EC3354 Signals and Systems
EC3354 Signals and Systems
EC3354 Signals and Systems
OF ECE
PREPARED BY
Mr.A.HERALD, AP/ECE
Dr.T.PASUPATHI, AP/ECE
COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the basic properties of signal & systems
2. To know the methods of characterization of LTI systems in time domain
3. To analyze continuous time signals and system in the Fourier and Laplace domain
4. To analyze discrete time signals and system in the Fourier and Z transform domain
TEXT BOOKS
T1. Allan V. Oppenheim, S. Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Second Edition
Pearson 2015. (Unit I-V)
WEB RESOURCES
No. of Cumulative
Books for Teaching
Topic No Topic Page No. Hours No. of
Reference Methodology
Required periods
UNIT I CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (7+6)
Standard signals- T1
1. 30-38 BB/PPT 1 1
Step, Ramp, Pulse
Impulse, Real and
2. complex exponentials T1 15-25 1 2
BB/PPT
and Sinusoids
Classification of
signals – Continuous
3. T1 15-25 BB/PPT 1 3
time (CT) and Discrete
Time (DT) signals
Periodic & Aperiodic
signals
T1 5-7
4. Energy & Power BB/PPT 1 4
11-14
signals Deterministic
& Random signals
Classification of
T1
5. systems- CT systems 38-43 L.VIDEO 1 5
and DT systems
Linear & Nonlinear
T1
6. Time-variant & Time- 50-56 BB/NPTEL 1 6
W1
Invariant
Causal & Non-causal, T1 BB/PPT
7. Stable & Unstable 46-50 1 7
Tutorials
- - - 6 13
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of unit, students should be able to
Know the different types of signals and systems.
Distinguish the given signal such as periodic, aperiodic and random etc.
Classify the given system such as time-invariant, causal and stable etc.
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of unit, students should be able to
Understand the importance and applications of Fourier series for representing
the signal’s magnitude and phase response.
Perform analysis of continuous time signal by applying properties of Fourier transform.
Understand the applications of Laplace transform for dealing the CT signal.
Tutorials - - - 6 39
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this unit, students could be able to
Understand the applications of differential equations for representing the analog systems.
Compute the system response for impulse input.
Possess skill to apply the convolution integral ,Fourier and Laplace transforms for analyzing the
analog signals.
UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (7+6)
Baseband signal
15. Sampling T1 515-534 BB/PPT 1 40
Fourier Transform of
T1,W4
16. discrete time signals 359-366 BB/PPT 2 42
(DTFT)
17. Properties of DTFT T1 372-388 BB/PPT 2 44
18. Z Transform & T1
741-774 L.VIDEO 2 46
Properties
Tutorials -
- - 6 52
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this unit, students should be able to
Apply the different sampling technique for baseband signal.
Be familiar in computing DTFT and its properties.
Know the conversion and represention of DT signal in complex domain using Z-transform.
UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT - DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS (7+6)
19. Impulse T1 BB/PPT 1 53
442-447
response
20. Difference T1 BB/PPT 1 54
244-249
equations
SS - 3.5 KCE/ECE/QB/II YR/SS
FORMAT : QP09 KCE / DEPT. OF ECE
DT systems
connected in
24. T1 783-784 BB/PPT 1 59
series and
parallel.
Tutorials - - - 6 65
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this unit, students could be able to
Perform convolution sum between the given signals.
Represent and solve the DT systems using difference equations.
Analyse the impulse response of the given DT systems and Distinguish the recursive and non-
recursive systems.
COURSE OUTCOME
Date
ASSIGNMENT DETAILS
ASSIGNMENT I II
Topic Nos. for 1-12 13-24
reference
Deadline
Class Strength : 46
ASSIGNMENT: I (40 Marks) (Before CAT–I)
Topics for Reference (1-12)
Question / Activity / Activities Evaluation
Level-1 (22 Students)
L1- Q1-Q9 Poster Presentation
1. Standard signals. Poster Design: 10
2. Classification of signals. Marks
3. Classification of Systems. Presentation: 25 Marks
4. Properties of Impulse signals with Q&A: 05 Marks
examples.
