BBY32105

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2
CHAPTER 5: PROPOSED BUILDING SERVICES
DESIGN

Nornashima Md Ali
PROPOSED BUILDING SERVICES
DESIGN
5.1 Recognise and appreciate the function and design of complex building services including those
where the whole building operates as a building services system. Examine and select suitable
solutions, including renewable technologies for building services in the context of a development.

5.2 Examine and select suitable solutions, including renewable technologies for building services
in the context of a development project.

5.3 Building services design consideration with the content in Building Services 2.

5.4 Proposed Schematic Drawing etc.

5.5 Prepare materials for presentation.

High Rise Building
As for high rise buildings, these are generally above six floors or stories in height.
Also, most high rise buildings are 100 meters in height. (These should not be
confused with “skyscrapers,” which are generally much taller, as little or as much,
as 200 meters in height.

A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is

defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a
residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple
purposes combined.
Areas of investigation - Types of high-rise
buildings
The use of a building has considerable influence on its security and fire life safety needs. There are
different types of high-rise buildings classified according to their primary use. This book addresses the
following ones:

1. Office buildings.
• An office building is a “ structure designed for the conduct of business, generally divided into
individual offices and offering space for rent or lease. ” 52
Areas of investigation - Types of high-rise
buildings
2. Hotel buildings.
• “ The term ‘ hotel ’ is an all-inclusive designation for facilities that provide
comfortable lodging and generally, but not always food, beverage, entertainment,
a business environment, and other ‘ away from home ’ services. ” 53 There are
also hotels that contain residences. Known as hotel-residences, this type of
occupancy is later addressed in mixed-use buildings.
Areas of investigation - Types of high-rise
buildings
3. Residential and apartment buildings.
• A residential building contains separate residences where a person may live or
regularly stay. Each residence contains independent cooking and bathroom
facilities and may be known as an apartment, a residence, a tenement, or a
condominium. An apartment building is “ a building.
What Type of System Include
in Building Services?
List down…
Building Services
1. Building management systems
2. Energy generation, distribution and supply
3. Escalators and lifts
4. Facade engineering
5. Fire safety, detection and protection
6. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
7. Information and communications technology (ICT) networks
8. Lighting
9. Lightning protection
10.Refrigeration
11.Security and alarm systems
12.Water, drainage and plumbing
Vertical Circulation and Services of High Rise
Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access specific areas of
a building, including internal stairs. internal ramps. elevators.

Elements of vertical circulation .

• A ramp is a slope or an incline, a surface that tilts from one level to another. Someone
using a wheelchair might need a ramp to get from the doorway of a building down to its
parking lot.

• Staircase is a medium of travel which connects two consecutive horizontal surfaces.

• A lift (or elevator) is a form of vertical transportation between building floors, levels or
decks, commonly used in offices, public buildings and other types of multi-storey building.

• An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building or

structure. Ramp Staircase Lift Escalator
Staircase
Staircase Definition : medium of travel which connects two consecutive horizontal surfaces. a complete
arrangement of steps, stringers, newel posts, handrails, balusters, etc. easy and quick access to different
floors with comfort and safety.
a) every high rise building have minimum 2 number of staircases.
b) width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.

