Ethics Notes
Ethics Notes
Ethics Notes
*there are no criteria for determining whether God actually issued a particular command.
*the theory provides no objective criteria for determining which claim to accept if two particular
groups or individuals present conflicting claims based on divine commands.
*the theory is based on the assumption of the existence of a just, loving, and infallible personal God.
*the existence of perfectly good God who is the source of all morality seems inconsistent with the
presence of much apparently senseless suffering and evil in the world.
15. Civil disobedience involves the refusal to obey certain government laws for the purpose of trying
to bring about a change in legislation or government policy.
*only moral and nonviolent means are used to achieve its goal.
*an effort is first made to bring about a change through legal means.
(own ideas)
16. Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, jurist, and a social reformer regarded as the father
of modern utilitarianism. According to Bentham, nature has placed mankind under the governance
of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.
*duration refers to the length of time that the pleasure or pain lasts.
*certainty refers to the probability that the pleasure or pain will occur.
*purity entails pleasure that does not cause pain at the same time.
17. John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher. He states that actions are right in portion as they
promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. For him, happiness is
to respect the dignity and personal autonomy of others. (discuss relation)
18. Ethical egoism identifies happiness with the pursuit of ration self-interest. Ayn Rand was a
Russian writer and philosopher. She stated that egoism is where the achievement of one’s own
happiness is man’s highest moral purpose. (discussions)
19. Ethics is a moral principle that governs a person’s behavior, custom, or habit. Ethics serve as a
guide moral in daily living and helps us judge whether our behavior can be justified. Ethics refers to
society's sense of the right way of living our daily lives.
20. Freedom is the right to do what we want to do, live where we want, eat where we want, and
etc. Moral dilemma is a situation in which we have a conflict between moral values. The importance
of moral dilemma helps an individual choose between two things that may be beneficial or away
from wrong doings. To resolve a moral dilemma, we should describe the facts, list the relevant
moral principles and concerns, list and evaluate possible courses of action, devise a plan of action,
and carry out the plan of action. (discussion)
21. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should not be
understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than being judged against the criteria of
another. Example of cultural norms is where in US, it is okay for them to roam around the city
wearing only bras. (discussion)
22. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should not be
understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than being judged against the criteria of
another. Example of cultural norms is where in US, it is okay for them to roam around the city
wearing only bras. (discussion) According to Ruth Benedict, there is no objective morality because
morality varies from culture to culture.
23. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should not be
understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than being judged against the criteria of
another. Example of cultural norms is where in US, it is okay for them to roam around the city
wearing only bras. (discussion) The holocaust was the World War II the genocide of the European
Jews where two thirds of them were murdered and was victims of Nazi prosecution between
Germany. (discussion)
25. According to Thomas Aquinas, Human law is at the bottom of the hierarchy of laws, it is law such
as legislation or cultural norms that is derived by humans from natural law. the right of equality and
freedom from discrimination, right of private property, right of personal security, right to live, and
the freedom of speech. These laws related to natural law in terms of the preference to what is
lawfully and naturally right. These laws can be applied not just for the people in the Philippines but
also all around the world, because I believe these laws are also practiced by other countries.