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#4 Eukaryotes

The document discusses eukaryotic microorganisms including protists such as protozoa, algae, and slime molds. It describes the characteristics, classification, and importance of these organisms. The document also covers fungi, describing the structure, reproduction, classification, role in nature, and impact on humans of various fungal species.

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nathadunne
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8 views

#4 Eukaryotes

The document discusses eukaryotic microorganisms including protists such as protozoa, algae, and slime molds. It describes the characteristics, classification, and importance of these organisms. The document also covers fungi, describing the structure, reproduction, classification, role in nature, and impact on humans of various fungal species.

Uploaded by

nathadunne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Eukaryotic Microorganisms

-- Text Chapters 7 & 8

In which Eukaryotic Kingdoms do microbes occur?

Protista
algae
protozoa
slime molds

Fungi

Animalia

(Plantae)

What about viruses?


What was the
origin of eukaryotes?
-- “Endosymbiosis”

Evidence
-- chromosomes
-- ribosomes
-- replication
-- modern examples

Protista 2
Protista 1: Protozoa

Cell structure
pellicle
cytosome
contractile vacuole
complex cytoplasm

Feeding behavior
heterotrophic

Most are motile

Contractile vacuole

Protista 3
Classification of Protozoa

Flagellates
- Mastigophora

Ciliates
- Ciliophora

Amoeba
- Sarcodina

Sporozoans
- Apicomplexa

Protozoa movement

Protista 4
Amoeba
Amoebas
Most common – indefinite form

Extend ‘pseudopeds’

A few are pathogenic


e.g., Entamoeba sp

Some form outer “shell”


e.g., Foraminifera

Can be ‘huge’ (mm’s)

Fossil markers

Amoeba feeding
Foraminiferan
Protista 5
Ciliates
Largest group

Cilia functions:
Locomotion
Feeding

2 nuclei

Can be sessile
(stalked)

Stentor feeding

Protista 6
Flagellates
Some are important pathogens

Trypanosoma
African sleeping sickness
Chagas disease
= trypanosomiasis
Tse-tse fly

Giardia
giardiasis

Protista 7
Sporozoans
-- many pathogens
Malaria
Plasmodium (a sporozoan)

Visit CDC web site


http://www.cdc.gov/MALARIA/disease.htm

Anopheles mosquito

Complex life cycle


sporozoites
trophozoites
merizoites

Sexual reproduction

Disease
children
adults

Treatment

Plasmodium Life cycle Protista 8


Protista 2: Algae

Basic characteristics
autotrophic
cell structure

Cell arrangements
unicellular
filamentous
colonial

Protista 9
Classification
(simplified)

Chlorophyta
-- most familiar

Chrysophyta
-- includes Diatoms

Pyrrophyta
-- dinoflagelates
-- “red tides”

Euglenophyta
-- includes euglena
-- can be heterotrophic

Marine macroscopic algae

Protista 10
Diatoms
Chlorophyta Diatoms

Diatomaceous earth

Protista 11
Importance of algae
Producers of ecosystems
-- phytoplankton
-- macroscopic algae

Symbiotic relationships
-- invertebrates

Food sources
-- oriental cultures
-- miso

Food additives

Protista 12
Algae are sources
of thickening agents
Agar (Gelidium)
Alginates (var. sources)
Chondrus
Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus) crispus

In foods
syrups, cheeses, ice cream,
candies, jams, relishes, etc…

Industrial applications
paints, adhesives, paper coatings,
explosives, ceramics, cleaners, etc…

Pharmaceuticals
lotions, creams, shampoos, toothpaste,
laxatives, capsules and tablets, etc …

Protista 13
Fungi (Mycology)
Text Chapter 8

Basic Characteristics

Common Shapes

Yeasts (spherical)
e.g., Saccharomyces

Molds (filamentous)

hyphae

mycelium

Dimorphism is common

Protista 14
Fungi

⚫ Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes.


