DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE


Temperature can be defined
 as the hotness or
the coldness of a body.

Temperature is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles.
 
It is a basic quantity.
 
It is a scalar quantity

Temperature is an intensive property of a body. That
means, it doesn’t depend on type of particles in the
system size, the amount, types of particle in the
system.

For example
The temperature of a small cup of
boiling water is the same as the temperature of
a large pot of boiling water.
 MEASURING TEMPERATURE

Thermometer is a deviceuse to measure
the temperature of a body.

The first thermometer was made 
in 1592 by
Italian scientist called Galileo.
 
The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.
 
There are different types of thermometers,
having different ranges and different substances
in it.
 TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
1. Mercury thermometer

It operates based on the expansion

of mercury
 with increase of temperature.

 Example
- Clinical thermometer
- Laboratory thermometer

Clinical thermometer is used by health
 officers in hospitals and in clinics

The laboratory thermometer

is used by scientist
for research purposes
 2. Alcohol Thermometer

It is used to measure very  low temperature it
ranges from -80 °c – 100 °c.
 TEMPERATURE SCALES

The three most common temperature scales are :
1) Centigrade(Celsius) scale
2) Fahrenheit scale
3) Kelvin scale
1. Celsius Scale

The Celsius scale or centigrade scale was devised by
the Swedish

astronomer , Andres Celsius .(1701-
1744)

He assigned the value 0 to the ice point and 100 to
boiling point. By dividing the space between the two
fixed points into 100 equal parts (divisions) a Celsius
scale is obtained each division or unit is called
degree( °c )
 2. Fahrenheit scale

The Fahrenheit scale was devised by the
German scientist Daniel Fahrenheit. He
assigned the value 32 to the ice point and 212

to boiling point.

The Fahrenheit scale by dividing the space

between the fixed points in to 180 equal parts.

Temperature in Fahrenheit scale is denoted
by °F. read as degree Fahrenheit.
 3. The Kelvin scale
 
The Kelvin scale is devised by Lord Kelvin.

He assigned273 to ice point and 373 to
boiling point.

The Kelvin scale by dividing the space between

to fixed points in to 100 equal parts.

At a temperature of -273 °c or 0 K all the heat
energy will be removed from a substance and the
particles in the substance stops to move. We call
this lowest possible temperature Absolute zero.
 CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE SCALES

To change the reading of one temperature scale

to another. We use the following relationships.

To convert Celsius scale to Fahrenheit scale or

vice-verse, we use the following relationship.
Interval in Celsius = TC –ice point in Celsius
————————— ——————————
Internal in Fahrenheit TF – ice point in Fahrenheit

/
100/180 = TC – 0 TF – 32
5/9 = TC / TF – 32

From the above we can get TC= 5/9 ( TF – 32° )
AND
TF = 9/5 TC + 32 °
To convert Celsius scale to Kelvin scale or vice-verse, we use

TK = TC + 273°
AND

TC = TK - 273 °
Example : The temperature of a room is 20ºc. What is the
temperature of room in :
A. Fahrenheit scale?
B. Kelvin scale?
Given Required Solution
TC = 20°c A, TF = ? A, TF = 9/5 TC + 32°
B, TK = ? = 9/5 × 20° + 32°
= 68 °
B, TK = TC + 273 °
= 20° + 273 °
=293 °
 SOURCES OF HEAT
What is heat?

Heat is aform of energy it produced by energy
changes.

Heat is the total kinetic energy

of all the
particles in the substance.

Heat is an extensive quantity that is depends on 
the
amount or size of the particle in the substance.
For example: 100 liters of boiling water
has different heat to 1 liter of boiling water. If they
are poured on ice the 100 liter water will melt more
ice than the 1 liter of boiling water.
SOURCES OF HEAT ENERGY IN OUR COUNTRY

Firewood, the sun, petroleum fuel, electric
heater, charcoal etc. These are an example of

sources of heat energy in Ethiopia.
 
The most plentiful source of heat is the sun.

Both firewood and kerosene are non renewable
energy suppliers. We must use them wisely or we
need to use renewable energy suppliers such as:
solar energy, wind energy and water energy.
 EFFECTS OF HEATING

When we heat 
a body different effects
may happen.

Effects of heating can be grouped

in to
the following three categories:
1 temperature rise
2 expansion
3 change of state
 1. Heating causes temperature rise

As heating increases, the kinetic energy of the
particles increases. This causes an increase in the
temperature of the substance. Generally,

as a body
receives heat, its temperature rises.
2. Heating causes expansion
 
Expansion is an increase in the size of the body.

Heating increases the kinetic energy of molecules. The
molecules move faster further apart. This result in an
overall increase in the size of the substance.

Gases, liquids, and solids generally expand
when heated and shrink when cooled.
 3. Heating causes changes of state.
 
A substance exists in three states. They are :
A. solid
B. liquid
C. gaseous

Water is the most commonly found liquid
substance on earth. It can exist as solid, liquid and

gaseous states.
 
Solid water (ice) exists below 0ºc
 
Liquid water (water) exists between 0ºc – 100ºc
 
Gaseous water (vapor) exists from 100ºc and above .

 The change of solid water (ice) to water and change of water to vapor are called change of state.
 
 Melting
 
 Melting is the process of changing a solid to liquid state.
 
Melting Point
Melting Point is definite temperature at which the solid body starts to
melt. Example
1, Ice melts in to liquid water at 0ºc
2, Solid Iron melts in to the liquid Iron at 1536ºc

Boiling
 
 Boiling is the process of changing a liquid water in to gaseous water.
 
Boiling Point is a definite temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.
Example
1, Water boils at 100°c
2, Mercury boils at 357ºc
 
Evaporation
Evaporation is change of liquid to vapor at the surface of a body at any temperature .