e futur e .

In ma n y pa r ts o f t h e c o u n try wh e r e C o n ,

fe r e n c e s a r e carri e d o n in th e v e r n a c ular th e ,

raiyats att e n d in larg e n umb e rs a n d o ft e n tak e ,

part in t h e pra c ti c al d is c ussi o n s o n l o c al

affairs Th e y hav e b e gu n to h o p e a n d to f e e l
.
,

that th e y ar e a part o f t h e g r e at N atio n al

Mov e m e n t an d that fo r th e m als o a b e tt e r
,

day is d aw n i n g .

T h e s u bm e rg e d C lass e s hav e also f e lt t h e

t o uch o f a ray o f hOp e a n d a re lifti n g up th e ir
,

b o w e d h e ads a n d claimi n g with mor e a n d

, ,

mo r e d e fi n it e n e ss th e ir plac e in t he H ous e
,

h old o f t h e M o th e r Mov e m e nts c r e at e d by

.
,
 T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N D IA 1 79

t h e ms e lv e s ,or origi n ati n g in th e high e r c aste s ,

h av e b e e n stirri n g in th e m a s e n s e o f s e lf
r e sp e ct . T h e Br a hma nas awak e n i n g to a
,

se n s e o f th e ir l o n g n e gl e c t e d du ty hav e d o n e
-
,

mu c h to h e lp th e m an d th e prosp e c t of th e ir
,

futur e bright e n s y e ar b y y e a r .

By a j ust karma th e high e r cast e s ar e

fi n di n g that att e m p ts a r e b e i n g mad e by O fficial
a n d n o n o fficial E ur o p e a n s to stir this class
-

i n to o pp o siti o n to H o m e R ul e Th e y play
.

up o n t h e c o n t e mpt with which th e y ha d b ee n

tr e at e d a n d thr e at e n th e m with a r e tu r n o f it
, ,
”
if Br a h ma na R ul e as th e y call it is gai n e d
, , .

Twe n ty y e a r s a g o a n d m o r e I v e n tur e d to
,

u rg e t h e da n g e r to H i n du So c i e ty that w a s

h idd e n withi n t h e n e gl e c t o f t he subm e rg e d ,

a n d t h e f o lly o f maki n g it p r o fitabl e fo r th e m

t o e mbrac e I sl a m o r C hristia n ity whi c h off e r,

e d th e m a high e r s o c ial status Mu c h ha s

.

b e e n d o n e si n c e th e n but it i s o n ly a drop in
,

t h e o c e a n n ee d ed. Th e y k n ow v e ry w e ll of ,
 1 80 THE FU TU RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

cours e that all t h e cast e s n o t t h e high e s t

, ,

al o n e ar e e qually guilty but that is a s o rry

, ,

c omf o r t L arg e n umb e rs o f th e m a re happily

.
, ,

willi n g to f o rg e t t h e past a n d to w o rk with

,

th e ir I n d ia n f e ll o w c o u n t r ym e n fo r t h e futur e
-
.

I t is t h e urg e n t d uty o f e v e r y l o v e r o f t h e
M o th e r la n d to dra w th e s e h e r n e gl e c t e d
,

chil d r e n i n t o t h e c o mmo n H o m e
, .

’
M r Ga n dhi s capital id e a o f a m o n st e r
.

p e titi o n fo r th e C o n gr e ss L e agu e Sch e m e for

-
,

which S ig n atu r e s w e r e o n ly to b e tak e n aft e r

ca r e ful e xpla n ati o n o f its sc o p e a n d m e a n i n g ,

h as pro v e d to b e a n admi r abl e m e th o d o f

p o litical p r o paga n d a T h e s o il in th e Madra s
.

P r e si d e n cy ha d b e e n w e ll pr e pa r e d by a wid e
dist r ibuti o n o f p o pula r lit e r atur e a n d t h e P r o
,

p ga a n d a C o mmitt e e ha d scatt e r e d o v e r t h e

la n d in t h e v e r n aculars a simpl e e xpla n ati o n

o f H o m e R ul e . T h e r e sult o f activ e w o rk in
t h e villag e s d uri n g t h e last y e ar sh o w e d its e lf
i n t h e gath e ri n g in l e ss tha n a m o n th o f n e a r ly
1 82 T HE FU T URE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S

I T H E V I T A L R E A SO N
.

( )
a Wh a t is a N a t ion ?

S e lf G o v e r n m e n t is n e c e ssary to t h e s elf
-

r e sp e c t an d dig n ity of a P e o pl e O th e r Gov e rn -

m e n t e m as c ulat e s a N ati o n low e rs its c har

,

act e r a n d l e sso n s its c apa c ity Th e wr o n g

, .

d o n e by th e A r ms A c t whi c h R a j a R a mp a l
,

Si n gh v o ic e d in t h e S e c o n d C o n gr e ss as a
wr o n g which o utw e igh e d all t h e b e n e fits of .

B ritish R ul e was its w e ak e n i n g a n d d e basi n g

, .

e ff e c t o n I n dia n ma n h o o d W e c a n no t he
.
”
,

d e clar e d b e grat e ful to it fo r d e gradi n g o ur

,

n atur e s fo r syst e matically c rush i n g o ut all

,

martial S pirit fo r c o n v e rti n g a ra c e of s o ldi e r s

,

a n d h e ro e s i n t o a timid fl o c k o f quill drivi n g -

”
S h ee p This was do n e n o t by the fa c t that a
—
.

m an did n o t c arry arms fe w carry th e m in

—
E n gla n d but that m e n w e r e d e priv e d o f th e
r ig h t to c arry th e m A N atio n a n i n dividual
.
, ,
 T H E N E W S P IRI T IN I N DI A 1 83

c a n n o t d e ve lop his c apa c iti e s to t he utm o st

with o ut L ib e rty A n d this is r e c o g n is e d e v e ry
.

wh e r e e x c e pt in I n dia A S Mazzi n i truly said

.

G o d h as w ritt e n a li n e o f H is th o ught o v e r th e
c ra dl e o f e v e ry p eo ple T hat I S its sp e c ial missi o n
. .

I t c a n n o t b e c an c e ll e d ; it must b e fr e e ly d e v e l o p e d .

F or what is a N ati o n ? I t is a spark o f th e

D ivi n e F ir e a fragm e n t o f t h e D i vi n e L if e
, ,

o utbr e ath e d i n t o t h e w o rld a n d gath e rin g ,

rou n d its e lf a mass o f i n d ivi d uals m e n w o m e n , ,

a n d childr e n wh o m it bi n ds t o g e th e r i n t o o n e
, .

Its qualiti e s it s pow e rs in a w o rd its typ e

, , , ,

d e p e n d on th e fragm e n t of th e D ivi n e L if e
e mbodi e d in it th e L if e
, which shap e s
it e volv e s it c o lours it an d mak e s it
, ,

One . Th e magi c of N atio n ali ty is t h e f ee li n g

of o n e n e ss a n d t h e u se of N atio n ality is
,

to s e rv e t h e w o rld in t h e particular way for

w h i c h it s typ e fits it This is what Mazzin i
.

“ ”
c all e d it s sp e c ial missi o n th e d u ty giv e n to
,

it by G o d i n it s birth hour Thus I n d ia h ad -

.
1 84 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

th e d uty o f sp r e adi n g t h e i d e a o f Dharma ,

P e rsia that o f P u r ity E gypt that o f Sci e n c e

, ,

Gr e e c e th at o f B e auty R o m e that o f L aw
, .

But to r e n d e r its full s e r vic e t o H uma n ity it

must de v e l o p al o n g its o wn li n e s a n d b e S e lf ,

d e t e r m i n e d in its e v o l u ti o n I t must b e I ts e lf
.
,

a n d n o t A n o th e r T h e wh o l e w o r ld suff e r s
.

wh e r e a N ati o n ality is d ist o r t e d o r supp r e ss e d ,

b e f o r e its missio n t o t h e w o r l d is acc o mplish e d .

( )
b Th e C ry fo r S elf R u l e
-

H e n c e t h e c r y o f a N ati o n fo r F r e e d o m fo r ,

S el f R ul e is n o t a c r y o f m e r e s e lfish n e ss
-
, ,

d e ma n d i n g m o r e R ights that it m ay e n j o y
m o r e happi n e ss E v e n in that th e r e is
.

n o thi n g w r o n g fo r h appi n e ss m e a n s ful n e ss

,

o f lif e a n d t o e n j o y such ful n e ss is a right e o us

,

clai m But t h e d e ma n d fo r S e lf R ul e is a
.
-

d e ma n d fo r th e e v o l u ti o n o f its o w n n atu r e fo r
t h e S e r vic e o f H uma n ity I t is a d e ma n d o f
.
1 86 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

ea c h m an woma n a n d C hild is d e grad e d an d

,

w e ak e n e d by a for e ig n ad mi n istrati o n a n d ,

this is most k e e n ly f e lt by t h e b e st I n dia n s .

Sp e aki n g o n t h e e mpl o ym e n t o f I n dia n s in th e

P ublic S e r vi c e s G O p al Krshna G o khal e said
,
$

A ki n d o f d w arfi n g o r stu n ti n g o f t h e I n dia n

ra c e is g o i n g o n u n d e r t h e pr e s e n t syst e m We .

must liv e all t h e days O f o ur lif e in an atm o sph e r e

o f i n f e ri o rity a n d t h e tall e st o f us must b e n d in
, ,

o rd e r that th e e xig e n c i e s o f t h e syst e m may b e

satisfi e d T h e u p ward impuls e if I m a y use su c h
.
,

an e xp r e ssi o n w hi c h e ve ry s c h o o lb o y at E t o n o r
,

H arr o w may f e e l that h e may o n e day b e a

,

G lad st o n e a N e ls o n o r a W e lli n gt o n a n d w hi c h
, , ,

may dra w f o rth t h e b e st e ff o rts o f w hi c h h e i s

c apabl e that is d e n i e d t o us T h e full h e ight t o
, .

w hi c h o u r ma n h o o d is c a p abl e o f risi n g c a n n e v e r
b e r e a c h e d by us u n d e r t h e pr e s e n t syst e m The .

m o ral e l e vati o n w hi c h e v e ry Se lf g o v e r n i n g p e o pl e
-

f e e l c a n n o t b e f e lt by us O ur admi n istrativ e a n d
.

milita ry tal e n ts must gradually disapp e a r o wi n g to

s h e e r di sus e till at last o u r l o t as h e we rs o f w o o d a n d
, ,

dra we r s o f wat e r in o ur o wn c o u n try is st e r e o typ e d , .

The Ho n Mr Bh up e n dr a n at h Basu h a s
. .

S pok e n on similar l i n e s
A bur e au c rati c admi n ist r ati o n c o n du c t e d b y , an
I mp o rt e d ag e n c y an d c e n t e ri n g all p o we r I n
.

, Its
 T H E N E W S PIRI T I N IN D IA 1 87

ha n ds a n d u n d e rta k i n g all r e sp o n sibility h as a c t e d

, ,

a s a d e ad w e ight o n t h e So ul o f I n dia stifli n g in u s

’

all se n s e o f i n itiativ e fo r t he la c k o f w hi c h we are

'

con d e m ne d , atr o phyi n g t h e n e rv e s o f a cti o n a n d , ,

what i s m o st s e ri o us n e c essarily d warfi n g i n u s

,

all f e e li n g o f s e lf r e sp e c t
- .

In this c o n n e c ti o n t h e war n i n g of L o rd
’
Salisbury to C oo p e r s H ill stu d e n ts is Sig n ifi
c ant :
No syst e m o f G o v e rn m e n t c a n b e p e rma n e n tly
s af e w h e r e th e r e is a f e e li n g o f i n f e ri o rity o r o f
m o rtifi c ati o n aff e c ti n g th e r e lati o n s b e t w e e n t h e
g o v e rn i n g a n d t h e g o v e rn e d T h e r e i s n o thi n g I
.

w o uld m o r e e arn e stly w ish t o impr e s s up o n a ll

w h o l e av e this c o u n try fo r t h e purp o s e o f g o v e rn i n g
I n dia tha n that if th e y c h o o s e t o b e so th e y a re
, ,

t h e o n ly e n e mi e s E n gla n d h a s t o f e ar Th e y are .

t h e p e rs o n s wh o c an if th e y w ill d e al a bl o w o f t h e
, ,

d e adli e st c hara c t e r at t h e futur e ru l e o f E n gla n d .

I hav e v e n tur e d to urg e this da n g e r which ,

h a s i n cr e as e d o f lat e y e ars in c o n s e qu e n c e o f
,

t h e gr o wi n g s e lf r e sp e c t of t h e I n dia n s
-
But .

t h e o stric h p o li c y is thought to be pr e f e rabl e

in my pa rt o f th e c o u n try .
 1 88 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

This stu n ti n g o f t h e rac e b e gi n s with t h e

e du c ati o n o f th e ch ild T h e S c h oo ls d iff e r e n
.

t ia te b e tw e e n B r itish a n d I n dia n t e ach e rs ; t h e

C oll e g e s do t h e sam e T h e stud e n ts se e first
.

c lass I n dia n s sup e rs e d e d by y o u n g a n d third

rat e f o r e ig n e rs ; t h e P ri n c ipal o f a C o ll e g e
sh o ul d b e a f o r e ig n e r ; f o r e ig n h ist o r y is m o r e
imp o r ta n t tha n I n d ia n ; to h av e w r itt e n o n
E n glish villag e s is a qualificati o n fo r t e achi n g
~

e c o n o mi c s in I n dia ; t h e w h o l e at m osp h e r e
o f t h e Sch o o l a n d t h e C o ll e g e e mphasis e s t h e

sup e r i o rity o f t h e f o r e ig n e r e v e n wh e n th e
,

pr o fe ss o rs abstai n f r o m o p e n ass e r ti o n th e r e o f.

T h e E ducati o n D e pa r tm e n t c o n tr o ls t h e e du
c atio n giv e n a n d it is pla n n e d o n f o r e ig n
,

m o d e ls a n d its o bj e c t is to s e rv e f o r e ig n r ath e r
,

tha n n ativ e e n d s to mak e d o cil e Gov e r n m e n t

,

s e rva n ts rath e r tha n pat r i o tic citiz e n s ; high

spirits c o urag e s e lf r e sp e ct a r e n o t e n co u r a
, ,
-
,

g ed , an d d o c ility is r e gar d e d a s t h e most

pr e c i o us quality in t h e stu d e n t ; pri d e in
1 90 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLIT IC S

a muse m e n ts a n d l e isur e l e ss c rushi n g pov e rty

,

t ha n t h e E n glish . But would an y E n glishma n

th e r e for e d e sir e to se e G e rma n s o c cupyi n g all
t h e h igh e st po siti o n s in E n gla n d Why n o t ?
B e c aus e t h e right e ous s e lf r e sp e c t a n d dig n ity
-

o f t h e fr e e m a n r e volt agai n st for e ig n d o mi n a

tio n how e v e r sup e rior A S Mr Asquith said

,
. .

at t h e b e gi n n i n g of t he War su c h a c o n diti on
,

w as i n c o n c e ivabl e a n d w o uld b e i n t o l e rabl e

W hy th e n is it th e o n e c o n c e ivabl e syst e m
h e r e in I n dia ? Why is it n o t f e lt by all
I n dia n s to b e i n tol e rabl e I t is b e caus e it h a s
b e c o m e a habit br e d in u s from ch ildh oo d to
, ,

r e gard t h e S a hab l o g a s o ur n atural sup e r i o rs

-
,

an d t h e gr e at e st i n jury B r itish rul e h as

do n e to I n dia n s is to d e p r iv e th e m O f th e
n atural i n sti n ct b o r n in all fr e e p e o pl e s ,

t h e f e e li n g of a n i n h e r e n t right to S e lf
d e t e rmi n atio n , to b e th e ms e lv e s . I n dia n
dr e ss I n dia n foo d I n dia n ways I n d ia n
, , ,

c ust o m s a r e all l oo k e d o n a s s e c o n d rat e ;

,
-
 T H E N EW S PIRI T IN IN D IA
,

I n dia n m o th e r to n gu e a n d I n dia n lit e ratur e

-

c a n n ot mak e a n e du c at e d m a n I n dia n s as .

w e ll as E n glishm e n tak e it fo r gra n t e d that

t h e n atu ral rights o f e v e ry N atio n do n o t
b e l o n g to th e m ; th e y c laim a la r g e r sha r e
”
i n t h e Gov e r n m e n t of t h e c o u n try i n st e a d o f ,

claimi n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t p f th e ir o w n c o u n try ,

and th e y a r e e xp e ct e d to f e e l grat e ful fo r

“ ”
boo n s fo r c o n c e ssio n s
,
B r itai n I S to say
.

wh at S h e wi l l give T h e wh o l e thin g i s .

wr o n g t o psy turvy i r ratio n al Tha n k G o d

,
-
, .

’
that I n d ia s e y e s a r e o p e n i n g ; t h at myria d s
of h e r p eo pl e r e alis e that t h e y a re m e n with ,
’
a ma n s right to f r e e d o m in his o w n c o u n t r y ,

a m a n s rig ht to ma n ag e h is o w n affairs I n d ia
’
.

is n o l o n g e r o n h e r k n e e s for b oo n s ; sh e is o n
h e r f e e t fo r R ights I t is b e caus e I have
.

taught this that the E n glish in I n dia m is

,

u n d e r sta n d m e a n d c all m e s e ditious ; it is

,

b e c ause I hav e taught this th at I am P r e si d e n t,

o f this C o ng r e ss t o day -
.
1 92 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

This may s ee m str o n g la n guag e b e caus e th e

,

plai n tr uth is n o t usually put in I n d ia But .

t his is wh at e v e ry B r it o n f e e ls in B r itai n fo r
his o w n c o u n try a n d w hat e v e ry I n d ia n
,

sh o ul d f e e l in I n dia fo r his This is th e .

F r e e d o m fo r which t h e Alli e s a r e fighti n g

this is D e m o c r acy th e Spi r it o f th e Ag e An d
, .

th is is what e v e ry t r u e Brit o n will f e e l is

I n d ia s R ight t h e m o m e n t I n dia claims it fo r
’
,

h e rs e lf as Sh e is claimi n g it n o w Wh e n
, .

this R ight is gai n e d th e n will th e tie b e tw e e n

,

I n d ia a n d G r e at B r itai n b e c o m e a g o l d e n li n k
o f m utual l o v e a n d s e r vic e a n d t h e ir o n chai n
,

o f a f o r e ig n y o k e w ill fal l away We shall

.

liv e a n d w o r k S i d e by si d e with n o s e n s e o f
,

d ist r ust a n d d islik e w o r ki n g as b r o th e r s fo r

,

c o mm o n e n ds A n d f r o m t h at u n i o n S hall
.

a r is e th e mighti e st E mpi r e o r r ath e r Co mm o n

,

w e alth that t h e w o r l d h a S e v e r k n o wn a
, ,

’
C o m m o n w e alth that i n Go d s g oo d tim e S hall
, ,

p u t a n e n d t o War .
1 94 T HE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

the huts in which th e y liv e th e y w o uld fi n d ,

c aus e for th o ught A n d if t h e e d ucat e d m e n

.

talk e d fr e e ly with t h e m th e y w o uld b e sur

,

pris e d a t th e i r bitt e r n e ss G o p a l Krsh na

.

G o khal e put t h e wh o l e matt e r v e ry plai n ly in

1 91 1
One of th e fu n dam e n tal c o n diti o n s o f t he
p e c uliar p o siti o n o f t h e British G o v e r n m e n t i n this
c o u n try is that it S h o uld b e a c o n ti n u o usly pr o gre ss
i v e G o v e r n m e n t I thi n k all thi n ki n g m e n t o w hat
.
,

e v e r c o mmu n ity th e y b e l o n g w i l l a c c e pt that

, Now .
,

I sugg e st f o ur t e sts t o judg e w h e th e r t h e G ov e r n

m e n t is p r o gr e ssiv e a n d furth e r w h e th e r it is
,

c o n t i n u o usly pro gr e ssiv e T h e first t e st that I

.

w o uld apply i s : What m e asur e s it ad o p ts fo r t h e

m o ral a n d mat e rial impr ov e m e n t o f th e m ass o f t h e
p e o pl e a n d u n d e r th e s e m e asur e s I do n o t i n c lud e
,

th o s e applia n c e s o f m o de r n G o v e rn m e n ts w hi c h t h e
Briti s h G o v e rn m e n t h a s appli e d in this c o u n try ,

b e c aus e th e y w e r e ap p lia n c e s n e c e ssary fo r its v e ry

e xist e n c e
,
th o ugh th e y hav e b e n e fit e d t h e p e o pl e ,

s u c h a s t h e c o n stru c ti o n o f R ail w ays t h e i n t r o du c

,

ti o n o f P o st a n d T e l e gra p hs a n d thi n gs o f that ki n d

, .

By m e a sur e s fo r t h e m o ral a n d m a t e rial imp r o v e

m e n t o f t h e p e o p l e I m e a n w hat t h e G o v e r n m e n t
,

d o e s fo r E du c ati o n w hat t h e G o v e rn m e n t d o e s fo r
,

Sa n itati o n w hat t h e G o v e r n m e n t d o e s fo r A gri

,

c ultural d e v e l o pm e n t a n d s o f o rth
, T hat i s my
.
 T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N D IA 1 95

f irst t e st T h e s e c o n d t e st that I w o uld apply is

.

W hat st e p s t h e G o v e rn m e n t tak e s t o giv e us a larg e r

s har e in t h e admi n istrati o n o f o u r l o c al a ffairs
— in
mu n i c i p aliti e s a n d l o c al b o ards M y third t e st i s :
.

W hat v o i c e t h e G o v e rn m e n t giv e s us in its C o u n c ils

—in th o s e d e lib e rativ e ass e mbli e s w h e r e p o li c i e s
,

a r e c o n sid e r e d
. A n d last ly w e must c o n sid e r h o w
, ,

far I n dia n s ar e admitt e d i n t o t h e ra n ks o f t h e P ubli c

Se rvi c e.

$H er e e n ds t he p i
r e r nt ]
On all th e s e t e sts M r G o khal e poi n ts out
, .

t h e British G o v e r n m e n t has d e fi n it e l y fail e d $

But we c a n n o t aff o rd t h e spac e to f o ll o w out
t hat matt e r h e r e .
 C H APTE R V I

T H E ST RU GG L E O V E R T HE R EF O R M S

D E AT H OF THE O LD C O N G R E S S
T H E R EFOR M ED L E G I S L AT URE S

$T will b e but right to r e m a r k at this p o i n t

that t he m o st stat e sma n lik e a c ti o n o n th e part
o f Gr e at Britai n w o uld h av e b e e n to r e alis e

th at t h e e du c ate d c lass e s o f I n dia w e r e at this

,

tim e h e artily at o n e as to t h e vital n e c e ssity

,

o f p r e se r v m g t h e B ritish co n n e c ti o n a n d re
mai n i n g withi n th e E mpir e H avi n g h e ld up
.

b e f o r e I n d ia th e I d e al of R e sp o n sibl e Gov e r n
—
m e n t wh i c h b e it r e m e mb e r e d w a s n o t
—
, ,

fou n d in t h e C o n gr e ss L e agu e S c h e m e it
-
19 8 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

d is c ussio n in I n dia a n d wh e n th e H o m e R ul e
,

L e agu e s s o ught to c o u n t e r all this by s e n di n g

D e putati o n s to E n gla n d t h e fi r st l e avi n g I n dia
,

in t h e middl e of March 1 9 1 8 t h e passp o r ts o f t h e

w
, ,

d e l e gat e s w e r e ca n c e ll e d b e W a r C abi n e t ,

th e y wg e k p de d at Gibral tar a n d d e tai n e d

fi
;

th e r e fo r S ix w e e ks This arbitrary c o n duct

.

gav e ris e to s o m e a n g e r in I n d ia but u n til ,

Ap r il e ducativ e w o rk w e n t o n qui e tly Th e n

, .

t h e N ati o n al P arty b e ga n to S h o w sig n s of

divisi o n in Madras a n d this c am e to a h e a d
,

in t h e Pr o vi n cial C o n f e r e n c e in May wh e r e ,

a bitt e r attack was mad e o n mys e lf a n d o th e rs

:

a s b e i n g willi n g to ac c e pt i n a d e quat e R e f o r m s ,

a n d a n o t e w as stru c k which s o u n d e d agai n

a t Amritsar in 1 9 1 9 a n d wa s r e p e at e d at
,

C alcutta in S e pt e mb e r 1 9 2 0 B o yc o tt t h e
,
”
C o u n cils .

Mr Tilak i n d e e d a n d mys e lf w e r e blam e d

.
, ,

b e c aus e h e had said a n d I a g r e e d with h im

, ,

that h e w o uld utilis e to th e utm o st e ve n a

 T H E ST RU GG LE OVE R THE RE FOR M S 1 99

fr agm e n t o f r e f o rm in ord e r to g e t th e whol e

,
.

Mu c h d is c ussio n w e n t o n in t h e e arly m o n th s
o f 1 9 1 8 a s to t h e f o r thc o mi n g R e f o r ms s o m e ,

pr o p o si n g to stay o ut o f t h e n e w Co u n c ils if
t h e R e fo r m s w e r e i n a d e quat e wh il e w e said ,

w e sh o ul d g o i n t o th e m a n d utilis e all th e y
gav e in o r d e r to r e a c h o u r goal ( C o mmon wea l ,

May 24 1 9 1 8 p , , . A w e e k aft e r r e tur n ,

i n g t o the subj e c t I urg e d that w e S h o uld

,

“
agitat e fo r all w e wa n t e d but that if th e ,

i n a d e quat e R e f o rms a r e d e spit e t he agitatio n

, ,

e mb o d i e d i n a statut e t h e c o u n try will n o t

,

b o y c ott t he n e w C o u n c ils but will u tilis e th e m

,

”
t o w in H om e R ul e ( l b i d May 31 p .
, , .

In t he ligh t o f subs e qu e n t e v e n ts t h e f o ll o wi n g
w o rd s s e e m alm o st p r o p h e ti c
It h as b e e n a sk e d m e in p rivat e c o n v e rsati o n
W h y rais e that qu e sti o n n o w b e f o re t he statut e is
,

p ass e d ? B e c aus e if in a n atural surg e o f a n g e r a n d

,

distr ust o n fi n di n g th e R e f o rms to b e i n a de quate

,
‘

p e rs o n s c o mmitt e d th e ms e lv e s t o t h e p o li c y o f
b o y c o tti n g t h e n e w C o u n c ils it might b e diffi c ult
,

fo r th e m t o r e tra c e th e ir st e ps an d P arlia me n t , ,
200 T HE F U T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

re li e v e d fro m t h e f e ar o f a n I ri sh pa r ty in t h e
n e w C o u n c ils
, that w o uld p r o v e a c o n ti n ual diffi
c ulty w o uld ig n o r e t h e agitati o n a n d S it t ig h t a n d
, .

pass th e ir i n ad e quat e m e as u r e T h e r e is su c h a
.

thi n g as f o r e sight i n p o liti c al w o rk a n d it may

,

s o m e tim e s b e w e ll t o l o o k ah e ad
.
( Ibid )
.

H o w the wrath o rigi n at e d a n d gath e r e d will

b e t o l d in t h e n e xt C hapt e r ; m e a n whil e th e
outli n e o f th e R e f o rm Act st o ry may b e fi n ish e d
h e r e T h e R e f o rm p r o p o sals cam e o ut as
.

t h e M o n t ag u C hel msf o r a R epor t in July 1 9 1 8

’
-
.
,

T h e y w e r e probably t h e b e st that c o uld b e

s e c ur e d in t he midst o f th e c o n t e n d i n g parti e s ,

putti n g tr e m e n dop s p essure o n M r M o n tagu

fl
. .

Thr e e attitud e s w e r e tak e n up in I n dia : t h e

”
M o d e rat e s a c c e pt e d th e m but ask e d fo r
,

”
c o n sid e rabl e alt e r ati o n s ; t h e H o m e R ul e rs
did n o t ac c e pt th e m bu t urg e d similar m o di
,

fic a tio n S wh i c h w o uld suffic e fo r t h e tim e ; t h e

E xtr e mists d e cli n e d t o acc e pt th e m at all .