5. Periodic and aperiodic signal - examples.
6. Energy and Power signal - examples
7. Even and Odd signal - examples
8. Basic Signal Operations
9. Linear and Non-linear systems
L1- Q10-17 Book problems related to the topics Minimum 5 problems to
10. Time shifting, Time Folding be solved on the specific
11. Time scaling, addition and subtration topic.
12. Linear and No-linear systems Formula: 5 Marks
13. Time invariant and variant systems Content: 30 Marks
14. Causal and non-causal sysems Clarity: 05 Marks
15. static and dynamic systyems
16. Periodic and aperiodic signals
17. Energy and Power signals
L1- Q18-20 QUIZ
18. Classification of signals Totally 20 questions.
19. Classification of systems (20*2= 40 Marks)
20. Basic signal operations
L1- Q21-22 Think breal
21. Fourier transform - Properties Totally 20 questions.
22. Laplace transform - Properties (20*2= 40 Marks)
Level-2 (17 Students)
L2- Q23-28 GATE Questionaire
23. Relation between standard test signals Concept clarity: 5
24. Addition of two signals Marks Presentation: 10
25. Fourier analysis of CT signals Marks Circuit
26. Convolution integral Design/Model : 25
27. Classification of singlas Marks.
28. Classification of systems
L2- Q29-34 Power point Presentation
29. Periodic and aperiodic signals PPT: 15 Marks
30. Energy and Power signals Presentation: 10 Marks
31. Even and Odd signals Report: 10 Marks
32. Linear and Non-linear systems Q&A: 5 Marks
33. Time invariant and variant systems
SS - 3.7 KCE/ECE/QB/II YR/SS
FORMAT : QP09 KCE / DEPT. OF ECE
Level-3 (07
Students)
L3- Q43-43 APH Presentation: 15 Marks
40. Fourier series for periodic signals Communication: 05 Marks
41. Fourier transform of signals Report: 15 Marks
42. Laplace transform of signals Q&A: 5 Marks
43. Sumamary of FT & LT properties
L3- Q44-45 Mind-mapping concept in Presentation: 15 Marks
44. Convolution integrals Communication: 05 Marks
45. Differential equations Report: 15 Marks
Q&A: 5 Marks
L3- Q46 Mini projects Presentation: 15 Marks
46. Generation of Signals using MATLAB Communication: 05 Marks
Report: 15 Marks
Q&A: 5 Marks
Class Strength : 46
ASSIGNMENT: II (40 Marks) (Before CAT – II)
Topics for Reference (18-29)
Question / Activity / Activities Evaluation
Level-1 (22 Students)
L1- Q1-9 Role play
1. Direct form –I form realization structure Concept clarity: 10 Marks
2. Direct form –II form realization structure Presentation: 15 Marks
3. Cascade form system realization Report : 15 Marks
4. Parallel form system realization
5. Relation between DTFT and Z-transform
6. Relation between DFT and Z-transform
7. Recursive system
8. Non-recursive system
9. DT systems connected in series and parallel.
L1- Q10-15 Power point Presentation
10. Sampling theorems PPT: 15 Marks
11. DTFT Properties. Presentation: 10 Marks
12. Z-Transform Properties. Report: 10 Marks
13. Fourier Transfrom in analysis of CT Q&A: 5 Marks
systems.
14. Laplace Transfrom in analysis of CT
systems.
15. Convolution Sum.
L1- Q16-18 Quiz
16. Analysis of DT signals Totally 20 questions.
17. Analysis of CT systems. (20*2= 40 Marks)
18. Analysis of LTI-DT systems
L1- Q19-22 Think Break exercise on Minimum 3 problems to
19. Impulse response be solved on the specific
20. Difference equation topic.
21. Convolution sum. Formula: 10 Marks
22. Z- Transform properties Content: 30 Marks
11a 6 CO4 L3
(ii).
11b (i)Construct the even and odd part of the signal x(t) 7 CO4 L1
representation of a CT system
with initial
Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical equation, they are modelled in probabilistic
terms. Also Random signals represent a physical phenomenon that cannot be described by a
function.
Eg: Ocean wave patterns, noise generated by passing vehicles, noise introduced in propagation of
radio signal.
3. Give the mathematical and graphical representations of a REMEMBER CO1
discrete time ramp sequence. BT-L 1
4. UNDERSTAND CO1
Evaluate the following integral (2t 2 3) (t )dt
BT-L2
= (2t 3) |t=0 =3
2
5. State the difference between causal and non causal system REMEMBER CO1
BT-L 1
The output of casual system depends on present A system whose present response depends on
and past inputs, it means y(n) is a function of x(n), future values of the inputs is called as a non-
x(n-1), x(n-2), x(n-3)…etc. Since future samples causal system, output y(n) is function of x(n),
are not present; causal system is memory less x(n-1), x(n-2)…etc. as well as it is function of
system. x(n+1), x(n+2), x(n+3), … etc.
(i)
(ii)
10. Give the relation between continuous time unit impulse REMEMBER CO1
function f(t),step function u(t) BT-L 1
and ramp function r(p).
Unit impulse Unit step Ramp signal
δ(t)=1; t=0 U(t)=1;t>0 R(t)=0;t<0
0;t≠0 =0;t<0 =t;t>0
Relation:
t
12. Draw the following signals (a) u(t)-u(t-10) and (b) UNDERSTAND CO1
(0.5)n u(n-1) BT-L 1
a.
u(t) u(t-10) u(t)-u(t-10)
b.(0.5)n u(n-1)
At n=0, x(0)= 1.0
n=1, x(0)= ½
n=3, x(4)= 1/4
13. Draw the function π(2t+3), when π(t) = 1 ; for t ≤ ½ UNDERSTAND CO1
0 ; otherwise BT-L2
14. What are the conditions for a system to be LTI system? REMEMBER CO1
BT-L 1
,
Since Energy is finite & P=0,x(t) is an Energy signal.
