ch06 Soln
ch06 Soln
ch06 Soln
Assessment Problems
6–1
6–2 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
dv d
AP 6.2 [a] i = C = 24 × 10−6 [e−15,000t sin 30,000t]
dt dt
= [0.72 cos 30,000t − 0.36 sin 30,000t]e−15,000t A, i(0+ ) = 0.72 A.
π π
[b] i ms = −31.66 mA, v ms = 20.505 V,
80 80
p = vi = −649.23 mW.
1
[c] w = Cv 2 = 126.13 µJ.
2
1 Zt
AP 6.3 [a] v = i dx + v(0− )
C 0−
Z t
1
= 3 cos 50,000x dx = 100 sin 50,000t V.
0.6 × 10−6 0−
[b] p(t) = vi = [300 cos 50,000t] sin 50,000t
1 Zt
i2 = (−0.03e−5x ) dx − 5 = (0.025e−5t − 5.025) A;
0.24 0+
i1 + i2 = i.
Z t
1
AP 6.5 v1 = 240 × 10−6 e−10x dx − 10 = (−12e−10t + 2) V;
2 × 10−6 0+
Z t
1
v2 = 240 × 10−6 e−10x dx − 5 = (−3e−10t − 2) V;
8 × 10−6 0+
v1 (∞) = 2 V, v2 (∞) = −2 V;
1 1
W = (2)(2)2 + (8)(−2)2 × 10−6 = 20 µJ.
2 2
Problems 6–3
di2
8 = 31.68e−4t − 40e−5t ;
dt
20i2 = −0.20 − 19.80e−4t + 20e−5t ;
Also,
di1
8 = 371.20e−4t − 480e−5t ;
dt
20i1 = −8 − 232e−4t + 240e−5t ;
di2
16 = 63.36e−4t − 80e−5t ;
dt
800i2 = −8 − 792e−4t + 800e−5t ;
dig
16 = 125.44e−4t .
dt
Test:
371.20e−4t − 480e−5t + 8 + 232e−4t − 240e−5t + 63.36e−4t − 80e−5t
?
−8 − 792e−4t + 800e−5t = −125.44e−4t ;
AP 6.7 Since P1 = P2 ,
N12 L1 0.025
2
= = = 0.25.
N2 L2 0.1
Therefore,
N1 √
= 0.25 = 0.5,
N2
so
N1 500
N2 = = = 1000 turns.
0.5 0.5
6–6 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
Problems
di
P 6.1 [a] v = L
dt
= (150 × 10−6 )(25)[e−500t − 500te−500t ] = 3.75e−500t (1 − 5000t)mV
v = 0 t<0
v = 2V 0 < t < 25 ms
v = −2 V 25 < t < 50 ms
v = 0 50 ms < t
p = vi
Problems 6–7
p = 0 t<0
p = (4t)(2) = 8t W 0 < t < 25 ms
p = (0.2 − 4t)(−2) = 8t − 0.4 W 25 < t < 50 ms
p = 0 50 ms < t
w = 0 t<0
Z t 2 t
x
w = (8x) dx = 8 = 4t2 J 0 < t < 25 ms
0 2 0
Z t
w = (8x − 0.4) dx + 2.5 × 10−3
0.025
t
= 4x2 − 0.4x +2.5 × 10−3
0.025
w = 0 10 ms < t.
Thus,
i = 200e−500t − 80e−2000t mA t≥0
i(0) = A1 + A2 = 0.12
v = 2e−500t − 20e−2000t V t ≥ 0
Thus,
i > 0 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 610.86 µs and i < 0 for 610.86 µs ≤ t < ∞
Thus,
v < 0 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1535.06 µs and v > 0 for 1535.06 µs ≤ t < ∞
Therefore,
p < 0 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 610.86 µs and 1535.06 µs ≤ t < ∞
For t > 0:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
−1000t −2500t
w= −0.16e dt + 2e dt − 4e−4000t dt
0 0 0
∞ ∞ ∞
−0.16e−1000t 2e−2500t 4e−4000t
= + −
−1000 0
−2500 0
−4000 0
= −360 µJ
i(0) = B1 = 100 mA
di
= (B1 cos 220t + B2 sin 220t)(−60e−60t ) + e−60t (−220B1 sin 220t + 220B2 cos 220t)
dt
di
v = 0.166 = [(36.66B2 − 10B1 ) cos 220t − (36.66B1 + 10B2 ) sin 220t]e−60t
dt
Thus,
P 6.7 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms :
1Zt 106 Z t
i= vs dx + i(0) = 0.15dx + 0
L 0 750 0
t
= 200x = 200t A
0
i(0.05) = 200(0.05) − 10 A
106 Z t
t ≥ 50 ms : i= (0) dx + 10 = 10 A
750 50×10−3
6–10 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
= −0.4e−100t + 0.5 A,
t ≥ 100rmms :
103 Z t e−100(x−0.1) t
iL = −2e−100(x−0.1) dx + 0.5 = −40 +0.5
50 0.1 −100 0.1
= 0.4e−100(t−0.1) + 0.1) A,
Problems 6–11
P 6.9 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms :
v = 800t
1 Zt x2 t
i= 800x dx + 0 = 80
10 0 2 0
i = 40t2 A
25 ms ≤ t ≤ 75 ms :
v = 20
i(0.025) = 25 mA
1Z t
.·. i = 20 dx + 0.025
10 0.025
t
= 2x +0.025
0.025
= 2t − 0.025 A
75 ms ≤ t ≤ 125 ms :
v = 80 − 800t V
t
80x2
= 8x − 2
+0.125
0.075
= 8t − 40t2 − 0.25 A
125 ms ≤ t ≤ 150 ms :
v = 800t − 120
1Z t
i = (800x − 120) dx + 0.125
10 0.125
t
80x2
= 2
− 12x +0.125
0.125
= 40t2 − 12t + 1 A
t ≥ 150 ms
v=0
= 0.1 A
i(0.15) = 0.1 A
[c]
1Zt
P 6.10 [a] i = 20 cos 80x dx
10 0
t
= 200 sin8080x
0
di
P 6.11 [a] v = L ;
dt
d
v = −100 × 10−3 [10 cos 400t + 15 sin 400t]e−200t
dt
= 100 × 10−3 (−200e−200t [10 cos 400t + 15 sin 400t]
1Z t 1Zt
iL = 3 × 10−3 dx + 0 = 0.6 × 10−3 t; 5 × 10−3 dx + 0 = 0.5 × 10−3 t;
5 0 10 0
Rm = (20)(1000) = 20 kΩ;
dv
P 6.13 [a] i = C = (8 × 10−6 )[600t(−2500)e−2500t + 600e−2500t ]
dt
= 4.8 × 10−3 e−2500t (1 − 2500t) A.