A Sp e cial C o n g r e ss h eld in B o mbay o n August

,

29 to S e pt e mb e r 1 was att e n d e d in f o r c e by
,
2 02 T HE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

u n it e d to oust m e fr o m th e P r e sid e n cy whil e ,

a larg e party e l e ct e d m e as t h e P r e si d e n t o f
t h e oth e r S ec tio n w hich t oo k th e n am e o f t h e
,

N atio n al H o m e R ul e L e agu e Eac h sent 3

.

t i o n t o E n gla n d a n d b o th d i d v e ry
us e ful w o rk c o llab o rati n g w ith e ac h o th e r a n d
,

with t h e M o d e rat s a n d o btai n i n g larg e a m e n d

,

m e n ts in t h e R e f o rm Bill This cam e as a n .

,

A c t b e f o r e t h e A m r itsar C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 9
, ,

a n d t h e r e t h e S plit b e cam e fi n al I st oo d for

.

t h e R e f o rm A c t w ith a small ba n d o f 30
N atio n al H o m e R ul e rs agai n st t h e C o n g r e ss
r e s o l u ti o n d e n o u n c i n g t h e Act in t h e la n guag e
of 1 9 1 8 d e spit e t h e ra d ical C ha n g e s in it w hich
,

ha d b e e n mad e / T h e o l d e r L e agu e st oo d by
.

M r M K Ga n d hi a n d it fi n ally succumb e d e n
. . .
,

t ir e l y to h is i n flu e n c e C ha n g e d its c o n stituti o n

, ,

a n d b e c am e t h e Swar a j L e agu e part o f t h e N o n

,

C o O p e rati o n m o v e m e n t
-
T h e N a tfdfi al Ho m e
.

R ul e L e agu e w o rk e d fo r t h e R e f o rm Act s e n d ,

in g o u t imm e n s e n u mbe rs o f e xpla n atory

 T H E ST RU GG LE OVE R THE RE FOR M S 203 :

l e afl e ts in E n glish a n d in t h e l e a d i n g v e r n a
”
c ul a r s a n d c o o p e rat e d w ith t h e
,
-
M o d e rat e s ,

”
w h o t oo k t h e n am e o f L ib e r als b o th o pp o si n g ,

t h e N o n C o O p e r ati o n m o v e m e n t as w ill b e
- -
,
’
S how n lat e r a n d supp o rti n g e ac h o th e r s
,

ca n d i d at e s in t h e e l e ctio n s o f 1 9 20 .

In 1 92 0 t h e C o n g r e ss at N a gp u r at t h e
, ,

i n sta n c e o f Mr M K Ga n d hi a d o pt e d a n ew
. . .
,

C o n sti t uti o n pr e s e n t e d by a C o m m itt e e o f

,

whic h h e was C hai r ma n ch a n g e d its O bj e ctiv e

,

“ ”
-
S e lf Go v e r n m e n t
-
o n C o l o n ial li n e s ie ,
. .
,

—
withi n t h e B r itish E mpir e to S war a j S e lf ,

G o v e r n m e n t p u r e a n d S impl e thus l e avi n g

, ,

”
O p e n t he qu e sti o n o f withi n o r with o ut a n d ,

maki n g l e gitimat e a m o tio n fo r I n dia n In

d e p e n d e n c e such as w a s p r o p o s e d at th e
,

Ahm e daba d Co n gre ss in 1 9 2 1 T h e m o ti o n .

th e r e wa s r e j e cte d but it was pr o v e d t hat at

N a gp u r ha d c o m e t h e fi n al pa r ti n g o f t h e
ways o n e l e adi n g to th e r e alisati o n o f t he
,

o rigi n al d r e am I n d ia a s a F r e e N ati o n i n a
,
2 04 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

w rld wid e F e d e rati o n o f Fr e e N ati o n s th e

o -
,

g r e at e st W o rld P o w e r ; t h e o th e r l e adi n g to
-

h e r I n d e p e n d e n c e a s a s o litary N ati o n . Thus

h a s a r is e n t h e p r o bl e m with whic h we a r e
“
n ow fac e d as to T h e F utur e o f I n dia n
”
P o litics
T h e w o rds that ultimat e fr e e d o m u n d e r
h er $
”
B r itai n s ] r ul e was i n e vitabl e a r e b e i n g
’

p r o v e d tru e u n d e r o ur e y e s to day T h e -
.

”
qu e sti o n a s to Th e F utu r e O f I n dia n P o liti c s
—
i n 1 9 2 2 S e v e n y e ars aft e r t h e ab o v e w o r d s
—
w e r e pri n t e d is n o l o n g e r wh e th e r I n d ia shall
b e fr e e shall h av e S e lf G o v e r n m e n t but
,
-
,

Wh at S hal l b e t h e n atur e o f that S e lf

Gov e r n m e n t ? Shall I n dia cl aim I n d e p e n d e n c e ,

st e ppi n g o utsi d e th e E mpir e o r shall s h e b e a

,

F r e e N ati o n in a C o mm o n w e alth o f F r e e
N ati o n s ? S hall t h e c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n I n d ia
an d B r itai n b e mai n tai n e d as valuabl e a n d
,

b e n e ficial to b o th , o r S hall it b e r e n t in

t wai n
2 06 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

l e gislati o n an das trai n i n g grou n ds fo r futur e

l e gislat o rs . Th e y gav e n e ith e r p o w e r n o r
r e sp o n sibility ; th e ir fi rst m e asur e in t h e
C e n t r al C o u n cil Act 1 o f 1 9 1 0 was th e P r e ss
, ,

A c t agai n st w hich all t h e e ff o r ts ma d e by a

,

galla n t fe w cam e to n aught O v e r a n d o v e r

, .

a gai n , t h e m e mb e r s struggl e d in vai n agai n st

e vil m e asur e s ; in Ma d r as th e y c o ul d n o t e v e n

a b o lish th e st o cks in villag e s u s e d fo r l o w class

,
-

O ff e n d e rs a n d t h e C o u n cils w e r e i n d ig n a n t ly
,

d e sc r ib e d by a m e mb e r in a fi n al s e ssio n a s a
far c e In th e C e n t r al C ou n c il d e spit e th e des
,

p e ra t e r e sista n c e o f t h e e l e ct e d m e mb e r s w as ,

p ass e d t h e i n fam o us Ro wl a t t Act t h e agita ,

t i o n a gai n st which b e ga n t h e N o n C O O p e ra - -

t i o n M o v e m e n t t h e H o n P a nd i t Mada n M o ha n
, .

M a l av iy a w a s l e ft to battl e al o n e in his e ff o rt
t o b r i n g t h e P a n j a b at r o ci t i e s t o public n o tic e ,

—
a n d i n t h e last S e ssi o n ca m e t h e r e fusal o f

t h e V ic e r o y in a n sw e r to t h e H o n Mr V S . . . .

’
—
S ri n ivasa Sa str i s r e qu e st t o giv e a day for
 T H E ST RU GG LE OVER THE REFOR M S 207

t he discussio n o f that sam e P a n j a b t r ag e d y .

“
T he o f ficial bl o c as it was call e d w a s t h e
,

”
machi n e r y o f aut o cr acy i n t h e C e n tral
L e gislativ e C o u n cil .

T h e R e f o r m Act o f 1 9 1 9 gav e a larg e e l e ct e d

m aj or i ty o f m e mb e rs in t h e C e n tral Ass e mbly
a n d t h e P r o vi n c ial C o u n c ils a n d a w o rki n g
,

m aj o r i t y i n t h e C o u n c il o f S tat e T h e E xe
c u ti ve G o v e r n m e n t in t h e P r o vi n c e s was
f o rm e d o f a n E x e cutiv e C o u n cil o f t wo o r f o ur
C o u n cill o rs half I n dia n a n d half B r itish i r r e
, ,

m o vabl e a n d r e sp o n sibl e o n ly t o t h e G o v e r n o r
, ,

“
d e ali n g w ith c e r tai n subj e c ts call e d r e s er v
”
ed , a n d t w o o r th r e e Mi n ist e r s all I n d ia n
, ,

r e p r e s e n ti n g t h e maj o r ity in t h e C o u n cil a n d

r e sp o n sibl e t o it , d e ali n g with subj e cts styl e d
“ ”
t r a n sf e r r e d
.
g i n t h e C e n t r al G o v e r n m e n t
’
th e r e was t h e V i c e r o y s E x e cutiv e C o u n cil o f
th r e e I n d ia n s a n d thr e e B r itish r e sp o n sibl e
,

t o t h e V ic e r o y o n ly Bu t a m aj o r ity o f e l e ct e d
.

m emb e rs an d a n irr e s po n sibl e C o u n c il ca n n o t

2 08 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T I C S

lo g co e xist Sur ely a n d with u n e xp e c t e d

n -
.
,

ra pidity p o w e r is passi n g i n to t h e ha n d s o f
,

t h e L e gislatur e A G o v e r n m e n t must carry it s

.

L e gislatur e with it o r must pr o vok e hop e l ess

,

d e adl o c ks whi c h a s e xp e r i e n c e I n t h e Co l o n ie s
, ,

h as pr o v e d bri n g ab o ut e r e l o n g R e sp o n sibl e
,

G o v e r n m e n t A n d I n dia is w e ll o n t h e way
.

to D o mi n i o n status U ltimat e F r e e dom u n d e r

.

’ ”
Britai n s rul e is i n e vitabl e a n d is alm o st
,

withi n h e r grasp .

T h e fi r st e l e c ti o n s u n d e r t h e R e form A c t
too k pla c e in t h e autum n o f 1 92 0 Th e .

N o n C o O p e rati o n mov e m e n t ( se e b e l o w i n
- -

C hapt e r VI I ) w as th e n in full swi n g a n d in ,

t h e C alcutta Sp e c ial C o n gr e ss o f that y e ar ,

m e e ti n g o n S e pt e mb e r 1 th e b o y c o tt o f t h e
,

N e w C o u n cils w a s carri e d aft e r a h o t discus

sio n a n d tumultu o us upr o a r I t w as S O fa r .

su cc e ssful a s to s hut o u t ma n y c apabl e a n d

w e ll k n o w n m e n w h o pr e f e rr e d ob e d i e n c e to
-
,

“ ”
th e C o n gr e ss ma n dat e to t he op e n i n gs for
210 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

work e d t o g e th e r ; h art r e n di n g wa s th e br e ak
e -

i n g of t h e tie with t h e C o n gr e ss but fo r t h e ,

first tim e o b e d i e n c e to it s ma n d at e w a s d e ma n d
e d fr o m a dissid e n t mi n o rity U n til th e n t h e
.

C o n g r e ss ha d b e e n f r e e o p e n t o all w h o w e r e
,

r e ady to work fo r fr e e d o m withi n t h e E mpi r e

i n 1 9 1 5 it ha d as alr e a d y r e lat e d ma d e e asy
, , ,

t h e r e tur n o f th o s e w h o had l e ft it in 1 907 a n d

had n o t alr e ad y r e tur n e d But in 1 92 0 it had
.
,

ad o pt e d N o n Co O p e r ati o n a n d t h e n e w C o n
- -
,

st it ut io n t o b e ad o pt e d at N a gp u r shut o ut o f
, ,

it s o rga n isati o n th o s e w h o st oo d agai n st t h e

tyra n n y o f a maj o rity a n d r e j e c t e d d ir e c t
,

a c ti o n T h e o l d fr e e C o n gr e ss w a s d e ad a n d ,

t h e l o ss to th o s e w h o h a d built it w a s in v e r ity
h e art r e n di n g
- .

T h e e l e c ti o n s r e tur n e d d e spit e all t e r r o rism

—e ve n p hysi c al e xclusio n fr o m th e p ollin g
, ,

—
booths L ib e rals a n d H om e R ul e rs with a ,

spri n kli n g o f C o n s e rvativ e s s e n t by sp e c ial

,

c lass e s . T h e P r o vi n cial C o u n c ils an d th e

 T H E ST RU GG LE OVER I THE REFOR M S 2 1 1
—
C e n tral L e gislatur e c o n sisti n g of L e gis t he
‘

l a tiv e Ass e mbly a n d t h e C o u n c il o f Stat e

—
,

e l e c t e d o n diff e r e n t r e gist e rs op e n e d at t h e
be gi n n i n g o f 1 92 1 .

H R H t h e D uk e o f C o n n aught c am e to o p e n
. . .

t h e f o ur c hi e f L e gislatur e s a n d la n di n g o n Ja n uary
,

1 0 o p e n e d t h e M adras C o u n c il o n Ja n uary 1 2 The

, .

B e n gal C o u n c il h e o p e n e d o n F e bruary 3 O n .

F e bruary 9 h e o p e n e d t h e C o u n c il o f Stat e a n d t h e
,

I n dia n L e gislativ e A ss e mbly in D e lhi T h e n w a s .

aut o c ra c y d e c lar e d b o th by V i c e r o y an d D uk e t o b e
a ba n d o n e d T h e n did t h e K i n g se n d his m e ssag e
.
,

pro c laimi n g t h e b e gi n n i n g o f Swaraj w ithi n my

‘

”
E mpir e T h e n did K i n g a n d D uk e s p e ak o f th e ir
.

s o rr o w fo r t h e P a n i trag e dy an d th e ir sympathy
w ith t h e suff e r e rs Th e D uk e s w o rds br o k e n by
’
.
,

str o n g e m o ti o n m o v e d t h e w h o l e gr e at ass e mbly

,

a n d hav e ru n g r o u n d I n dia T h e ir e ff e c t h a s b ee n
.

s e e n in t h e c o o p e rati o n th e y c r e at e d
-
T h e B o mbay .

C o u n c il w a s o p e n e d by H R H o n F e brua ry 2 3 . . . .

T h e n t h e R o yal M e ss e n g e r o f P e a c e an d G o o d will
w e n t h o m e his w o rk a cco mplish e d
, .

T he newS pi r it o f co op e ratio n sh o w e d its e lf

-

at o n c e T h e C o u n cil o f Stat e h e ld its first

.

Gove r n m e n t busi n e ss day o n F e bruary 1 4 a n d ,

the Go v e r n m e n t ga v e plac e to the H o n .

212 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

Mr V S Sri n ivasa Sastri wh o m o v e d a r e

. . .
,

s o lutio n a cc e pt e d by th e G o v e r n m e n t to e x
, ,

ami n e t h e R e pr e ssiv e L aws o n th e Statut e

B oo k an d r e p o rt o n th e ir r e p e al o r am e n d
“
m en t The . R e pr e ssiv e L a w s a r e thos e

whi c h substitut e E x e cutiv e fo r Ju d icial a c

t i o n , a n d S i n c e 1 80 4 hav e b e e n us e d a r bi
t r a r il y to r e p r e s s p o liti c al e ff o r ts fo r R e form ,

placi n g lib e rty a n d p r o p e rty at th e m e r cy o f

t he E x e cutiv e In t h e Ass e mbly f o ll o wi n g
.
,
’
up this r e s o luti o n Mr O Do n n e l l m o v e d a n d
, .

carri e d a r e s o lutio n fo r a C o mmitt e e to e x

a mi n e a n d r e p o r t o n t h e P r e ss L aws T wo .

C o mmitt e e s w e r e c o n s e qu e n tly app o i n t e d o n e ,

to d e al with P o liti c al O ff e n c e s th e o th e r with ,

Ac ts aff e c ti n g th e P r e ss T h e first was c o m .

p o s e d o f s e v e n I n d ia n s a n d t wo E n glishm e n ,

t h e s e c o n d o f e ight I n dia n s a n d o n e E n glish

m an a n d b o th w e r e p r e si d e d o ve r by t h e I n dia n
,
’
L a w M e mb e r o f t h e V ic e r o y s E x e cutiv e
C ou n c il th e H o n D r T e j Ba h adfir Sapru
, . . .
214 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

Ac t, 1 9 1 1 ( p e n alisi n g u n lawful ass o c iati o n s )

should b e r e p e al e d w h e n t h e c o u n try w as
l e ss disturb e d but that t h e wh o l e o f th e r e st
,

S h o uld b e r e p e al e d at o n c e T h e R e p o rts w e r e
.

a cc e pt e d . R e p e ali n g Bills w e r e i n tr o du c e d ,

c arri e d a n d appr o v e d by t h e V ic e r o y Thu s

,
.

disapp e ar e d th e l e gislati o n w hich had b ee n

u s e d to p e n alis e e v e n c o n stituti o n al p r o p o sal s
of R e f o r m a n d h a d c aus e d fu r i o us a n tag o n ism
,

a n d a n u n sp e akabl e am o u n t o f mis e ry ; th i s
was d o n e at a tim e w h e n t h e r e vo lutio n a r y N o n
Co O p e rati o n M o v e m e n t ( 1 92 2 ) was tryi n g to
-

o v e rthr o w a n d d e str o y t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d ,

it is a striki n g pr oo f o f t h e si n c e rity o f th e ir
d e t e rmi n ati o n to w o rk in t h e S pirit o f t h e
R e f o rms that at this critical m o m e n t th e y
, , ,

laid d o w n th e ir m o st e ff e c tiv e w e ap on s .

T h e G o v e r n m e n t gav e t h e fi r st w o rki n g day

in t h e L e gislativ e Ass e mbly to a r e s o luti o n
m o v e d by Mr Ja m n adas Dwar k a das a n d acc e pt
.

e d by th e G o v e r n m e n t that e xpr e ss e d r e gr e t
,
 T H E ST RU GG LE OVER THE REFOR M S 2 1 5

for t h e u n n e c e ssary humiliati o n s a n d hardship s

i n flict e d o n I n dia n s in t h e P an i t rag e dy
,

ass e r t e d th e e quality o f I n dia n s a n d E urop e a n s

in t h e sa n ctity o f lif e a n d h o n our stat e d som e
,

o f t h e pu n ishm e n ts i n flict e d o n guilty o ffi c e rs ,

a n d pr o mis e d lib e ral c o mp e n sati o n t o famili e s

w h o had suff e r e d in t h e J all ia n w a l la Bag h

m assacr e o n a scal e similar to that awar d e d
,

to t h e British victims . Ge n e ral D ye r had

b e e n r e m o ve d fro m th e I n dia n Army a
”
d isg r a c e w o rs e tha n d e ath , t h e acti o n w a s
c all e d by a br o th e r O ffic e r Sir Mi c ha e l
.

’
O D wy e r w ho had g o ad e d t he Pr o vi n c e i n to
,

hatr e d o f t h e British G o v e r n m e n t had r e tir e d

, ,

a n d w a s out of r e ac h . H e r e agai n t h e whol e

spirit w a s cha n g e d sympathy a n d r e gr e t had
,

tak e n th e plac e o f cru e l hatr e d an d c o n t e mpt

c o n d e m n e d priso n e rs w e r e r e l e a se d o ut
of a p o liti c al r e f o r m e r w h o ha d b ee n
c o n d e m n e d to an e xtravaga n t s e n t e n c e o f
tra n sp o rta tio n an d co n fi s c atio n is n o w an
21 6 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

h o no ur e d Mi n ist e r in t h e P a n j a b ; t h e ad
'

mi n istrati o n o f Ma r tial L aw w a s r e f o rm e d so ,

that n o such e xc e ss e s c ould happ e n a gai n a s ,

wa s pr o v e d du r i n g th e Malabar R e b e lli o n
i n 1 92 1 , 1 9 22 .

I t w o uld tak e to o l o n g e v e n to r u n o v e r t h e
us e ful w o rk d o n e ; B o th in 1 92 1 a n d 1 9 2 2 ,

t h e I n d ia n a n d Pr o vi n cial L e gislatur e s hav e

sw e e pi n gly r e d uc e d t h e Bu d g e ts ; in Ma r ch ,

1 92 2 t h e A ss e m bly r e fus e d 95 cr o r e s o f a d di
—
,

tio n al taxati o n a c r o r e is r up e e s t e n milli o n

a n d r e duc e d t h e e xp e n s e s n e arly a n o th e r c r o r e ,

a n d it s d e c isi o n s hav e b e e n acc e pt e d . In t h e P r o

vi n c e s g r e at r e d u ctio n s hav e als o b e e n m a d e .

T h e Ass e mbly has ass e rt e d fiscal aut o n o my ,

b o th in its first a n d s e c o n d y e ars taki n g th e,

tariff i n t o its o wn ha n ds ; a n d Mr M o n tagu .

,

t h e S e c r e ta r y o f Stat e fo r I n d ia has j ustifi e d

,

i t s acti o n a n d has d e clar e d that i n t e rf e r e n c e

w o uld b e a taki n g away o f wh at had b e e n
g iv e n . W o ma n Suffrag e has b e e n gai n e d in
218 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

trav e ll e d ov e r I n dia taki n g e vid e nc e a n d is

, ,

n o w c o n sid e ri n g its R e p o rt In a disagr ee

.

m e n t that ar o s e b e tw e e n th e B e n gal Cou n c il

a n d t h e G o v e r n o r t h e latt e r m ad e t h e r e ma r k
,

“
abl e d e c la r atio n that if th e r e a r o s e a n u n
brid g e abl e C l e ava g e o f O pi n i o n e xt e n di n g ov e r
t h e ad m i n istrativ e fi e l d b e tw e e n t h e Go v e r n o r
,

”
a n d t h e C o u n cil th e n
,

th e G o v e r n o r hims e lf w o uld r e alis e that h is

us e ful n e ss e i t h e r t o t h e G o v e rn m e n t o r t h e P r o vi n c e
had c o m e t o a n e n d a n d h e w o uld b e justifi e d in
,

d e ma n di n g r e l e as e fr o m r e sp o n sibiliti e s w hi c h h e
w a s n o l o n g e r abl e satisfa c t o rily t o dis c harg e . If
thi n gs S O turn e d o ut that su c h a situati o n did b e c o m e
appli c abl e in my o wn c as e I sh o uld a cc e pt it in
,

g o o d p art .

W h e n it is r e m e mb e r e d that in 1 9 1 9 th e
G o v e r n o rs w e r e aut o crats pr e sidi n g o v e r
,

L e gislativ e C hamb e rs with e l e c t e d m e mb e r s

in a p e rp e tual mi n o rity su c h a S p e e ch i n 1 92 1
,

may b e admitt e d to prov e a startli n g c ha n g e ,

a n d to prov e also th e folly o f thos e wh o boy

c ott e d t h e C ou n c ils a n d pr e f e rr e d t h e way o f

,
 T H E S T RU GG LE OVER TH E REFOR M S 2 1 9

dir e c t a c ti o n whi c h has o n ly l e d to mis e ry

,

a n d bl o odsh e d a s w e S hall se e i n t h e n e xt
‘

c hapt e r with o ut bri n gi n g ab o ut o n e of th e

,

1
d e sir e d cha n g e s .

N o r must o th e r cha n g e s b e f o rg o tt e n alt e r ,

in g t h e status o f I n dia Sir Saty e n dr a Si n h a .

was mad e U n d e r S e cr e tary o f Stat e fo r I n dia

-
,

a n d was lat e r ma d e a P ee r t o r e pr e s e n t h e r ,

in t h e H o us e o f L o rds T h e Gov e r n m e n t o f .

I n dia n omi n at e d I n dia n s to th e I mp e rial

C o u n c il tw o o f th e m b e i n g rais e d to th e ra n k
,

o f P rivy C o u n cill o rs T he R t H on V S . . . . .

Sri n iv a sa S a s tri succ e e d e d in passi n g th e r e a

r e s o luti o n agr e e d to by all e xc e pt t h e r e p r e
,

se n t ativ e o f S o uth Africa pla c i n g I n dia n s o n ,

a n e quality withi n t h e British E mpir e

, with ,

whit e citiz e n s Sh e was mad e by Mr M o n tagu

.
,
.
,

a n o rigi n al m e mb e r o f t h e L e agu e o f N ati o n s ,

1
I pr i d d i n t h pri n g of 1 92 1 t th fi r t R fo r m C o n f r n c
es e e s a e s e e e e
i n M l b r n d how d th wo r k d o n d u ri n g th fi r t i x w k s
a a a , a s e e e e s s ee
of t h e w L gi l t ur
ne eTh s a umm ry occu p i d 22 d mi oct v
e s. e s a e e - a o
p g f p ri n t
a es o .
2 20 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

an d wh e r e v e r th e D o mi n io n s w e r e gra n t e d
a ug ht o f Ip o w e r ,
—
h e r e m e mb e ri n g t hat S h e
w as not a D o mi n io n — “
add e d a n d I n dia
”
,

so that outsid e h e r o w n la n d sh e has

, , a c h ie v
”
e d D o mi n i o n status This is o f c o urs e a n
.
, ,

a n o maly , but a n a n o maly that ca n o n ly e n d

in o n e way .W e ar e too n e ar th e s e c ha n g e s
a n d th e y c o m e so rapidly that w e fail to
,

r e alis e t h e pa c e at w hi c h w e a r e trav e lli n g .

Th o s e o f us w h o h av e work e d through l o n g
y e ars o f frustrati o n to s o m e e xt e n t r e c o g n is e
,

o ur gai n s ,but thos e w h o hav e d o n e n o thi n g

c lam o ur i n c e ssa n tly fo r m o r e k n o wi n g n aught
,

o f t h e difficulti e s y e t t o b e o v e r c o m e .

I t o n ly n e e d s a littl e pati e n c e a n d c o urag e

o n t h e pa r t o f I n dia to w in H o m e R ul e thr o ug h

the R e f o rm A c t a n d Mr M o n tagu a s
, .
,

S e c r e ta r y o f Stat e will r e mai n gl o ri o us in

,

I n dia n H istory a s th e m an w h o O p e n e d t h e
,

gat e o f t h e r o ad l e adi n g to H o m e R ul e a n d ,

s t o o d firmly by I n dia as S h e b e ga n to tr e ad it .
2 22 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

fac i n g th e tr e m e n d o us f o r c e s of ra c e prid e ,

c o n s c i o us n e ss o f arm e d str e n gth c o n t e mpt of

,

ori e n tal p e opl e s a n d th e stro n g grou n d o f

,

p o s s e ssio n u n chall e n g e d e ff e c tiv e ly for o n e

hu n dr e d a n d S ixty y e ars an d all th e w e alth

,
’
o btai n e d by I n dia s subj e c tio n Agai n st all
.

th e s e th e y struggl e d galla n tly an d wh e n ,

I n dia r ul e s h e rse lf sh e will do th e m justic e

,

a n d grat e fully ack n o wl e dg e t h e d e bt S h e o w e s

them . H ist o ry will writ e th e ir n am e s in

gol d e n l e tt e r s w h o fou n d a N atio n e n slav e d
,

a n d s e t it fr e e t o win by its o w n str e n gth it s

, ,

pla c e am o n g th e S e lf G o v e r n i n g N ati o n s o f
-

t h e w o rld . N e v e r b e for e h a s SO g r e at a
R e v o lutio n b e e n acc o mplish e d with o ut bl oo d
s h e d ; n e v e r b e f o r e h a s t h e aut o crat vo l u n

t arily r e sig n e d p o w e r i n to t h e ha n ds o f
s ubj e c ts r e cr e at e d i n t o c it iz e n s
,
-
.
 C H APT E R V I I

T H E R EV O L U T I O N A RY M O V E M E N TS

IT is ne e c ssary n o w to l e av e t h e mai n c urr e n t

o f p o litical e v e n ts a n d t o tra c e a s bri e fly a s
, ,

p o ssibl e ,
a n o th e r c urr e n t whi c h r a n sid e by
S id e w ith it s o m e t im e s abo v e gr o u n d as
, ,

a n agitati o n t e n d i n g to vi o l e n c e s o m e tim e s
,

b e lo w gro u n d as a n o r ga n is e d a n d d e fi n it e
,

se c r e t c o n spi r a c y .

In t he I n tr o ductio n pp 8 , .
,
m e n ti o n e d
”
t h e ris e o f t h e gr e at Mar a tha P ow e r an d
,

s ai d that t h e M ar a tha C o n f e d e racy ha d its

c e n tr e s in P oo n a N ag p fir I n do r e Gwalio r a n d
, , ,

”
Bar o da a n d pra c ti c ally rul e d I n dia up to
,

t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury . Th e
M ar a thas are in s o m e ways o n e of t h e m o st
, ,
 2 24 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T I C S

r e markabl e ra c e s in I n d ia p hysically stalwart , ,

vi r il e brav e i n t e ll e c tually stro n g a n d p r actical

, , ,

e m o ti o n ally pr o u d r e s e rv e d a n d e v e n hard
, ,

a n d imp e ri o us outsi d e but t e n d e r wh e r e th e y

,

l o v e a n d v e ry faithful fri e n ds B a l G ang a dha r

, .

