Urinary System

Holy Name University - College of Health Sciences
Department of Radiologic Technology

ANAPHY
First Semester A.Y 2023 - 2024
Urinary System o The renal fascia
- Most superficial layer
Aside disposing of wastes and excess ions, - Made of dense fibrous connective
the kidneys have other regulatory functions, tissue
too: - Anchors the kidney and adrenal
gland to surrounding structures
✓ By producing the enzyme renin, they
help regulate blood pressure Ptosis( a fall)
✓ The hormone erythropoietin, released - A condition where kidneys may drop
by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell to a lower position
production in bone marrow - Creates problems if the ureters,
✓ Kidney cells convert vitamin D to its which drain urine from the kidneys
active form become kinked
KIDNEYS Hydronephrosis
• A small, dark red organs with a kidney- - When urine can no longer pass
bean shape through ureters backs up and exerts
• Lie against the dorsal body wall in pressure on kidney tissues
retroperitoneal position (behind the - Can severely damage the kidney
parietal peritoneum) in the superior
lumber region PARTS OF KIDNEY
• The kidneys extend from T12 to the L3 • Renal cortex
vertebra - Outer region
Kidney Structure - Light in color
• Renal medulla
• An adult kidney is about; - Deep to the cortex
✓ 12 cm (5inches) long - Is darker reddish-brown area
✓ 6 cm (2.5 inches) wide • Renal pyramids/medullary pyramids
✓ 3 cm (1 inch) thick - Triangular regions of medulla with
• It is convex laterally and has a medial striped appearance
indentation called the renal hilum • Base
• Adrenal gland - Broad part of each pyramid
- Sitting atop each kidney - It faces toward the cortex, its tip
- Part of endocrine system and is a • Apex
separate organ - Points toward the inner region of the
• Three Protective Layers (Kidney) kidneys
o Transparent fibrous capsule • Renal columns
- Encloses each kidney - Extensions of cortex-like tissue that
- Gives a glistening appearance separates pyramids
o Fatty mass, perirenal fat capsule • Renal pelvis
- Surrounds each kidney - A flat, funnel-shaped tube
- Cushions it against blows - Is continuous with ureter leaving the
hilum
PAGE1| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

ANAPHY
• Calyces
- Extensions of the pelvis
- Singular (calyx)
- Form cup-shaped “drains” that
enclose the tips of the pyramids
- It collects urine which continuously
drains from the tips into the renal
pelvis
Blood Supply
• Approximately 1/4 of the total blood

supply of the body passes through the
kidneys each minute
• Renal Artery
- Artery supplying each kidney
- As it approaches hilum, it divides
into;
✓ Segmental arteries- gives
off several branches called
• Each nephron consists of 2 main
interlobar arteries
structures;
✓ That travels through renal
✓ Renal corpuscle
columns to reach the cortex
✓ Renal tubule
✓ At the cortex-medulla
• Renal corpuscle consists of
junction, interlobar arteries
glomerulus
gives off the arcuate arteries
✓ Arcuate arteries that arch • Glomerulus
over medullary pyramids - A knot of capillaries
✓ Cortical radiate arteries- - A little ball
branch off and supply renal • Glomerular capsule or Bowman’s
cortex capsule
• Venous blood draining from kidney - A cup-shaped hollow structure
flow through veins that trace that completely surrounds the
pathway of arterial supply but in glomerulus like worn baseball
reverse; glove
• Podocytes
Cortical radiate veins→ arcuate veins→ - Highly modified octopus-like
interlobar veins→ renal vein cells in the inner layer
- Have long branching extension
NEPHRONS
called foot processes that
• Are the structural and functional intertwine with another
units of kidneys • Filtration slits
• Are responsible for forming urine - Openings that allow the podocytes
• Thousand collecting ducts of each of to form porous, or “holey” membrane
kidneys to collects fluids from around glomerulus
several nephrons