Requirements of a good stair stairs should be safe and easy for everyone to use.
• they should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
• width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use).
• length of flight (maximum 12 steps ).
• pitch of stair (should not exceed 40 degree and should not be flatter than 25 degree).
• head room (should not less than 2.14m).
• materials.
• balustrade to ensure safety.
• landing (should not be less than the width of stair).
• avoid winders and extra materials. use optimum use of materials.
• step proportion.
Lift enclosures
The wall enclosing lift shaft shall have a fire resistance of not less than two hours shafts shall have permanent vents at the top not less
than 1800 sq. m. (0.2 sq. m.) in clear area, lift motor rooms preferably be sited at the top of the shaft and shall be separated from lift
shafts by the enclosing wall of the shaft or by the floor of the motor rooms.
Landing doors in lift enclosures shall open in the ventilated or pressurised corridor lobby.
The number of lifts in one lift bank shall not exceed four. Shaft for fire in a lift bank shall be separated from each other by a brick
masonry or R. C. C. of wall of fire resistance of not less than two hours. If the lift shafts and lift lobby are in the core of the building a
positive pressure of not less than 2.5 m and not more than 3 mm wag by an electrically operated blower/blowers shall be maintained in
the lift lobby and positive pressure of not less than 5 mm w. g. shall be maintained in the lift shaft. The mechanism for pressurizing the
lift shaft and lobby shall be so installed that shall operate automatically when the automatic fire alarm operate.Exit from the lift lobby if
located in the core of the building shall be through a self-closing smoke stop door of half hour fire resistance.
The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery shall be installed therein. Lift shall not normally communicate with the
basement. However, one of the lift may be permitted to basement level is pressurized and separated from the best of the basement area,
by smoke actuated fire resisting door of two hour fire resistance. These doors can I also be kept in hold-open position by an electro magnet
device to be linked with smoke detector
ESCALATOR
• Definition : An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building or structure. it consists of a
motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal.
• Distance : escalators typically rise at an angle of about 30 degrees from the ground. they move at 0.3–0.6 meters per second
(1–2 ft/s) – like moving walkways – and may traverse vertical distances in excess of 18 meters (60 ft).
Water supply and plumbing Drainage, Storm
water, STP In High Rise Building
Distribution of water
A water supply system is a system for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of water from source to
consumers, for example, homes, commercial establishments, industry, irrigation facilities and public agencies for water—related
activities. The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage.
Requirement for good distribution of water
• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
• It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with
sufficient pressure head.
• It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during
firefighting.
• The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water
supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
• All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above
the sewer lines.
• It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the
minimum.

Distribution of water within a building

The system of water supply in which water is fed directly either from municipal main or through hydro-pneumatic system is called
“upfeed system”.
In this system, water is allowed to be drawn by individual consumers from rising mains and the amount of water which goes into the
overhead tank is the residual water after draw off by the various occupants at different floors.
Various Systems Of Water Supply Practiced For High Rise
Building

Down take pressure reducer valve system Multiple storage system

Break pressure tank system Hydro pneumatic system

Down Take Pressure System Multiple Storage System
• Water storage tanks are provided on terrace • In this system the building is divided into sub zones of 8 to
• The down take line from the tank is laid out horizintally in a 10 floors by introducing service floors .
loop on the terrace. • domestic and flushing tanks are provided for such zones
• The pressure in loop at peak demand should become negative . independently on the service floor .
• Vertical down take are taken from the loop as per the • a suction tank with storage capacity of one days requiremnet
requirement and each down take is linked for zone of four is designed.
storeys at a time . • these tanks serve to floor located below .
• These down take are designed for peak demand it has to serve . • An indiviual or combined connection to each zone is given
• These down take are provided with pressure reducing valve to and water is lifted through single or set of pumps.
limit the head to a maximum of 25 m
Break Pressure Tank System Hydro Pneumatic System
In this system the water supply is made through ,
In this system as the name suggest thepressure is broken by hrdro-pneumatic pressure tank fitted with accessories
introducing a break tank at every 5 to 8 storey. like non return valve and pressure relief valves on each
The entire building is conveniently divided into suitable zones zone.
reach of 5 to 8 storey. Each zone of height restrictd to 7 storey to 20 m height
The capacity of each break pressure tank should not be less whichever is less.
than 2000 litres each for flushing and other domestic purpose The capacity of the pump selected to cope up with peak
seperatly. demand required .
The total number of water is first pumpd to the overhead tank Usually set of 3 pumps name as lead pump ,
than break pressure tanks receive the supply through down supplementray pump, stand by pump are provided .
take sytem .
Systems For Boosting Water Pressure
Pressure- boosting systems can be of several different types:
• Pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof tank
• Pumping from a gravity storage tank or public water main into a hydropneumatic pressure tank that uses captive air pressure to
provide adequate drinking-water supply pressure
• Installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or variable speed pumps that draw water directly from a
gravity storage tank or the public water main .