Tilak was th e ir p o litical C h i e f in o u r o wn

days a n d th e y n e v e r wav e r e d in th e ir l o yalty
, ,

x c o m e cl o ud c o m e su n shi n e H e was in a v e ry

r e al s e n s e th e ir K i n g H e was a m an o f .

b r illia n t brai n o f i n d o mitabl e w ill o f fla w l e s s

, ,

c o u r ag e a n d o f abs o lut e d e v o ti o n to his Mo th e r

,

la n d ; a Fr e e I n d ia w as his I d e al a n d h e us e d ,

t o r e ach it e v e ry r e s o urc e o f t h e strat e gist t h e ,

dipl o mat t h e lawy e r t h e s o ldi e r

, , Fr e e d o m is .

my bi r th r ight a n d I will h av e it Wa s a char

,

’
a c t er i stic phras e In I n dia s s e rvic e his s e lf
.
,

ab n e gati o n was p e rf e c t but h e n e v e r wav e r e d

in h is a im a n d h e was r uthl e ss in its pu r suit
,
.

Withal h e had a s e n s e o f h um o ur which

, ,

o ft e n tim e s st o od him in g o o d st e ad T o th e .

bu r e aucrat suc h a m an was i n tol e rabl e ; h is

22 6 T HE FU T UR E OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

subordi n at e bra n ch o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t To .

su c h a m an n aturally B G Tilak with a

, , . .
,

gr e at e r a n d m o r e l e gitimat e prid e o f ra c e a n d
a will to F r ee d o m was i n t o l e rabl e a n d it wa s
, ,

in h isj t im e that t h e s e cr e t drilli n g a n d armi n g

of y o u n g v o lu n t e e r s was r e s o rt e d to .

T h e O fficial R e p o r t o f th e Tw e n ty first -

N ati o n a l C o n gr e ss h e ld in 1 905 in B e n ar e s
, ,

summa r is e d this u n happy V i c e r o yalty as

foll o ws N e v e r si n c e an e arli e r dark p e riod
.
,

of troubl e in I n d ia n history ma n y y e ars b e for e ,

had I n dia b e e n so d istra c t e d dis c o n t e n t e d

, ,

d e sp o nd e n t ; t h e vi c tim o f s o ma n y misf o rtu n e s ,

p o li tic al
l a n d o th e r ; t h e targ e t fo r s o mu c h s c o rn

a n d c alum n y e ma n ati n g fr o m t h e high e st quart e rs

its m o st m o d e rat e d e ma n ds ridi c ul e d a n d s c o ut e d ,

its m o st r e as o n abl e pray e rs gre e t e d w ith a stiff

n e gativ e its n o bl e st aspirati o n s spurn e d a n d de
,

n o u n c e d a s pur e mis c hi e f o r s o l e m n n o n s e n s e its ,

m o st c h e rish e d id e als hurl e d d o wn fr o m th e ir p e d e stal

a n d tr o dd e n u n d e r f o o t n e v e r had t h e c o n diti o n o f
I n dia b e e n m o r e c riti c al tha n it w as du ri n g t h e
s e c o n d ill starr e d admi n istrati o n o f L o rd Curz o n
- .

T h e O ffi c ial Se c r e ts Ac t wa s p ass e d i n t h e t e e th o f

u n iv e rsal o pp o siti o n It w a s c o n d e m n e d by th e
.
 THE REVOLU T IO N ARY M OVE M E N T S 22 7

wh ol e —
P r e ss I n dia n an d
—
An gl o I n dia n p ro t e sts
-

fro m all quart e rs p o ur e d in but L o rd Curz o n wa s ,

impla c abl e a n d t h e G aggi n g A c t wa s p ass e d

,
.

E du c ati o n w a s c rip p l e d a n d mutilat e d ; it wa s mad e

e xp e n siv e a n d it w a s o ffi c ialis e d ; a n d S O that m o st
e ffe c t Iv e i n str um e n t fo r t h e e n slav e m e n t o f o ur
N ati o n al i n t e r e st t h e I n dia n Un iv e rsiti e s A c t w a s
, ,

pass e d a n d t h e p o li c y o f C h e c ki n g if n o t alt o g e th e r
, ,

u n d o i n g t h e n o bl e w o rk o f B e n ti n c k M a c aul ay a nd
, ,

L o rd H a lifax w hi c h fo r m o r e tha n half a c e n tury

,

has b e e n c o n ti n ue d w ith su c h ha p py r e su lts to t h e

c o u n try c a me in full s wi n g ( H o w In dia Wr o ug h t
, .

fo r Fr e e do m p 4 1 5 ) , .

Mr G o khal e was t h e P r e si d e n t o f that C o n

.

gre ss ; n o re v o luti o n a ry h e but th e cal me st m o st

, ,

,
—
r e as o n abl e m o st pati e n t a n d r e so lut e O f -

I n dia n patrio ts H e r e is his v e rdict o n L o rd

.

’
C urz o n s V ic e r o yalty
G e n tl e m e n h o w tru e is I t that t o e v e ry thi n g
,

t h e r e is a n e n d T hus e v e n t h e V i c e ro yalty o f Lo rd
Curz o n has c o m e t o a C l o s e $F o r s e v e n l o n g y e ars
all e ye s had c o n sta n tly to t ur n t o o n e m ast e rful
—
figure in t h e la n d n o w in admirati o n , n o w in
a st o n ishm e n t m o r e O ft e n i n a n g e r an d in pai n till
, ,

at last it has b e c o m e d iffi c ult t o r e alis e that a c ha n g e

h a s r e a l ly c o m e F o r a p a rall e l t o su c h a n
.

a d mi n istrati on w e must I thi n k g o ba c k t o t h e

, , ,

t im e s o f A ura n gz e b in t h e hist o ry o f o ur o wn
2 28 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

c o u n try Th e re w e fi n d t h e sam e att e mpt at a ru l e

.

e x c e ssiv e ly c e n tralis e d a n d i n t e n s e ly p e rs o n al t h e ,

sam e str e n u o us purp o s e t h e sam e o v e rp o w e ri n g

,

c o n s c i o us n e ss o f duty t h e sam e marv e ll o us c apa c ity

,

fo r wo rk t h e sam e s e n s e O f l o n e li n e ss t h e sam e
, ,

p e rsist e n c e in a p o li c y o f distrust a n d r e pr e s si o n ,

r e sulti n g in bitt e r e xasp e rati o n all r o u n d I t hin k .

e v e n t h e m o st d e v o t e d admir e r o f L o rd Curz o n c a n
n o t C laim that h e has str e n gth e n e d t h e f o u n dati o n s
o f British rul e i n I n dia . T o h im I n dia w a s
a c o u n try w h e r e t h e E n glishma n w a s t o m o n o p o lis e
fo r all tim e all p o we r a n d talk all t h e w hil e o f duty
, .

T h e I n dia n s o n ly busi n e ss w as t o b e g o v e rn e d a n d
’
,

it w a s a sa c ril e g e o n his pa rt t o hav e a n y o th e r as

p ir a tio n . In his s c h e m e o f thi n gs th e r e w a s n o
r o o m fo r t h e e du c at e d c lass e s o f t h e c o u n try ; an d
h avi n g fail e d t o amus e th e m fo r an y l e n gth o f tim e
by a n e mpty S h o w o f taki n g th e m i n t o his c o n
fide n c e h e pr o c e e d e d in t h e e n d t o r e pr e ss th e m
, .

E v e n in his last far e we ll sp e e c h at t h e By c ulla

Club in B o mbay I n dia e xists o n ly a s a s c e n e o f t h e
,

E n glishma n s lab o urs w ith t h e t o ili n g milli o n s o f

’

—
,

t h e c o u n try e ighty p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p ulati o n ih —

t h e ba c kgr o u n d . T h e r e m ai n i n g t we n ty p e r c e n t ,

fo r aught th e y a r e w o rth might a s w e ll b e g e n tly

,

s we pt i n t o t h e se a ( Ibid p .
, .

M e n ti o n i n g t h e re markabl e m e n w h o had
o pp o s e d t h e P artiti o n h e said ,

I f t h e O pi n i o n s o f e v e n su c h m e n a r e t o b e
brush e d a sid e wit h c o n t e mpt if all I n dia n s a r e to b e
,
230 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

y e ars t h e n e t e x c e ss o f e xp o rts o v e r imp o rt s

,

( i n c ludi n g tr e asure ) duri n g t h e last f o rty y e ars

a m o u n ti n g t o n o l e ss tha n a th o usa n d milli o n s
st e rli n g T h e st e ady ris e in t h e d e ath rat e o f t h e
—
-

c o u n try fro m 24 p e r th o usa n d th e av e rag e fo r

—
1 882 84 t o 30 p e r th o usa n d t h e av e rag e fo r 1 892
,

, ,

—
94 a n d 34 p e r th o usa n d t h e pr e s e n t av e rag e is a
, ,

t e rribl e a n d c o n c lusiv e pro o f o f this c o n ti n u o us

imp o v e rishm e n t o f t h e mass o f o u r p e o pl e I n dia s ’

— —
.

b e st i n t e r e sts mat e rial a n d m o ral n o l e ss tha n

t h e h o n o ur o f E n gla n d d e ma n d that t h e p o li c y o f
,

e quality fo r t h e t w o ra c e s pr o mis e d by t h e ,

So v e r e ig n a n d by P arliam e n t sh o uld b e faithfully

,

a n d c o urag e o usly c arri e d o ut ( Ibid pp 4 20. .

, .
,

I t is n o w o n d e r that with su c h a r e c o rd
, ,

L ord C urz o n S h o uld hav e b ee n a bitt e r e n e my

of Mr M o n tag u a n d h is R e f o rms fo r a m an
.
,

w h o de spis e d I n dia n s a s a n i n f e ri o r rac e c o ul d

n o t but fight agai n st o n e w h o r e c o g n is e d th e m ,

a s of right as e qual p a rt n e rs i n t h e E mpir e

, .

T h e first o f t h e R e v o luti o n ary M o v e m e nt s

o f o ur tim e gr e w o u t o f t h e tr e atm e n t of

M r Tilak in M ah a r a sh tra a n d o ut o f th e
.
,

P artiti o n o f B e n gal In t h e latt e r P re sid e n cy

. ,

t h e y o uths o f t h e b e tt e r C lass e s w e r e t h e C hi e f
 THE REVO LU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 231

ag e n ts a n d th e y we r e most skilfully o rga n

,

is e d o n t h e Ol d G e rma n m o d e l i n t o gr o ups
, , ,

th e m e mb e rs o f which did n o t k n o w e a c h
oth e r b u t o n ly k n e w th e i r C hi e f Th e y
,
.

m e t at n ight fo r a da c oity a n d scatt e r e d

,

wh e n it w a s o ve r L o ts w e r e c a st fo r t h e
.

ag e n t fo r a n assassi n atio n t h e ord e r was giv e n

, ,

a n d e x e c ut e d An d whil e this was g o i n g o n

—
.
,

G e rma n y i n t e n t o n w o rld domi n ati o n a n d ,

with h e r a g e n ts in e v e ry c o u n try w o rki n g fo r

t h e d e stru c tio n o f t h e British E mpir e t h e
—
,

gre at obsta c l e in h e r way saw h e r o pp o r

t un ity and
, suppl i e d m o n e y a n d arms ; a
“
risi n g in I n dia was pla n n e d fo r th e
D ay a n d skilfully pr e par e d fo r
, . H e r oth e r
ag e n c y was t h e G e rma n missi o n ary a n d
h is s c ho o ls ; i n vai n I war n e d t h e publi c
of t h e g r o wi n g da n g e r
,
wh e r e C hildre n
“ ” “
talk e d o f o ur K ais e r an d y o ur E m
p e r o r, a nd w e r e thus pr e par e d to b e c o m e

r e v o lutio n ari e s in t h e c oll e g e s A c u r io us sid e

.
232 THE FU T U RE O F IN D IA N POLI T IC S
'

atta c k c am e a gai n st m e p e rs o n ally whi c h ,

tur n e d out to b e part o f t h e P a n G e rma n wo r ld

-

c o n spira c y to d e priv e m e o f t h e P r e sid e n t

,

s hip o f t h e w o rld wid e Th e o s o phi c al S o ci e ty

-

a n d to i n stal a G e rma n i n m y st e ad I t is o n ly
.

now , S i n c e t h e far flu n g G e rma n pr e pa r ati o n s

-

to d e str o y t h e B r itish E mpi r e hav e b e c o m e

k n o w n that we ca n se e t h e li n ks so skilfully
,

wov e n In t h e spri n g o f 1 9 1 1 I n d ia w a s fl o o d
.
,

ed by a st o rm o f O bloquy a n d vitup e rati o n

dir e c t e d a gai n st Th e o s o phy a nd a gai n st mys e lf
,

as P r e sid e n t o f t h e Th eo s o phi c al S o c i e ty ,

on which I r e mark e d that one marv e ls

t o se e $ as a r e sult ] s o m e r e tardati o n o n ly a n d

no wr e c kag e ( Pr e si d e n tial Addr e ss 1 9

,
1 1
,

p. In G e rma n y its e lf was a p o w e rful m o v e

m e n t u n d e r D r R u d o lf St e i n e r t o S il e n c e all
.
,

T h eo s o phical t e achi n g e xc e pt his o wn G e r ma n

form th e r e o f An e m issa r y f r o m t h e Am e r ica n
.

assaila n ts c am e to m e in I n dia r e pr e s e n ti n g
,

hi ms e lf a s c o mi n g fr o m t he h e ad o f t h e
2 34 FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
‘

THE

in ne arly all c ivilis e d c ou n tri e s I w e ath e r e d .

t h e st o rm a n d a br e a c h o f t h e T S C o n stituti o n
, . .

in G e rma n y e n abl e d m e t o c a n c e l its C ha r t e r ,

a n d to r e viv e it fo r thos e w h o w e r e willi n g t o

w o rk withi n t h e T S ( Pr e sid e n tial Addr e ss

—
. .
,

1 9 1 2 pp 3 1 7 a n d 1 9 1 3 pp 3
, .
, , .

O n ly lat e r wh e n th e War br o k e o ut wh e n
—
, ,

t h e G h a dr c o n spi r acy in C alif o r n ia wh e n c e

t h e worst attacks ha d issu e d — w a s u n mask e d ,

a n d t h e flight o f s o m e c o n n e c t e d with it to
.

B e rli n pr o v e d t h e n atur e of th e work carri e d

o n by G e rma n s h e r e di d I r e a lise t h e c o n
,
'

n e c tio n b e tw ee n th e m a n d t h e troubl e s in
t h e Th e o s o phical S o ci e ty in 1 9 1 1 1 2 and
’

, ,

’
1 3 cul mi n ati n g in t h e att e mpt to s e at a
,

G e rma n at Adyar in its H e ad quart e rs But

,
.

t h e li n ks b e tw e e n t h e T S a n d t h e pla c e
.

o f I n d ia i n a W o rl d E mpir e -
o r F e d e rati o n
, ,

of F r e e N ati o n s hav e e xist e d si n c e th e

,

S o ci e ty c am e h e r e a n d u n d e r th e guida n c e
,

o f h e r Rshis I n dia has b ee n wi n n i n g h e r way

,
 THE R E VOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 2 35 1

to O rd e r e d L ib e rty a n d has n o t y e t div e rg e d

,

wh o lly i n t o t h e P ath o f R e v o luti o n But h e r .

D e sti n y is n o w in t h e bala n c e .

T h e D e f e n c e o f I n dia Act 1 9 1 5 was aim, ,

e d chi e fly a s said i n its o bj e c ts at t h e d e fi n it e

, ,

r e volutio n a r y m o v e m e n ts in t h e P a n j a b a n d $
in B e n gal .T h e P a n j a b m o v e m e n t was larg e l y
S i kh r e sulti n g fr o m t r o ubl e in Co nn e ctio n
,

with t h e g o i n g to C a n a d a o f an e mig r a n t S hip ,

t h e Ko m a g atu a n d its r e tu r n to C alcutta a ri o t

, ,

r e sulti n g am o n g it s pass e n g e rs aft e r la n d i n g .

T h e m o v e m e n t was c r ush e d in t h e P a n j ab b ut ,

t h e harsh a n d O ppr e ssiv e rul e o f Sir Micha e l

O D wy e r his pr e ss ga n g m e th o ds o f r e crui t
’
-
,

m e n t h is f o rc e d War L o a n s an d h is cru e l
, ,

p e rs e c utio n o f all p o liti c al l e ad e r s k e pt t h e ,

c o v e r e d u p e mb e r s o f r e s e n tm e n t aliv e a n d:
-
,

r e ady to br e ak i n t o flam e A t th e Sp e cial Co n

.

g r e ss o f 1 9 1 8 in B o mbay P a n j a bi d e l e gat e s t o l d
, ,

u s how t he y w e r e livi n g ov e r a v o l c a n o whi c h ,

a ny act o f e x c e ptio n al t y r a nn y might caus e

2 36 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

to burst o ut We w e r e n o t th e r e f o r e surpris e d
.

wh e n o p e n tr o ubl e o c curr e d in 1 9 1 9 in this

v e ry P r o vi n c e .

I will ask th e r e ad e r to r e f e r to t h e de sc r ip
t i o n o f t h e stat e o f h igh t e n si o n in which
I n dia wa s livi n g si n c e 1 9 1 4 : h e r e n thusiasm at
t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e War ; t h e h o p e s e xcit e d
by t h e v o ic e d gratitud e o f Britai n fo r h e r e ag e r
h e lp in t h e fi r st days in S e pt e mb e r 1 9 1 4 t h e
,

s tr e n u o us e xh o rtati o n s a n d uplift e d i d e als by

w e st e r n stat e sm e n th e n t h e i n c r e asi n g War

p r e ssur e ,l e a d i n g to hu g e l o a n s a n d stro n g
e n d e av o urs to r e cruit m e n ,
e sp e c ially in t h e

N orth which as said b e cam e e xasp e rat e d by

, , ,

t h e ill g o v e r n m e n t o f Sir M i c ha e l O D wy e r ;
’
-

t h e u n wis e u se o f t h e P r e ss Act a n d D e f e n c e
Of I n d ia Act to put d ow n t h e adv o cat e s
of p o litical R e f o rm ; th e hug e n umb e r o f
m o stly y o u n g i n t e r n e e s a n d t h e cru elly
h arsh t r e atm e n t m e t e d o u t t o th e m with ,

t h e i n s e curity o f lib e rty a n d pr o p e rty to

2 38 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

In dia that h a d f o ught fo r h e r i n v e ry th e atr e

e

o f ba t tl e si n c e 1 9 1 4 this pr oo f o f d istrust
,

i n h e r l o yalty n ay
, o f t h e i n si n c e rity o f
,

h e r talk ab o ut R e f o r ms a n d L ib e r ty A
n umb e r o f us r e s o lv e d that w e w o uld ig n o r e

t h e Bill wh e n it b e c am e l a w disr e gar d i n g its,

i mp o ssibl e r e s tricti o n s ; I w r o t e agai n st it in

N e w I n d ia spok e agai n st it o n t h e platf o rm
, ,

a s did all o th e r l e ad e rs i n t h e R e f o rm struggl e

w e had ask e d fo r R e f o r m a n d we w e r e g iv e n
,

harsh e r r e pr e ssio n T h e fight agai n st it i n th e

.

’
V i c e ro y s L e gislativ e C o u n c il mo d ifi e d larg e ly
t h e o bj e c ti o n abl e m e asur e th o ugh n o t de p r iv
,

—
i n g it o f its fu n dam e n tal fault th e s ubstitutio n
o f E x e c utiv e fo r Judicial acti o n But it l e ft
.

n o thi n g w e c o uld d is r e gard a s a p r o t e st u n l e ss ,

w e w e r e r e v o luti o n a r i e s a n d th e n as sai d
, ,

a b o v e M r Ga n dhi d e t e r m i n e d o n e n t e ri n g o n a
, .

c ampaig n O f passiv e r e sista n c e by br e aki n g

o th e r laws ( se e p . T o b r e ak o th e r n o n
t yra n n ous la ws whi c h o n e had hith e rt o o b e y e d
, ,
 TH E REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 239

b e c aus e a n e w tyra n n o us law had in it n o

'

C lau s e that o n e c o ul d r ight e o usly disr e gard ,

s e e m e d to m e ill o gical a n d absu r d B e si d e s .

such a p o licy was c e rtai n to giv e r is e am o n g ,

t h e ig n o r a n t a n d t h e c r imi n al to g e n e r al law
,

l e ss n e ss d e structiv e o f all g o ve r n m e n t a n d
,

fatal to Soc i e ty I wr o t e a s e rie s o f articl e s o n

.

t h e sa n ctity o f L aw a n d I br o k e a s sai d ab o v e
, , ,

w ith Mr Ga n dhi an d h is party H e d e vis e d a n d

. .

pro cla im e d a hartal — a t o tal c e ssati o n o f

—
busi n e s s o f e v e r y ki n d fo r April 6 In s o m e .

pla c e s it w a s carrie d o ut p e ac e ably in o th e rs ,

with vi o l e n c e a n d a da n g e r o us r i o t br o k e o ut
,

—
i n D e lhi r e sulti n g in bl o o dsh e d t h e firs t
,

bl o o d sh e d in this disast r o us c ampaig n I t w a s .

t he sig n al fo r t h e o utbu r st w e had f e ar e d in t h e .

P a n j ab a n d s o m e v e r y bad ri o ti n g t oo k pla c e
,

a l so in t h e n o rth e rn pa r t O f t h e B o mbay
Pr e sid e n cy but th e r e it was skilfully d e f e at e d
, ,

n o u n d u e s e v e r ity w as us e d a n d n o f e e li n g o f
,

r e v e n g e was l e ft In Amritsa r o n April 1 1

.
, ,
24 0 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T I C S

tw o p o pular l e ad e rs w e r e arr e st e d an d carri e d

a w ay ; a c r o wd u n a r m e d a n d p e ac e f u l with
, ,

th e usual H in dII sig n s o f m o u r n i n g w e n t

‘

t o wards t h e C ivil L i n e s to ask whith e r th e y

had go n e ; th e y w e r e st o pp e d by s o ldi e rs a n d ,

s at d o w n o n th e g r o u n d mour n i n g
, In a .

f o o lish pa n ic th e y w e r e fir e d o n a n d s e v e ral

, ,

w e r e S lai n I t was t h e S ig n al for a n outburst

.

of ma d rag e T h e c r o w d pick e d up sticks a n d

.

bars rush e d ba c k i n t o t h e t o w n a n d attack e d

,

ba n ks G o v e r n m e n t buildi n gs th e railwa y
, ,

statio n ; s o m e fiv e E n glish m e n w e r e kill e d ,

a n E n glishw o ma n was assail e d a n d b e at e n ,

but r e s c u e d by s o m e I n di a n s By t h e e v e n i n g
.
,

all was qui e t a gai n O n t h e n e xt day ma n y

.
,

arr e sts w e r e mad e a n d t h e r e was n o r e sista n c e

,

all w a s p e a c e ; t he sud de n rag e pr o vok e d by t h e

foolish firi n g had di e d d o w n a n d th e r e n ee d ,

hav e b e e n n o m o r e tr o ubl e But t r o o ps h ad

.

b ee n s e n t fo r a n d G e n e ral D y e r a n d h is m e n
,

arriv e d o n th e e v e n i n g o f th e 1 2th O n th e .
24 2 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

a mmu n itio n wa s e xhaust ed h e an d his s o ldi e rs

,

mar c h e d away l e avi n g the g rou n d st r e wn with

,

de ad a n d w o u n d e d A S h e said aft e r w a rd s ,
”
that was n o t h is j o b ; h e m e a n t to give a
l e ss o n N o n e mig ht b e o ut aft e r da r k o n
.
,

p ai n o f d e ath ; th e r e w e r e n o d o ct o r s ; t h e
w o u n d e d lay t hr o u gh t h e t e r r ibl e h e a t o f t h e
n ight ,a fe w b r av e p e r s o n s cr e e pi n g i n w ith
—
wat e r a m e r e d r o p i n t h e o c e a n o f thi r st .

Th e n cam e w o rs e .

T h e e ducat e d p e o pl e o v e r t h e d ist r ict w e r e

r o u n d e d up th r o w n i n t o priso n ha n d c uff e d in
, ,

p airs n ight a n d d ay fast e n e d t o g e th e r w ith o ut

,

br e ak fo r washi n g o r n e c e ssa r y d e ma n ds o f
n atur e : i n t h e la n e wh e r e t h e E n glish wo m a n

was b e at e n m e n a n d y o un g b o ys w e r e
,

fl o gg e d to i n s e n sibility tak e n d o w n fl o gg e d
, ,

agai n to obtai n e vi d e n c e o f t h e attack o n h e r

, ,

of w hi c h th e y k n e w n o t hi n g ; all In d ia n s
w h o had to pass t hr o ugh that la n e r e si d e n ts
,

a n d all ha d to wriggl e alo n g through it o n

,
 TH E REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 24 3

t h e ir stoma c h s ; a n d w e r e str u c k or pr o dd e d with

bayo n e ts if th e y tri e d to rais e th e ms e lv e s a
l ittl e t h e cru e lti e s t h e shoc ki n g humiliati o n s
, ,

t h e t o rtur e s t h e farci c al trials with p r e p os

,

t e r o u s s e n t e n c e s t h e b o mbs d r o pp e d o n a n y
,

g r o ups o f p eo pl e m e,mb e rs o f a w e d di n g pa r ty
fl o gg e d as a n u n la wful gath e r i n g villag e s ,

r ai d e d pr o p e r ty bu r n t m e n sh o t o r fl o gg e d
—
, , ,

w o m e n i n sulte d it w as a h e l l o f wick e d n e ss .

A n i r o n r i n g was k e p t r o u n d t h e S h a mbl e s ,

w ithi n w h ic h e v e ry e d ucat e d m a n was bait e d

a n d illus e d a n d t h e o utsi d e w o rl d k n e w n aught ;
-

,
’
Sir Micha e l O D wy e r at last ha d his way .

Wh e n t h e facts l e ak e d o u t I n dia w e n t mad ,

with pity g r i e f a n d h o rr o r An d y e t fo r all

, .
,

t h e b o ili n g w r ath I n d ia n s w e r e j u st
, Th e y .

did n o t tak e r e v e n g e but th e y ask e d fo r j ustic e

, ,

a n d that justic e w as d e n i e d O ut o f t h e p a s
.

sio n s r o us e d by that n e w w r o n g g r e w t he
m o v e m e n t o f N o n C o O p e ratio n sta r t e d d e fi
- -
,

n it e l y o n Ap r il 9 1 920 T h e pa ssiv e r e sista n c e

, .
24 4 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

m o v e m e n t of 1 9 1 9 w a s stopp e d by Mr Ga n dh i .

afte r t he D e lhi r i o ti n g a n d t h e o utbr e a k

in t h e n o rth o f t h e B o mbay P r e si d e n c y as ,

“ ”
h e h e ld it to b e a H im a laya n blu n d e r to
h av e e xp e ct e d s e lf c o n tr o l fr o m th e mass e s o f
-

t h e p e o pl e a n d b e r e c o g n is e d th at lawl e ss n e s s
,

had b e e n caus e d by it in 1 9 1 9 .

But th e l e ss o n w a s f o r g o tt e n an d h e start e d ,

agai n t h e N o n C O O p e r ati o n m o v e m e n t agai n s t

- -
,

which w e r ais e d a n d mai n tai n e d a st e a d y c am

p a ig n . T h e st o ry is o utli n e d in t h e f o ll o wi n g
F o r e w o rd o f a bo o kl e t c o n tai n i n g a r ticl e s an d
,

sp e e ch e s o f th e l e a d e r s i n th e struggl e fo r
R e fo r m agai n st R e v o lutio n I w ro t e : .