17. Whether the following system is static or dynamic and UNDERSTAND CO1
also causal or non-causal.y(n)=x(2n). BT-L2
Since the output y(n) depends on the future input, y(n)=x(2n) is a Dynamic system & also a Non-
Causal system.
Static –output depends only on the present input
Dynamic - output depends on the past input
Causal-output depends on only past and present inputs
Non-causal- output depends on future inputs
18. Define DT unit step and unit impulse function. REMEMBER CO1
BT-L 1
Deterministic signal:
Signals that can be described by a mathematical function.
Eg: Motion of a pendulum, satellite’s orbit.
Random signal:
Random signals represent a physical phenomenon that cannot be described by a function.
Eg: Ocean wave patterns, noise generated by passing vehicles.
2
1
t
-1 0 1 2
solution: X(t)
4
2
2
1
t
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
23. Give the relation between frequency of analog and DT REMEMBER CO1
signal. BT-L 1
The relation between frequency of analog and DT signal is given byfn=f/fs ,where fndenotes the
samples, f denote the analog signal and fs denotes the sampling signal.The frequency of the analog
signal is represented by ω,but the frequency of the digital signal is represented by Ω.Hence the relation
between the frequency of analog and digital signal is given by ω=2пfn.
25. Check the causality of the system given by y(n)=x(n-n0) REMEMBER CO1
BT-L1
A system is said to be causal only if its response is depend on present or past input
values, otherwise the system is non-causal system.
Here n00, then the output y(n) depends on the present or past input, hence the system is casual.
PART-B
1. plot the following signal ,given x[n] (13) REMEMBER CO1
i) X[n]={1,2,1,2,1,2,1} ii) X [n-1] iii) X [2n] iv) BT-L1
X [n/2] v) X [n/2-1] vi) X [-n/2-1]
2. Determine whether the following system is linear, time (13) REMEMBER CO1
invariant and causal memory less and stable. Y[n] =n x[n] BT-L1
X(t) y(t)
G(s)
5.x[2n] 6..x[-2n+1]
5. A continuous time system has the input-output relation (13) REMEMBER CO1
given by y(t)=tx (t-1)Determine whether the system is BT-L1
1.Linear 2. Time-invariant 3 .Stable
4.Memory less 5.Causal.
5. (i)Find whether the following signals are periodic or a (07) APPLY CO1
periodic. If periodic find the fundamental period and BT-L3
fundamental frequency.
6. Find whether the following systems are time variant or (13) APPLY CO1
fixed. Also find whetherthe systems are linear or non BT-L3
linear.
(iv)u[n+2]u[-n+3]
11. Check whether the following signals are periodic (7) UNDERSTAND CO1
BT-L2
/Aperiodic signals
a. x(t)=cos 2t-sin t/5 and
b. x(n)=3-cos /2n-cos 2n
Check whether the following system is linear, causal, (6) UNDERSTAND CO1
BT-L2
time invariant and/or stable
a. y(n)=x(n)-x(n-1) and
b. y(t)=d/dt x(t).
12. Determine whether the signal x(t) sin 20 t + sin 5 t is (13) APPLY CO1
periodic and if it is periodic find the fundamental period BT-L3
13. Determine energy and power signals. Find whether the (07) APPLY CO1
signal x(n) = (1/2)n u(n) is energyor power signal and BT-L3
calculate their energy or power.
Discuss various forms of real and complex exponential (06) UNDERSTAND CO1
signals with graphical representation BT-L2
14. i.Determine whether the discrete time system y(n) = (07) APPLY CO1
x(n)cos(wn) is Memory less, stable,Causal, Linear, Time- BT-L3
invariant
ii.Determine whether the following signal is periodic. If (07)
periodic, determine thefundamental period: x(t) =
3cost + 4 cos t/3
15. Check whether the following are periodic UNDERSTAND CO1
(07) BT-L2
x(n) = sin (6 n + 1)
x(n) = ej3 +1/2) (06)
PART-C
1. Distinguish between the following: (15) APPLY CO1
a. Continuous Time Signal and Discrete Time BT-L3
Signal.
b. Unit step and Unit Ramp functions.
c. Periodic and Aperiodic signals.
d. Deterministic and Random signals.
2. .(i) Find whether the given signal is periodic or not. (15) UNDERSTAND CO1
BT-L2
L[ u(t)] = (Formula)
7. Give the relation between Fourier and Laplace transform. REMEMBER CO2
BT-L1
Fourier transform Laplace transform
It provides the summation of waves with It uses damped waves with an additional
negative frequencies. factoreσ,where σ-is a positive number.
It converts the Time domain function f(t) It converts the Time domain function f(t)
into F(jω)-Frequency domain into F(S).S-domain
It describes the properties of Periodic wave It describes the operation of Continuous
with discrete frequency. time with Aperiodic or Random signal.