ANAPHY
• Renal tubule Glomerulus
- Makes up the rest of the nephron
• is fed by afferent arteriole (feeder
- Is about 3 cm (approx. 1.25
vessel) and efferent arteriole
inches) long
receives the blood that has passed
- As it extends, it coils and twists
through glomerulus
before forming a hairpin loop and
then become coiled and twisted • Glomerulus has specialized for
again before entering a filtration as it is both fed and
collecting duct drained by arterioles
• Different regions of the tubule are; • Afferent arteriole has a larger
✓ Proximal convoluted diameter than the efferent resulting
tubule (PCT) in much higher blood pressure in
✓ Nephron loop or loop of glomerular capillaries compared to
Henle others
✓ Distal convoluted tubule • Most filtrated is eventually reclaimed
(DCT) by the renal tubule cells and return
• Microvilli also occur on the tubule to the blood in peritubular capillary
cells in other parts of the tubule, but beds
in much reduced numbers Peritubular capillaries
• Most nephrons are called cortical
nephrons as they are located • Second capillary bed
almost entirely within the cortex • Arises from the efferent arteriole
• In few cases, nephrons are called • Drains the glomerulus
juxtamedullary nephrons as they • Are low-pressure, porous vessels
are situated close to the cortex- adapted for absorption instead of
medulla junction filtration
• Collecting ducts • They cling closely to the whole
- Each of which receives urine length of renal tubule
from many nephrons • They ultimately drain into interlobar
- Run downward giving pyramids veins leaving the cortex
a striped appearance
URINE FORMATION AND
- They deliver final urine
CHARACTERISTICS
product into the calyces and
renal pelvis / Glomerulus acts as a filter
• Each nephron is associated with 2
capillary beds; Glomerular Filtration
✓ Glomerulus • Is a nonselective, passive process in
✓ Peritubular capillary bed which fluid passes from the blood into
the glomerular capsule part of the renal
tubule
• Filtrate
- The fluid in the capsule
- Essentially blood plasma without
blood proteins

ANAPHY
• As long as systemic blood pressure Tubular Secretion
is normal, filtrate will be formed
• Tubular reabsorption in reverse
• If arterial blood pressure drops too
• A process that gets rid of substances
low, glomerular pressure becomes
not already in the filtrate, such as certain
inadequate to force substances
drugs or excess potassium ions, or as
out of the blood into the tubules,
an additional means for controlling blood
and filtrate formation stops
pH
Oliguria
- Abnormally low urinary output
- Between 100-400 ml /day
Anuria
- If it is less than 100ml/day
• Low urinary output indicate that
glomerular blood pressure is too low to
cause filtration, but anuria may also
result from transfusion reaction and
acute inflammation or from crushing
injuries to kidneys
Tubular Reabsorption
• As filtrate contains many useful

substances (including water, glucose,
amino acids and ions) which must be
reclaimed from the filtrate and returned
to the blood
• The process begins as soon as filtrate
enters the proximal convoluted tubule
• Tubule cells are transporters, taking up
needed substances from the filtrate and
passing them out their posterior aspect
into extracellular space where they are
absorbed into peritubular capillary blood Nitrogenous Waste
• In reabsorption, most substance are • Nitrogenous waste products are poorly
done on active transport process that reabsorbed because we don’t need
use membrane carriers, require ATP and them
are very selective • They remain in the filtrate and are found
• Needed substance (glucose and amino in high concentrations in urine excreted
acids) are usually entirely removed from from the body
the filtrate • Various ions are reabsorbed or allowed
to go out in urine to maintain proper pH
and electrolyte (solute) composition of
the blood

ANAPHY
• Common nitrogenous wastes; ✓ Has chronic renal failure(when
o Urea- formed by the liver as end kidney loses ability to
product of protein breakdown when concentrate urine)
amino acids are used to produce • Concentrated urine are caused by;
energy ✓ Inadequate fluid intake
o Uric acid- released when nucleic ✓ Fever
acids are metabolized ✓ Kidney inflammation
o Creatinine- associated with creatine (pyelonephritis)
metabolism in muscle tissue • Solutes normally found in urine;
✓ Sodium ions
Characteristic of Urine
✓ Potassium ions
• In 24 hours, kidneys filter 150-180L of ✓ Creatinine
blood plasma through glomeruli into ✓ Ammonia
the tubules which process the filtrate by ✓ Bicarbonate ions
taking substances out of it ✓ Various other ions
(reabsorption) and adding substances to • Substances NOT normally found in
it (secretion) urine;
• In same 24 hours, only about 1.0-1.8L ✓ Glucose
of urine are produced ✓ Blood proteins
• Freshly voided urine is generally clear ✓ Red blood cells
and pale to deep yellow ✓ Hemoglobin
• Normal yellow color is due to urochrome ✓ White blood cells (pus)
• Urochrome ✓ Bile
- A pigment that results from the Glycosuria Nonpathological: Excessive
body’s destruction of hemoglobin intake of sugary foods
• The more solutes are in the urine, the Pathological: Diabetes
deeper yellow its color. Dilute urine is mellitus
pale, straw color Proteinuria Nonpathological: Physical
• Urine has an ammonia odor as it caused exertion, pregnancy
by the action of bacteria in the urine Pathological:
solutes Glomerulonephritis,
hypertension
• Some drugs and vegetables and various
Pyuria Urinary tract infection
diseases alter the usual odor of urine
Hematuria Bleeding in the urinary tract
• Urine pH is usually slightly acid (due to trauma, kidney
(around 6), but changes in body stones, infection)
metabolism and certain foods may Hemoglobinuria Various: Transfusion
cause it to be much more acidic or basic reaction, hemolytic anemia
• Urine is denser (weighs more) than Bilirubinuria Liver disease (hepatitis)
distilled water. It has specific gravity of
1.001-1.035 (dilute to concentrated
urine, respectively)
• Urine is generally dilute when;
✓ Person drinks excessive fluids
✓ Uses diuretics