Single booster system Zone-divided system Roof tanks Series-connected systems

Plumbing In High Rise Buildings
plumbing in tall buildings requires high pressure-rated pipes to deal with the greater water pressure that these systems require to
properly function. optimal design for a high-rise plumbing system uses a different booster pump for each pressure zone.
various types of plumbing :
• plumbing system for water supply.
• plumbing system for solar water heating system.
• plumbing system for recycle water for cistern in toilets.
• plumbing system for recycle water for garden
• the "straight" sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. a
• pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion.
• pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded,where tubing is
thinner-walled and requires special joiningtechniques such as "brazing", "compression
fitting", "crimping", or forplastics, "solvent welding".
• the two major categories of plumping pipe are plastic and metal.plastic pipes include
polyvinyl chloride (pvc), chlorinatedpolyvinyl chlorine (cpvc), pex pipe and polypipe®.
• copper stainless steel and galvanized steel are all types of metalplumbing pipe.
• not all pipes are as useful or effective as others, and each type isused for a specific purpose
in plumbing.
• pvc pipe is a type of plastic plumbing pipe primarily used to transport high pressured
water.
• it is available in several standard sizes, ranging from ½ inch (1.3centimeters) to 4 inches
(10.2 centimeters) in diameter. pvc pipe isonly made to handle cold water, as hot water will
cause the pipe towarp
Sewerage System In High Rise Buildings
sewerage system, or wastewater collection system, is a network of pipes,
pumping stations, and appurtenances that convey sewage from its
points of origin to a point of treatment and disposal.

The sewerage systems or water carriage systems are of the following

three types:
1. separate system
2. combined system
3. partially separate system.

Separate system
1)In this system two sets of sewers are provided-one for carrying
domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and the other for
carrying storm water (or rain water).
2)the sewage from the first set of sewers is carried to the treatment
plant, and the storm water (or rain water) from the second set of sewers
is directly discharged into a natural stream or river without any
treatment.
 Combined system:
In this system only one set of sewers is provided for carrying
domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage as well as
storm water (or rain water). thus in this case sewage and storm
water (or rain water) are carried to the sewage treatment plant
before its final disposal.
Combined sewer overflow events can also cause too much
wastewater to reach sewage treatment plants. When this
happens the plant is not able to treat the wastewater properly.
Even worse, during extremely severe weather events combined
sewers can even cause wastewater – including raw sewage – to
back-up into inhabited buildings. The cost to clean up this stinky
mess is no insignificant amount.
Partially separate system:
In this system domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and
the storm water (or rain water) which is drained from back yards and
roofs of houses are carried in the same set of sewers, while the storm
water (or rain water) drained from house fronts as well as from streets
and roads is collected and conveyed in a separate set of open drains.
the sewage and storm water (or rain water) carried by the sewers is
usually delivered to a sewage treatment plant, and the storm water (or
rain water) carried by the open drains is delivered to a natural stream or
river for disposal.
Purpose Of Sewage System
The main function of a sanitary sewer system is to protect water quality and public
health. a series of underground pipes and manholes, pumping stations, and other
appurtenances convey sewage from homes, businesses and industries to wastewater
treatment plants where it is cleaned and returned to the environment.

objectives of maintenance:
quality maintenance of sewerage system consists of the optimum use of labour,
equipment, and materials to keep the system in good condition, so that it can
accomplish efficiently its intended purpose of collection of sewage.

Type of maintenance: there are three types of maintenance of a sewerage

system – preventive, routine and emergency.
1. preventive or routine maintenance should be carried out to prevent any breakdown
of the system and to avoid emergency operations to deal with clogged sewer lines or
over flowing manholes or backing up of sewage into a house or structural failure of
the system.
2. preventive maintenance is more economical and provides for reliability in
operations of the sewer facilitiy.
3. emergency repairs, which would be very rare if proper maintenance is carried out
well, also, have to be provided for. proper inspection and preventive maintenance
are necessary.
Storm Water Drainage System
Purpose : it harvests and treats rainwater from roofs for reuse in toilets and
other purposes not requiring drinking-quality water. stormwater from
paved areas is collected to irrigate the landscape, and be biologically treated
and filtered.
under-drains collect the filtered irrigation water for further treatment and reuse.
the fundamental purpose of a high-rise drainage system is the removal of fluid
and solid waste to the sewer, while protecting the inhabitants of the building
form cross contamination from sewer gases and pathogens from within the
drainage system, by ensuring water trap seals are maintained.