T his b o o kl e t is a c o ll e c ti o n o f arti c l e s w ritt e n ,

by a n umb e r o f w e ll kn o w n p e rs o n s agai n st t h e
-
,

fatal p o li c y o f N o n C O O p e rati o n w hi c h is daily

- -
,

b e c o mi n g m o r e an d m o r e vi o l e n t ; if it b e n o t
c h e c k e d b y t he r e s o lut e o p p o siti o n o f th e th o ughtful
. ,

it will c rush th e c o u n try by n e c e ssitati n g r e pr e ssi o n ,

or driv e it i n t o a w e lt e r o f a n arc hy a N ati o n a l ,

sui c id e .

M r G a n dhi t h e l e ad e r o f this c rusad e h a s

.
, ,

g on e thr o ugh a n umb e r o f c ha n g e s with b e w ild e ri n g

24 6 TH E FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

w e re pa sse d pl e dgi n g u n s w e rvi n g l o yalty a n d d e v o

ti o n to th e K halifa a n d stati n g that
n o t r m t h t d o t vouch f t t h T urk t h full d
e s a no sa e o e s e an

i nd p nd n t o v r ig n t y o v r t h ir H om l nd i n E ur o p
e e e s e e d e e e a e an

A i
s a, d t th an S u l t an t h
o u r i n ty o v r A r bi P l t i n
e e s ze a e a a, a es e,

S y ri d M o p o t mi t hu m i n t i n i n g h i p o i t i o n
a an es a K h l if a,I s a a s s as a a ,

th e c u t o d i n d gu r d i n o f t h H ol y Pl c o f I l am
s a an av a e a es s , ca n e er

be c c p t b l t I nd i t h t h h lp d th A lli t w i n t h W
a e a e o a a as e e e es o e a r.

A hartal w a s pr o p o s e d fo r M arc h 1 9 a n d ,

M r G a n dhi issu e d a ma n if e st o str o n gly urgi n g that

.

th e r e sh o uld b e n o v i o l e n c e a n d that it sh o uld b e

abs o lut e ly v o lu n tary H e sugg e st e d that if t h e .

T urkish T r e aty S h o uld b e u n satis fa c t o ry

“
th e r e ,

S h o uld b e n o vi o l e n c e in th o ught sp e e c h o r d e e d , , ,

n o b o y c o tt o f British g o o ds as it is o n e f o rm o f ,

vi o l e n c e a n d n o m ixi n g o f o th e r qu e sti o n s w ith

,
”
t h e K hil afat su c h as t h e E g yptia n qu e sti o n
,

p e o pl e h o ldi n g o ffi c e s o f h o n o ur a n d e m o lum e n t

u n d e r G o v e rn m e n t a n d m e n ial G o v e r n m e n t s e r “
va n ts S h o uld r e sig n N o n C o O p e r a ti o n w ith th e .
- -

G o v e r n m e n t fr e e fr o m all thi n gs o f vi o l e n c e is
, ,
”
t h e o n ly e ff e c tiv e r e m e dy O p e n t o t h e p e o p l e .

“
N O thr e at o f o stra c ism S h o uld b e us e d a n d t h e
w ithdra w al o f C o o p e rati o n S h o uld b e pur e ly v o l un -

”
tary H e sp o k e v e ry st r o n gly agai n st vi o l e n c e
.

I h o ul d c t
s op r t d d vi v r y H i dfi d
ea se o co - e a e an a se e e n an
for t h t m t t r v ry o n l t c
a a e t p r t t h m o m nt
e e e e se o e a se o c o -O e a e, e e
th r e w e vi o l n c c t u l ly d o n
as d vi d o r c ou n t n nc d I
e e a a e, a se e a e .

Woul d t h r f o r u r g u p o n l l p k r t h
e e e rci o f t h gr t t
e a S ea e s e e xe se e ea e s
r t r i n t u nd r t h gr v t p rovo c ti o n T h r i c r t i n ty f
es a e e a es a . e e s e a o
vic t o ry if fi rm n , i combi n d wi t h g n t l n e ss Th c u i s e e e e ss . e a se s
,

d oom d if n g r h tr d ill will r ckl n

e a e , d fi n lly a e ,
-
, e ess e ss , an a
 T HE REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 24 7

v iol n c e a e t r eig n s u pr e m I s h ll r i st t h m w i t h my lif e

e r o e . a es e ,

e v n if I houl d t nd lo n
e s s a M y g o l i fri nd hi p w i t h
a e . a s e s

th e wo rl d, d I
an c o mbi n t h g r t t l ov wi t h th gr t s t
can e e ea e s e e ea e

o pp o i t i on t wr o n g ( N w I d i M r c h 1 0 1 9 20 S a l s o
s o . e n a, a , . ee

M rch
a

Su c h wa s M r . G a n dhi in M ar c h , 1 920 .

E v e n ts th e n c e f o rth m o v e d rapidly K hil afat ,

C o mmitt e e s w e r e f o rm e d a n d m e e ti n gs h e ld T h e .

K hil afat O ffi c e s in Cal c utta w e re raid e d on M arc h

14 . T h e d e p utati o n w hi c h had g o n e t o E n gla n d
w ith t h e V i c e r o y s h e l p k e p t in t o u c h w ith I n dia
’
, ,

a n d t h e c rusad e agai n st t h e T urks i n E n gla n d duri n g

M ar c h e mbitt e r e d M usalm an f e e li n g in I n dia ; t h e
M adras P r o vi n c ial C o n gr e ss C o mmitt e e c all e d o n all
t o tak e p ar t i n t h e hartal o f M ar c h 1 9 a n d s o m e ,

pr o mi n e n t H i n dus a n d M us a l m an s i n M adras issu e d

a j o i nt a p p e al ( N e w In d ia M arc h T h e re w a s a
,

gr e at a n d p e a c e ful r e sp o n s e all o v e r I n dia o n M ar c h

1 9 a n d o n ly in B urma w a s a n y r e p r e ssi o n us e d
, .

N e w In dia i n a l e adi n g arti c l e o n M ar c h 20 p o i n t e d

, ,

out that u n d e rlyi n g t h e K hil afat qu e sti o n w a s

t h e qu e sti o n o f E ur o p e a n aggr e ssi o n o n A sia a n d ,

that all I n dia n s w e r e o n e in o bj e c ti n g t o A sia n

c ivilisati o n b e i n g e n gulf e d by E ur o p e a n a n d in ,

C laimi n g e qua l ity fo r A siati c a n d E ur o p e a n .

A N ati o n al W e e k c o mm e m o rati n g t h e P a n j ab
,

atr o c iti e s p e n e d o n A pril 6 by m e e ti n gs at

w hi c h all p arti e s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d T h e mai n .

r e qu e st mad e o n A pril 6w a s that t h e R o w l a t t Ac t

S h o uld b e re p e al e d M r G a n dhi d e c lare d at B o mbay
.

that if t h e R o wl a tt A c t w e r e n o t r e p e al e d b e f o r e
24 8 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

the i n augurati o n o f t h e R e f o rms th e d e ma n d mad e

On th e m fo r C o o p e rati o n w o uld b e futil e a n d h e
-
, ,

fo r o n e w o uld fi n d t h e situati o n su c h as t o mak e

. -

r e mai n i n g w ithi n t h e E mpir e imp o ssibl e ( N e w In dia ,

A pril T h e K hil afat d o e s n o t a pp e ar t o hav e

b e e n n o ti c e d i n t h e r e s o luti o n s pass e d ; c o ll e c ti o n s
fo r t h e J a l l ia n w a l a B agh M e m o rial w e r e p r e s s e d .

But A pril 9 withi n t h e w e e k w a s fix e d as

, ,

“ Khil afat D ay a n d o n this a r e s o luti o n wa s pa ss e d

,

i n B o mbay a n d e ls e w h e r e m o v e d i n B o mbay by ,

M r G a n dhi d e c lari n g that if t h e just d e ma n d s o f

.
,

M u sa l m an s w e r e n o t a g r e e d t o ,

d i th
an v n t of y dv r d c i i o n b i g rr iv d t
n e e e an a e se e s e n a e a ,

i t wi l l b t h d u t y o f v r y I nd i n t wi t h d r w C o p r t i o n
e e e e a o a o -
e a
fr o m G ov r n m n t u n ti l pl d g
e e fulfill d d M u l im n ti e es are e an s se

m n t c o nc ili t d
e a e .

T hus w a s t h e fatal n o t e stru c k , a n d t h e r e al

N o n C O O p e rati o n c ampaig n w a s b e gu n o n A p ril 9 ,
- -

In Th e Citize n of M adra s in N e w In dia ,

an d
s imulta n e o usly app e ar e d , , o n A p ril 1 0 Si r P S , . .

Siv a swa m i Iy e r s a rti c l e T h e K hil afat Situati o n ,

’

t h e first a n s w e r t o t h e c hall e n g e ; it is p ri n t e d h e r e
o n p 3 as t h e o p e n i n g arti c l e o f o u r c o ll e c ti o n
.
, On .

A pril 1 5 1 6 20 a n d 2 1 i t w a s f o ll o w e d by M r s
, , .

An n i e B e sa n t s f o ur arti c l e s o n C O ”o p“e rati o n o r

’
-

”
N o n C o O p e rati o n
- -
and Co n sci en c e ,Th e P r e ,
”
s e n t Crisis an d A T ru e Sa ty agrahi u n f o rtu n at e ,

l y o v e rl o o k e d w h e n t h e c o ll e c ti o n w a s mad e ; th e y
a r e pri n t e d as a n App e n dix T h e gr e at K hil afat .
250 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI AN PO LI T IC S

T h e H o n M r V S Sri n iv asa Sastri j o i n e d in t h e

. . . .

fray o n M ay 1 5 in Th e C i tize n a n d M r J a mn adas

—
.
,

D w ar k a das n o w a m e mb e r o f t h e I n dia n L e gisla

—
tiv e A ss e mbly in Th e Bo mba y C hr o n icle .

Aft e r t h e C o n gr e ss R P P ar an j p e th e H o n M r , . . .
,

M r C P R amas wami
. . . A iyar a n d I mys e lf w r o t e in
Th e Se r va n t o f In dia ; M r A mbika Chara n M o zum .

dar a n d lat e r Sir A Chaud h uri a n d M e ssrs Satya . .

n a n da B o s e J N R o y J Chaudhuri a n d B C
, . .
, . . .

Chatt e rji addr e ss e d t h e r e ad e r s O f Th e Be ng a l e e ;

M r G A N a t e sa n th o s e o f Th e In dia n Re vie w ; t h e
. . .

H o n M r B h ur g i th o s e o f Th e N e w Tim e s ; a n d
. .

M r N M Sa m a r th t h o s e O f The Asia t ic Re vie w

. . . .

T h e m e e ti n g o f t h e A ll I n dia C o n gr e ss C o mmitt e e -

at B e n ar e s o n M a y 30 a n d 31 mark e d a n e w d e p ar
, ,

tur e I t w ill b e r e m e mb e r e d that M r G a n dhi in

. .
,

had f o rbidd e n t h e mixi n g u p o f N o n C o -

n in d e f e n c e o f t h e K hil afat w ith o th e r

qu e sti o n s ; but it w a s f o u n d t hat t h e K hil afat w a s
n o t suffi c i e n tly attra c tiv e t o H i n d us S O a t B e n ar e s ,

t h e P a n j ab A tr o c iti e s a n d t h e d e fi c i e n c i e s o f t h e R e
f o rm A c t w e r e add e d t o t h e p r o v o c ativ e c aus e s .

O n Ju n e 1 at A llahabad a n o th e r grav e additi o n w as

—
,

mad e t h e c r e ati o n o f a Co u n c il t h e dir e c ti o n s o f

w hi c h w e r e t o b e o b e y e d ma c tio n an d abst e n ti o n
,
I ’
‘

fro m a c ti o n pra c ti c ally a C o u n c il o f W a r A n

, .

ultimatum w as s e n t t o t h e V i c e ro y givi n g him a

m o n th s gra c e a n d A ugust—
,

1 w a s pr o c laim e d as t h e
’
,

day o n w hi c h N o n C o O p e r atio n w a s d e fi n it e ly t o
'

- -

b e gi n w ith St e p N o 1 T h e r e sp o n s e wa s p o o r but . . ,

fi e ry dis c ussi o n we n t o n all o v e r th e c o u n try .

 THE REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 2 51

O n Se pt emb e r 4 t h e Sp e c ial
C o n gre ss b e ga n
, ,

a n d aft e r l o n g dis c ussi o n a r e s o luti o n w a s fo r m u

lat e d ap p r o vi n g M r G a n dhi s pr o gr e ssiv e p o li c y
.
’
,

a n d amplifyi n g St e p N o 1 in d e tail O ve r
. .

d e l e gat e s abstai n e d fr o m v o ti n g v o t e d with ,

M r G a n dhi 884 fo r M r P al s am e n dm e n t a n d 63
’
.
.
, .

o bj e c t e d t o b o th o r w e r e n e utral T h e r e s o luti o n
w a s s e n t t o a Sub C o mmitt e e o f t h e A l l I n dia C o n
- -

gre ss C o mmitt e e am e n d e d by that b o dy a n d pub

,

l is h e d . M o st o f t h e B e n gal M adras a n d B o mbay ,

l e ad e rs w h o had v o t e d agai n st M r G a n d hi sub

, .
,

m it t e d to t h e S O C all e d -
ma n dat e o f t h e C o n gr e s s
o n t h e B o y c o tt o f C o u n c il C laus e al o n e A h a n dful .

O f la wy e rs hav e giv e n u p th e ir pra c ti c e ; n o o n e

a pp e ars t o b o y c o tt f o r e ig n g o o ds M r G a n dhi him . .

s e lf us e s rail ways p o st t e l e graph a n d m o t o r c ars

, , .

T h e failur e o f t h e pr o p aga n da has l e d t o e xtra

o rdi n ary vi o l e n c e o f la n guag e n o w p assi n g i n t o t h e ,

br e aki n g u p o f m e e ti n gs M r G a n dhi a n d t h e t w o
. .

Ali B ro th e rs in d e spair hav e atta c k e d A ligarh ,

an d B e n ar e s U n iv e rsiti e s a n d t h e Si kh K halsa
C o ll e g e A ligarh has aft e r a struggl e h e l d its o wn
.
, ,

n o s e ri o us atta c k has b e e n mad e o n t h e o th e r t wo

but K halsa C o ll e g e has w ithdra wn fr o m G o v e r n
,

m e n t c o n tro l .

T h e L ib e rals a n d N a t i o n al H o m e R ul e rs j o i n e d
f o rc e s in e du c ati n g t h e v o t e rs o n t h e R e f o rm A c t ,

an d ,
hav e b e e n a c tiv e ly c o o p e rati n g agai n st t h e
-

da n g e r o us N o n C o O p e rati o n Crusad e
- -
.

This b o OI fle t i s issu e d t o giv e w e ap o n s to t h e

$

c o mbata n ts T h e battl e is j o i n e d a n d as w h e n th e
, ,
2 52 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

o ld kn ightly warri o rs c harg e d an d m e t , in sh o c k of

c o n fli c t w e c r y w ith t h e H e rald
,

GOD D EFEN D TH E RI G H T $ ”

N o ve m ber 1 7 , 1 92 0 ANNI E B E S A N T

The f o urf o l d pr o g r amm e was b e gu n f o rmally

o n August 1 1 9 2 0 ; Swar a j was to b e attai n e d
,

i n a y e ar a n d o n August 1 1 92 1 t h e first st e p
, , ,

wa s tak e n in t h e Malabar R e b e lli o n t h e

M usal m an s ( M o p l as) o f that distri c t aft e r thr e e
w e e ks o f pr e pa r i n g w e ap o n s r o s e o v e r a ,

d e fi n i t e ar e a i n r e v o lt b e li e vi n g as th e y ha d
, ,

b e e n t o l d th a t B r itish R ul e had c e as e d a n d
, ,

th e y w e r e fr e e ; th e y e stablish e d th e K hil a fat

R aj c r o w n e d a K i n g mu r d e r e d a n d plu n d e r e d
, ,

abu n da n tly a n d kill e d o r d r o v e away all H in dfi s

,

w h o w o uld n o t ap o statis e . S o m e wh e r e ab o ut a
lakh o f p e o pl e w e r e d r iv e n f r o m th e ir

h o m e s with n o thi n g but t h e cl o th e s th e y had

o n stripp e d o f e v e rythi n g
,
.S o m e th o usa n d s o f
M o p l as hav e b e e n kill e d fighti n g Ma n y .
 2 54 THE FU T UR E OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S

as ver e A f e e bl e a tt e mpt was m ad e to

.

p e rsua d e M usal man s to l e av e th e army an d

t h e p olic e a n d th e n Mr Ga n dh i pr o c l aim e d it
, .

i to be S i n ful fo r a n y I n d ia n to be in e ith e r for c e .

N o thi n g h app e n e d e x c e pt that in c o n n e c ti o n

,

with th e ir p r o paga n da o f i n c it e m e n t to vio

l e n c e a n d tamp e ri n g with t h e t r o o p s M o ul a n a s
M uha mmad Ali a n d Shaukat Ali a re in pris o n .

M r Ga n dhi always p r e ach e d n o n vi o l e n c e but

.
-
,

wh e r e v e r h is f o ll o w e rs sti r r e d up th e p e o pl e
I v io l e n ce e n su e d a n d a habit O f vi o l e n c e h as
,

b e e n se t u p Si r Sa n ka r a n N air giv e s a list o f

.

9 2 ri o ts 87 o f which s o m e v e ry s e ri o us which
, ,

o c curr e d b e tw e e n Ja n uary 1 92 1 a n d F e b r uary , ,

1 92 2 Th e s e w e r e n o t all d ir e ctly c o n n e c t e d
.

with N o n C o O p e r atio n but w e r e sig n s o f t h e

- -
,

S pr e a d i n g i n cli n ati o n to r e s o rt to vi o l e n c e o n
S light p r o v o cati o n a n d o f th e g r o wi n g dis
,

r e ga rd oi all auth o rity Th e e n r o lm e n t o f .

v o lu n t e e rs a n d pick e ti n g hav e be e n fruitful i n

mi n or assaults a n d th e volu n t e e rs h av e pr o v e d
,
 THE REVOLU T IO N A R Y M OVE M E N T S 255

ve ritabl e tyra n ts stoppi n g trad e br e aki n g up

, ,

m e e ti n gs a n d b e havi n g in t h e r o wdy mis

,

c h ie v o u s ways c o mm o n to s c h oo lb o ys wh o
hav e thr o w n o ff all d iscipli n e .

I
U n d e r t he Ga n d hi R a j th e r e is n o F r e e

Sp e e c h n o o p e n M e e t i n g u n l e ss fo r N o n
, ,

Co O p e rat o r s
-
S o cial a n d R e ligi o us b o yc o tt
.
,

t hr e ats o f p e r s o n al vio l e n c e spitti n g i n sults in

, ,

t h e str e e ts a r e t he m e th o d s o f s u ppr e ssi o n M o b

, .

supp o r t is O btai n e d by w ild p r o mis e s s u ch a s t h e ,

i mm e d iat e c o mi n g o f S wa r a j w h e n th e r e will
,

b e n o r e n ts n o ta x e s by gi v i n g to M r Ga n d hi
, , .

high r e ligio us n a m e s s uc h as Mah a tm a a n d

,

A va ta r a assig n i n g t o him sup e r n atu r al p ow e r s

, ,

a n d t h e lik e Ab r a ha m L i n c o l n is all e g e d to
.

hav e sai d that y o u c o ul d f oo l all t h e p e o pl e

fo r s o m e tim e Mr Ga n d hi h as c e r tai n ly su c
. .

c e e de d in f o o li n g a part o f th e m H e asks fo r .

t wo millio n spi n n i n g wh e e ls fo r 2 millio n

-

famili e s an d lat e r h e w a n ts 4 8 milli o n s T h e

, .

S pi n n i n g wh ee l is t h e Saviour o f I n dia In .
256 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN P O LI T IC S

c o n s e qu e n c e o f u n ki n d sugg e sti o n s that m e n

c o uld n o t b e c l o th e d by thr e a d al o n e h e add e d
,

ha n dl o o ms a n d j ust n o w ha n d w o v e n cl o t h
,
-

is th e salvati o n o f I n d ia . F o r e ig n cl o th is
b o yc o tt e d o r bur n t I f th e r e is n o t cl o th e n o ugh
—
.

to g o r ou n d a n d th e r e is n o t — what th e r e is
must b e cut up a n d e ach m a n must h av e o n l y
,

a l o i n c l o th ; Mr Ga n d hi p r o mptly sh e ds h is
-
.

c l o th e s a n d g o e s ab o u t in a l o i n cl o th o n ly
,
-
.

H usba n d s a n d wiv e s must liv e apart t o p r e ,

v e n t S lav e c hil d r e n b e i n g b o r n i n t o t h e w o r ld
H o spitals a re i n stit uti o n s fo r p r opagati n g si n
D o ct o rs t r y t o cur e d is e as e s caus e d by e vil
livi n g a n d S o e n c o u r ag e i t R ailways mach i
.
,

n e ry a r e all ba d
,
M a n is r e st r ict e d by n atur e
.

t o m o v e a s far as his h a n d s a n d f e e t will tak e

h im a n d h e r ush e s ab o ut o n r ailways A n d
,
.

’
so o n a d i nfin i t n m
,
This is Mr Ga n d hi s
. .

G o sp e l as wit n e ss his b oo k o n I n dia n H o me

,

R ul e . An d all this midsumm e r mad n e ss has

c aught t h e fa n c y o f b o ys a n d illit e rat e s a n d ,
2 58 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

c ourts a n d will n o t pl e a d Som e o f t h e

.

l e ad e rs a r e th e r e fo r s e diti o n C uri o usly .

,

e x c e pt for a fe w n e wspap e r s who rav e

,

agai n st t h e G o v e r n m e n t n o o n e s e e ms to be
,

particula r ly troubl e d ab o ut a n y o f th e m T he .

R e vo lutio n for t h e m o m e n t is stati o n ary but

, ,

R e v o luti o n s c a n n o t sta n d sti ll a n d liv e So fa r .

’
a s Mr G a n d hi s r e al f o ll o we r s a r e c o n c e r n e d
—th e y are a small w e ll orga n is e d mi n o rity
.

-
, ,

t he y a re h o n e stly n o n vi o l e n t a n d p e rf e c tl y
-
,

harml e ss S O far as G o v e r n m e n t is c o n c e r n e d
, ,

e x c e pt that th e ir v e ry i n flam mat o ry sp e e c h ,

e x c iti n g o t h e rs T h e y a re t o ld n o l o n g e r to
.

”
bre ak laws n o l o n g e r to c o urt g o i n g to ga o l
, ,

to pr o du c e s e ll a n d buy K h a d d ar ( ha n d wo ve n
,

c loth ). T h e y do so T h e G o v e r n m e n t is justi
.

fie d by this stat e m e n t implyi n g tha t th e y d id

br e ak la ws a n d c o u r t e d i m p r is o n m e n t a n d
, ,

l e av e s th e m th e r e T he c r o w d l o o ks o n a n d
.
,

fi n di n g n o amus e m e n t d o e s n o thi n g th e r e
, ,

b e i n g n o o n e to l e a d it i n t o mischi e f .
 THE REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 2 59

I t is t h e qu e e r e st R e voluti o n that e v e r
w a s si n c e Ga n d hi r e plac e d Tilak has ha d t he
, ,

qu e e r e st l e a d e r a n d ha s n o w t h e qu e e r e st
,

c ollap se .

A n d m e a n wh il e t h e L e gislatur e s a r e j usti
fy in g th e ms e lv e s by w o rk .By t h e tim e
’

Mr Ga n d hi c o m e s o u t all his r atio n al fo l lo we r s

.
,

will hav e r e tu r n e d t o P o litics a n d it is e ve n

,

quit e lik e ly that we may h av e r e a c h e d H om e

R ul e .
 C H A P T E R V II I

S E L F D E T E R M I N AT I O N A N D
-

S EL F G O V E R N M E N T
-

IN all c ou n tri e s wh i c h u n fr e e a stag e is

ar e ,

r e ach e d in whi c h th e u n fr e e N atio n b e c o m e s

S e lf c o n s c io us a n d d e ma n d s t he right to mak e
-
,

”
h e r o wn path ac c o rdi n g to th e W o r d th at
,

is a cc o rdi n g to t h e fragm e n t o f D ivi n ity wh ich

is h e r S e lf th e I n n e r R ul e r I mm o rtal t h e
, ,

D e ity o f wh o m sh e is o n e o f th e N atio n al
e mb o dim e n ts .A S truly a s t he S e lf in a n
i n dividual i s th e u n spri n gi n g s o ur c e of L if e
withi n him that gradually bri n gs his e mb o di
,

m e n t i n t o subj e cti o n to his will to b e t h e in stru

,

m e n t o f his a c tiviti e s shapi n g a n d m o uldi n g

,
2 62 THE FU T UR E OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

of s o m e O f h e r p e o pl e s with a y o u n g a n d
e n e rg e ti c N ati o n H e n c e in h e r pr e s e n t
.
,

S e lf c o n sci o us n e ss sh e is n o t a min o r u n d e r
-
, ,

tut e lag e of a guardia n o ld e r a n d wise r tha n

h e rs e lf bu t a matur e N ati o n r e awak e n e d
, ,
-

fr o m a t e mp o r a r y loss o f c o n s c io us n e ss fi n di n g ,

h e rs e lf s o m e what u n n atu r ally d isc o mf o rt e d

by f o r e ig n an d in ma n y ways u n suitabl e
garm e n ts put o n h e r duri n g h e r tra n c e
,
To .

b e tr e at e d as a c hild irritat e s h e r a n d mak e s ,

h e r r e stl e ss a n d u n e a sy B ut S h e fi n ds it
.

d iffi c ult to e xpre ss h e r s el f in a n auth o r itativ e

fa shio n havi n g l o st h e r o l d o rga n s o f sp e e c h
, ,

a n d n o t havi n g suffici e n tly pr o v e d he r n e w

ones . H e n c e in t h e al C o n gr e ss at
D e lhi i n D e c e mb e r
, n V i e w o f th e
,

c o mi n g cha n g e s t he f o ll o wi n g r e s o luti o n w a s
,

pr o p o s e d by m ys e lf s e c o n d e d by M r C R D a s
, . . .
,

a n d supp o rt e d by Mr Barkat Ali Mr J a m n a das

.
, .

D w a r k a das D r K it
, c h l
. e w Mr Sa tyam , u rt i .
,

P a ndi t G o kara n n a th a n d D r C h a sth i R am

, . .
 S E LF DE T ER M I N AT IO N
- 263

M rs . SarO JI n i N aidu was on e of th e c h o se n

sp e ak e rs but w a s abs e n t u n w e ll
,
. I t wa s
c arri e d u n a n im o usly a n d r a n a s foll o ws
XI . V i e w o f t h e pr o n o u n c e m e n t o f P r e sid e n t
In
Wils on M r L l o yd G e o rg e a n d o th e r British stat e s
,
.
,

m e n that to e n sur e t h e futur e p e a c e o f t h e w o rld

, ,

t h e pri n c ipl e o f Se lf D e t e rmi n ati o n sh o uld b e appli e d

-

to all pr o gr e ssiv e N ati o n s ,

Be it r e s o lv e d
1 T hat this C o n gre ss c laims t h e r e c o gn iti o n
.

O f I n dia by t h e Briti s h P arl iam e n t a n d by t he P e a c e

C o n f e r e n c e as o n e o f t h e pr o gre ssiv e N ati o n s t o ,

w h o m t h e pri n c ipl e o f Se lf D e t e rmi n ati o n sh o ul d b e

-

a p pli e d .