8. State the conditions for the convergence of Fourier series REMEMBER CO2
10. Give the equation for the trigonometric Fourier series. REMEMBER CO2
BT-L1
The equation for the Trigonometric Fourier Series:
X(t) = a0 + ancos(wot)+bnsin(w0t)
where,
a0= ; an = ; bn =
11. State the time scaling property of Laplace transform. REMEMBER CO2
BT-L1
=
= ie. Impulse function
13. Give synthesis and analysis equations of continuous time REMEMBER CO2
Fourier transform. BT-L1
Synthesis Equation:
Analysis Equation:
14. Define the region of convergence of the Laplace transform. REMEMBER CO2
BT-L1
The values of ‘s’ for which the Laplace transform converges is called the Region of
Convergence.
When the value of ‘s’ is positive, the region of convergence of a Laplace transform of a
continuous time periodic signal is right side of the s-plane. When the value of‘s’ is negative,
the region of convergence of a Laplace transform of a continuous time periodic signal is left
side of the s-plane.
15. Obtain the Fourier series coefficients for x(t) = sin wot. UNDERSTAND CO2
BT-L2
= = -
The Fourier Transform of the convolution of g(t) and h(t) with corresponding Fourier
Transforms G(f) and H(f)] is given by:
17. State the initial and final value theorem of Laplace REMEMBER CO2
transform. BT-L 1
Initial value Theorem:
Let
18. State any two properties of Continuous Time Fourier REMEMBER CO2
Transform. BT-L 1
Linearity Property:
x(t )
F
x j and y (t )
F
x j then
ax(t ) by (t )
F
aX j bY ( j )
Time Shifting Property:
If x(t )
F
X j then
x(t t 0 )
F
e jt 0 X jw
19. What are the symmetric properties of Fourier series? REMEMBER CO2
BT-L 1
xt e jk o t dt
1
Where X (k )
T T
22. What is the Laplace transform of e-at sint u(t)? UNDERSTAND CO2
BT-L2
e -at sint
L
s
s a 2 2
23. Define the Fourier transform pair for continuous time signal. REMEMBER CO2
BT-L 1
xt e
jt
Fourier Transform X ( w) dt
X e jt d
1
Inverse Fourier Transform x(t )
2
24. Find the Laplace transform of signal U(t). APPLY CO2
BT-L3
1 st 1
Lu t u t e st dt e 0 ROC:
Re[s]
0
s s
25. What is Parsevals power theorem? UNDERSTAND CO2
BT-L2
Parsevals theorem gives total average power of the periodic signal.
The power is equaltosummation of squares of magnitudes of Fourier coefficients.
P n C n 2
PART-B
1. Find the Fourier transform of the signal x(t)=e−α t , (13) REMEMBER CO2
α > 0 and plot its spectrum BT-L 1
2. Specify all possible ROC’s for the function X(s) given below (13) REMEMBER CO2
.also find x(t) in each case BT-L 1
4𝑠
X(s)=
𝑠+2 (𝑠+4)
3. Find the Fourier transform of x(t)=e-a|t|, a>0 and sketch its (13) UNDERSTAND CO2
corresponding magnitude spectrum. BT-L2
4. Find the Laplace transform of x(t)=e-a|t|, a>0 and its (7) APPLY CO2
associated ROC and indicate BT-L3
Whether the Fourier transform X(jΩ) exists.
5. From basic formula, determine the Fourier transform of the (13) APPLY CO2
given signals. Obtain the magnitude and phase spectra of the BT-L3
given signals.
t
6. i.Find the Fourier transform of the signal x(t)=cos (07) REMEMBER CO2
ii.State Dirichlet’s conditions and its importance. (06) BT-L 1
12. Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for half wave (7) UNDERSTAND CO2
rectified sine wave. BT-L2
Find the Fourier transform of (6) UNDERSTAND CO2
BT-L2
=0 otherwise
13. i.Determine the Fourier transform for double exponential (07) APPLY CO2
pulse whose function is given by x(t)= e-2t . Also draw its BT-L3
1
- 1 3
1
- 2
2 -
1
PART-C
1. Find the Fourier series coefficients of cosine waveform. (15) UNDERSTAND CO2
BT-L2
2. Fourier transform of rectangular pulse. (15) APPLY CO2
BT-L3
=0 ; other wise
2. The input -output relationship of a system is give by UNDERSTAND CO3
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐱 BT-L2
+ 𝟑 𝐝𝐭 + 𝟐𝐲 = . find the system function H(s) of the
𝐝𝐭 𝟐 𝐝𝐭
system.
𝑌 𝑆 𝑠
The system response𝐻 𝑆 = =𝑠 2+3𝑠+2
𝑋(𝑆)
Given: H(s)=4-(3/s+2)
Given,
Take inverse Laplace transform, h(t) = For system to be stable,
ie. = , (as the system is causal).