storm water inlets : storm water inlets are devices used to collect runoff and
discharge it to an underground storm drainage system. inlets are suitably located
on pavements, in gutter sections, paved medians, road side and at locations of
specific requirement.
Inlet locations : inlet structures are located at the upstream end and at
intermediate points along the gutter line. inlet spacing is controlled by the
geometry of the site, inlet opening capacity and tributary drainage magnitude.
inlet placement is generally a trial and error procedure that attempts to produce
the most economical and hydraulically effective system.
HVAC SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING
Heating, Ventilation, And Air Conditioning
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed to achieve
the environmental requirements of the comfort of occupants and a process. HVAC
systems are more used in different types of buildings such as
industrial, commercial, residential and institutional buildings.
HVAC refers to are the different systems that are used for
moving air between outdoor and indoor areas, along with
cooling and heating both commercial and residential buildings.
These systems ensure that you feel cozy and warm during winter
and fresh and cool during summer. Indeed, the primary
function of an HVAC system is to maintain the air in your home
at a comfortable level. However, these systems also clean and
filter indoor air and keep the indoor humidity levels at a safe and
healthy level.
An HVAC system guarantees an even distribution of warm and
cold air due to the series of ducts and vents through which the
air moves.
The V in HVAC, or ventilation, is the process of replacing or exchanging air within a space. This provides a better quality of air indoors and
involves the removal of moisture, smoke, odors, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases as well as temperature control and
oxygen replenishment. There are different types of HVAC systems, but they all begin with same essentials - 1 st source of fresh air either from
outside or from within the indoors. This process is known as NATURALVENTILATION and MECHANICAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL

VENTILATION
uses air is either
mechanical sent to be
heated or sent
system to
to be cooled
Important to use air in and have
replenish oxygen, and out excess
Air typically moves in
and to remove humidity
and out through
odors, carbon removed
windows, doors, vents, air is drawn into an air is drawn
dioxide,
and other openings air handling unit through filters
unpleasant odors,
and excessive where the work to remove dirt,
moisture begins dust,
allergens, and
other
particles
Mechanical Ventilation Natural stack effect :
It is a artificial mechanism of air processing inside the It is the movement of air into and out of building ,
building including retention and exhaust air . chimneys or other containers driven by bouyancy .

Provision of air movement Stack effect

Heating System
Heating systems can take a couple of different forms.
▪Some are furnaces that burn material to provide heated air through the ductwork, while another popular choice is boilers that heat
water for steam radiators, or forcedwater systems with baseboard radiators, electric heat, and heat pumps.
▪Another option is a radiant floor, also known as a hydronic heating system. These use piping under a floor, and are made up of flexible
tubes that are filled with water or a glycol solution.
▪These can heat any kind of floor, including concrete, and are an efficient method of providing warmth in a home. They can even be
retrofitted into wooden flooring, though they need to be carefully installed in sheathing for wooden floors.
Cooling System
Air conditioners come in many forms, from the massive boxes designed to cool an entire house to a portable window-mounted box
that can be pulled out and used in cooler climates to handle short summers.
▪ Many air conditioners can even be installed, with ductless mini split systems a popular choice.
▪For dryer climates, evaporative coolers are a popular choice. They draw outside air into the system, passing it through
water-saturated pads, which cool and moisten the air before pushing it into the living space and displacing the hot air
How Does HVAC Work In High Rise Building
1 High-rise buildings are a great way to maximize square footage in
densely packed cities . However, figuring out how to maintain a
comfortable temperature on each floor of a towering building can be
challenging.

2.In high rise buildings, HVAC systems heat, cool, and ventilate each
floor, either through a central system or separate units. Without
them, your high-rise building would be freezing in the winter, hot
and humid in the summer, and inconsistent from floor to floor.
Because temperatures drop in high altitudes, the outside
temperature on a skyscraper’s ground floor is higher than on the top
floor. High rise HVAC systems combat temperature variations and
ensure good air quality.