⚫ Reproduce asexually and sexually.
⚫ 5 phyla
– based on their mode of sexual reproduction.
⚫ Lack chlorophyll.
⚫ Have a cell wall made of chitin.
⚫ Are saprophytes
– “garbage disposers” of nature.
Unicellular Yeast
⚫ 3-8 µm in diameter.
⚫ Found in soil and water and on skin of
many fruits and vegetables.
⚫ Reproduce by an asexual process called
budding. Yeast cells
⚫ Results in the production of a type of budding.
immunenhance.com
asexual spore called a blastospore.
⚫ Responsible for beer, wine, leavened bread.
⚫ Some species are human pathogens (i.e.
Candida albicans).
How do fungi reproduce?
Asexual
budding

spores & sporangia

Sexual

‘+’ and ‘-’ types

mushrooms

Budding yeasts

Protista 17
How are Fungi Classified?
Characteristics of sexual
reproduction structures

Ascomycota
-- e.g., Penicillium; morels
Saccharomyces

Basidiomycota
-- e.g., Rusts; Coprinus

Zygomycota
-- e.g., Rhizopus

Other phylla also …

Glomeromycota

etc.

Protista 18
Importance
of Fungi
Decomposers

Symbiosis
mycorrhizae

lichens

Predators??
nematophagus fungi!

Food and food production

Protista 19
Entomophagus Fungi

Cordyceps is important
pathogen of insects

Cordyceps
Protista 20
Fungi as Plant Pathogens
Agricultural threats
‘Rust diseases’

Dutch elm disease


Ophiostoma ulni

Other Impacts on Humans

Ergot poisoning
Claviceps
mycotoxins

Irish potato famine


Phytophthora infestans
American Elms before and after
Dutch elm blight
(Minnesota Department of Agriculture)

Protista 21
Multicellular Fungi
⚫ Possess hyphae
– A hypha is a tube-
like cell.
⚫ A mass of hyphae
forms a mycelium.
⚫ Septate hyphae
have cross walls or
septations. Hyphal structure with septae.
www.fungionline.org.uk
⚫ Non-septate
hyphae lack cross
walls or septations.
Multicellular Fungi Reproduction

⚫ Sexual or asexual reproduction.


⚫ Can produce sexual or asexual spores.
⚫ Sexual spores form by the fusion of 2
gametes.
⚫ Asexual spores form in many different
ways.
Molds
Penicillium, a genus
⚫ Consists of many types of of green mold, attacks
multicellular fungi. many fruits and is the
source of the antibiotic
⚫ Have great commercial drug penicillin.
www.britannica.com
importance.
⚫ Consists of many antibiotic
producing molds like
Penicillium.
⚫ Used to make many
different kinds of cheese.
Moldy bagel.
⚫ Potato blight mold caused www.sciencedaily
.com
the famine in Ireland in the
mid-19th century.
There are other types of fungi that are
multicellular and are not considered
microorganisms.
Fungi and Disease
⚫ Are responsible for
diseases in humans,
animals, and plants.
Ringworm. Tinea
⚫ In humans, infections corporis.
could be superficial www.research.usf.edu

– affecting the skin, hair,


fingernails, toenails.
⚫ Some of these fungal
infections can be more
internal and thus be
more severe.
Lichens
⚫ Mutualistic relationship
between an alga and a
fungus.
⚫ Are tough and self-
sufficient.
⚫ Can inhabit inhospitable
habitats such as deserts,
newly formed volcanic
islands, the Arctic, bare
rock.
⚫ Grow slowly
– Arctic colonies grow 1-2
inches every 1000 years.
– Some thought to be over 4000
years old.
Slime Molds
⚫ Have both fungal
and protozoal
characteristics.
⚫ May be cellular or
acellular.
⚫ Found in soil and on
rotting logs.
www.genome.gov
Slime Molds

www.treknature.com
Cellular Slime Molds

⚫ Begin life as ameba-like organisms.


⚫ If harsh conditions ensue, individual organisms
will fuse together to form a motile, multicellular
form that is called a slug.
⚫ Slug becomes a fruiting body which consists of a
stalk and spore cap.
⚫ Spores released and are airborne.
⚫ If suitable habitat is found, a spore becomes an
ameba.
Acellular Slime Molds

⚫ Also called plasmodial slime mold.


⚫ Also produce a stalk and spores.
⚫ Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells.
– forms large masses of motile, multinucleated
protoplasm.

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