2 T hat in pra c ti c al a p pli c ati o n o f th e

. pri n c ipl e
in I n dia th e first st e p sh o uld b e
( a ) The re m o val o f all hi n d ra n c e s t o fre e
dis c ussi o n a n d th e r e f o r e t h e imm e diat e
,

r e p e al o f all la w s re gulati o n s a n d o rdi n

,

a n c e s r e stri c ti n g t h e fr e e dis c ussi o n of

p o liti c al qu e sti o n s w h e th e r in t h e pre ss
, ,
p rivat e o r publi c m e e ti n g o r o th e r w is e
, ,

S O that t h e l e gitimat e aspirati o n s an d

Op i n i o n s o f a ll r e sid e n ts in I n dia m a y b e
f e arl e ssly e x p re ss e d furth e r t h e ab o li
,

ti o n o f t h e la w s r e gulati o n s a n d o rd i
,

n a n ce s, whi c h c on f e r o n t he Ex e c utiv e
2 64 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

the p o we r to a rre st d e tai n i n t e rn

, , ,

e xt e r n ,o r impris o n a n y British subj e c t

i n I n dia o utsid e t h e pr o c e ss e s o f o rdi n
,

ary Civil o r Crimi n al La w a n d t h e ,

assimilati o n o f t h e l a w o f s e diti o n to t hat

o f E n gla n d .

( 6) T h e passi n g O f a n Ac t o f P arliam e n t w hi c h
w ill establish at a n e arly dat e c o mp l e t e
R e sp o n sibl e G o v e rn m e n t i n I n dia .

( 0) W h e n c o mpl e t e R e sp o n sibl e G o v e rn m e n t
S hall b e thus e stablish e d t h e fi n al ,

auth o rity in all i n t e r n al affairs shall b e

t h e supre m e L e gislativ e A ss e mbly a s
v o i c i n g th e will o f t h e I n d ia n N ati o n .

R e s o lv e d furth e r
( d) T hat in r e c o n stru c ti o n o f I mp e rial
th e
p o li c y w h e th e r in matt e rs aff e c ti n g t h e
,

i n n e r r e lati o n s o f t h e N ati o n s c o n stitut

i n g it in qu e sti o n s o f f o r e ig n p o li c y o r
, ,

in t h e L e agu e o f N ati o n s I n dia shall b e

,

a cc o rd e d t h e sam e p o siti o n a s t h e Se lf
G o v e r n i n g D o mi n i o n s
.

T he stat e m e n t mad e by P r e sid e n t Wilso n ,

allud e d t o in t h e pr e ambl e was ,

O n e o f t h e f o ur e n ds fo r w hi c h t h e ass o c iat e d
p e o pl e o f th e wo rld a r e fighti n g is th e s e ttl e m e n t o f
e v e ry qu e s ti o n w h e th e r o f t e rrit o ry
, so v e r e ig n ty o f
, ,
2 66 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

the hi n dra n c e s to fr e e d is c ussio n hav e b e en

r e p e al e d a n d th e o n e a n d a ha l f law th at r e
,

mai n s w as o n ly r e tai n e d b e c aus e o f th e u n

e xa mpl e d li c e n c e o f S p e e ch us e d by t h e l e adi n g

N o n C o O p e rat o r s with t h e av o w e d i n t e n t of
- -

paralysi n g o r d e st r o yi n g th e G o v e r n m e n t so ,

a s to f o rc e it to yi e ld to a n oisy but u n re p re
se n t a tiv e mi n o r ity T h e p o w e r o f t h e E xe
.

c u t iv e t o arr e st e tc
, .o utsid e t h e o r d i n ary
, C ivil
”
or C rimi n al L aw h as b e e n tak e n away
c o mpl e t e ly T h e assimilati o n o f th e I n d ia n to
.

t h e E n glish l a w o f s e diti o n h a s n o t y e t b ee n
c arri e d o u t .

( 5) This we a r e aski n g fo r an d ar e t r yi n g
,

to h ast e n it by usi n g e v e r y p o w e r withi n t h e

p r e s e n t R e fo rm Act I may a d d that I thi n k
.

t h e Act e stablish i n g c o mpl e t e R e sp o n sibl e

G o v e r n m e n t in I n dia sh o u l d n o t lay d o w n it s
f o r m but S h o ul d l e av e I n d ia fr e e to sh ap e
,

that f o r m acc o rdi n g t o h e r o wn t r a d iti o n s

a nd h e r o wn N ati o n al g e n ius . Sh e do e s
 S E LF -
D E T ER M I N A T IO N 2 67

n ot wa n t to b e pr e s e n t e d with a r e ady
mad e suit of f o r e ig n mat e r ial but w o uld ,

pr e f e r to b e h e r o wn tail o r ( a) o f c o urs e .

d e p e n ds o n ( b) (d ) may b e said to b e ac c o m
.

p l i s h e d I n dia has a v o ic e e qual t o that o f t h e

D o mi n io n s in t h e I m p e rial C o n f e r e n c e a nd ,

qu e stio n s O f f o r e ig n p o licy a re n o t y e t submit

te d to t h e D o mi n i o n s : sh e is lik e th e m a n , ,

origi n al m e m b e r o f the L e agu e o f N atio n s A s

'

M r M o n tagu sai d
. I n dia h as Do mi n io n
$

status ab r o ad . I t is still to b e gai n e d a t

Ho me .

T h e qu e sti o n o f t h e f o rm o f S e lf G o v e r n -

m e n t o f H o m e R ul e d e sir e d by I n dia c a n o n l y
, ,

b e d e t e r mi n e d by I n dia h e r s e lf a n d th e matt e r
o ught t o b e th o r o ughly discuss e d Mu c h ca n.

b e d o n e u n de r th e p r e s e n t Act by th e G o v e r n o r
G e ne r al o r th e Pr o vi n cial G o v e r n o r a s t h e
, ,

case may b e C O O p e r ati n g with t h e e l e ct e d

,
-

m e m b e r s o f th e i r r e sp e ctiv e L e gislatur e s .

'

C ompl e t e P r o vi n cial Aut o n o my c oul d b e b r o ug h t

2 68 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

a bout in a fe w m o n th s by a n am e n dm e n t of
t h e R e f o rm A c t ( G o v e r n m e n t o f I n dia Act
m
,

1 9 1 9 ) o r by a n a e n d m e n t o f t h e R ul e whi c h
mak e s C o u n c ill o r s i r r e spo n sibl e . But as
P arlia m e n t is n o t i n c li n e d to am e n d its A c t
s o s oo n a n d a s British publi c o pi n io n is mu c h
,

ir r itat e d just n o w by th e i n sulti n g b e havi o ur

o f N o n C O O p e rat o rs t o t h e P ri n c e o f Wal e s
- -
,

applicatio n s to E n gla n d may b e b ett e r l e ft a si d e .

A pr e f e rabl e m e tho d is to p e rsuad e G o v e r n o rs

t o tr e at all subj e cts a s though th e y w e r e tra n s
f e rr e d a s Mr M o n ta gu sugg e ste d duri n g t he
, .

S itti n g o f t h e J o i n t C o mmitt e e in 1 9 1 9 a n d to
,

i n vit e C o u n c ill o rs to b e h ave as though th e y w e r e

r e spo n sibl e T h e latt e r i n vitatio n w o uld pro ba
.

b l y n o t b e a cc e pt e d at first O n e m o st imp o rta n t

.

i n n ovatio n has j ust b e e n mad e by th e G o v e r n or

of Madras a s h e h a s tra n sf e rr e d fr o m a n
,

E n glish C o u n c ill o r to a n I n dia n o n e t h e port

fo lio s d e ali n g with L aw an d O rd e r L aw a n d
,

J usti c e ICr im in al a n d C ivil ) th e P oli c e i n c lud

, ,
2 70 THE FU T U R E OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

a ssig n e d to th e I n d ia n M e m b e rs o f th e C ou n c il .

T h e v o t e s o f t h e A ss e mbly o n th e C ivil Bu d g e t
s hould b e acc e pt e d a s bi n di n g by t h e Gov e r n o r

G e n e r al . H e h a s a s a matt e r of fa c t a cc e pt e d
, ,

th e m d e spit e t h e v e ry larg e r e ducti o n s ma d e

,

i n t he t wo Budg e ts l ai d b e f o r e t h e R e f o rm e d
C o u n cils so that a g o o d b e gi nn i n g o f a c o n
,

v e n tio n o f t h e c o mpl e t e p o w e r o f t h e purs e i n

‘

c ivil m att e rs has b e e n ma d e T h e Ass e mbly

.

h as c ha n g e d t he tariff to th e gr e at a d va n tag e
o f I n d ia a n d t h e gr e at wrat h o f L a n cashir e ,

a n d its e x e r cis e o f fiscal auto n o my h as b e e n

s upp o r t e d by t h e G o v e r n or G e n e ral a n d t h e
-

S e c r e tar y o f Stat e Alth o ugh it has b e e n

.

h e l d in E n gla n d by t h e L aw O ffic e r s o f t h e
C ro w n that th e G o v e r n o r G e n e ral has n o p o we r
-

t o submit t h e M ilitary B ud g e t to t h e v o t e o f
t h e Ass e mbly a n d th e ir d e cisi o n is bi n d i n g fo r
,

t h e pr e s e n t l e a d i n g I n d ia n la wy e r s do n o t
,

agr e e w ith th e m .T h e l e a d e r o f t h e N ati o n al

P arty in t h e Ass e mbly ,h o we v e r m ad e
,
 S ELF DE T ER M I N A T IO N
- 27 1

s ugge sti o n s o f r e tr e n c h m e n ts i n t he M ilita r y

B udg e t to t h e am o un t of n e arly six c ror e s a n d ,

t h e F i n a n c e M e mb e r h as promis e d to bri n g
t h e m b e for e t h e R e tr e n c h m e n t Co mmitt e e ,

a n d that is a g o o d way o f o btai n i n g c o n tr o l by

a si d e wi n d
-
T h e imm e n s e pr o p o rti o n o f t he
.

r e v e n u e o f I n d ia sp e n t o n t h e Ar m y is a n
e v e r i n c r e asi n g burd e n a n d a n e v e r i n cr e a si n g
- -

s c a n dal .I t is abso lute ly n e c e ssary to d e c r e a se

t h e n umb e r o f E n glish s o ldie rs wh o s e cost is
,

o ut of all prop o r tio n t o t h e ir valu e A c o u n try

.

s h o ul d b e d e f e n d e d by it s o w n m e n a n d n o t by

for e ig ne r s An d it is this which is t h e o n e r e al

.

diffi c ulty in t h e way o f H o m e R ul e I hav e

“

a lway s urg e d that c o mpl e t e H o m e R ul e sh o uld

i n clu d e H o m e D e f e n c e a n d t h e dig n ity t he

, ,

se lf r e sp e ct a n d t h e saf e ty o f I n dia d e p e n d o n
-

t h e I n d ia n isati o n o f h e r ar m y .This is o n e
of th e qu e stio n s wh ich ca n n o t wait I t is
.

a r gu e d by s o l d ie r s th at O f fic e rs ca n n o t b e
trai n e d i n l e ss tha n fo r ty y e a r s but in t h e
,
2 72 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

War privat e s w h o sh o w e d i n bor n military

g e n ius w e r e giv e n c o mmissio n s a n d r o s e rapid
l y in ra n k . I t is t r u e that p e a c e c o n diti o n s
diff e r f r om th o s e o f war but patrioti c e n th u
,

sia sm fo r H om e R ul e wil l e x e rt a stimulus

whi c h wil l g o far to qui c k e n military trai n i n g .

T h e D e hra D un M ilitary C o ll e g e is n o w avail

abl e for e mbry o O ffi c e rs ; th e U n iv e rsity Corp s
’
a r e i n t e n d e d to trai n you n g m e n fo r o ffi c e rs

c o mmissio n s in th e T e r ritorial Armi e s O ffic e rs

.

from I n dia n Stat e s might b e i n d e n t e d o n a s ,

I n dia n C iv ilia n s a r e n o w i n d e n t e d o n fo r c ivil

,

o ffi c e rs in t hos e Stat e s wh e r e th e y hav e

,

ha d a n o pp o rtu n ity h ith e rt o de n i e d to th e m in

t h e British R a j o f sh o wi n g high c apa c ity for
a d mi n istratio n I t is tru e that a n o ffi c e r mor e
.

qui c kly t rain e d may n o t b e e d ucat e d up to all

t h e mi n uti ae O f h is c e r e mo n ial duti e s . But t h e
c o n qu e r i n g armi e s o f N apol e o n sh o w e d ho w
rapi d ly O ffi c e rs w h o c ould comma n d o n t h e
fie d of battl e c oul d b e e v o lv e d u n d e r t h e str ess
2 74 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

c ir c umst a n c e s Th e y will c e as e to b e i n c i t e
.

m e n ts to vi o l e n c e mur d e r a n d forcibl e c o n
,

v e rsi o n wh e n th e y c a n n o l o n g e r b e r e v iv e d
a n d utilis e d fo r p o litical purp o s e s as th e y
,

hav e b e e n l o n g ig n o r e d wh il e u n b e li e v e rs
“
have s e ttl e d fo r g e n e r ati o n s in t h e I sla n d
”
o f Arabia , a n d as simila r passag e s in t h e
H e b r e w Sc r iptu r e s acc e pt e d by C h r istia n s
, ,

a r e ig n o r e d fo r all p r actical pu r p o s e s , and a

C hristia n w h o us e d th e m practi c ally w o uld

b e l o o k e d o n as a d a n g e r o us ma d ma n . But
this m ust d e p e n d o n e d u c ati o n a n d it is t h e
,

backwa r d n e ss o f t h e Musalm a n mass e s in

e ducati o n which m ak e s th e m so v o lca n ic a
p e ril t-
o d ay ,u n c o n t r o llabl e by th e ir o w n

e du c at e d mi n o rity a n d at t h e m e r cy o f a
,

n umb e r o f fa n atical U l e mas , ig n o ra n t o f th e

p r e s e n t w o rl d c o n d iti
-
o n s a n d issui n g Middl e

A g e fat w as utilis e d by cl e v e r a n d ambiti o us

,

M uslims wh o s e r e ligio n is a cl o ak for th e i r

,

p o liti c al O bj e cts .
 S E LF -
DE T ER M I N AT IO N 2 75

L e avi n g to t h e n e xt C hapt e r t he qu e stio n

wh e th e r I n dia S hall b e c o m e a c o u n try l I V I n g
I n I s o lat e d i n d e p e n d e n c e o r a Fr e e N ati o n in
,

a C o mm o n w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s f e d e r at e d
,

to g e th e r fo r mutual h e lp a n d pr o t e c tio n w e ,

may h e r e c o n sid e r w h e th e r i t is pr e f e rabl e

that I n d ia sh o ul d shap e h e r o w n fo r m o f H o m e
R ul e o r ac c e pt a c o n stituti o n shap e d by Gr e at
,

Britai n .

I e l e ct fo r t h e fi r st o f th e s e alt e r n ativ e s ,

p a r tly b e cau s e D e m o cracy a s it is shapi n g ,

its e lf in th e W e st d oe s n o t t e n d to mak e t he
,

p e o pl e e ith e r pr o sp e r o us o r happy P o w e r .

has passe d i n t o t h e ha n d s o f multi h e ad e d -

ig n o r a n c e which with n o k n o wl e dg e o f far

, ,

r e a c h i n g i n t e r n ati o n al qu e sti o n s s e l e cts th e

,

m e n w h o a r e e n trust e d w ith th e i r s o luti o n .

H o w t h e Wis e a r e t o b e pla c e d in t h e s e ats o f

P o w e r so that e ach N ati o n may b e s e r v e d by
,

it s b e st m en b e st in u n s e lfish s e rvic e in high

, ,

i d e als in i n t e ll e ct in e xp e r i e n c e a n d in
, ,
2 76 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

chara c t e r that is th e qu e stion o f th e Sph i n x

, ,

p o s e d to mod e r n D e mocra c y o n t h e s o lutio n

,

of which its e xist e n c e d e p e n ds T h e whit e

ra c e s so fa r hav e succ e e d e d but p oo rly in
, ,

th e ir d e m o c rati c v e n tu r e s a n d a r e rath e r e xam

,

”
pl e s o f how n o t to do it tha n o f ad m irabl e
,

s o cial a n d p o litical o r ga n isati o n I s th e r e o n e

.

c o u n try in E u r o p e t o day which is a patt e r n

,

that I n d ia c an saf e ly imitat e ? B r itai n is in

p e rp e tual u n r e st with c o n ti n ual st r ik e s para
,

lysi n g h e r i n d ust r i e s a n d a d di n g to t h e c r ushi n g

w e igh t o f h e r u n e mpl o y e d w h o c o n sum e b ut
,

do n o t pr o d uc e a h e avi e r bu rd e n tha n t h e
,

“
c o mparativ e ly fe w o f t h e idl e r ich o f f o r m e r
days a n d by th e i r n u m b e r a g r e at e r m e n ac e
,

to t h e stability o f t h e Stat e I r e la n d giv e n

.
,

fr e e d o m c o n ti n u e s t o b e a sc e n e o f mur de r
,

a n d o utrag e a n d is drifti n g i n t o civil war

, Is
.

B r itain i n such a co n diti o n fit to c o n struct a

, ,

c o n stitutio n fo r a c o u n t r y S h e d o e s n o t u n d e r
sta n d ? I e l e c t fo r that first alt e r n ativ e also ,
2 78 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S

t hat S o ci e ty is a compl e x o f mutual O bliga 4 -

ti o n s with th e family as t h e u n it T h e W e st
, .
,

o n t h e c o n trary sta r t e d f r o m a n imagi n ary

,

a n d imp o ssibl e i d e a o f m a n as a s o lita r y ; a n

i n dividual cl o th e d with c e r tai n rig hts a n d ,

S o c i e ty as a n a rr a n g e m e n t o f mutual c o n v e n i
e n c e wh e r e by t h e r ights o f e ach a r e bala n c e d

with t h e r ights o f t h e r e st a n d S o ci e ty with

,

a n i n d ivi d ual as t h e u n it is a l e gal c r e ati o n

r ath e r tha n a n atural g r o wth T h e th e o ry

.

a n d its w o r ki n g o u t t e n d t o c o n flic t s r ath e r

tha n to p e a c e to u n stabl e r ath e r t ha n to stabl e

,

e quilibrium . E ith e r th e o r y e xagg e rat e d to

,

e x c e ss w o r ks misc hi e f , t h e fi r st p r o duci n g a
f o ssil t h e s e c o n d a r e b e l
, .

I f t h e s e c o n d alt e r n ativ e b e c h o s e n th e n ,

w e sh o uld pr o c e e d to w o rk t h e pr e s e n t
R e f o rms to t h e utm o st gai n i n g p o w e r by
,

e stablishi n g co n v e n ti o n s as w e ar e alr e a d y
,

d o i n g a n d pr e ssi n g fo r am e n dm e n ts in th e
,

A c t so that we sh o uld hav e gr e at e r fr e e d o m

 S E LF -
D E T E R M I N A T IO N

Of acti o n But in t h e e n d w e S h o ul d still hav e

.

a r e p r o d ucti o n o f t h e B r itish c o n stituti o n l e s s ,

fl e xibl e b e caus e cr e at e d by statut e i n ste ad of

by st r uggl e s a n d always a c o py a n imitati o n
, , ,

n o t a g e n ui n e o utgr o wth o f t h e L if e o f I n d ia ,

h e r S e lf e xpr e ssi o n
-
.

I f t h e fi r st alt e r n ativ e b e a c c e pt e d all that ,

B r itai n c an do is to se t I n d ia f r e e to shap e
h e r o w n c o n stituti o n l e tti n g t h e pr e s e n t
,

t r a n siti o n al f o r m o f In dO B r itis h G o v e r n m e n t
-

c o n ti n u e whil e I n d ia s e ts h e r o w n h o us e
in o r d e r a n d f r a m e s h e r o w n c o n stituti o n
, .

T h e m e th o d would pr o bably b e by Pr o vi n cial

C o n v e n ti o n s a n d fi n ally by a N ati o n al C o n
,

v e n t io n
,
in which w o uld b e w o r k e d o u t t h e
C o n stituti o n o f P ro vi n c e s a n d fi n ally th e ir
,

F e d e r atio n .

O n su c h c o n stituti o n s I hav e o ft e n writt e n

a n d sp o k e n in Ad d r e ss e s to D istrict C o n
,

fe r e n c e s to t h e N ati o n al C o n gr e ss a n d I o u t
, ,

li n e th e sch e m e h e r e .
 2 80 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

What ar e th e f o u n datio n s lai d in h e r past ,

wh ich h av e p r e s e rv e d h e r thr o u gh u n c o u n t e d
m ill e n n ia a n d wh i c h mai n tai n e d h e r in such
,

w e alth a n d pr o sp e r ity that all th e m e rcha n ts

o f E ur o p e C lam o ur e d a n d struggl e d fo r th e right

t o shak e t h e e ast e r n pag o da tr e e -

T h e a n sw e r
may b e giv e n in a ph r as e : A syst e m o f S e lf
G o v e r n m e n t b e gi n n i n g in t h e u n it o f t h e
,

”
v illa g e ,th e villag e r e publics w hich r e
,

m ai n e d p r o sp e r o us w e ll to do a n d w e ll
, ,
- -
,

m e n ag e d f r o m t h e tim e that w e m e e t th e m in
t h e daw n o f hist o r y to th e s e c o n d de cad e o f
t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury Th e s e hav e g o n e
.

with th e A rya n r ac e wh e r e v e r its childr e n

h av e sp r e a d a n d ar e still trac e abl e in E ur o p e
, ,

alth o ug h p r actically ro bb e d o f th e i r st r e n gth

a n d b e auty by t h e spr e a d o f f e udalism .In
I n dia th e y last e d d o w n to th e n i n e t e e n th c e n
tury a s ju st said In Bu r m a th e y last e d with
, .
,

t h e sam e happy r e sults d o w n to t h e E n glish

co n qu e st For th e happi n e ss
. p r o sp e rity
, ,
2 82 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

f e e li n g is d e e ply r o o t e d in th e m T h e villag e c o m .

m un itie s e a c h o f w hi c h is a littl e r e publi c a r e th e

, ,

m o st abidi n g o f I n dia n i n stituti o n s H o ldi n g t h e .

p o siti o n w e d o in I n dia e v e ry vi e w o f duty a n d

,

p o li c y sh o uld i n du c e us t o l e av e as mu c h a s p o ssibl e
o f t h e busi n e ss o f t h e c o u n try t o b e do n e by t h e
p e o pl e .

Si r Ba r tl e F r e r e i n 1 87 1 w r o t e
, ,

A n y o n e w h o has w at c h e d t h e w o rki n g o f
I n dia n s o c i e ty w ill s e e that it s g e n ius is o n e t o
r e pr e s e n t n o t m e r e ly by e l e c ti o n u n d e r R e f o rm
,

A c ts but r e pr e s e n t g e n e rall y by pr o visi o n s e v e ry

, ,

C lass o f t h e c o mmu n ity a n d wh e n th e r e i s a n y

,

diffi c ulty r e sp e c ti n g a n y m att e r t o b e laid b e f o r e

G o v e r n m e n t it S h o uld b e dis c uss e d am o n g th e m
,

s e lv e s W h e n th e r e is a n y f e ll o w c itiz e n t o b e
.
-

r e w ard e d o r p u n ish e d th e r e is al ways a c ast e

,

m e e ti n g a n d this is a n e x p r e ssi o n it s e e m s t o m e
, , ,

o f t h e g e n ius o f t h e p e o p l e as it w a s o f t h e o l d
,

Sax o n s t o gath e r t o g e th e r in ass e mbli e s o f d iff e r e n t

,

ty p e s t o v o t e by trib e s o r hu n dr e ds .

As Mr C hish o l m A n st e y sai d :
.

W e a r e apt t o f o rg e t in this c o u n try w h e n w e ,

talk o f p r e pari n g p e o pl e in t h e E ast by e du c ati o n ,

a n d all that s o rt o f thi n g fo r M u n i c ipal G o v e r n m e n t

,

a n d P arlia m e n tary G o v e r n m e n t ( if I may u s e su c h

a t e rm ) that th e E ast is t h e pare n t o f M u n i c ipaliti e s
, .

L o c al Se lf G o v e rn m e n t i n t h e w id e st a cc e p tati o n o f
-
,

t h e t e rm is a s o ld as t h e E ast its e lf
, N o matt e r .
 S ELF D E T E R M I N AT IO N
- 283

w hat may b e th e r e ligi o n o f th e p e o pl e w h o i n habit

w h at w e c all t h e E ast th e r e i s n o t a p o rti o n o f t h e
,

c o u n try fro m w e st t o e ast fro m n o rt h to s o uth , ,

w hi c h i s n o t s w armi n g w ith mu n i c ipaliti e s a n d n ot ,

o n ly s o but lik e t o o ur mu n i c ipaliti e s o f O ld th e y

, ,

a re all b o u n d t o g e th e r a s in a sp e c i e s o f n e t wo rk ,

so that y o u hav e r e ady mad e t o y o ur ha n d t h e

-

fram e w o rk O f a gr e at syst e m O f r e pr e s e n tati o n

- .

O r l e t a n I n dia n sp e ak : M r C P R a ma . . .

sw a mi Aiya r n o w Adv o cat e G e n e ral o f Ma d r as

,
-
,

an d m e mb e r o f th e P r o vi n cial L e gislativ e
C o u n cil said i n his Pr e si d e n tial Ad d r e ss to t h e
,

S e c o n d Malaba r D ist r ict C o n f e r e n c e in 1 9 1 7 :

In K autil y a
’
s B o o k 1 1 1 Vo l 1 0
Ar t ha shastr a , .
,

villag e rs a r e c o n t e mp lat e d as c o n stru c ti n g a n d

,

mai n tai n i n g in th e ir c o rp o rat e c a p a c ity w o rks o f

publi c utility ; a n d P r o fe ss o r R hys D avids says
V illag e rs a r e d e s c rib e d in t h e B u ddhist b o o ks a s
u n iti n g all th e ir c ar e to build mo h a ll a s a n d r e st
‘

h o us e s t o m e n d th e r o ads b e t w e e n th e ir o w n a n d
,
”
adja c e n t villag e s an d e v e n t o lay o ut parks ( Vide
, .

P B a n n e r j i s P ubl ic Adm in is tr a tio n in An c ie n t In dia

.
’
,

p 293 n o t e
.
, In M ys o r e n o w in ma n y distri c ts
, , ,

t h e villag e rs giv e half a day s w o rk fr e e p e r w e e k

’
, ,

fo r wo rks o f p ubli c utility a n d t h e aggr e gat e valu e o f

,

t h e w o rk d o n e i s ast o u n di n g E v e ry villag e in th e
.

tim e s o f t h e Ar tha shastr a ( 4 t h c e n tury B C ) f o rm e d

, . .

a n i n t e gral part o f t h e g e n e ral admi n istrativ e syst e m

2 84 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN PO LI T IC S

a nd th evillag e w a s th e f o u n dati o n o f th e G o v e rn
m e n tal e difi c e T h e V illag e G o v e rn m e n t o f th o s e
.

d ays part o o k n o t o n ly o f t h e admi n istrati o n o f

e x e c utiv e but als o o f judi c iary fu n c ti o n s as w ill
, , ,

ap p e ar fr o m t h e C e yl o n i n s c ripti o n s d e ali n g w ith

t h e admi n istrati o n o f c rimi n al justi c e o f c o mmu n al
c o urts T o t h e c r e dit o f t h e M adras G o v e r n m e n t
.

i t m ust b e said that a s agai n s t Sir T M u n r o w h o

, .
,

w a s a th o r o ugh i n dividualist t h e M ad ras B o ard o f

,

R e v e n u e d e sir e d in t h e e arly y e ars o f th e last

c e n tury t o l e av e t h e auth o rity o f t h e V illag e i n s t itu
t i o n s u n impaire d B ut Sir T h o mas M u n ro had his
.

w a y a n d t h e villag e c o mmu n iti e s l o st th e ir vitality

,
.

T h e Mys o r e Ad m i n ist r ati o n R e p o r t , 1 9 1 5 1 6,

e xplai n s th e ab o v e allusi o n . I t stat e s that
the vill a g e rs c o n tribut e d R S e ith e r i n c ash
.

o r in lab o ur duri n g t h e y e ar $t h e G o v e rn m e n t
,

h e lpi n g with gra n ts am o u n ti n g to R s T he .

v illag e c o mmitt e e s c o n ti n u e d t o e vi n c e mu c h i n t e r e st
i n this w o rk a n d ma n y w o rks o f publi c utilit y su c h
, ,

a s c o n stru c ti o n O f s c h o o l build i n gs si n ki n g w e lls,

a n d o p e n i n g r o ad s C l e ari n g la n ta n a a n d pla n ti n g
,

t r e e s w e r e c arri e d o ut thro ugh th e ir e x e rti o n s

,

thr o ugh o ut t h e Stat e .