3.The heating component in an HVAC system pulls air through

water, gas, or electric heating components, resulting in a stream of
warm air. Air conditioners do the opposite; they lower air
temperature by pulling it through refrigerant coils. Heating and
cooling systems need a ventilation component to filter out mold,
pollen, dust, excess moisture, bacteria, and carbon dioxide.
Types of High-Rise HVAC Systems :
The three main categories that commercial HVAC systems fall into aresingle-split, multi-split, and variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
systems.

single-split system Multi-split system VRF system

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System
Though single- and multi-split systems are
cost-effective HVAC types, they don’t work well
in large commercial spaces. VRF
systems are easy to install, efficient, and
reliable. Heat pump VRF systems are ideal for
large buildings with open floor plans because
they can provide heating or cooling to large
areas. Heat recovery systems work well for
buildings with smaller zoned areas because
they can heat and cool separate spaces
simultaneously.
VRF systems have higher upfront costs than
split systems, and they need to be installed
by HVAC specialist who understand the
system’s intricacies. However, in the long run,
VRF systems save money on monthly energy
costs.
• VRF systems have larger outdoor units (larger compressors). Heat is transferred between the outside ambient air and refrigerant
within the VRF outdoor condensing unit.
• Refrigerant is delivered from the condensing units to indoor fan coil units within the building, via a BC. Heat is transferred
between the refrigerant within the fan coil unit and the air within the conditioned space.

The system arrangement includes:-

•A single outside condensing unit, consisting of DC/digital scroll compressor/s, condenser coil, DC discharge fan/s and associated
electronics.
•Multiple indoor fan coil units, each consisting of an evaporator coil, DC supply fan/s, expansion valve and associated electronics. An
extensive range of wall mounted, in-ceiling ducted and other fan coil unit types are available.
•Insulated refrigerant piping connected between the condensing unit and each fan coil unit.
•Associated system control panels and temperature sensors.
FIRE SAFETY AND PROTECTION
IN HIGH RISE BUILDING
 Every building shall be so constructed, equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life and safety of the
occupants from fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the time period necessary for escape.
Type of construction
• The design of any building and the type of materials used in its construction are crucial in determining the building’s fire resistance.
•The fire resistance of a building or its structural and non- structural elements is expressed in hours against a specified fire load (Fire
Load — Calorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space, including the facings of the walls, partitions, floors and ceilings)
which is expressed in kcal/sq m, and against a certain intensity of fire.
• For high rise buildings, non-combustible materials should be used for construction.

Fire resistance rating of structural and non structural elements

Structural Element Construction type No.of hours

Walls Type 1 construction 4
rcc 120 mm thick 1
Bricks of clay 170 mm 1
Timber stud 25 mm plaster board 1
Framed wall with plaster 13mm thick 1
Exposed reinforced 200 mm thick 1
concrete column
Reinforced cont concrete 95 mm 1
95mm thick
Fire Alarm System
There are 2 type of
system manuallyoperated electrical
automatic fire alarm system

fire alarm system

• Depending on the occupancy, M.O.E.F.A. system or
automatic operated system shall be provided in the
building.
• Every building more than 15m in height shall provide both I.e.
M.O.E.F.A & A.F.A.
• Manually operated Electrical fire alarm system Automatic Fire
Alarm System Residential & office buildings between 15m &
24m in height may be exempted from installation of
automatic fire alarm system if local fire brigade is well
equipped to face the emergency up to 24m.
• One has to manually operate the glass in M.O.E.F.A.S.
• M.O.E.F.A.S. requires a special person or separate person to
operate.
Fire Detection System
Different types of detectors are provided as per the risk involved in the area.
Zones are made as per the risk or as per the floor.
2way communication system to be provided which will help to contact from
ground floor to specific floor or vice-versa.
Mike on every floor has to be provided.
On mike instructions can be given as per situation.
Manual call points, automatic detector & public address system shall be
interlinked.
Detectors shall be installed as per IS 2189/ 1988
Types Of Fire Detection Systems:

Duct detector Smoke detector Water flow switch Notification

appliance

Control station
Manual pull station Fire control panel
Sprinkler System
Sprinkler system is a must for basement parking & other risk areas where large
quantities of combustible materials are stored.
Each sprinkler should cover 6.96m2 area.
Normally a separate sprinkler should be provided for a separate car.
Sprinklers may connect to main water tank & pump, but capacity of the tank & pump
shall be increased in that proportionate.
The capacity of water tank shall be calculated on the basis of sprinklers.
Alternate power system
A stand by generator should be installed to supply power for staircase
lighting, corridor lighting, fire pump, pressurization fan & blowers, in the
event of disconnection of failure of main supply

Portable fire extinguishers

First Aid Fire fighting appliances shall be provided & installed in accordance
with LATEST IS 2190.