0
15. What is the impulse response of two LTI systems connected REMEMBER CO3
in parallel? BT-L 1
The impulse response of two LTI systems h1& h2 connected in parallel is h1 + h2.
The impulse response is the output produced by the system when unit impulse is applied
atthe input. The impulse response is denoted by h(t).It can be obtained from the transfer
function also i.e.
h(t ) L1H s
h(t ) IFT H f
17. What is the Laplace transform of the function x(t) = u(t) – REMEMBER CO3
u(t-2)? BT-L 1
L{u(t)} = = =
L{u(t-2)} = =
L{[u(t) - u(t-2)]} = -
18. Give four steps to compute convolution integral. REMEMBER CO3
BT-L 1
The four steps to compute convolution integral are,
Folding h(k) : h(-k)
Shifting : h(n0-k)
Multiplication : x(k)h(n0-k)
Summation : y(n) =
19. What is a time invariant and time variant system? UNDERSTAND CO3
BT-L2
A System is called as shift-invariant if its input-output characteristics do not change with
time. i.e., y(n, k) = y(n-k).
A System is said to be time/shift-variant if its input-output characteristics changes with
respect to time. i.e., y (n, k) y(n-k).
20. Define transfer functions in CT systems. REMEMBER CO3
BT-L 1
Transfer function is defined as ration of the transformations of input and output i.e.
y f Y s
H( f ) using Fourier transform; H ( s ) using Laplace transform
Xf X s
21. Define Causality and stability using poles. REMEMBER CO3
BT-L 1
Causality:
An LTI system is said to be causal if h(n) =0for n<0, the ROC of its transfer function H(Z) is the
exterior of a circle including infinity.
Stability:
An LTI system is stable if its response to any bounded input is also bounded for all n:
If |x(n)|<Bx then |y(n)|<∞
22. What are the tools used for analysis of LTI-CT systems? REMEMBER CO3
BT-L 1
The tools used for the analysis of the LTI-CT system are
Fourier transform
Laplace transform
22. 2. State commutative property of convolution integral. REMEMBER CO3
BT-L 1
The commutative property of convolution integral states that
25. State the relation is correct between Fourier transform UNDERSTAND CO3
X(F) and Fourier series coefficient ck? BT-L2
PART-B
5. Convolve the signals x(t) = u(t) and h(t) = u(t+3). (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
BT-L2
6. A system is described by the differential equation (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
BT-L2
Find the transfer
10. Determine frequency response and impulse responsefor the (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
system described by the following differential equation. BT-L2
Assume zero initial conditions.
.
11. Convolve the following signals: (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
x(t)=e-2tu(t-2) and h(t)= e-3tu(t) BT-L2 CO3
12. The input –output of a causal LTI system are related by the (13) APPLY CO3
differential equation d2/dt2 y(t) + 6 d/dt y(t) +8y(t) = BT-L3
2x(t).(i)Find the impulse response h(t).
(ii)Find y(t) of the system if x(t)=u(t)
13. An LTI system is represented by d2/dt2 y(t) + 4 d/dt y(t) – (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
4y(t) = x(t) with initial conditions y(0’)=0 .Find the output of BT-L2
the system, when the input is x|t=e-tu(t).
14. Obtain the convolution of the signals x1(t) = e-atu(t); (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
x2 (t) = e-btu(t) using FourierTransform. BT-L2
15. The input x(t) and output y(t) for a system satisfy the (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
differential equation d2y(t)/dt2 + 3 dy(t)/ dt +2y(t) = BT-L2
x(t).Compute the transfer function and impulse response.
16. Find the overall impulse response of the following system. (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
BT-L2
response
18. Find the convolution of the following signals: x(t) = e- (13) UNDERSTAND CO3
2tu(t)h(t)= u(t+2). BT-L2
PART-C
1. Using Laplace transform, find the impulse response of an (15) UNDERSTAND CO3
LTIsystemdescribed by the differential equation BT-L2
dy t dy t
2
2
2 y t xt
dt dt
2. Find the convolution of the following signals, (15) UNDERSTAND CO3
x1(t)=eat u(t);x2(t) = e-btu(t). BT-L2
3. A stable LTI system is characterized by the differential (15) UNDERSTAND CO3
equation d2y(t)/dt2 + 4dy(t)/dt+3y(t) = dx(t)/dt +2x(t) Find BT-L2
the frequency response and impulse response using
Fourier transform.
2 = 200 2 = 100
f1 = = 100 Hz f2 = = 50 Hz
Among the two f1 and f2 frequencies, f1 is maximum.
fs = 2(100) = 200Hz.
6. Write the conditions for existence of DTFT. UNDERSTAND CO4
BT-L2
The sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic sequence
x(n) is if a sequence x(n) is absolutely summable, then DTFT
exists for the sequence x(n).
7. Find the final value of the given signal UNDERSTAND CO4
BT-L2
.