ANAPHY
URETERS URINARY BLADDER
• Are two slender tubes each • Is a smooth, collapsible, muscular

✓ 25-30 cm (10-12 inches) long sac
✓ 6 mm (1/4 inch) in diameter • Stores urine temporarily
• Each ureter runs behind the • It is located retroperitoneally in the
peritoneum from the renal hilum to pelvis just posterior to the pubic
the posterior aspect of the bladder symphysis
• Its superior end is continuous with • 3 Ureter openings
the renal pelvis and its mucosal ✓ Two ureter openings
lining is continuous with mucosal (ureteral orifices)
lining the renal pelvis and bladder ✓ Single opening of urethra
• They carry urine from kidneys to the (internal urethral orifice)
bladder • Trigone
• Their smooth muscle layers in their - Smooth triangular region of the
walls contract to propel urine by bladder base outlined by those
peristalsis three openings
• Once urine has entered the bladder, - Is important clinically as
it is prevented from flowing back into infections tend to persist in this
the ureters by small valvelike folds region
of bladder mucosa that cover the • Bladder wall contains three layers of
ureter openings smooth muscles called detrusor
muscle and its mucosa is a special
Renal calculi
type of epithelium, transitional
- Also known as kidney stones epithelium
- Extremely concentrated solutes like • When bladder is empty it collapsed,
uric acid salts that form crystals 5-7.5 cm (2-3 inches) long at most
• Frequent bacterial infections of the and its walls are thick and thrown
urinary tract, urinary retention, and into folds
alkaline urine all favor calculi • As urine accumulates, the bladder
formation expands and rises superiorly in the
abdominal cavity
Lithotripsy • A moderately full bladder is about
- A noninvasive procedure that uses 12.5 cm (5 inches) long and holds
ultrasound waves to shatter the about 500 ml (1 pint) of urine, but it
calculi is capable of holding more than
- The pulverized remnants of the twice that amount
calculi are then painlessly eliminated • When the bladder is really
in urine distended, or stretched by urine, it
becomes firm and pear-shaped and
may be felt just above the pubic
symphysis

ANAPHY
URETHRA • Symptoms of UTI include;
✓ Dysuria- painful urination
• Is a thin-walled tube that carries
✓ Urinary urgency and frequency
urine by peristalsis from the bladder
✓ Cloud or blood-tinged urine
to the outside of the body
• Internal urethral sphincter Micturition(voiding)
- Forms at the bladder-urethra
• Micturition(voiding) -Is the act of
junction
emptying the bladder
- An involuntary sphincter that
keeps the urethra closed when • Internal urethral sphincter and
urine is not being passed External urethral sphincter – control
• External urethral sphincter the flow of urine from the bladder
- Second sphincter • Bladder continues to collect urine until
- Is formed by skeletal muscle about 200ml have accumulated
- This sphincter is voluntarily • Pelvic splanchnic nerves- cause the
controlled bladder to go into reflex contractions
• As the contractions become stronger,
Men Urethral size: Approx. 20 cm (8 stored urine is forced past the internal
inches) long urethral sphincter (the smooth muscle,
3 Regions; involuntary sphincter) into the upper
✓ Prostatic part of the urethra. The person will
✓ Membranous
then feel the urge to void
✓ Spong (penile) urethrae
Urethra has double function; • Because the lower external sphincter
✓ Carries both urine and is skeletal muscle and is controlled
sperm (in semen) from the voluntarily, we can choose to keep it
body closed and postpone bladder emptying
Urethra is part of both urinary temporarily
and reproductive systems • After 200-300ml more have been
Women Urethra size: 3-4 cm (1 ½ collected, micturition reflex occurs
inches)long again
Its external orifice or opening
lies anterior to vaginal opening Incontinence
Only function: to conduct urine
from the bladder to body - Occurs when a person is unable to
exterior voluntarily control the external
sphincter
- Is normal in children 2 years old or
Urethritis younger because they have not yet
gained control over their voluntary
- Inflammation of urethra
sphincter ‘
- Can easily ascend the tract to cause
- After toddler years, incontinence is
bladder inflammation (cystitis) or
usually result of;
even kidney inflammation
✓ Emotional problems
(pyelonephritis or pyelitis)
✓ Pressure (as in pregnancy)
✓ Nervous system problems
(stroke or spinal cord injury)