To this I a d d e d as c o m m e n t
C o n f e r e n c e s o f t h e villag e c o mmitt e e s w e r e
h e ld in f o ur distri c ts t o tak e st o c k o f t h e w o rk
,

d o n e by t h e c o mmitt e e s t o dis c uss t h e n e e d s a n d

,
286 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

c o n sist e d o f a h e adma n a n a cc o u n ta nt a , ,

watchma n w h o als o discha r g e d s o m e p o lic e

,

fu n cti o n s a b o u n da r y m a n a sup e r i n t e n d e n t o f
,
-
,

ta n ks a n d w at e rc o urs e s a p aj a ri a s c h o o l , ,

mast e r a n ast r o l o g e r a doct o r a musi c ia n a

, , , ,

p o e t a da n ci n g gi r l a barb e r a wash e rma n a

, , , ,

cow keeper
-
a p o tt e r a smith a n d a carp e n t e r
, , .

T h e villag e ass e mbly t h e P a fi c h ay a t g o v e r n e d , ,

“ ”
e l e ct e d by p o t tick-
e ts o r o t h e rwis e , an d ,

f o r m e d c o mmitt e e s fo r bra n c h e s o f w o r k ; in
th e fact th at t h e villag e rul e r s w e r e e l e ct e d
lay t h e saf e ty o f t h e V illag e wh e n t h e Co m
pa n y C ha n g e d e l e cti o n to app o i n tm e n t th e y ,

b e cam e villag e ty r a n ts .

’
T h e D e c e n t r alisati o n C o mmitt e e s R e p o rt
s aid l §

W e c o n sid e r that a s L o c al Se lf G o v e r n m e n t -

S h o uld c o mm e n c e in t h e villag e s w ith t h e e stablish

ment V illag e Pa fi c hay ats s o t h e n e xt st e p sh o uld
of ,

b e t h e c o n stituti o n o f b o ard s fo r ar e as o f small e r

siz e tha n a distri c t We d e sir e th e re f o r e t o s e e
. ,

s u b distri c t b o ard s u n iv e rsally

- e stablish e d a s t h e
pri n c ipal ag e n c i e s o f rural b o ard ass o c iati o n s .
 S E LF - D E T ER M I N AT IO N 2 87 .

Sp e aki n g at a D istri c t Co n f e re n c e on

t his matt e r I sai d o n t h e

,
e stablishm e n t of

P afic h ay a ts

V illag e n e e ds w o uld thus b e mad e k n o wn a n d ,

i f n e c e ssary th e y c o uld b e r e pr e s e n t e d by t h e
P a fi c h ay a t t o a high e r auth o rity T h e villag e w o uld .

b e c o m e arti c ulat e thro ugh its P a fi c h ay a t a n d w o uld ,

n o l o n g e r b e t h e dumb a n d o ft e n driv e n c r e atur e

w hi c h it is t o d ay A n d it w o uld b e br o ught i n t o
.

t o u c h w ith t h e larg e r lif e T h e P a fi c h ay at might

.

i n vit e l e c tur e rs o r g a n is e dis c ussi o n s arra n g e

, ,

amus e m e n ts gam e s e tc All villag e lif e w o uld b e

, , .

lift e d t o a high e r l e v e l wid e n e d a n d e n ri c h e d by

,

s u c h o rga n isati o n a n d e a c h villag e furth e r f o rmi n g

, , ,

o n e o f a gro up o f villag e s wo uld r e alis e its u n ity

,

w ith o th e rs a n d thus b e c o m e a n o rga n o f th e larg e r

,

c o rp o rat e lif e .

T he c o rre s p o n di n g u n it in t h e T o wn s t o t h
V illag e in t h e c o u n try is t h e W ar d a n d t h e W ard ,

P a fi c h ay a t lik e t h e V illag e o n e S h o uld b e e l e c t e d by

, ,

H o us e h o ld Suffrag e Al l t o wn s w ith p o p ulati o n s

.

o ve r sh o uld hav e W ard P a fi c h ay a ts u n d e r

c o n tr o l o f t h e M u n i c i p ality B e l o w that p o p ulati o n
.
,

3 W ard P a fi c h ay a t w o uld b e t h e o n ly mu n i c ipal

a uth o rity . T h e s e W ard C o u n c ils sh o uld tak e u p t h e
small e r t o w n matt e rs n o w n e gl e c t e d b e c aus e th e
, ,

M u n i c i p ality is t o o h e avily burd e n e d t o att e n d t o

t h e m pr o p e rly T h e e l e m e n tary Sc h oo ls in e a c h
.
2 88 T H E FUT U R E o r INDI AN POLI T IC S

Ward sh o uld b e in its c harg e ; s c av e n gi n g a n d

sa n itati o n g e n e rally a n d c ar e fo r t h e c l e a n li n e ss o f
,

t h e str e e ts a n d latri n e s ; p r o visi o n a n d su p e ri n t e n d

e n c e o f sta n d s fo r hir e v e hi c l e s a n d r e sti n g c arts ,

w ith w at e r tr o ugh s fo r h o rs e s a n d c attl e ; t h e

-

i n sp e c ti o n o f f o o dstuffs a n d pre v e n ti o n o f adult e r

ati o n ; arbitrati o n in small disput e s as in F ra n c e
-
w h e r e so mu c h l itigati o n is p r e v e n t e d by t h e
app o i n tm e n t o f a small trad e sma n as a l o c al judg e
, ,
—
i n sp e c ti o n o f w o rksh o p s w e lls e t c all th e s e
.

matt e rs w o uld n aturally fall i n t o t h e ha n d s o f

t h e W ard C o u n c ils . Wh e r e th e re is a M u n i c i pali ty ,

that b o dy wo ul d d e l e gat e t o t h e W ard C o u n c ils su c h

m att e rs a s it th o ught fit .

The la n d was c o m mu n al p r o p e rty a n d

r e distribut e d f r o m tim e to tim e All h o us e .

h o ld e rs app e ar to h av e had v o t e s f o rf e it e d ,

fo r c r im e s , but c e r tai n qualificati o n s w e r e

laid d o w n fo r e ligibility fo r e l e cti o n as
a P a fic h é ( C o u n cill o r) W o m e n w e r e e l ig i
.

b l e as w e ll as m e n C a r e ful rul e s a r e laid

.

dow n in t h e b o o ks fo r th e b u il d i n gs o f a
villag e th e pla n ti n g o f fl o w e r i n g t r e e s in its
,

roads a n d t r e e s fo r timb e r o n t h e o utskirts

, ,

e tc . O ut c ast e s e mpl o y e d as lab o ur e r s w e r e

, ,
29 0 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

Aft e r the villag e u n it c am e a group o f

villag e s th e n a larg er group o f th e s e gr o ups
, ,

an d so on
. In K i n g d o ms a n d E mpir e s ,

Go v e r n m e n ts w e r e bas e d o n similar m o d e ls ;
i n t h e gr e at E mpi r e o f C ha n dragup ta I h is ,

C o u n c il w as mad e up o f th e P a nc h a y a t o f
e a c h d e partm e n t in his G o v e r n m e n t ; so i n t h e

Mu n icipal C o u n c il o f a city .

T h e su c c e ssiv e e n largi n g a r e as o f G o v e r n
m e n t still e xist ; th e r e is t h e V illag e ; t h e g r ou p
of V illa g e s o r Taluq ; t h e group o f Ta l uqs o r
D istri c t ; t h e gr o up o f D istri c ts o r P r o vi n c e ;
,

t h e gr o up o f P r o vi n c e s o r N ati o n
, . T h e vo te
in t he su cc e ssiv e e n largi n g ar e as sh o ul d
d e p e n d o n t h e e n largi n g k n o wl e d g e a n d e l ig i
,

bili fy to C o u n cils o n high e r e d u c ati o n o r ,

e xp e ri e n c e in g o v e r n m e n t by m e m be r ship o f

a l o we r grad e o f C o u n cil a n d p e rhaps o n a

,

mi n imum a g e M e mb e r ship in a C ou n c il migh t

.

b e a qualificati o n fo r a vot e in t h e e l e ct o rat e :

o f a high e r C o u n cil . Th e aim sh o uld b e to l et

 S E LF - D E T ER M I N AT I O N 29 1

k no wl e dg e giv e p o w e r ; e v e ry m an or woman
who was a maj o r sh o uld hav e a vot e for a
V illa g e P a nc h a ya t o r a Tow n P a nc h a ya t (Ward
C o u n c il ) ; th e y k n ow villag e wa n ts whi c h a re ,

th e ir o wn T he vo te fo r a Taluq Co u n c il
.

sh o uld d e ma n d a n e du c atio n al qualificati o n or

m e mb e rship in a V illag e P a nc h a ya t a n d so o n , .

An ad d itio n al v o t e might b e acquir e d by

sp e c ial qualifi c ati o n s or by e x c e pti o n al se r
,

vic e s In this way a P ro vi n c ial C o u n c il wo uld

.

i n clu de if p o ssibl e c o n si st of t h e b e st me n in
, ,

th e P ro vi n c e sav e th o s e s e n t o n to the
,

N ati o n al P arliam e n t .

P oliti c s is a Sci e n c e an d an Art the most ,

difficult o f all an d the w e lfar e of all parts of

,

t he N ati o n is co n c e r n e d with is aff e ct e d by, ,

t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e of all Ye t m e n a n d
.

wo m e n v o t e fo r a m e mb e r say of a B riti sh
, ,

P arliam e n t w h o ca n n o t j udg e by h is or he r
k n owl e d g e of h is fit n e ss to d ec id e the qu e sti o n s
o n w hi c h t he w e lfar e of t h e N atio n d e p e nds .
2 92 TH E FU T UR E OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

I t is a s though th e c ab in bo y s e l e c t e d th e
captai n o f th e ship .

In c o nn e cti o n with t h e grad e s o f Cou n c ils

would b e arra n g e d t he as c e n di n g s e ri e s o f
s c ho o ls u n d e r th e ir c o n tr o l fr o m t h e e l e m e n tary

to t h e U n ive rsity ; als o t h e guida n c e of agri

c ultur e t h e pr o visi o n o f suitabl e s e e ds
, ,

ma n ur e s a n imals fo r br e e di n g m o d e l farms
, , ,

agri c ultural c ol l e g e s for r e s e ar c h in fact all t h e

o rga n isati o n s n e e d e d fo r pr o sp e rity a n d bri n g
,

in g t h e r e sults o f t h e k n owl e dg e o f e xp e rts with

i n r e ach o f t h e c ultivators t h e c r aftsm e n t h e
, ,

p r o du c e rs o f e v e r y ki n d . T h e wh o l e N atio n al
l if e w o ul d b e i n vig o rat e d by a syst e m built by
I n dia n g e n ius o n th e f o u n datio n s lai d in I n d ia s
’

past to whi c h h er C hil d r e n w o uld r e spo n d

, .

Th e s e are of c o urs e but sugg e sti o n s off e r e d

, , ,

fo r dis c ussion but th e y a r e e n ough to S how

,

why I thi n k I n dia sh o uld form h e r o w n co n

s titut io n ,a n d n o t bli n dly adopt a c o n stitutio n

m ad e in E n gla n d .
 C HAPTE R IX

IN A W O RL D C O M M O N W E A L T H
-

O R ALON E ?

W E c o m e fi n ally to th e qu e stio n Shall I n dia

b e c o m e a n is o lat e d a n d i n d e p e n d e n t c o u n try
,

or shall sh e r e mai n as pa r t o f a world wid e -

E mpi r e o r b e tt e r as pa r t o f a w o rld wid e

, ,
-

C o mm o n w e alth o f F r e e N atio n s ?
,

That qu e sti o n c a n o n ly b e a n sw e r e d by
I n d ia h e rs e lf a n d n o n e c a n di c tat e to a n y
,

N atio n its d e cisi o n o r say what in t h e futur e

, , ,

S hall b e t h e d e cisio n o f p o st e rity . But d e n y

—
i n g as I do a n d as l must b e li e vi n g in t h e
,

—
valu e o f N atio n h oo d th at an y N atio n h as t he
right to impos e by f o r c e its auth o rity o n a ny
 IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 2 95

o th e r N atio n a n d th e r e fo r e a d mitti n g als o t h e

,

right o f an y N atio n t o thr o w o ff such auth o rity

imp o s e d up o n it e ith e r with or with o ut th e
,

c o n s e n t o f t he f o r e ig n N ati o n I w o uld m o st
,

s tr o n gly a n d e ar n e stly pray b o th I n dia a n d

Britai n to r e mai n li n k e d ha n d in ha n d fo r th e
- -
,

g o o d o f t h e w o rl d fo r, t h e sak e o f H uma n ity i n

t he p r e se n t , a n d still m o r e in t h e futur e .

L o o ki n g back o n t h e c o n flict b e tw e e n t h e
N ati o n s o f E u ro p e w hi c h w e n t o n th r o ugh t h e
e ight e e n th c e n tury b e tw e e n E ur o p e a n N ati o n s ,

r e pr e s e n t e d by th e i r M e rca n tile C ompa n ie s ,

a n d t h e fi n al t r iumph o f B r itai n o v e r its r ivals

( se e I n t r o du c ti o n ) f o r
, as I b e
, li e v e t h e r e aso n
,

g iv e n o n p 1 1 I thi n k that that vi e w p u blish ed

.
, ,

i n 1 9 1 5 h as b ee n p ro v e d tru e by t h e wid e n i n g
,

o f F r e e d o m si n c e t h e C ro wn assu m e d authority

in 1 858 u n til n o w w e sta n d cl o s e t o t h e attai n

,

”
m e n t o f H o m e R ul e t h e i n e vitabl e r e sult
,

o f th e co n ne ctio n Agai n th e u n iqu e way in

.
,

w hic h the C om pa n y aimi n g o n ly at trad e

,
2 96 T HE FU T URE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S

adva n tag e s built its e lf i n t o a Gov e r n i n g P o w e r

, ,

a n d wa s ju stly o v e rthr o w n fo r its tyra n n i e s

a n d a n n e xati o n s by t h e S e p o y R e b e lli o n — the

a n n e xatio n o f O u d h b e i n g t h e match whi c h
—
fir e d th e m i n e o f I n dia n disc o n t e n t so th at t h e
wh o l e o f its ill g o tt e n auth o r ity pass e d to th e
-

C row n all this p o i n t e d to th e sam e c o n clu

,

sio n That C r o w n agai n was c ha n g e d f r o m a

.
, ,

R o yal i n t o a n I mp e r ial o n e by B e n j ami n

D isra e li a H e b r e w wh o with O r i e n tal imagi
, ,

n ati o n e n visa g e d t h e cha n g e whi c h had c om e

,

o v e r t h e positi o n o f B r itai n by t h e b r i n gi n g u n d e r

h e r rul e a s L o rd P aramou n t as C h akravar ti

, , ,

t h e mighty E mpir e which r e pr o du c e d t h e

e arli e r E mpir e s of C ha n dragup ta o f Ash o ka, ,

o f oth e rs a s far flu n g that had e mphasis e d

-
,

fro m tim e to tim e in th e past t h e g e o graphi c al ,

a s w e ll as t h e r e ligi o us a n d cultural u n ity of ,

I n dia N o r is it without sig n ifi c a n c e that aft e r

.
, ,

I n dia had awak e n e d a gai n i n to S e lf c o n s c io us -

n e ss a s a N ati o n larg e ly as a r e sult of E n glish

,
2 98 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POL I T IC S

it w a s t h e im m e n s e cha n g e br o ug ht ab o ut by
s wift i n t e rc o m m u n i c ati o n b e tw e e n all parts
o f t h e worl d , so that dista n c e s w e r e tim e
s h o r te n e d, an d e re l o n g will b e c o m e sh o rt e r
, ,

tha n t h e gra n d fath e rs o f pr e s e n t d ay E n gla n d

-

t o o k to trav e l fr o m L a n d s En d to J o h n
’

o G r oa t s
’
. I ca n n o t l o o k ba c k o v e r t h e thr e e
c e n turi e s a n d t e n y e ars fr o m 1 61 2 t o 1 92 2 a n d
,

miss t h e g o l d e n th r e ad o f a d ivi n e pu r p o s e in
b r i n gi n g u n d e r o n e C r o w n the r o o t stoc k-

and t h e y o un g e st su b rac e
-
o f t h e A r ya n

R ac e .

Is n o t that pu r p o s e that th e s e t wo may b e

j o i n ed in a n I n d o British C o mm o n w e alth
-
,

co m p os e d o f c o l o u r e d a n d o f whit e N ati o n s o f ,

A siati cs a n d E u r o p e a n s o f Easte r n s an d
,

W e st e r n s o f R e ligio n a n d Appli e d S c i e n c e
, ,

f o rmi n g a m o d e l maki n g c e rtai n t h e r e alisati o n

, ,

o f a W o rl d F e d e r ati o n wh e r e i n Justic e S ha l l
,

r e ig n i n st e ad o f P o w e r a n d L aw shall put a n
,

e n d to V iol e n ce
 IN A CO M M O N W E A LT H OR A LO N E ? 2 99

Shall I n dia mak e th at V isi o n c o m e tru e or ,

s hall sh e r e j e ct h e r gl o r i o us o pp o rtu n ity a n d

—
C h oo s e isolatio n a n d d e cay
That is t h e qu e sti o n to which w e must n o w
a d dr e ss o urs e lv e s
.

I submit t hat I n dia i n d e p e nde n t an d al o n e

, ,

will r e c o mm e n c e t h e o l d st o ry o f i n vasio n s a n d
s ubj e c ti o n s
, a n d must at o n c e b e gi n t o pr e par e

for th e s e by i n c r e asi n g h e r h u g e milita r y

e xp e n d it u r e in p r e pa r ati o n fo r t h e n e a r w it h

d r a wal n o t o n ly o f British t r o o ps b u t o f t h e
,

gr e at pr o t e cti o n o f B r itai n s m ighty n a m e A s

’
.

pa r t o f a gr e at C o mm o n w e alth t h e str e n gth o f

,

t h e w h o l e C o mm o n w e alth is h e r d e f e n c e As .

s h e r ush e d to t he d e f e n c e o f Britai n o ve r ,

match e d in E uro p e so w o ul d t h e N atio n s o f

,

t he C o mm o n w ea lth r ush to h e r s if S h e w e r e
,

’
a ttack e d f r o m o utsi d e . Britai n s n avy is still
th e la r g e st in t h e wo rld a n d that n avy will be
,

a sist e r gu ar d ia n o f h e r l o n g c o ast li n e e v e n
- -
,

a ft e r s h e has c r e at e d a n avy o f h e r o w n All t he

.
300 T HE FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

str e n gth of th e C o mmo n w e alth will b e at th e

c al l of e v e ry N atio n in it an d that k n o wl e dg e
,

is suffici e n t to pr o t e ct In m e r e n umb e rs
.
,

C hi n a is th e o n ly c o u n t r y that match e s th e
C o mm o n w e alt h a n d in o rga n isati o n in e ff e c t
, ,

iv e n e ss fo r s e lf d e f e n c e th e r e is n o c o mpa r i
-
,

so n b e tw e e n t h e t w o .

N o r c a n we l e av e o ut o f acc o u n t in thi n ki n g
,

o f a n i n d e p e n d e n t I n dia t h e fact that o n e thi r d

,
-

o f h e r ar e a is o c c upi e d by I n d ia n Stat e s w hi c h , ,

with th e c e ssati o n o f t h e British O v e rl o r dshi p

would b e c o m e i n d e p e n d e n t ki n g d o ms as o f y o r e
,
.

Ma n y o f th e m hav e w e ll t r ai n e d tr o o ps a n d
-

fu ll tr easuri e s In a H o m e R ul e I n dia th e s e
.
,

Stat e s would b e aut o n o mous u n its a n d it may ,

b e that th e C o u n c il o f P ri n c e s might form a

part o f t h e P arliam e n t o f I n dia But in a n .

I n d e p e n d e n t I n dia a d e sir e to r e m o v e th e ir
,
’
n e ighbour s la n dmarks w o uld pr o bably aris e ,

a n d th e N e w I n dia might hav e to d e f e n d h e r

fr e e d o m agai n st th e aggr e ssiv e n e ss o f th e

302 T HE FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T IC S

p o lluti g f t of a
n oo Mu slim ; w e hav e h e a r d
non-

M uslim l e ad e rs d e cla r e that if t h e Afgh a n s

i n va d e d I n d ia th e y w o uld j o i n th e ir f e llow
,

b e li e v e r s a n d w o uld slay t h e H i n du s who

,

d e f e n d e d th e ir M o th e r la n d agai n st t h e fo e
we hav e b ee n f o rc e d to se e that t h e
p r imary all e gia n c e o f M u sal m an s is t o I sl a mi c
c o u n t r i e s n o t to o ur M o th e rla n d ; w e hav e
,

l e a r n e d t hat th e ir d e a r e st h o p e is to e stab
“ ”
lish t h e ki n gdom o f G o d , n o t G od as

F ath e r o f t h e w o rld l o vi n g all H is cr e atur e s

, ,

but as a G o d s e e n th r o ug h Musalm a n sp e c
fa c l e s r e s e mbli n g in H is c o mma n ds
,
— th r o ugh
o n e o f t h e P roph e ts as t o th e tr e atm e n t o f
—
,

u n b e li e v e r s th e M o saic J HVH o f th e e arly

H e b r e ws wh e n th e y w e r e fighti n g a s di d t h e
, ,

e a r ly Muslims fo r fr ee d o m to f o ll o w t h e r e ligi o n
,

giv e n to th e m by th e ir P r o ph e t T h e w o rld
.

h as g o n e b e y o n d such so call e d Th e o craci e s in

-
,

’
which G o d s c o mma n d s a r e giv e n thr o ugh
a man . T h e c laim n o w put forward by
 IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 303

M usalm a n l e ad e rs that th e y must b y t he

o e

laws o f th e ir parti c ular P r o ph e t abov e th e

laws o f th e Stat e in whi c h th e y liv e is sub ,

v e rsiv e o f c ivi c or d e r a n d t h e stability of t h e

Stat e ; it mak e s th e m ba d citiz e n s fo r th e i r ,

c e n tr e o f all e gia n c e i s o utsid e th e N ati o n a n d ,

th e y ca n n o t whil e th e y h ol d th e vi e ws
,

pr o c laim e d by M o ul an a s Muhammad Ali a n d

—
Sh aukat Ali to n am e th e m o st pr o mi n e n t o f
—
th e s e Mus l im l e a d e rs b e trust e d by th e ir
f e llow c itiz e n s I f I n dia w e r e i n d e p e n d e n t t h e
-

—
.
,

Muslim part of th e p o pulati o n fo r t h e

ig n ora n t masse s w o uld f o ll o w th o s e w h o
app e al e d to th e m in th e n am e o f th e ir P r o ph e t
—would be com e a n imm e d iat e p e ril to
’
I n dia s f r e e d o m .Allyi n g th e ms e lv e s with
Afgh a n is ta n Be l uc histan P e rsia I r a q Arabia
, , , , ,

Turk e y a n d E gypt an d with su c h o f t h e trib e s

,

o f C e n tr al Asia w h o a r e M u sa l m an s th e y w o uld
,

ris e to pla ce I n dia u n d e r t he rul e of I sl a m

”
t h o s e in (n o w) B ritis h I n dia b e i n g h e lp e d b y
.
304 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I AN PO LI T IC S

the —
Muslim I n dia n Stat e s a n d w o ul d e stablish
M usalm a n rul e W e had th o ught that I n dia n
.

M usal m an s w e r e lo yal to th e ir M o th e rla n d ,

and , i n d e e d w e still h o p e that s o m e o f t h e

,

e d u c at e d C lass might striv e to p r e v e n t su c h a

M usalm a n r isi n g ; but th e y a re too fe w fo r

e ff e ctiv e r e sista n c e a n d woul d b e mu r d e r e d
,

a s ap o stat e s . Malabar has taught us what

I sl a mic rul e still m e a n s a n d w e do n o t wa n t
,
”
to se e a n o th e r sp e c im e n o f t h e K hil a fa t R a j
i n I n dia .H ow mu c h sympathy with t h e
M O p l a s is f e lt by Muslims o utsi d e M alabar h a s
b e e n pr o v e d by t h e d e f e n c e rais e d fo r th e m
by th e ir f e ll o w b e li e v e rs a n d by Mr Ga n dhi
-
,
.

h ims e lf w h o stat e d that th e y ha d act e d as

,

th e y b e li e v e d that th e ir r e ligi o n taught th e m

to a c t . I f e ar that that is tru e ; but th e r e is
n o plac e i n a c ivilis e d la n d for p e opl e who

b e li e v e that th e ir r e ligi o n t e a c h e s th e m to mur

de r ro b rap e bu r n o r driv e away o u t o f t h e
, , , ,

c ou n try th o s e who r e fus e to a po statis e fr o m

306 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S

mo r e fr e e u n d e r British rul e th a n in c o u n t r i e s
,

wh e r e th e r e a re M uslim r ul e rs In thi n ki n g .

of an I n d e p e n d e n t I n dia th e m e n a c e o f
,

Mu hammada n ru l e has to b e c o n sid e r e d .

To br e ak t h e B r itish c o n n e c ti o n w o uld m e a n
n o t F r e e d o m but o n ly a c ha n g e o f mast e rs ,

for Japa n is arm e d c ap it p ied h e r p o pulati o n

,

i s o v e r cr o wd e d a n d n e e ds a n o utl e t ; I n d ia
-
,

at pr e s e n t ca n n o t de f e n d h e r s e lf al o n e a n d
, ,

Japa n w o uld s e iz e t h e h o ur o f h e r w e ak n e ss .

To d e c lar e I n d e p e n d e n c e n o w w o ul d b e m a d
n e ss a n d B r itai n w o ul d n o t b e foo lish e n o ugh t o
,

p rot e c,
t W hil e I n d e p e n d e n t I n d ia was pr e pari n g
for futur e s e lf d e f e n c e
-
. Sh e w o uld e ith e r cl e ar
o u t at o n c e a n d l e av e I n d ia to b e o v e rru n o r
, ,

w o uld t r y to h o l d h e r d o w n by f o r c e whil e ,

e n c o uragi n g d iss e n si o n s am o n g h e r p eo pl e to ,

t h e ultimat e rui n o f b o th g r e at c o u n tri e s F or .

,

w ithout I n dia Britai n w o u ld fall f r o m h e r

,

positio n as t h e gr e at e st o f W o rld P o w e rs wh il e
-
,

w ith I n dia a n d possibly r e l in k e d with t he

,
-
 IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 307

U n it e d Stat e s in C l o s e allia n c e sh e would,

l e ad t h e f o rward e v o lutio n o f H uma n ity fo r

c e n turi e s to c om e .

T h e w o rd E mpir e has had e vil c o n n o ta

ti o n s fo r it has al ways b e e n c o n n e ct e d with
,

military c o n qu e st t h e subj ugati o n o f o th e r

,

c ou n tri e s a n d aut o cratic r ul e

, O ld p eo p l e w ill
.

r e m e mb e r t h e bitt e r o pp o siti o n whic h ar o s e in

I n dia wh e n D is r a e li p r o p o s e d that $u e e n
V ict o ria sh o ul d assum e th e titl e O f E mpr e ss o f
I n dia A n d so str o n g a n d so a n g r y was it that th e
.
,

t itl e was o n ly p e r m itt e d to b e attach e d to I n d ia ,

a subj e ct c o u n t r y Gr e at B r itai n w o ul d
h av e n o n e o f it V ict o ria Ed war d VI I G e o r g e
.
, ,

V hav e r e main e d R o yal n o t I mp e r ial o utsid e

, ,

I n dia O ur r e ig n i n g M o n a r ch is K i n g o f Gr e at
.