Given =
Proof:
Where, m= -n
11. Find the DTFT of x(n)=(n)+(n-1). UNDERSTAND CO4
BT-L2
The DTFT {(n)+(n-1)}= X()=1+e –j2.
12. What is the z transform of ∂ (n+k)? REMEMBER CO4
BT-L 1
By time shifting property of Z transform ,
Z.T
=
13. Define unilateral and bilateral Z transform. REMEMBER CO4
BT-L 1
Bilateral Z-transform:
The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Unilateral Z-transform:
Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n ≥ 0, the single-sided or unilateral
Z-transform is defined as
Aliasing is an effect refers to the distortion that results when the signal reconstructed from samples
is different from the original continuous signal as the sampling process not satisfied the Nyquist
rate
X(z)=
PART-B
1. Find the DTFT of the rectangular pulse sequence shown (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
below and also plot the spectrum. BT-L2
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
z
2. Given the z-transform of a sequence x[n] as X(z)=z−1 (13) APPLY CO4
BT-L 3
3. Find the z-transform of the following signals in term of X(z) (13) APPLY CO4
using properties of z-transform BT-L 3
i)x[n-1] (3)
ii)x[-n] (3)
iii)α x[n]
n (3)
iv)nx[n] (4)
4. Let X(e ) be the Fourier transform of the sequence x[n].
jω (13) APPLY CO4
Determine in terms of x[n] the sequence corresponding to BT-L 3
the following transforms using the properties of DTFT. Also
prove the properties used.
(i) X(ej(ω-ω0)) (3)
(ii) X*(e-jω) (3)
(iii) j (d/dω) X(ejω) (3)
(iv) 1/2π X1(ejω) ℗ X1(ejω) (4)
5. Derive the z-transform of the following sequence (13) APPLY CO4
x[n]=sin(ω0n) u[n]. Also specify its ROC. BT-L 3
6. Given the Impulse response of a discrete time LTI system (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
h[n]=[-2(1/3)n + 3(1/2)n] u[n] BT-L2
(i) Find the system function H(z) of the system.
(ii) Find the difference equation representation
of the system.
(iii) Find the step response of the system.
7. The input output relationship of a discrete time system is (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
given by y[n]-1/4 y[n-1]=x[n]. Find the response y[n] if the BT-L2
Fourier transform of the input
x[n] is given as X(ejω) = 1/(1-1/2 e-jω)
8. (i) Discuss the effects of under sampling a signal using (07) REMEMBER CO4
necessary diagrams. BT-L 1
EVALUATE
(ii) Find the z-transform of x[n] = (06) CO4
BT-L5
and specify its ROC.
9. State and explain sampling theorem both in frequency and (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
15. (i) Find the inverse z-transform of the function (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
X(z) = (1+z-1) / ( 1- 2/3 z-1 )2 ROC |z| >2/3 BT-L2
16. (i) State and prove sampling theorem. (07) UNDERSTAND CO4
(ii) What is aliasing? Explain the steps to be taken to avoid (06) BT-L2
aliasing.
17. i)Find the Z transform of the sequence (07) UNDERSTAND CO4
x(n) = cos(n )u(n) BT-L2
(ii)Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following
(06)
expression using partial fraction
expansion: X(z) = 1/ (1-1/3z-1) ( 1- 1/6 z-1)
ROC |z| > 1/3
18. Obtain the inverse z transform of (13) UNDERSTAND CO4
X(z) = z2 / (z2-1.5z +0.5) BT-L2
for ROC (1) |z| > 1, (2) |z| < 0.5, (3) 0.5 < |z| < 1
PART-C
1. (15) UNDERSTAND CO4
Find the Fourier Transform of x(n) =
BT-L2
2. Find the z-transform of the given signalx(n) and find ROC. (15) UNDERSTAND CO4
x(n) = | sin on|u(n) BT-L2
5. From discrete convolution sum, find the step response in REMEMBER BT-L 1 CO5
terms of h(n).
Convolution sum
y(n) = x(n) * h(n) =
Step Response means the output y(n) for the input x(n) = u(n).
y(n)=
The given system is stable since for it maintains the same amplitude and frequency throughout
the given duration of time.
9. If X(w) is the DTFT of x(n), what is the DTFT of x(-n)? UNDERSTAND CO5
BT-L2
DTFT:
DTFT:
10. In terms of RoC, state the condition for an LTI discrete UNDERSTAND CO5
time system to be causal and stable. BT-L2
If an LTI system is causal if a right sided impulse response function h(n)=0 for n<0, then the ROC
of its transfer function H(z) is the exterior of a circle including infinity. For stable, the ROC is the
exterior of a circle outside the out-most pole, and the order of numerator is no greater than the
order of the denominator.
11. Is the discrete time system described by the difference UNDERSTAND CO5
equation y(n ) = x(-n) causal. BT-L2
No, the system is not causal, because the output depends on the future input.