ANAPHY
Urinary retention Maintaining Water Balance of Blood
- Is essentially the opposite of Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
incontinence
- In this condition, the bladder is • Healthy young adult:
unable to expel its contained urine Women: Water accounts 50% of body
- Various causes; weight
✓ After surgery when Men: water accounts 60% of the body
anesthesia has been given weight
and takes a little time for • Babies with little fat and low bone mass
smooth muscle to regain are about 75% water. That’s why they
their activity have “dewy” skin that’s like a freshly
✓ Hyperplasia picked peach
o Hyperplasia • Water occupies three main locations
- Enlargement of prostate which within the body, referred to as fluid
surrounds the neck of the compartments
bladder Intracellular fluid Volume: 25L
- As the prostate gland enlarges, it (ICF) Body weight: 40%
narrows the urethra, making it - About 2/3 of body
very difficult to void fluid
• Prolonged urinary retention can lead to - Contained within
insertion of slender flexible drainage the living cells
tube called catheter Extracellular fluid - The remainder
• Catheter- must be inserted through the (ECF) - Includes all body
urethra to drain the urine and prevent fluids located
bladder trauma from excessive outside the cells
- Includes;
stretching
✓ Blood plasma
• Composition of blood depends on ✓ Interstitial fluid
three factors; (IF)
✓ Diet ✓ Lymph
✓ Cellular metabolism ✓ Transcellular
✓ Urine output fluid
• Kidneys 4 Major Roles: Total body water Volume: 40L
✓ Excreting nitrogen-containing wastes Body weight: 60%
✓ Maintaining water balance of the Interstitial fluid Volume: 12L
blood (IF) Part of ECF: 80%
✓ Maintaining electrolyte balance of Plasma Volume: 3L
the blood Part of ECF: 20%
✓ Ensuring proper blood pH • Plasma
- Circulates throughout the body
delivering substances
- Serves as the “highway” that links
the external and internal
environments

ANAPHY
The Link between Water and Electrolytes • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- A hormone that prevent excessive
• The types and amounts of solutes in
water loss in the urine
body fluids (ECF), especially
- Travels in the blood to its main
electrolytes such as sodium,
target, the kidney’s collecting
potassium, calcium ions are also
ducts where it causes duct cells
vitally important to overall body
to reabsorb more water
homeostasis
- Is released more or less
Regulation of Water Intake and Output continuously unless the solute
concentration of the blood drops
• If the body is to remain properly too low
hydrated, we cannot lose more • Diabetes insipidus
water than we take in - When ADH is not released and
• Thirst mechanism huge amounts of very dilute urine
- Is the driving force for water intake (up to 25L/day) flush from the
• An increase in plasma solute content body day after day
of only 2-3% excites highly sensitive - Can lead to severe dehydration
cells in the hypothalamus called and electrolyte imbalances
osmoreceptors - Affected are always thirsty and
• Osmoreceptor- activate the have to drink fluids almost
hypothalamic thirst center continuously
• When less fluid leaves the
bloodstream, less saliva is Maintaining Electrolyte Balance
produced, reinforcing the thirst • Very small changes of electrolyte
response concentrations cause water to move
• Water leaves the body by several from one compartment to another.
routes; This movement causes to alter
✓ Water vaporizes out of the lungs blood volume and blood pressure.
(insensible water loss) Thus, severely impair the activity
✓ Lost in perspiration of irritable cells, like nerve and
✓ Some leaves the body in stool muscle cells
• Kidney compensate when large • Aldosterone
amount of water are lost and when - A second hormone that helps to
water intake is excessive, they regulate blood composition and
excrete urine to reduce fluid volume blood volume by acting on the
• The kidneys ensure that proper kidney
concentrations of the various - Is the major factor regulating
electrolytes are present in both sodium ion content in ECF
intracellular and extracellular fluids. - Also helps regulate the
• Reabsorption of water and concentration of other ions
electrolytes by the kidneys is (potassium chloride)and
regulated primarily by hormones magnesium as well