Britai n a n d I r e la n d o f th e D o mi n io n s O ve rs e as
, ,

a n d o f all C r o w n C o l o n i e s a n d P o ss e ssi o n s he
i s E mp e r o r in I n d ia o n ly a n d th e titl e ma r ks
,

o u t t h e d i ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n I n d ia a n d t h e r e st

o f t h e N ati o n s w h o o w n his sway E v e rywh e r e

.
308 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

e ls e he is
a c o n stitutio n al K in g ; h e r e h e
h as b e e n a n auto c ratic E mp e r o r th o ugh ,

i n c o n sist e n tly ruli n g thr o ugh Mi n ist e r s re s ,

p o n s ib l e to P a r liam e n t in B r itai n . N o w tha t

“ ”
h e has pr o claim e d that Swa r a j has b e gu n
in I n d ia t h e i n c o n g r u o us n am e o f E mp e r o r
,

sh o ul d d isapp e ar a n d E mpir e w o ul d f o ll o w it
, .

”
Fr e e N ati o n s in a n E mpir e is u n hist o r ical
’

a n d t h e P ri n c e o f Wal e s act e d in th e spi r it o f

F r e e d o m wh e n h e pr e f e r r e d to u se t h e w o rd
”
C o mm o n w e alth ,r ath e r t ha n t h e w o r d
E mpir e H e was m o v e d by a t r u e i n sti n ct .

T o b e t h e ack n o wl e d g e d H e ad o f a C o mm o n
w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s is a mag n ifi c e n t p o si
”
ti o n To b e a n E mp e r o r d o e s n o t call up in
.

m e m o ry n am e s o n e d e si r e s to r e m e mb e r We .

may n ot e in passi n g th a t t he H u n ga r ia n s in
, , ,

wh o m th e f e e li n g fo r L ib e r ty is stro n g r e fuse d
,

to a c k n o wl e dg e all e gia n c e to t h e E mp e r o r o f
Austria ; th e y c r o w n e d him a s K i n g of H u n gary .

I t is n o t with o ut i n t e r e st that t h e G e r m a n
31 0 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

th a n that o f all t h e o th e r c o u n tri e s put t o g e th e r

,

that it is t h e n ucl e us o f a futu r e World

C o mm o n w e alth th e b e st titl e w o uld b e t h e
,

I n d o British C o mmo n w e alth

-

N o w why sh o ul d I n dia e n t e r as a n e qua l:

, ,

pa r t n e r i n t o this g r e at a n d u n iqu e F e d e ratio n

,

I t hi n k that t h e fu n dam e n tal r e as o n is that w e

se e a t e n d e n cy in e v o luti o n to b r i n g ab o u t
a gg r e gati o n s o f s e parat e e n titi e s i n t o o r ga n i c
wh o l e s e ach e mb o dyi n g an d d ir e ct e d by a L if e
,

o f a high e r grad e o f u n f o l d m e n t a n d that it i s

,

wis e r to wo rk with t h e L aw tha n agai n st it .

T h e small e st i n dividual r e c o g n is e d by Sci e n c e

is a plastid i a a n u n wall e d fra gm e n t o f
, . .
,

matt e r abl e to e xist al o n e a n d sh o wi n g th e

, ,

fu n cti o n s which a r e r e ga r d e d as th o s e o f
“
lif e I t is quit e i n d e p e n d e n t e x c e pt that it
,

r e quir e s for its c o n ti n u e d e xist e n c e a n e n viro n

m e n t whi c h suppli e s ai r liquid a n d s o lid
,

parti c l e s T h e c e ll is n e xt f o rm e d with a
.
,

wall as a limit ; c e lls a re aggr e gat e d i n t o

 IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E 31 1

tiss u e s a n d o rga n s f o rmi n g b o di e s th e s e i nt o

,

fa m ili e s t r ib e s small N ati o n s e ach bio l o gic

, , , ,

ally an i n dividual in t h e as c e n di n g g r ad e s
, .

T h e N ati o n s bl e n d i n t o la r g e r N ati o n s a ,

H e pta r chy i n t o E n gla n d s e pa r at e Stat e s i n to

,

K i n g d o ms R e publics o r ga n is e d wh o l e s T h e
, , .

Stat e s o f N e w S o uth Wa l e s V ict o ria e tc , , .

,

u n it e i n t o t h e C o mm o n w e a l th o f Aust r alia .

E ac h larg e r o r ga n isati o n e v o lv e s la r g e r
i n t e r e sts As e ach o f th e scatt e r e d u n its o f
.

B r itish p o ss e ssio n s w o n fr e e d o m o f i n d ivid

u al ise d o r N ati o n al lif e it b e cam e a c o mp o n e n t
, , ,

“ ”
pa r t o f t h e British E mpir e a so n c o mi n g
,

of ag e ,
as it we r e havi n g his o wn family but
,

r e mai n i n g pa r t o f a larg e r family h e ld by ti e s ,

o f bl oo d a n d cust o m T hat pr o c e ss is g o i n g o n
.
,

a n d t h e tim e has c o m e fo r I n dia to hav e h e r

o w n h o us e h o ld agai n u n d e r h e r o w n c o n tr o l ,

a n d t o h av e h e r status ack n o wl e dg e d a s that o f

a matur e me mb e r o f th e larg e r h o us e h o ld Th e .

“ ”
C o mm o n w e alth is a joi n t family syst e m ,
31 2 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

an d that C o mm o n w e alth n ee d s th e sy n th e sis

in g g e n ius o f I n dia a n d h e r bi n d i n g s e n s e of
,

o bligati o n o f e ach to e a c h a n d Io f all t o t h e

,

whol e W e hav e to r e co n cil e t h e lib e r ty o f

.

ea ch with th e lib e rty o f all to S o lv e o n a ,

high e r l e v e l t h e r e curri n g p r o bl e m o f t h e
li be rty o f t h e i n divi d ual huma n u n it a n d o f
t h e c o ll e cti o n s o f i n d ivi d uals as pa r ts o f a la r g e r
i n divi d u al t h e N ati o n to th e ir L ib e r ty a n d
, ,

th e ir mutual r e lati o n s As t h e o r ga n s to t h e
.

body so ar e class e s c a st e s c ommu n iti e s to th e ir

, , ,

N ati o n th e ir rightful libe rty o f fu n cti o n i n g is

n e c e ss ary t o t h e lif e o f t h e N ati o n a n d th e ,

e x c e s se s o f that libe r ty c aus e th e d is e as e s o f

t h e N ati o n a n d c o n se qu e n t r e stl e ss n e ss ir r i
, ,

t ab ility d isturba n c e s lik e t h e dis e as e s o f a n y

, ,

oth e r i n dividual wh e n his o rga n s suff e r f ro m

,

ov e r d e pl e tio n or ove r f ul n e ss Mutu al h ar

- -
.

m o n y is t h e law fo r h e althy lif e a n d co n se

qu e n t happi n e ss . N o N atio n is c o mpl e t e a n d
p e rf e c t withi n i t se l f ; in a S o c i e ty o f N ati o n s
31 4 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

mighti e st P o w e r in t h e w o rld a n d w o uld b e

,

abl e thr o ugh th e i n strum e n tality o f th e L e agu e

,

o f N ati o n s , to substitut e a r bitrati o n fo r war .

Fo r t h e c o l o ur e d r ac e s it w o uld m e a n Justi c e
a n d Saf e ty ,by t h e a m i t y o f b o th i n a w o rl d
wi d e B r o th e r h o o d I t w o ul d e x e r cis e a c o n
.

sta n t g e n tl e p r e ssu r e up o n all o utsid e it

t o u n it e in app r o priat e agg r e gati o n s with ,

a v i e w to a l at e r W o r ld C o mm o n w e alth
-
,

whil e o ff e ri n g a n e x ampl e o f t h e adva n tag e s

o f div e r sity in u n i t y fo r mutual a d va n tag e .

I t w o ul d m e a n a bl e n di n g o f o pp o sit e s a s
c o mpl e m e n ta r i e s i n st e ad o f as rivalri e s o f th e
,

right adjustm e n t o f duti e s an d rights o f auth o r ,

ity a n d lib e r ty I t w o uld m e a n thr o ugh I n dia

.
, ,

t h e spiritualisati o n o f N ati o n al lif e a n d th e r e

,

by th e m o st spl e n did e xampl e t h e w o r l d h a s

y e t s e e n o f Pr og r e ss i n o b e di e n c e t o L aw a n d
,

withi n th e limits o f O rd e r .

A n d what would it m e a n t o I n dia h e rs e lf ,

in a d d iti o n to th e s e w o rl d gai n s ? I t w o uld

 IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 31 5

m e a n i n t e r n al p e ac e a n d saf e ty from e x t e r n al
,

aggr e ssio n s I t would m e a n t he gl o ry of l e a d

.

in g t h e world to wards spirituality a n d o f ,

S howi n g to all th e way to i n t e ll e ctual spl e n

dou r to high e r Art to physical pr o sp e r ity fo r
, , ,

sh e pr o v e d in h e r e arli e r lif e th at th e s e w e r e

t h e fru its o f a civilisatio n bas e d o n spiritual

,

Wis d o m a n d th e y d e c ay e d a s th at high e st
,

f o rm o f lif e was o bs c ur e d In t h e I n d o British

.
-

C o mm o n w e alth it w o uld r e gain a w o rth y

e mb o dim e n t a n d w o uld
, shi n e o u t in m o r e
tha n its a n c i e n t spl e n d o ur a n d b e auty .

B e f o r e o ur e y e s ris e s a V isio n of dazzli n g

gl o ry T h e I n dia a n d Britai n typ e s o f R e ligio n
.

an d Applie d Sci e n c e walk ha n d in ha n d

,
- -
,

l e adi n g th e l o n g pro c e ssi o n o f t h e N ati o n s o f

t h e w o rl d clad in th e w hit e r o b e s o f Spirit
, ,

with th e g o ld e n a n d j e w e ll e d o r n am e n t s
of mat e rial pr o sp e rity Th e ir h e a d s are
.

c r o w n e d with diamo n d studd e d C ir c l e ts o f

-

K n owl e dg e a n d in th e ir ha n d s th e y c arry
,
31 6 TH E FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

t he symbols of Ar ts th e i n strum e n ts of C rafts

, ,

t h e e mbl e ms of C o mm e r c e a n d of I n dustry .

’
E arth s happy c hildr e n play in fro n t a n d b e sid e
t h e m s c att e ri n g flow e rs in th e ir way a n d
, ,

H e a ve n s c hildr e n rai n o n th e m fr o m th e
’

s h in i n g ski e s th e blossoms gath e r e d in t h e

flow e rin g m e ad s o f t h e ir o wn bright e r world .

By mutual l o v e by mutu al tru st a n d co n

,

f id e n c e forg e tti n g all t h e sorr o ws that l ie

,

b e hi n d an d r e a c h i n g f o rward to t h e glad
,

d e sti n y off e r e d to t h e twai n tog e th e r but to ,

n e ith e r s e parat e ly l e t u s go ha n d in ha n d a n d
,
- -

w ork for th e r e alisati o n o f that d e sti n y fair e r ,

t ha n aug ht th e e ld e r world h a s s ee n L e t us .

w a st e n o m or e tim e in quarr e llin g ov e r th e

p a st. Le t u s m a r ch o n w ard a n d c re at e
t h e future .

P E A CE T o A LL B E IN GS
T H E f o l l o w i n g is fr o m a pamphl t , e Se l f Go ve r n
-

m e n t fo r In dia publish e d in 1 91 5
, .

H e re w e c o m e , at last , t o t h e b e dr o c k o f o ur C laim
fo r Se lf G o v e rn m e n t
- . I n dia is a N ati o n , a n d in
N ati o n h o o d is i n c lud e d t h e n atural , i n h e r e n t , i n d e
f e asibl e right to Se lf G o v e rn m e n t N o o n e c ivilis e d
-
.

N ati o n c a n p e rma n e n tly k e e p a n o th e r c ivilis e d

N ati o n i n b o n dag e ; E gy p t is said t o hav e tri e d it
wi t h I sra e l , but t h e r e sults we r e n o t e n c o uragi n g ,
e ve n th o ugh t h e c ivilisati o n a n d t h e w isd o m o f
E gy p t w e re i n c o mparably high e r tha n th o s e o f t h e
H e bre w s T h e c laim o f G re at B ritai n t o d e c id e
.

w h e n a n d h o w far I n dia w ill b e fit fo r Se lf

G o ve rn m e n t is a pi e c e o f arro ga n c e that wo uld b e
i n t o l e rabl e , we re it n o t so n aiv e ly u n c o n s c i o us Le t
.

E n gla n d thi n k w hat sh e w o uld f e e l if , o w i n g t o

i n t e rn al diss e n si o n s , t h e Chi n e s e had i n vad e d h e r ,

a n d had c o n qu e r e d h e r w ith t h e h e lp o f a larg e part

of he r o wn p o p ulati o n
. I f , th e re aft e r , all th e
G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e c o un try we r e in Chi n e s e
ha n d s ; if th e y th e ms e lv e s we r e d e priv e d o f arms
32 0 T
HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

s hut o ut ofhigh e r p o sts in th e ir o wn army

the
an d n avy ; n o t all o w e d t o v o lu n t e e r in d e f e n c e

of th e ir o wn c o asts ; t h e P rim e M i n ist e r a n d

all h is Cabi n e t Chi n e s e ; t h e L o rd Cha n c e ll o r a
Chi n ama n all th e high e r o ffi c e s fill e d by Chi n e s e ;
all t h e E du c ati o n s hap e d by Chi n e s e ; t h e m o n e y
rais e d by taxati o n u se d t o mak e strat e gi c rail way s ,

w hil e e du c ati o n w as starv e d a n d th e mass e s l e ft

,

illit e rat e e x ami n ati o n s t o fill p o sts in E n gla n d h e ld

in Chi n a ; t h e ta x e s o n Christia n s us e d t o pay
Buddhist p ri e sts a nd t o e n c o urag e Bu ddhist e du c a
ti o n a n d B ud dhist pr o paga n da ; c o mp e ll e d to l e arn
Chi n e se in o rd e r t o h o ld t h e sub o rdi n at e o ffi c e s
o p e n t o th e m ; l o o k e d d o wn up o n by t h e Chi n e s e a s

a n i n f e ri o r ra c e a n d tr e at e d a s f o re ig n e rs i n th e ir
,

o wn c o u n try W o uld the y b e c o n t e n t e d ? w o uld

.

t h e y n e v e r aspir e t o w ards fr e e d o m ? w o uld th e r e be

”
no u n re st in E n gla n d u n d e r su c h c o n diti o n s
”
D o I n dia n s f e e l lik e that ? a Civilia n Judg e
“
o n c e ask e d m e quit e surpr is e d
, . T h e y f e e l just
”
lik e that , I a n s we r e d I t n e v e r stru c k m e in
.

that wa y h e re pli e d th o ughtfully A n d that is so

, . .

I t n e v e r strik e s th e m T h e y h o n e stly f e e l that th e y

.

a r e ruli n g In dia s o mu c h b e tt e r tha n I n dia n s c o uld

rul e it N o n e t h e l e ss d o e s a N ati o n pr e f e r be b g
.

e v e n badly rul e d by it se lf t o b e in g w e ll rul ed b y

32 2 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

e quality i n d e ath o n t h e battl e fi e ld Will y o u - .

r e fu se it w h e n t he p e a c e s h e has mad e p o ssibl e ,

br o o d s o v e r y o ur h o m e s Wo uld th e y h av e b e e n as
saf e fr o m t h e G e rma n , if I n dia n br e asts had n o t
f o rm e d part o f y o ur shi e ld
W hat d o e s I n dia w a n t ? Sh e w a n ts e v e rythi n g
that a n y o th e r N ati o n may c laim fo r its e lf T o b e .

fre e in I n dia a s t h e E n glishma n is fr e e in E n gla n d

, .

T o b e g o v e r n e d by h e r o wn m e n fr e e ly e l e c t e d by
,

h e rs e lf T o mak e a n d br e ak M i n istri e s at h e r w ill

. .

T o c arry arms ; t o hav e h e r o w n army h e r o w n ,

n avy h e r o w n v o lu n t e e rs
, T o l e vy h e r o w n tax e s
.

t o mak e h e r o w n budg e ts ; t o e du c at e h e r o w n
p e o pl e t o irrigat e h e r o wn la n ds t o mi n e h e r o wn
o r e s ; t o mi n t h e r o w n c o i n ; t o b e a Sov e r e ig n
N ati o n w ithi n h e r o w n b o rd e rs o wn i n g t h e para
,

m o u n t p o w e r o f t h e I mp e rial Cro w n a n d s e n di n g,

h e r s o n s t o t h e I mp e rial C o u n c il T h e r e is n o thi n g
.

to w hi c h a n y m an c an aspir e in his o wn
la n d fr o m w hi c h t h e I n dia n mu st b e shut o ut
‘

h e re .

A larg e c laim y o u say D o e s t h e E n glishma n

, .

a sk l e ss fo r hims e lf in E n gla n d ? I f y e s w hat is ,

th e r e stra n g e that a n I n dia n S h o uld a sk t h e sam e fo r

hims e lf in I n dia ? W hat is t h e radi c al diff e r e n c e
b e t we e n th e m w hi c h sh o uld mak e a n I n dia n c on te n t
 A PPE N D ICE S 323

to b e a thrall ? I t is n o t t h e a n gl e o f vi si o n that
n e e d s c ha n gi n g .I t is th e e y e purifi e d fro m prid e
,

a n d pr e judi c e , that c a n s e e C l e arly a n d t h e h e art

, ,

purg e d fro m arro ga n c e that c an b e at with h e althy

,

s tr o k e s
.

E n gla n d an d I n dia ha n d in ha n d Y e s that is o ur

- -
.
,

h Op e fo r t h e w o rl d s sak e But th at it may b e so

’
, .
,

Justi c e must r e p la c e i n e quality fo r I n dia ca n n e ve r

”

b e at r e st till s h e i s fr e e
, .
T H E f o ll o w i n g is fr o m a pamphl e t H o m e Rul e ,

a nd t h e Emb ira , a l e c tur e d e liv e r e d i n 1 9 1 6 .

N o w, I hav e said that I n dia has a right t o H o m e

R ul e , lik e t h e Se lf G o v e r n i n g D o mi n i o n s o f t h e E m
-

pir e B ut I am n o t t h e first t o say it alth o ugh t h e parti

. ,

c u l ar p hras e H o m e R ul e has c aught t h e p o pular

fa n c y T h e C o n gr e ss has b e e n sayi n g it y e ar aft e r
.

y e ar duri n g its spl e n did lif e a n d y o u r e m e mb e r h o w

,

i n 1 906w h e n t h e G ra n d O ld M a n o f I n dia D a da b h a i ,

N a o r o j i c am e o ut o f his r e tire m e n t t o b e P r e sid e n t

,

o f t h e Cal c utta C o n gr e ss t o o f e e bl e t o r e ad his o w n

,

sp e e c h so that a n o th e r re ad it fo r him h e y e t r e ad
—
,

—
t h e w o rd s w hi c h c laim e d Sw araj Se lf R ul e a n d -

t h e c r o w d l e apt up a n d e c h o e d Swaraj It
c ha n c e d that a y e ar a g o I us e d t h e w o rds H o m e
R ul e i n st e ad o f Se lf G o v e rn m e n t T h e first is
-
.

sh o rt e r : S e lf Go ve r n me n t is f o ur syllabl e s an d
-

H o m e Rul e o n ly t wo . F o r a p o p ular c r y a sh o rt
n am e is b e tt e r tha n a l o n g o n e M o r e o v e r it w a s a
.
,

m o r e e x p li c it phras e b e c aus e Se lf G o v e rn m e n t
,
-

might m e a n i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o to S h o w y o u did
, ,

n o t m e a n a br e ak b e t we e n G r e at Britai n a n d I n dia ,
326 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

We a re askin g fo r it u n til t h e r e c o n stru c ti o n

n ot

o f t h e E mpir e tak e s p la c e a n d that is a matt e r o f a

,

v e ry c o n sid e rabl e n umb e r o f y e ars A l l w e a r e .

a ski n g n o w is that w e may b e all o w e d t o e du c at e

t h e p e o pl e in a c o n stituti o n al a n d l a w abidi n g w a y -
,

so that w h e n t h e r e c o n stru c ti o n o f t h e E mpir e

c o m e s I n dia may b e r e ady as t h e C o l o n i e s a r e
—
, ,

g e tti n g r e ady to day a m o d e st e n o ugh r e qu e st

-
.

I am t o ld that s o m e p e o pl e b e li e v e that I d e sir e

s e parati o n F ri e n ds I hav e b e e n sp e aki n g in I n dia
.
,

n o w fo r thr e e a n d t w e n ty y e ars M y first l e c tur e w a s

- -
.

giv e n in t h e M adras P r e sid e n c y w h e n I v 1 s1 te d y o ur

larg e r M adras t o wn s a n d that w as in 1 893 We a r e
, .

n o w in 1 9 1 6 In th o s e first l e c tur e s o f mi n e I
.

sp o k e stro n gly in fav o ur o f mai n tai n i n g t h e u n i o n

b e t w e e n G r e at Br i t ai n a n d I n dia a n d fr o m that day ,

t o this I hav e n e v e r w av e r e d in that b e li e f I hav e .

taught y e ar aft e r y e ar that th e w e lfar e o f b o th

N ati o n s is b o u n d up in th e ir u n i o n that E n gla n d a n d ,

I n dia t o g e th e r c a n do w hat n e ith e r E n gla n d n o r

I n dia s e parat e d c o uld e v e r do an d that th e ir u n i o n,

i s G o d pr e par e d a n d G o d giv e n
-
H o w o ft e n hav e I
-
.

l e c ture d sh o w i n g h o w t h e diff e r e n t E ur o p e a n
,

N ati o n s c am e h e r e h o w t h e D ut c h c am e h o w t h e
, ,

P o rtugu e s e c am e h o w t h e F r e n c h c am e a n d h o w
, ,

at last t h e E n glish c am e a n d E n gla n d wa s th e o n ly

,
 A PPE N DICE S 32 7

one tha t c am e to r e mai n a n d t o build up a mighty

E mpir e that is t h e w o n d e r o f t h e w o rld ? E n gla n d
w ith h e r pra c ti c al ability w ith h e r b u si n e s s
,

str e n gth with h e r s c i e n tifi c k n o w l e d g e w ith h e r

, ,

pra c ti c al brai n is t h e c o m p l e m e n t o f I n dia s p iritual ,

phil o s o phi c al a n d s o m e w hat la c ki n g n o w a days in

t h e qualiti e s that a r e p r e e mi n e n t l y B ri t ish
-
I t has
.

n o t a l w ays b e e n so . T h e r e w a s a day w h e n t o b e
a n I n dia n w a s t o b e full o f e n e rgy full o f lif e full o f
, ,

p o w e r w h e r e t h e K sh a ttr iy a s o f I n dia w e r e s o ldi e rs

,

w h o had n o t th e ir mat c h fo r c o ur a g e a n d fo r
c hival r y in a n y N a ti o n o f th e w o rld I t may b e that
i n c o urag e a G e rma n is as g o o d as a R aj p u t but t h e ,

R ajpu t s c o urag e w a s in his o w n h e art w hil e t h e

’

c o urag e o f t h e G e rma n is in t h e battali o n H e .

w o uld n e v e r rid e o ut a s R ajpu ts r o d e o u t o n e by o n e

u n til th e y f e ll d e ad o n t h e battl e fi e ld t o o pr o ud t o
,

yi e ld to o galla n t t o submit T his m o d e rn id e a o f t h e

, .

”
mild H i n d a as th e y say i s a v e ry m o d e rn id e a
, , ,

a n d it g o e s w ith t h e gr e at mistak e that had b e e n

—
mad e in I n dia s o m e y e ars a g o t h e sam e mistak e as
—
is mad e by s o m e p e o pl e in E n gla n d that t h e t e a c h
in g that is giv e n t o t h e Sa n n y asi n w a s m e a n t t o b e a
t e a c hi n g giv e n t o e v e ry o n e at larg e Yo u hav e .

f o rg o tt e n t h e o l d Ashramas Al l m e n sp e ak as
.

if th e y w e re g o i n g t o b e guid e d by t h e t e a c hi n g o f
32 8 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

t h e Sa n n y asi n w hil e th e y c li n g t o p o w e r g o ld a n d
,

t h e i n t e r e sts o f t h e daily lif e o f ma n . H y p o c rit e is

”
t h e m a n w h o c laims t o sa y I am B r ahma n a n d ,

y e t is a slav e t o t h e lusts o f th e fl e sh .So w ith that

,

failur e in h e r r e ligi o n a n d w ith t h e l o ss o f spirit

u a l it y , I n dia l o st t h e c o urag e str e n gth a n d vig o ur o f
,

t h e e arli e r days . I n dia to day is m isjudg e d an d is

-

th o ught t o b e a N ati o n o f visi o n ari e s so that all t h e

o th e r N ati o n s o f t h e w o rld may plu n d e r h e r But .

t h e o ld spirit liv e s in I n dia still .A c e n tury a n d a

half o f f o r e ig n rul e d o e s n o t suffi c e t o bre ak t h e
spirit o f I n dia a n d w h e n t h e w o rd w e n t o ut c alli n g
,

on h e r to l e ar n s e lf r e s p e c t o n c e m o r e w h e n
-
,

H in dfiism w a s h e ld u p e v e n by t h e f o r e ig n e r as t h e
n o bl e st a n d t h e sublim e st r e ligi o n that h a d c o m e t o

m a n w h e n fr o m o n e e n d o f t h e c o u n try t o a n o th e r
,

h e r a n c i e n t r e ligi o n r e viv e d a n d t h e o th e r gr e at
r e ligi o n s o f t h e past b e ga n to r e app e ar w h e n t h e
,

Buddhist b e ga n t o h o ld up his h e ad i n st e ad o f b e i n g
a sham e d o f his r e ligi o n th e n it w a s that t h e br e ath
,

o f n e w lif e br e ath e d thr o ugh I n dia a n d s h e w o k e

fr o m t h e slumb e r o f o n e hu n dr e d a n d fifty y e ars

—
.

It w a s hard w o rk t h e r e a wak e n i n g o f I n dia But .

n o w that I n dia is a wak e E n gla n d o ught t o r e alis e it

,

fo r t h e sak e o f t h e E mpir e fo r I n dia s H o m e R ul e

’
,

wo uld b e E n gla n d s salvati o n T h e n a n d th e n o n ly

’
.
330 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

an d fo r t h e sak e o f t h e w o rld s r e b e lli o n s fo r t he

’
,

sak e martyrs a n d e x il e s
o f t h e w o rld s h e r o e s a n d
’
,

E n gla n d s n am e shall e v e r shi n e in L ib e rty s sk y

’ ’

a s o n e o f t h e bright e st stars that shi n e th e r e i n I .

c a n n o t f o rg e t it all alth o ugh I am n ot E n glish but

,

I rish B ut fo r th e sak e o f th o s e o l d m e m o r ie s I
—
. ,

w o uld fai n that I n dia had H o m e R ul e it will mak e

that littl e I sla n d o f L ib e rty saf e .

A gai n I must r e mi n d y o u that H o m e R ul e is

,

abs o lut e ly n e c e ssa ry fo r t h e sak e o f th e y o uth o f

I n dia fo r I n dia s y o u n g e r g e n e rati o n a r e b e i n g mis
,
’

e du c at e d misl e d a n d mistrai n e d u n d e r t h e e du c ati o n

,

that th e y a r e r e c e ivi n g T h o s e lads in C o ll e g e a n d

.

th o s e b o ys in Sc h o o l a r e full o f u n r e st a n d dis
c o n t e n t bre aki n g n o w a n d th e n i n t o th o s e u n happy
,

strik e s w hi c h n o l o v e r o f stud e n ts c a n sa n c ti o n .