12. Define convolution sum with its equation. REMEMBER BT-L 1 CO5
The Convolution sum (or) the Linear Convolution givesthe output or response of a DT system
which is the Convolution of the input sequence &Impulse response sequence.
y(n) = x(n)*h(n) y(n)= .
13. Define the shifting property of the discrete time unit REMEMBER CO5
impulse function. BT-L1
15. What is the z transform of the sequence x(n) = an u(n) ? REMEMBER CO5
BT-L1
By the definition of Z transform,
X(z) =
=
=
16. What is the difference equation for non recursive REMEMBER CO5
system? BT-L1
17. What is the condition for a system to be a causal for a REMEMBER CO5
LTI system? BT-L1
An LTI system is said to be causal if an only if h(n) = 0, for n = 0.
20. List two differences between IIR and FIR filters. REMEMBER CO5
BT-L1
FIR IIR
The length of impulse response is finite The length of impulse response is infinite
There is no feedback from the output There is feedback from the output
DFT DTFT
Proof,
PART-B
1. Convolve the following signal x[n] =αnu[n]
h[n] =u [n-1]. (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
BT-L2
2. Consider a DT LTI system whose system function H(z) is (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
z
given by H(z)=z−0.5 z > 0.5. Find h(n). BT-L2
3. Let y[n]=x[n]*h[n] Where x[n]=(1/3)n u(n) and h[n]=(1/5)n (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
u(n) Find y(z) by using the convolution property of z- BT-L2
transform and find y[n] by taking the inverse transform of
y(z) using the partial fraction expansion method.
4. A causal DT LTI system is described by the difference (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
equation y[n-2]-(7/10) y[n-1]+(1/10) y[n]=x[n].Determine BT-L2
the system function H(z). Also plot the pole-zero plot and
determine whether the system is stable.
5. Convolve the signals x[n] =u[n]-u [n-3] and h[n]=(0.5)n u[n]. (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
BT-L2
6. Determine whether the given system is stable by finding (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
H(z) and plotting the pole-zero diagram y[n]=2y[n-1]- BT-L2
0.8y[n-2]+x[n]+0.8x[n-1].
7. A system is governed by a linear constant coefficient (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
difference equation, BT-L2
y(n) = 0.7y(n-1) – 0.1 y(n-2) + 2x(n-2).Find the output
h(n) =
11. Determine the transfer function and the impulse response (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
for the causal LTI system described by the difference BT-L2
equation using Z transform
y(n) - ¼ y(n-1)-3/8 y(n-2) = - x(n) + 2x(n-1)
12. A linear time-invariant system is characterized by the (13) UNDERSTAND CO5
system function BT-L2
H(z)= , specify the ROC of H(z) and determine
The given signal is complex exponential signal. Therefore the given signal is periodic with a
fundamental period of 5 samples.
2. Define even and odd signal. AU AM REMEMBER CO1
2023 BT-L1
y(t) = 2tx(t)
Replace t by (t-k).
Y = y(t-k) = x(t-k) = x(t-k)
Delay the signal before processing. Delay the input sample alone.
y(t) = 2tx(t-k)
Y' = 2(t-k)x(t-k)
Clearly Y ≠ Y'
Thus, this is a time-variant system.
4. Differentiate between the causal and non-causal AU ND UNDERSTAND CO1
systems. 2022 BT-L2
PART-B
1. Explain all classification of systems with (13) AU AM REMEMBER CO1
examples for each category. 2023 BT-L1
The conditions for x(t) to have Fourier transform is the Dirichlet’s condition,
(i) x(t) must be absolutely integrate able over ( ) i.e,
(ii) x(t ) must have finite number of discontinuities and
(iii) x(t) must have finite number of maxima and minima in every finite time interval.
2. Find the RoC of the LT of x(t)=u(t). AU AM UNDERSTAND CO2
2023 BT-L2
The LT value of the unit step signal is (1/s).Here the value of s is positive, hence the poles
are lies within the right side of the S-plane. RoC lies between 0 to
L[ u(t)] = (Formula)
4. Define Fourier transform. AU ND UNDERSTAND CO2
2022 BT-L2
Fourier Transform is a mathematical model which helps to transform the signals between
two different domains, such as transforming signal from frequency domain to time domain
or vice versa.
Let x(t) be the signal which is the function of time t. The Fourier transform of x(t) is given
by X(ω)= x(t)e-jωtdt.
PART-B
1. Consider a causal discrete time LTI system (13) AU AM APPLY CO2
whose input and y are related by the 2023 BT-L3
following difference equation:
Find the Fourier
series representation of the output y for
each of the following signals:
(i)
(ii)
4. State and prove the initial value theorem and (13) AU ND UNDERSTAND CO2
final value theorem using Laplace transform. 2022 BT-L2
Given two continuous-time signals x(t) and ν(t), we define their convolution x(t) * ν(t) as
y(t)=x(t) * ν(t) = where x(t)-input signal and v(t-k)-delayed impulse
sequence and y(t)-output response.