ANAPHY
• Sodium ions • Renin-angiotensin mechanism
- Are the electrolytes most - Most important trigger for
responsible for osmotic water aldosterone
flow - Mediated by juxtaglomerular
- When too few in the blood, water (JG) apparatus of the renal
will leave the blood and enters tubules
tissues causing edema • Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
• For each sodium reabsorbed a - Consists of a complex of
chloride ion follows and a potassium modified smooth muscle cells
ion is secreted into the filtrate in the afferent arteriole plus
• Aldosterone also increase water some modified epithelial cells
reabsorption by the tubule cells, as - When stimulated by low blood
sodium is reclaimed, water follows it pressure in afferent arteriole or
passively back into the blood changes in solute content, they
• RULE: Water follows salt respond by releasing the
enzyme renin into the blood
• Renin
- Initiates the series of reactions
that produce angiotensin II
• Angiotensin II
- Acts directly on the blood
vessels to cause
vasoconstriction
- Acts also on the adrenal cortical
cells to promote aldosterone
release
• When pressure drops, baroreceptors
alert sympathetic nervous system
centers of the brain to cause
vasoconstriction (via release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine)
• Addison’s disease
- Hypoaldosteronism
- People with this condition have
polyuria (excrete large volumes
of urine)
- And it lose tremendous
amounts of salt and water to
urine

ANAPHY
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood • Strong bases like hydroxides
dissociate easily in water and quickly
• 7.35-7.45 blood pH should be
tie up H+
maintained for the cells of the body
• Weak bases like bicarbonate ion
to function properly
and ammonia are slower to accept
• Alkalosis- when pH of arterial blood
H+
rises above 7.45
• However, as pH drops, the weak
• Acidosis- a drop in arterial pH
bases become “stronger” and begin
below 7.35
to tie up more H+ and they are
• Physiological acidosis- any arterial valuable members of chemical buffer
pH in the range of 7.0-7.35 systems
• The kidneys assume most of the
load for maintaining acid-base 3 Major Chemical Buffer Systems;
balance of the blood
1. Bicarbonate
Blood Buffers 2. Phosphate
3. Protein buffer system
• Chemical buffers • Each of them helps to maintain the pH
- Are systems of one or two in one or more of the fluid compartments
molecules • Any abnormal pH level is resisted by the
- Act to prevent dramatic changes entire buffering system
in the hydrogen ion concentration
when acids or bases are added Bicarbonate Buffer System
- They do this by binding to
• Is a mixture of;
hydrogen ions when pH drops
✓ carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its
and by releasing hydrogen ions
✓ salt
when pH rises
✓ sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
- They act within a fraction of a
second, so they are the first line • Carbonic acid
of defense in resisting pH - Is a weak acid
changes - It doesn’t dissociate much in
neutral or acidic solution
• Strong acids like hydrochloric
- Thus, when a strong acid is
acid (HCI) dissociate completely
added, they just remain intact
and liberate all their hydrogen ion in
water and can cause large changes • Bicarbonate ions of the salt act as
in pH bases to tie up the hydrogen ions
released by stronger acid, forming
• Weak acids like carbonic acid
more carbonic acid
release only some of their H+ (partial
dissociation) and so have lesser • The strong acid is (effectively)
effect on pH changed to a weak one, it lowers the
pH of the solution only very slightly
• However, weak acids are very
effective at preventing pH • If a strong base such as sodium
changes as they are forced to hydroxide (NaOH) is added to a
dissociate and release more H+ solution containing the bicarbonate
when pH rises over desirable pH buffer system, NaHCO3 will not
range dissociate further under such
alkaline conditions.