T h e b o ys a r e h e lpl e ss a n d ma n y rui n th e ir w h o l e
,

l iv e s in t h e mad n e ss o f t h e m o m e n t B ut th o s e b o ys .

in E n gla n d w o uld b e t h e prid e o f th e ir N ati o n ,

high spirit e d s e lf r e sp e c ti n g a n d th e y w o uld b e

-
,
-
,

c h e rish e d a s th e future h e r o e s o f th e ir n ativ e

la n d ; fo r t h e s e lf r e sp e c t o f a b o y is a p r e c io us
-

p o ss e ssi o n a n d if y o u kill it in t h e h e a rt o f th e
,

b o y it is hard t o r e viv e it in t h e h e art o f t h e m a n

,

w h e n t h e b o y has c o m e i n t o ma n s e stat e W h y is
’
.

it that I n dia n b o ys a r e t o ld that th e y sh o uld b e so

 A PPE N DICE S 331

submissiv e sh o uld b e hav e in a wa y w hi c h is

,

agai n st all I n dia n traditi o n o f b o yish th o ught a n d

f e e li n g ? T h e m e n w h o mad e E n gla n d s E mpir e ’

—
we r e n o t g o o d o b e di e n t b o ys th e y w e r e bad “

b o ys lik e Cliv e n aughty tr o ubl e s o m e a n d r e b e l

, ,

li o us b e c aus e th e y w e r e str o n g a n d vig o r o us T h e

, .

“ ”
d o c ility o f I n dia n stud e n ts is d ue t o a n o v e r
wo rk e d brai n a n d u n d e r n o urish e d b o dy a n d t h e
-
,

s o o n e r t he e du c ati o n al auth o riti e s r e c o g n is e that ,

t h e b e tt e r it w ill b e fo r o u r b o ys T h e I n dia n tradi

.

ti o n fo r b o y s w h o a r e n o t t o b e t e a c h e rs is o n e o f
, ,

vig o ur ma n li n e ss martial s p irit str o n g b o di e s

, , , ,

d e xt e r o us i n arms in h o rs e ma n ship in all e x e r c is e s

, , .

T h e ir G urus e n c o urag e d th e ir virility a n d p rid e o f

r a ce, th e y did n o t t r y t o c o w th e m T h e br o k e n
.

spi r it e d b o y is t he c ri n gi n g subs e rvi e n t m a n W e .

must hav e H o m e R ul e fo r t h e sak e o f o ur

b o ys .

W e must hav e H o m e R ul e fo r t h e sak e o f o u r

wo m e n b e f o r e th e y a r e d e n ati o n alis e d an d de
,

spiritualis e d by a m o n gr e l e du c ati o n T wo gre at .

”
c lass e s O f I n dia n s a r e mark e d d o wn as illit e rat e ,

o u r w o m e n a n d o u r raiyats .Y e t b o th o f th e s e may
b e said t o b e i n t e ll e c tually lit e rat e th o u gh th e y may
,

n o t b e abl e t o r e ad a n d w rit e fo r th e y u n d e rsta n d

,

t h e gr e at pr o bl e ms o f huma n lif e a n d t h e sublim e

332 THE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

t e a c hin gs of H i n d a r e ligi o n b e tt e r tha n m a n y

t he ,

o f th e ir w o uld b e t e a c h e rs
-
.

I t is a gr e at e r thi n g to b e e du c at e d in lif e tha n t o

b e e du c at e d in b o o ks . W e w a n t H o m e R ul e in
o rd e r that I n dia may hav e t h e ki n d o f e du c ati o n

that I n dia n s r e quir e a n d that o n ly I n dia n s c a n giv e .

W e w a n t H o m e R ul e in o rd e r that I n dia may

h av e e c o n o mi c fr e e d o m s o that h e r dyi n g i n dustri e s
,

may b e r e viv e d H o w c a n y o u b e pr o sp e r o us w h e n
.

y o u hav e n o c o n tr o l o v e r y o ur o w n fi n a n c e s ? I f
’

y ou had c o n tr o l o v e r y o ur fi n a n c e s y o u w o uld
,

larg e ly i n c re as e y o ur irrigati o n w o rks a n d y o u

w o uld sp e n d l e ss m o n e y o n rail ways a n d i n sist o n
,

r e as o n abl e fr e ight c harg e s T h e pr o t e c ti o n o f in

.

d u st r ie s in I n d i a 1 8 bas e d o n a t o psy turvy syst e m

- .

H e r e w e hav e t h e E n glish G o v e r n m e n t pr o t e c ti n g
t h e i n dustri e s o f G e rma n ma n ufa c tur e rs a n d o f -

La n c ashir e ma n ufa c tur e rs agai n st I n dia n ma n u

fa c t ur e r s . T h e y giv e c o n c e ssi o n s t o f o r e ig n c o m
p a n i e s t o e xpl o it y o ur l an ds .

I t is n o t o n ly th e se c o n sid e rati o n s that mak e m e

d e sire H o m e R ul e fo r I n dia but it is als o b e c aus e I
,

k n o w that t h e I n dia n c hara c t e r is pri c e l e ss t o t h e

w o rld that it is u n iqu e in it s C h ara c t e risti c s
,
.I t is
a c hara ct e r s o stro n g a n d y e t so l o vi n g so p o we rful
,

i n w ill a n d y e t s o g e n tl e a n d that c hara c t e r w ill

,
334 THE F U T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

I n dia , b e c aus e it giv e s m e str e n gth to pl e ad an d

—
,

b e c au se it giv e s m o r e w e ight t o w hat I say e v e n

w ith y o u alas t h e w o rd s fr o m a w hit e m o uth hav e
, ,

a littl e m o r e i n flu e n c e ; n o t so mu c h n o w tha n k

—
,

G o d but i t w a s so w h e n I first c am e h e r e a n d
—
,

b e c au se o f that I k n o w i n g that ma n y o f y o u will

,

do t o m o rr o w that w hi c h fo r t h e m o m e n t is n o t
-

—
w r o n g but is da n g e r o us I sa y all this . T o sta n d
f o r fr e e d o m agai n st aut o c ra c y is a da n g e r o us thi n g
but m o r e a n d m o r e p e o pl e a r e c o mi n g f o r ward a n d
s p e aki n g o u t a n d e xpr e ssi n g re adi n e ss t o sa c rifi c e
,

th e ir m e a n s a n d th e ir c ar e e rs fo r t h e sak e o f I n dia .

I b e li e v e that m o r e a n d m o r e ar e d e siro us t o giv e

th e ms e lv e s u p fo r t h e M o th e rla n d ; a n d this I
kn o w that if in this gr e at ba ttl e fo r Ho m e R ul e I
,

g o d o wn w h e r e I f a ll a th o usa n d w ill ris e t o c arry

, ,

o n t h e struggl e fo r fr e e d o m . W h e n a N ati o n is
o n c e r e s o lut e t o b e fr e e th e r e is n o p o w e r o n e arth
,

n o r in h e av e n that c a n k e e p h e r ba c k fr o m fr e e d o m .
 I N D EX

PA G E P A GE
R e f o rm 1 6 1 8,
,

ARBI TRAT I O N
A ct 220,
An arc hi c al a n d
R e v o luti o n ary R e gistrati o n 21 3
Crim e s R e p e al o f R e
A rms 73, 1 82 pr e s siv e
Crimi n al L a w R o w l a t t 2 01
, ,

A m e n dm e n t 21 3 206,
D e f e n c e O f I n dia Se diti o us M e e t
2 1 3, 2 35, 236 i n gs 21 3
F a c t o ry 2 17 Stat e O ff e n c e s 213
F o rf e itur e 21 3 Stat e P ris o n e rs 21 3
G aggi n g 227 U n iv e rsiti e s ,

O ffi c ial Se c r e ts 226 I n dia n

P r e ss 1 1 1 , 1 3, Ac ti o n D ire c t 209
, ,

2 06, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3, 236 2 1 0, 2 1 9
P r e v e n ti o n o f Judi c ial or
Se diti o us M e e t R e pr e ssiv e
i n gs Adity ase n a
336 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

P A GE PAGE

Afgh an s 8 27 3 , , 302 303 ,

A sia C e n tral
,

Afri c a So uth
,
Asso c i a t I o n , E ur o
1 7 2, 21 9 e an

A h al a y a Bai 171 A ss o c iati o n , Indo

A hm e dabad 4 B ritish
A iyar ,
C P R ama
. .
A ss o c iati o n S o u t h
,

s w ami , 87 89 , 1 1 3 , ,
I n dia n
26 250, 2 83 ,
A squith M r , .

iyar Si S ubra 93 1 90
A r ,

A uru n gz e b 2 , 9,
,

ma n ia 3 4
A kbar 4 A ut o c r a c y a b a n d o n
Al Oa r an 2 7 3 ed

B
A li r o th e rs 2 51 2 5 4 , 3 0 3 ,
A ut o n o my , F i s c a l
1 38 t 1 4 7 a n d P o liti c al 1 68
A li e n R u l e o

A mritsar 1 9 8 2 4 0 2 4 5 , ,
Aw ak e n i n g o f A sia 1 32
An ar c histi c M o v e A w ak e n i n g Caus e s o f 1 31
,

ment 33 Awa ken ing o f

A pp e n di c e s 31 7 M ass e s 1 7 5 t o 1 81
A rabia 7 2 7 3 2,
7 4 30 1 , , , 303 A w ak e n i n g o f M e r
A rmi se T e ,
rrit o rial 1 68 c ha n t s 1 53, 1 62 ,

G S 1 68 1 7 0
A r u n da l e , .
,

148 A w a ke n in g o f
A rya Sam a j
A rya n C o n qu e st Wo me n 1 7 0 to 1 75
B
Ary a n L it ratur
e e ,

Ag e of B AL A SA M AJ
A rya n R a c e 280 2 81 2 98
, , Ba n n e r j i Sur e n dra
,

a n d U n ity 7 8 m 83 1 4 2
A ry avar a t ,
,

A sh o ka 7 , 2 96 B e n gal P artiti o n
,
of
2 28 t o 230
A shramas
338 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

P A GE PAGE
Civil Se rvi c e C o mpa n i e s T radi n g
C o ll e g e : in I n dia
A ligarh Austria n 3
C e n tral H i n da
32, 35 251
British 2 3 9 1 1 , , , , 32 6
Chart e r E liza
,

D e hra D un ,
,

M ilita ry b e th s ’
1, 3
K halsa D a n ish 3
C o l o n i e s I n d ia
, an d D ut c h 2 , 32 6
7 3 307 329
, , E ast I n dia 1 4 , ,

C o m missi o n , F is c al 1 1 to 1 4 1 58
I n dus
,

E md e n 3
tri e s 1 59
F r e n c h 2 3 9 326
P ubli c , , ,

Se rvi c e s 144 G e rma n E mpi r e 3

C o m mitt e e J o i n t
, 2 68 M e r c a n til e 2 95
C o mm on we a l , Th e P o rtugu e s e , 1 , 2 ,
50, 51 55, 85, 86,
, 1 0, 326
1 06 1 23, , 1 99 P russia n 3
C o m m o n w e alth , T h e C o n f e d e ra c y , Th e
275, 2 94 2 99 300
, , , M aratha
31 1 t o 31 3 C o n gr e ss 1 0, 2 9 92
C o mm o n w e alth o f ,

1 82 1 98 208
, ,

Australia , , .

C o mm o n w e alth o f 209, 2 1 0 250 ,

F r e e N ati o n s 1 92 t o 253, 263,

,

204 27 5, 2 98 309 t o
, , 31 5 27 9 324 ,

C o mmu n a l L a n d 288 A h m e da
C o mmu n al Se rva n ts 1 77 bad ( 1 92 1 ) 203
 I N DEX 339

P A GE PA G E
C o n gr e ss A l l a h a
, C o n g r e s s Surat ,

bad C o mmitt e e ( C o n gr e ss 8 p l i t ,

1 907 ) 9 2 9, 67 .
( 1 920) ,

209, 2 1 0, 226 254 , 257

A mritsar ,

C o n n aught H R
( 1 9 1 9)
, .

1 98, 24 5
.

Th e D uk e o f
B en ar e s C o n v e n ti on s ,

( 1 905) 226 250 ,

Pro v i n c ia l an d

B o m b ay N ati o n al 27 9, 2 93
C o o p e rati on 4 7 , 52
( 1 885 1 9 1 5
-

, ,

1 9 1 8) 25 27 1 7 7 1 7 8, , 21 1
C o u n c ils
,
2 90 292,
,

84 , 200, 235 , 2 93
B e n gal 2 1 1 , 218
Cal c utta C e n tral 2 06
( 1 906 1 9 2 0)
,
o f th e E m
1 98 2 08 250 2 51
, , , p ir e 44 45 ,

D e ath of F o ur Chi e f 2 1 1
1 96 2 1 0 2 1 2
, , L e gislativ e
D e lhi A ss e mbly
( 1 9 1 8) 201 262 53 207 , 2 1 1 ,
,
,

L uc k n o w 21 2 ,

1 91 6) 53 1 01 , 2 1 7 , 2 38, 259, 2 7 0
,
M u n i c ipal 290
1 1 5, 1 1 7 , 1 22 ,
o f P ri n c e s 300
1 80, 1 96 201
M adras ( 1 9 1 4 ) 67
,
P rivy 1 1 3 1 1 4 ,

o f Stat e
N a g pur
2 07 21 1 , 2 92
Cre e d
,

T aluq 291
Cha n g e d 203 , 21 0 Ward 2 91
34 0 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S

PA GE PAG E
Curz o n , Lord 28
. E mpir e o f t h e F r e e 32 1
E qual S t a t u s o f
D I n d 1 a n a n (1
E ur o p e a n 35 4 3
D A V I D S P R O F R H Y S 283
, .
2 1 5 309
, ,

D e c e n tr a l i s a t i o n Ex e c utiv e o r J udiC ia l
,

R e poo rt 286
i
D e c l a r at io n of 1 91 7 236
1 7 238
F
,

De m o c ra c y , F als e
an d t ru e F E D ER A T I O N o f F r e e
285 t o 31 5 N ati o n s 1 4 0 204 , ,

D e putati o n s to En g 234 27 9, 31 3
,

la n d 1 98 202, 24 7
,
F e d e rati o n o f Pro

D e stiny in th e vi n ce s
Bala n c e I n dia s
,
’
2 35 F e d e rati o n of W o rld
Dharma I n dia s 1 9
,
’
,
2 98 31 0 31 1 , 31 3
, ,

1 84 , 27 7 F ighti n g Bad La w
D isra e li , B e n jami n 1 13 1 1 4 ,

307 F is c al A ut o n o my 1 68, 21 6
D o mi n i o n Status C o mmissi o n 2 1 8
Dwar k a das n ,
F r e e d o m I n e vitabl e
das 1Jam
26 a 204 , 208, 325
D y e r G e n e ral 2 1 5
, , G
24 0, 24 1
G ARIBA LD I
E
E DW A R D V I I
E ffi c i e n c y T e st 2 02 ,

E gypt 24 4 t o 251 , 2 5£ t o
E l e c t i o n s 208 , 5 §
34 2 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S

PA G E P A GE
H o w In d za Wr o ug h t I n dia n I mp o rts 1 64 ,
fo r Fr e e do m 1 69, 230
15 , In de p e n d
t o 2 29 e n c e 2 03, 204 ,
H um e A , . O . 28, 51
300, 301
I I n dustri e s 1 4 ,
I M PER I A L C o n fe r 1 61 , 1 62 1 63 ,

e n ce I n du s t r i e s
I n d e n tur e d L ab o ur 144 R ui n e d 14
In dia : A N a t io n 1 5 ,
I rrigati o n 1 8 , 1 68
2 1 2 2 , 1 1 5 31 9
, M a n u fac
I n dia H o use tur e s 1 59 , 1 60
N ew Y o rk M i n e ral s 1 56
I n dia n O ffi c e rs 81 ,

A gri c ultur e 1 61 2 1 7 , 27 2
A rmy 7 7 80, ,
O ut c a s t e s
1 4 1 1 81 2 1 7
, , , 31 , 1 1 7 , 1 7 8, 1 7 9, 2 88
254 , 327 , 397 P a fi c h ay a ts
Av e rag e o f 89, 1 7 6, 1 7 7 281 ,
,

L if e 1 5 , 2 30 286t o 289 290 29 1

, ,

Ch o i c e 2 99, 306 P o r t f O li o s
Civilisati o n 19 268 269 ,

C 1 v i 1 Se r P o v e rty 1 5 ,

vi c e 1 6 95, 1 09, 1 58, 22 9

,

E du c ati o n 1 , R a i 1 w ays
1 5 32 t o 36
, , 1 68, 320
1 81 227 27 4 2 92 320
, , , ,
R aiya ts Cultur e
In dia n Ex p o rts 1 69, 230 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , 1 7 8
 I N D EX 34 3

P A GE PA GE
I n dia n R e f o rm s ( s e e I n d o British
-
Co m
A ct) m o n w e a l th 298,
R e publi c s 280 309 t o 31 5
R ligi on s 2 1 51
e I n
,
s c ripti o n s a n (1
R e pr e s en ta D o c um e n ts
i
t ve s 143 I sl am 8 3 1 , ,

I n dia n Re vie w, The 250

I n dia n Stat e s I sla n d o f A rabia
300
I sla n d o f L ib e rty 330
T axa ti o n 1 68, 1 7 6
I s o lati o n o r C o m
Vi llag e 18 , m o n w e a l th 2 7 5 2 94
,

285, 287 , I y e n gar K a s t

, ur i
ra n ga 24 5 24 9
,

V illag e Crafts 18 I zzat 81 82,

Gov
e rn m e n t

280, 285
I n dus J A L LI A N W A L L A B AC H
tri e s 1 8
R e pub J a m bu dvi p a 7
li e s 280 285
,
Japa n
Sc h o o ls 27 3, 2 93,
15, J e ha n gir 4
We alth Jin n ah M r, . 54
1 9, 95,
Wo m e n 1,
1 15, 1 68, 1 7 0, KELKAR MR , . 1 24
K haddar 258
K i n g as P ro t e c t o r 289
34 4 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

PAG E P AG E
K hilafat 24 5 t o 250, M a c d o n ald R amsay 1 39 ,

252 253, 301 , 304

, M a c d o n n e ll L o rd 35 ,
“
~

Ko m a g a t a , T h e S S 2 35 . . M a dr a s S t a n da r d
K r o p o tki n P ri n c e
, 32 9 Ma d r a s Tim e s 325
K s h at tr iy a s 327 M ah arash tra 2 30
M alabar
M a l a v iy a M M 206 , .

M aratha C o n f e d e ra c y
L A B O U R I n d e n tur e d
, , 173 8 9 1 0 2 23 22 4 , , , ,

L ab o ur e rs pr o vid e d M e ht a P h e r o z e s h a h
,

fo r 3

L aj p at R ai 54 M e st o n , Sir Jam e s
La w M artial
, 21 6 1 51 , 237
O ld R o ma n 1 84 M ilt o n 32 1
Sa n c tity o f 239 M i n t o L o rd, 1 32 , 205
L a w r e n c e Sir J o h n
, 28 1 M o n tagu E S , . . 14 7,

L e afl e ts 1 08
L e agu e o f N a t i o n s to
2 1 9 31 4 , 268,
Le c t ur es o n P o lit ica l
N
Scie n c e
L i n c o l n A braham
, 255 N A I R SIR SA N K A R A N 254
,

L it e ratur e E n glish 297

, N air , D r 1 1 6 1 20
.
,

L o rd P aram o u n t 5 6 2 96 , ,
N ati o n ? W hat is a
1 82 , 183 1 84 .

N ati o n E n glish , 320

N a o r o j i, D a dab h a i
M A C A U L A Y 1 2 1 3 21 , , , 22 29, 4 9, 50, 9 1
, ,

159 99, 324

34 6 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

P A GE PA G E
A c ts pass e d by N ati o n al Home
Suppl e m e n tary R ul e rs 68 209 , ,

o n Indian 251 , 27 0
Judi c atur e 89 P o liti c s a s A rt
, and
P a ssiv e R e sista n c e Sc i e n c e
24 4 P o liti c s F utur e o f
,

P ath an s 8, 2 97 I n dia n 1 t o 31 6 31 9 ,

P e n tla n d , L o rd 1 1 1 , P o rtf o li o s 268 269 ,

1 7 , 1 22 1 2 3
, P r e sid e n tial Addr e ss ,

P e rsia a n d Pars i s 305 T S

. .

P h e lps M y r o m
, 233 P r e ss 1 23 2 1 2 , , 227
P i c k e ti n g 254 P ri n c e o f W al e s 268 , 308
P la n , T h e G r e at 4, P rivy C o u n c il 1 1 3 , 1 14
1 0, 1 1 , 20, 24 t o P r o paga n da 1 14 , 1 25
26, 30, 36, 4 3 4 7 , , P r o vi n c e s C o n stitu
,

4 8, 51 , 2 98 ti o n o f
P o li c e 254 P r o vi n c e s F e d e ra
,

P o li c y , O ur 50 ti o n o f
P o liti c al O ff e n c e s 21 2 P r o v i n c ia l A ut o
P amphl e t s 90 n omy 26
P arti e s P r o vi n c ial C o u n c ils 21 0
C on gr e ssm e n 68 P ubli c a d m in ist r a
Extre mist8 ti o n
2 01 , 233 P u sh y a m itr a
H o m e R ul e rs
200, 201 , 2 1 0, 251
L ib e rals o r M o
d e rat e s 68 200
, $U E S T I O N fo r
t o 203 209, 2 1 0, 251 I n dia n s , The
 I N D EX 34 7

P A GE P A GE

$u o tati o n s fr o m H o w I n d i a
Addr e ss H o m e ,
Wr o ug ht f o r
R ul e L e agu e 2 81 Fr e e d o m 1 1,
A iy e r C P
, . .
1 3 t o 1 6, 26, 90,
R amas wami 283 226to 229
In dia , A N a t io n 2 1 , 22
An st a y Chi
,
In dia n Re vie w 250
sh o l m
L a wr e n c e , Sir
A n za c 76 Jo h n
Ar tha sh astr a 283 Lec t ur e s o n P o l i
A s quith , M r 93, 1 89 .
t ica l Scie nce 285
Basu B h up e n
, M a c aulay
dr a n a t h M azzi n i 1 83 329 ,

Br it ish In dia a n d M a dr a s S t a n d
It s Tr a d e a rd 55, 1 80
C o m mo n w e a l , My so e Rep o r t
r
2 84
N 8 0 1 0 11 , D a da b h a i 22
The 51 , 86,
1 06, 1 99
D e c e n t r a lisa tio n
C o mm it t ee s
’

Rep o r t P h i l l im o r e 1 58
F r e e H in d u s P ublic Admin is
tha n 233 t r a t i o n in
F r e r e , Sir B artl e 282 An cien t In d ia 283
G o khal e G K , $ua r te r ly Re vie w 1 7 8
,
1 5 1 86 $u e e n s H a l l
’

H o m e R ul e L e c tur e s 54
Se r ie s 35 1 05
, Re vie w, Asia t ic 250
34 8 T HE F U T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S

P A GE PAG E
Root J W . . . 1 67 R e f o rms 53 209 2 30,, ,

Salisbury L o rd , 1 87 236, 238 24 5 24 8

, , ,

Se l f Go ve r n m en t
- 251 , 27 8
fo r In dia R e fo rm C o n f e r e n c e 21 9
Se n , N o r e n dr a R e f o rm e d Le gisla
nath tur e 1 96 t o 1 99 ,

Sp e e c h a s Pre 2 01 , 21 2
s ide n t N ati o n R e f o r m s Mi n t o ,

al C o n gr e ss 1 30 M o rl e y 205
S w a r a j has R e f o rms So c ial
, 1 9 52 ,

B e gu n R e f o rms Struggl e
,

Th e o sop his t , Th e fo r 1 96t o 2 1 4

—
58 66 R e pr e ssiv e L a w s 2 1 2 , 2 1 3
V i c e ro yTh e ,1 60 A n ar c hi c al a n d
Wa ke Up , In di a 43 R e v o luti o n ary
Wi th t he In dians Crim e s 1 9 1 9 2 1 3
,

in Fr a nce 7 5, 7 9 B e n gal S t a t e
O ff e n c e s , 1 804 2 1 3
B e n gal S t a t e
P ris o n e rs 1 81 8 2 13 ,

B o mbay R e gula
R A C E S B ritish a n d
,
ti o n 1 827
I n dia n 40
,

D e f e n c e o f I n dia
R aid e rs 289
,

1 91 5
R e b e lli o n M alabar 2 1 6
,

Se p o y 1 2 , ,
F o rf eit u r e Act
9 9
1 857
R e c o n stru c t i o n of I n dia n Crimi n al
E mp i r e La w 1 908 , 213
350 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S

P A GE PA G E
Shafi M M . . . 14 2 T e la n g , P K . 1 23 t o 1 25
.

Sid n e y Sir P hilip

, 32 1 T e rrit o rial A rmi e s
Si n ha Sa ty e n dr a 98
, , 219 trai ne d 2 1 7 , 27 2
So c i e t y o f N ati o n s 31 2 T h e o s o phi c al So c i e ty
So n g :
“
Wak e Up , R ais e s I n dia 26 ,

I n dia 31 32 33, 39 1 4 8 232

, , , ,

Spi n n i n g w h e e ls
-
255 T h e o s o phi c al E du c a
St e p n iak 329 t io n a l T rust
St e i n e r D r R ud o lf
, . Th e o s op h is t, Th e 58,
2 32 , 59 t o 66
Stud e n ts 1 26 330 331
, , T h e o s o phy Atta c k
Stu n ti n g th e R a ce on 232 234 ,

1 86 1 88 1 89 . , T h e o s o p h y an d
Sva de s h i 146 Child M arriag e 34 , 4 2
Suffrag e H o us e h o ld 2 87
, T h e o s o p h y an d
Sw araj 2 9 4 5 2 03, , , C o l o ur B ar 35 4 3 ,

2 1 1 , 324 T h e o s o p h y an d
Sw araj L e agu e 202 E du c ati o n al R e
Syd e n ham , L o rd 1 97 f o rm 31 32 33 34 4 2
, , , ,

T T h e o s o p h y an d
P a n G e r m a nism
-
232
T A G O RE . SIR RA T h e o s o p h y and
B IN D R A N A T H 34 F o r e ig n Trav e l 34
T aluq 2 90, 29 1
,

4 2, 4 3
T ariff 27 0
T ata s I r o n wo rks
’
1 59 T h e o s o phy an d L ib
T ata Sir D o rab 1 53 1 56
, ,
rari e s
T av e r n i e r 2 T h e o s o phy a n d P o li
T a x e s, n o t paid 257 ti c al R e f o rm 35 , 40
 I N DEX 351

P A GE PA G E
T h e o s o phy a n d R e
l ig io u s R e f o rm 31 ,

VI C TO R I A $U EE N 307
,

T h e o s o phy a n d SO Vo lu n t e e rs 226 254 257 , ,

c ia l R e f o rm 34 , 35 V o t e Th e
, 290 2 9 1
T h e o s o phy a n d Sub
,

m e rg e d Class e s 34 , 4 2
T h e o s o p h y an d
Swa de shi 34 , 4 2 1 4 6 , WA D I A B P , . .

T h e o s o p h y an d Wa ke Up India
T e mp e ra n c e W o rk 35
,

ThU u SS 305
W a r o f 1 9 1 4 58 59 , ,

66 7 1 , 81 82
T ilak B G 68 69
, . .
, ,
, , ,

1 06, 93 94 2 36 238 , , ,

Lo a n s 235
T rad e , F av o uritism 1 69 O ffi c e 1 57
T rad e F r e e, 14 We dd e rburn 28
T ra n sf e rr e d subj e c ts
. 2 69 W il l c o c ks G e n e ral 7 5
,

T ra n siti o n P e ri o d 27 9 Wils o n , P r e sid e n t

T urkish T r e aty 24 6 263, 264
U With th e In dia ns in
Fr a n ce 7 5, 7 9
U NI O N o f R a c e s 4 0 1 92
U n iv e rsity T rai n i n g
,
W o rld C o
-
mmon
orp s 27 2 w e alth
N ati o n al W o rld E mpire 62 ,

285 292 , 9
by J . R . r
A ia . at t h e Va san ta Pre ss, d r
A ya ,
Ma dr as .
RETU RN C IRC ULA TIO N D EPARTM EN T
TO 2 02 M a i n Li b ra ry 6

A LL BO O KS M A Y BE REC A LLED A FTER 7 D

l m o n i h lo a ns ma y b e re n e w e d b y c a ll in g 64 2
-

a m o n i h lo a ns ma y b e re c h a rg e d b y b ri ng i n g b o o ks t o C i
-

Re n e w a ls a nd re c ha rg e s ma y b e m a d e 4 d a y s p rio r to