2. When the Linear Time Invariant Continuous AU AM REMEMBER CO3
Time is said to be stable? 2023 BT-L1
A linear time-invariant (LTI) system is said to be stable if: The bounded input sequence
always produces a bounded output sequence. Its natural response approaches zero as time
approaches infinity.
h(t) is an impulse response that is infinite in magnitude and occurs at the time instant t0.
This means that when an impulse is applied at time t0 as the input x(t)=δ(t−t0)), the system
responds with an impulse response h(t) that is also infinite in magnitude at the same time
t0.
So, the impulse response of the system y(t)=x(t−t0) is an impulse of infinite magnitude at
t=t0.
4. Perform the convolution of the causal signal AU ND UNDERSTAND CO3
using Laplace 2022 BT-L2
transform.
Multiply the Laplace Transforms of the two signals to perform convolution in the Laplace
domain:
Finally, take the inverse Laplace Transform to obtain the convolution result in the time
domain:
PART-B
PART-C
1. Find the convolution of the following signals, AU AM APPLY CO3
x (t) =e-at u(t);x2(t) = e-btu(t).
1
2023 BT-L3
2. Using Laplace transform, find the impulse (15) AU AM APPLY CO3
response of an LTI system described by the 2023 BT-L3
differential equation
with initial
conditions for the
input
PART-B
1. State and prove Sampling theorem. (13) AU AM UNDERSTAND CO4
2023 BT-L2
2. Find the Z transform and sketch the ROC of (13) AU AM UNDERSTAND CO4
the following sequence x[n] = 2n u[n] + 3n u(- 2023 BT-L2
n - 1).
4. Find the one sided Z transform of the discrete (13) AU ND UNDERSTAND CO4
time signals generated by mathematically 2022 BT-L2
sampling the following continuous time signal
PART-C
1. Using a Z Transform, perform deconvolution (15) AU ND APPLY CO1
of the response, 2023 BT-L3
and impulse response to
extract the input x(n).
2. Evaluate the step response of an LTI system (15) AU ND APPLY
whose impulse response, is given by 2023 BT-L3
.
In an LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) system, stability is determined by the impulse response. For
an LTI discrete-time system to be stable, the impulse response should have a bounded sum. In
other words, the system is stable if and only if the sum of the absolute values of the impulse
response is finite. Mathematically:
Therefore, the range of values for �C that makes the system stable is:
∣C∣<1
PART-B
1. For a causal LTI system the input x(n) and (07) AU AM UNDERSTAND CO5
output y(n) are related through a difference 2023 BT-L2
equation y(n) -1/6 y(n-1)- 1/6 y(n-2) = x(n).
Determine the frequency response )
and the impulse response h(n) of the system.
2. Analyze on recursive and non -recursive (07) AU AM APPLY CO5
systems with an example. 2023 BT-L3
3. Find the transfer function and unit sample (08) AU ND UNDERSTAND CO5
response of the second order difference 2022 BT-L2
equation with zero initial conditions
*******************
12. (a) Derive the fourier transform expression from the exponential form of fourier series.
Or
(b) State and prove the initial value theorem and final value theorem using Laplace
transform.
13. (a) Explain the cascade the structure and parallel structure of continuous time systems
with neat diagrams.
Or
(b) Perform convolution of using
Laplace transform.
14. (a) Explain the Correlation property and Parseval’s relation DTFT.
Or
(b) Find the one sided Z transform of the discrete time signals generated by
mathematically sampling the following continuous time signal
15. (a) Find the transfer function and unit sample response of the second order difference
equation with zero initial conditions
Or
(b) Find the linear convolution of the sequence, and
Or
(b) Evaluate the step response of an LTI system whose impulse response, is given by
.
Or
(b) For the given Plot the following signals.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
12. (a) Consider a causal discrete time LTI system whose input and y are related by the
following difference equation: Find the Fourier series
(i)
(ii)
Or
(b) (i) Determine the Fourier transform of double-sided exponential signal.
(ii) Solve the given differential equation using Laplace transform
.
13. A causal LTI system having a frequency response producing an output.
for a particular input x(t). Determine x (t).
(or)
Realize the given system in parallel form H(s) = s(s+2)/ (s3+8s2+9s+12).
14. State and prove Sampling theorem.
(or)
Find the Z transform and sketch the ROC of the following sequence x[n] = 2n u[n] + 3n u(- n -
1).
15. For a causal LTI system the input x(n) and output y(n) are related through a difference
equation y(n) -1/6 y(n-1)- 1/6 y(n-2) = x(n). Determine the frequency response ) and
the impulse response h(n) of the system.
(or)
Analyze on recursive and non -recursive systems with an example.
PART – B (5X13=65 marks)
16.(a) Find the convolution of the following signals, x1(t) =e-at u(t);x2(t) = e-btu(t).
(or)
(b) Using Laplace transform, find the impulse response of an LTI system described by