ANAPHY
Respiratory Mechanisms • Kidneys maintain acid-base balance
of the blood are by;
• In healthy people, carbon dioxide
✓ Excreting bicarbonate ions
is expelled from the lungs at the
and
same rate as it is formed in the
✓ Reabsorbing or generating
tissues. Thus H+ released when
new bicarbonate ions
CO2 is loaded into the blood and
• Reabsorbing or generating new
is not allowed to accumulate
HCO-3 is the same as loosing H+
because it is tied up in H2O
because it tends to combine with an
when CO2 is unloaded in the
H+ and pushes the equation to the
lungs
left
• When CO2 accumulates in the
blood or more H+ is released in
to the blood by metabolic
processes, the chemoreceptors
in the respiratory control centers
are activated. As a result,
breathing rate and depth
increase, and the excess H+ is • Renal mechanisms undertake these
“blown off” as more CO2 is adjustments;
removed from the blood ✓ As blood pH rises,
• When blood pH begins to rise bicarbonate ions are
(alkalosis), the respiratory center excreted, and hydrogen ions
is depressed. Consequently, the are retained by the tubule
respiratory rate and depth fall, cells
allowing CO2 (and hence, H+ ) ✓ When blood pH falls,
to accumulate in the blood. bicarbonate is reabsorbed
and generated, and
Renal Mechanism hydrogen ions are secreted
• Chemical buffers can tie up excess • Urine pH varies from 4.5-8.0, which
acids or bases temporarily, but reflects the ability of the renal
they cannot eliminate them from tubules to excrete basic or acid ions
the body to maintain blood pH homeostasis
• Only kidneys can rid the body of Developmental Aspects of the Urinary
other acids generated during System
metabolism
• Only the kidneys have the power to • First tubule systems forms and then
regulate blood levels of alkaline begins to degenerate as second,
substances. Thus, despite kidneys lower set appears
acting slowly they are the most • The second set, in turn, degenerates
potent of the pH-regulating as a third set makes it appearance
mechanisms • This third set develops into
functional kidneys that excrete urine
by the 3rd month of fetal life

ANAPHY
• Two of the most common congenital • Daytime control usually occurs well
abnormalities of urinary system are; before night-time control is achieved.
✓ Polycystic kidneys Complete nighttime control usually
✓ Hypospadias doesn’t occur before the child is 4 years
old
Adult polycystic kidney disease
• Many types of bacteria may invade the
- A degenerative condition that urinary tract to cause urethritis, cystitis,
appears to run in families or pyelonephritis
- One or both kidneys enlarge • Escherichia coli
sometimes size of a football, and - Bacteria that are normal residents
have many blister-like sacs (cysts) of digestive tract and generally
containing urine cause no problems
- These cysts interfere with renal - They act as pathogens in the sterile
function by obstructing but initially environment of the urinary tract
not stopping urine drainage - Account for 80% of urinary tract
- In infantile form of this disease, the infections
kidney has blind pouches into which • Sexually transmitted infections (STD)
the filtrate flows totally blocking - Primarily reproductive tract
drainage. It progress rapidly infections
resulting in death by 2 years old - Also invade and cause inflammation
of urinary tract that leads to clogging
Hypospadias
of some of its ducts
- A condition found in male babies • Childhood streptococcal infections like
only strep throat and scarlet fever may also
- Occurs when the urethral orifice is cause inflammatory damage to kidneys
located on the ventral surface of if original infections are not treated
the penis properly
- Corrective surgery is generally done • Glomerulonephritis
when child is around 12 months old - A common sequel to untreated
• Newborn baby voids from 5-40 times childhood strep infections
per day as their bladder is very small - In which glomerular filters become
and kidneys are unable to concentrate clogged with antigen-antibody
urine complexes resulting from the strep
• By 2 months of age, the infant is infection
voiding approximately 400 ml/ day, and • By age 70, the rate of filtrate formation
the amount steadily increases until is only about half that of the middle-
adolescence, when adult urine output aged adult. This is because of impaired
(about 1500 ml/ day) is achieved renal circulation due to atherosclerosis
• By 15 months, most toddlers are aware • Urgency- feeling that is necessary to
when they have voided void
• By 18 months they can hold urine in • Frequency- frequent voiding of small
their bladder for about 2 hours, which amounts of urine
is the first sign that potty training can • Nocturia- the need to get up during the
begin night to urinate, plagues almost two-
thirds of aging population

ANAPHY
• Incontinence- final outcome of the
aging process
• Urinary retention- result of hypertrophy
of the prostate gland in males
• Incontinence and retention can be
avoided by regular regimen activity that
keeps body as a whole optimum
condition and promotes alertness to
eliminates signals

Urinary System

Uploaded by

Urinary System

Uploaded by

Holy Name University - College of Health Sciences

Department of Radiologic Technology

PAGE1| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

• Approximately 1/4 of the total blood

PAGE2| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE3| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

• As filtrate contains many useful

PAGE4| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE5| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

• Are two slender tubes each • Is a smooth, collapsible, muscular

PAGE6| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE7| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE8| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE9| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE10| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE11| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE12| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE13| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

PAGE14| GUEN GANUB BSRT2A

You might also like