Escape route
The escape route should be marked with a sign board on the corridor &
passage to guide evacuation. Normally, the escape route sign board must be
written in luminous paint for easy identification. This is to guide every
occupant of the building who is bound to panic in the event of accident

Fire drill and fire orders

It`s very important to have a fire safety
plan to prevent & extinguish any fire in the
building with details action to be taken by
each occupant. Telephone nos. of all
emergence services much be indicated
in the plan
BUILT IN FIRE
FIGHTING SYSTEM

WET RISER CUM DOWN COMER SYSTEM

• Wet riser : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the building)
connected to a bottom tank(underground water tank).
• Down Commer : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the
building) connected to a overhead tank.
• Dry riser : It is a vertical pipe which is always kept dry to avoid the freezing of
water.
• Hydrant : It is a horizontal pipe line with outlet of 63 mm. dia. connected to
underground water tank
Wet Riser
Wet riser cum down commer or only down commer system shall be provided for residential
building.
For commercial building only only wet-riser system shall be provided.
For hotels wet-riser cum down commer both the systems shall be provided.
Diameter of riser will be 150mm for all the buildings.
For each 1000m2 floor area or it’s part one riser shall be provided.
At every landing twin outlet each of 63mm dia. shall be provided (one should be connected to
hose reel & another should be to hose & branch)
Length of hose should be shall that it should reach at the last point of floor area.
Minimum two courtyard hydrants shall be provided (courtyard hydrant will be an extention to
riser).
Hose reel hose of 12mm dia. shall be provided from landing valve to wet-riser at each floor. A
separate fire service inlet shall be provided at the ground floor.
Location of wet-riser shall be preferable as near to staircase.
Water Tank
There are two type of water tank under ground water
storage tank
Terrace Level Tank
The Capacity of
• Underground water storage tank varies from 50,000 ltrs. to 250,000
ltrs. Depending on the type & occupancy of the buildings.
• The capacity of terrace level water storage tank varies from 10,000
ltrs. to 20,000 ltrs. Depending on the type & occupancy of the
building
Pump capacity
• For underground water storage tank, pump shall be installed of a
capacity either 1800 L.P.M. or 2400 L.P.M. depending on the type
and occupancy of the building along with jocky pump.
• At topmost hydrant we should get a pressure of not less than 3.5
bar.
• For terrace level water storage tank,pump shall be installed of a
capacity either 450 L.P.M. occupancy of the building.
Alternative source of supply for the pump shall be provided.
Staircases
• Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
• Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.
• For residential building width of staircases should be 1 mtr.
• Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase.
• Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter.
• Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances.
• Staircase shall not be extended to basement to prevent smoke ,
heat & gases. From the basement smoke, heat 7 gases can be travel
to upper floors.
• Access to the basement from the ground should be through a separate staircase, which is not
• connected to main staircase (i.e. It should be remote to each other.)
• Staircase shall be of enclosed type to prevent entry of smoke & fire to the staircase & vice versa.
• Spiral staircase shall be provided up to 9 mtr. Height

LIFTS
•Minimum 1 lift capable of carrying minimum 8 persons weighing 545 kgs.
Shall be provided for every high rise building.
•Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall have a fire
resistance of 1 hour.
• 1 lift shall be designed as a “Fire Lift”
• “Fireman Switch” shall be provided for each lift.
• Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.
• Collapsible gates shall not be provided for the lift.
• If more than 1 lifts are installed the partition wall should be of minimum 2 hours fire resistance.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
High Rise Building Power Supply System
a.) General lighting & power
Light for general illumination ,seeing tasks,decorative features,hallways and stairways,
Power for appliances and office machines.

