RM Assignment 2

Research methodology
PART-A
1. Define research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of
making business decisions. The methodology may include
publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques and could include both present and historical
information. Is defined as a highly intellectual human activity used
in the investigation of nature and matter and deals specially with
the way data is collected, analysed and interpreted
2. What is research?
 Research means finding answers questions.

 It is a systematic search for truth.
 Through research, new and original information, ideas about
the world we live in, are obtained.
 Research is search for knowledge.
 Research is defined as systematic search for specific topic.
 a scientific and information on a specific topic.
3. what are the major types of research

 descriptive research
 analytical research
 applied research
 basic research
 quantitative research
 qualitative research
 conceptual research
 non-scientific methods
4. what do you mean by fundamental research?
Experimental or theoretical work under taken primarily to acquire

new knowledge
o Increase our scientific knowledge base for research.
o It has no immediate or planned application, may later result in
further research of an applied nature.
5.what do you mean by formation of research?

 Formulation of a research problem is the first and most
importa the research process.
 It is like the identification of a destination before undertaking
a In the absence of a clear research problem, a clear and
Conor impossible.
 Therefore, a research problem is like the foundation of a
building
 The type and design of the building is dependent upon the foun
 If the foundation is well designed and strong you can expect
the be also.
According to Kerlinger:
If one wants fo solve a problem, one must generally know what the
pro be said that a large part of the problem lies in knowing what one
is trying (1986:17).
6. what is selecting research problem?
o Subject which is overdone shall not be chosen.

o Controversial subject should not become the choice of an
average researcher.
o Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided.
o Subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible.
Few factors to be considered are importance of the subject,
the costs involved, the time factor, the qualifications and the
training of a researcher
o Selection of a problem must be preceded by a preliminary
study in case of new problems.
7.what is literature review ?
 The terms literature search, literature review and literature

survey are one and the same and these are used
interchangeably.
 It means, in simple words, going through what is already said

(published) about the topic/aspect you have chosen to
research.
8 what do you mean by formation of hypothesis?
 The null hypothesis is a statement about the population value

that will be tested.
 The null hypothesis will be rejected only if the sample data
provide substantial contradictory evidence.
9. what is research gap?
 A research gop means, there are some areas that have

significant scope for more research, but they have not been
investigated by other researchers. in other words, no one has
picked up or worked on these ideas.
 A research gap refers to such unexplored or underexplored
areas that have scope for further research.
10. Definition of research problem?
“A problem is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks

what relation exist between two or more variables. The answer to
questions will provide what is having sought in the research."
-Kerlinger.
"A situation for which we have no ready and successful response

by instinct or by previous acquired habit. We must find out what to
do • ie the solution can be found out only after an investigation"
-R.S. Woodworth.
PART- B
1.Difference between quantitative research and

qualitative research?1.
2. Difference between descriptive and analytical research?
3. Difference between fundamental and applied research?
4. Explain various criteria of research?
5. Difference between primary and secondary data?
PART-C
1. What is research ? elaborate the types of research?
Answer: Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of

data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of
that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by
specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Types of research
1. apllied
2.fundamental
3.quantitative
4.qualitative
5.descriptive
6.analytical
7.emperical
Applied research: Applied research is a type of scientific inquiry that focuses

on developing practical solutions to real-world problems. It involves the use of
existing knowledge, theories, and techniques to address specific problems or
challenges in a particular field or industry.
Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry or

government partners, who provide funding and expertise to support the
research. The results of applied research are typically intended to be directly
applicable to the real world, and may involve the development of new
products, technologies, or processes.
Fundamental research: Fundamental research, also known as basic

research or pure research does not usually generate findings that have
immediate applications in a practical level. Fundamental research is driven by
curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area. This
type of research makes a specific contribution to the academic body of
knowledge in the research area.
Fundamental studies tend to make generalizations about the phenomenon,

and the philosophy of this type of studies can be explained as ‘gathering
knowledge for the sake of knowledge’. Fundamental researches mainly aim to
answer the questions of why, what or how and they tend to contribute the
pool of fundamental knowledge in the research area.
Quantitative research: is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test
causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves

collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio).
Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology,
chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a type of research that explores

and provides deeper insights into real-world problems. Instead of collecting
numerical data points or intervene or introduce treatments just like in
quantitative research, qualitative research helps generate hypotheses as well
as further investigate and understand quantitative data. Qualitative research
gathers participants' experiences, perceptions, and behavior.
It answers the hows and whys instead of how many or how much. It could be
structured as a stand-alone study, purely relying on qualitative data or it could
be part of mixed-methods research that combines qualitative and quantitative
data. This review introduces the readers to some basic concepts, definitions,
terminology, and application of qualitative research.
Descriptive research: is used to describe characteristics of a population or

phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about
how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what"
question (what are the characteristics of the population or situation being
studied?).[1] The characteristics used to describe the situation or population are
usually some kind of categorical scheme also known as descriptive categories.
For example, the periodic table categorizes the elements. Scientists use
knowledge about the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons to devise this
categorical scheme. We now take for granted the periodic table, yet it took
descriptive research to devise it. Descriptive research generally
precedes explanatory research. For example, over time the periodic table's
description of the elements allowed scientists to explain chemical reaction and
make sound prediction when elements were combined.
Analytical research: Analytical research is a specific type of research that
involves critical thinking skills and the evaluation of facts and information
relative to the research being conducted. A variety of people including
students, doctors and psychologists use analytical research during studies to
find the most relevant information. From analytical research, a person finds
out critical details to add new ideas to the material being produced.
Some researchers conduct analytical research to find supporting evidence to

current research being done in order to make the work more reliable. Other
researchers conduct analytical research to form new ideas about the topic
being studied. Analytical research is conducted in a variety of ways including
literary research, public opinion, scientific trials and Meta-analysis.
Empirical research: Empirical research is based on observed and measured

phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief.
How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the
article, book, or report and look for a description of the research
"methodology." Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?
Key characteristics to look for:
 Specific research questions to be answered

 Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
 Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena,
including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as
surveys)
2. what do you mean by research gap and describe about it?
Meaning: a research gap is essentially an unanswered question or

unresolved problem in a field, which reflects a lack of existing research in
that space. Alternatively, a research gap can also exist when there’s
already a fair deal of existing research, but where the findings of the
studies pull in different directions, making it difficult to draw firm
conclusions.
Evidence Gap
A startling exception creates an evidence gap when a new research finding
contradicts widely accepted conclusions. This gap is caused by inconsistencies in
previous research findings.
It arises when study data allow for conclusions in and of themselves, but are
contradictory when considered from a more abstract perspective.
Knowledge Gap
The knowledge gap is a common gap in previous research. There are two
conditions in which a knowledge void might exist.
 First, it’s possible that the actual field lacks an understanding of theories and
literature from related research fields.
 Second, it’s possible that a study’s findings are different from what was predicted.
Knowledge Gap is known as Knowledge Void Gap
Practical-Knowledge Conflict Gap

This kind of gap serves as an inspiration for new research in the field.
When an expert behaves differently than what they propose, a practical-
knowledge (action-knowledge) conflict results.
In this situation, the purpose of the research might be to determine the scope of
the conflict and its causes.
Practical-Knowledge is known as Conflict Gap Action-Knowledge Conflict Gap
Empirical Gap
The kind of gap that addresses gaps in previous research is an empirical gap.
This gap relates to study conclusions or claims that need to be assessed or experi
mentally confirmed.
For instance, concerns that no study has clearly attempted to examine a subject or
topic from an empirical method are frequently addressed by the empirical gap.
Empirical Gap is known as Evaluation Void Gap
Theoretical Gap
The type of gap known as a theoretical gap is one that deals with the
gaps between theory and earlier research.
For instance, A gap conflict might exist if different theoretical models are being
used to describe the same fact or phenomena, much like a methodological gap
conflict.
Methodological Gap
A methodological gap is the kind of gap that addresses the contradiction that
arises as a result of the methodology’s influence on study findings.
This gap examines the issues with the research methodologies used in the earlier
studies and presents a brand-new research direction that deviates from those
research methods. It is emphasized that it may be beneficial to use a variety of
research methods, particularly if particular study topics have been investigated
using a single or common method.
Population Gap
A common gap discovered by researchers is a population gap. There are always
populations that are underserved and understudied.
This gap is the type of population-related research Population such as gender,
race and age that is either not well represented in the evidence base or is under-
researched.
Population gap is known as Under-researched Sub-Groups Gap.

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Research methodology

1. Define research methodology?

 Research means finding answers questions.

3. what are the major types of research

4. what do you mean by fundamental research?

Experimental or theoretical work under taken primarily to acquire

5.what do you mean by formation of research?

6. what is selecting research problem?

o Subject which is overdone shall not be chosen.

7.what is literature review ?

 The terms literature search, literature review and literature

 It means, in simple words, going through what is already said

8 what do you mean by formation of hypothesis?

 The null hypothesis is a statement about the population value

9. what is research gap?

 A research gop means, there are some areas that have

10. Definition of research problem?

“A problem is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks

"A situation for which we have no ready and successful response

1.Difference between quantitative research and

1. What is research ? elaborate the types of research?

Answer: Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of

Applied research: Applied research is a type of scientific inquiry that focuses

Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry or

Fundamental research: Fundamental research, also known as basic

Fundamental studies tend to make generalizations about the phenomenon,

Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves

Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a type of research that explores

Descriptive research: is used to describe characteristics of a population or

Some researchers conduct analytical research to find supporting evidence to

Empirical research: Empirical research is based on observed and measured

 Specific research questions to be answered

2. what do you mean by research gap and describe about it?

Meaning: a research gap is essentially an unanswered question or

Knowledge Gap is known as Knowledge Void Gap

Practical-Knowledge Conflict Gap

Practical-Knowledge is known as Conflict Gap Action-Knowledge Conflict Gap

Population gap is known as Under-researched Sub-Groups Gap.

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