b.)Heating , ventilation and air- conditioning (HVAC) system

Air conditioning for temp control
Blowers and fans
Heaters for humidity control

c.)Transport system
Elevators and escalators
Conveyors and dumbwaiters

d.)Water pump
Potable and non-potable water supply
Water sprinkler
Sewage ejectors
e.)Communication system
PABX telephone system
Intercom

f.)Automatic doors
Entrance and exit
Garage and freight

g.)Central computer system

Cpu and peripherals
Terminals

h.)Auxiliaries
Intrusion and hold up control
Fire supression and alarm system
Background music and paging
Noise masking and acoustics
Power Supply System
Usually in large installations with private load centers, the practice is to use 208/120-volt for general lighting and power, and
460-volt for motors.
Three-phase electric motors are normally dual-voltage, i.e. 460/230 volts and using the higher 460-volt rating will result in
half-as much amperage draw, hence smaller wires, lower circuit breaker rating (although higher voltage) and smaller starter
unit.
Emergency Power System
The more essential loads of the building are to be supplied with emergency power in cases of main power failure.
Normally, these are the following:Stairways' and hallways' lighting for safety purposes Counter areas for public transactions•
Water pumps and fire pumps
One or two elevators to be used by physically handicapped• Computer system Rooms or suites of top executives Power transfer to
stand-by generator can be done manually by double-throw transfer-switch or automatically by automatic-transfer-switch (ATS).
For the latter, it is necessary that the feeder/s or line/s serving the essential loads should not include the non-essential facilities.
Separate emergency lines and panel boards will be provided exclusively for the purpose.
Load Center, Panel Boards Or Switchgears
Ideally, load centers and panel boards should be located on the center of the loads to be served to save on wire runs and to
minimize line voltage drops.
electrical engineer should, however, strive to locate the panel boards at point where the farthest load to be served is within 30
meters.
In general panel boards and switchgear are used as control protection points for groups of feeder or branch circuits serving the
electrical loads in building area, usually a floor or a section of the floor.
A switchboard & switchgear, on the other hand are free standing assemblies of switches, fuses and circuit breakers, which serve as
locations for larger overcurrent devices, or as main distribution panels for an entire building. Switchboards are physically larger
than panel boards, due to the size of the overcurrent devices involved, and are design to provide the necessary space for
installation of larger cables
INFORMATION & C O M M U N I C ATION TEC H N O LO G Y
NETWORK
 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)
□ Distribution cables of Suitable sizes are taken from a main
distribution frame (MDF) in the base to the various floors.
Provide one or more vertical ducts which raised from the
basement to the top of the building.
□ Signal distribution frame to interconnect and manage
telecommunication wiring.
□ Connects equipment to cables and subscriber carrier.
□ Cable supplies services lines end up at MDF.
□ Line distributed to equipment within local exchanges such
as Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
□ Each vertical dark should be located centrally with respect
to the distribution area.
□ A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from
any one Horizontal doctor from a ride to the telephone
instruments.
□ Number of risers and their sitting should be such that no
telephone outlet needs more than 328 m of cable to
connect it to a riser.
 MAIN TELEC O M R O O M
(MTR) CENTRALIZED
□ Consist cable trays or riser which NETWORK
transmit the services. □ Offer access service to
□ To show internet connection stations(user) by
connect from the lowest to distributing functions
highest floor (riser). among AC and multiple
TPs.
□ Centralized all network
DISTRIBUTED NETWORK equipment in single
ARCHITECTURE (D NA) location instead of
□ Arrangement of network distributing among
computers. floors.
□ Several processors on scattered □ LAN housed together,
machines, but working CNA reduces the time &
independently and jointly. cost of tasks.
□ Powerful analytical tools allow □ Provides fewer points of
prediction of system response to failure & less space
operator actions & event via use utilized in
of real time and achieved data. telecommunications
□ Local Area Network (LAN). closets.
 SIZE O F SHAFTS
□ The minimum internal dimension of the vertical ducts or AIRFLOW MANAGEMENT, ELECTRICAL
riser should be 150 MM. DISTRIBUTION AND VENTILATION
□ For larger building the dimensions will have to be increased
to 600 MM into 20 25MM because of the larger cables. □ The heat generated by systems such as servers
□ An aperture Of 150 MM into 70 5MM is required to take the and cables causes issues like airflow
cables through a horizontal dark in the structural floors. management.
□ Recommended to develop data centre heat
maps using ventilation requirements and
equipment power consumption.
□ Leads to an optimal layout for efficient space
uses, electrical distribution and ventilation

SHARING OF RISERS AND OTHER SERVICES

□ The telephone cable may be installed in a riser Used

for other services.
□ The cable are segregated from the electrical means.
□ Partition is giving Full segregation or preferred to
separating by distance only.
□ Access to each riser will be necessary on each floor
and should be available from a corridor or other
common spaces.