[b] v(100 µ) = 600(100 × 10−6 )e−0.25 = 46.73 mV;
i(100 µ) = (4.8 × 10−3 )e−0.25 (1 − 0.25) = 2.8 mA;
p(100 µ) = vi = (46.73 × 10−3 )(2.8 × 10−3 ) = 130.844 µW.
[c] p > 0, so the capacitor is absorbing power.
[d] v(100 µ) = 46.73 mV;
1 1
w = Cv 2 = (8 × 10−6 )(46.73 × 10−3 )2 = 8.73 nJ.
2 2
[e] The energy is maximum when the voltage is maximum:
dv
= 0 when (1 − 2500t) = 0 or t = 0.04 ms;
dt
vmax = 600(0.4 × 10−3 )2 e−1 = 88.296 mV;
1 2
pmax = Cvmax = 31.18 nJ.
2
p = vi :
6–16 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
p = 0 t < 0;
p = (10t)(0.002) = 0.02t W 0 < t < 2 s;
p = (40 − 10t)(−0.002) = 0.02t − 0.08 W 2 < t < 6 s;
p = (10t − 80)(0.002) = 0.02t − 0.16 W 6 < t < 8 s;
p = 0 8 s < t.
Z
w= p dx :
w = 0 t < 0;
Z t t
w = (0.02x) dx = 0.01x2 = 0.01t2 J 0 < t < 2 s;
0 0
Z t
w = (0.02x − 0.08) dx + 0.04
2
t
= (0.01x2 − 0.08x) + 0.04
2
t
= (0.01x2 − 0.16x) + 0.04
6
w = 0 8 s < t.
[c]
From the plot of power above, it is clear that power is being absorbed for
Problems 6–17
0 < t < 2 s and for 4 s < t < 6 s, because p > 0. Likewise, power is being
delivered for 2 s < t < 4 s and 6 s < t < 8 s, because p < 0.
1 1
P 6.15 [a] w(0) = C[v(0)]2 = (10 × 10−6 )(70)2 = 24 mJ
2 2
−1400t
[b] v = (A1 + A2 t)e
v(0) = A1 = 70 V
dv
= −1400e−1400t (A1 + A2 t) + e−1400t (A2 )
dt
P 6.16 iC = C(dv/dt)
dv
[a] i = C = 00, t < 0.
dt
dv d
[b] i = C = 125 × 10−6 [20 + 4e−3000t (5 cos 1000t + sin 1000t)]
dt dt
= 125 × 10 [4(−300)e−300t (5 cos 1000t + sin 1000t)
−6
P 6.18 [a] v(20 µs) = 12.5 × 109 (20 × 10−6 )2 = 5 V (end of first interval);
v(20 µs) = 106 (20 × 10−6 ) − (12.5)(400) × 10−3 − 10
= 5 V (start of second interval);
v(40 µs) = 106 (40 × 10−6 ) − (12.5)(1600) × 10−3 − 10
= 10 V (end of second interval).
[b] p(10µs) = 62.5 × 1012 (10−5 )3 = 62.5 mW, v(10 µs) = 1.25 V,
p(30 µs) = 437.50 mW, v(30 µs) = 8.75 V, i(30 µs) = 0.05 A;
1 Z 200×10−6
P 6.19 [a] v = 50 × 10−3 e−2000t dt − 10
0.5 × 10−6 0
−2000t 200×10−6
3e
= 100 × 10 −10
−2000 0
2500t2 2500t2
!
0.002 0.006
= + 10t −
2 0 2 0.002
= 1650 V
2500x2
!
0.012
6
= 1650 + 0.33 × 10 30x −
2 0.01
v = −50 × 104 t + 15 V 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 µs
v(10 µs) = −5 + 12 = 10 V
[b] 10 µs ≤ t ≤ 20 µs
Z t
6
v = 10 × 10 0.1 dx + 10 = 106 t − 10 + 10
10×10−6
v = 106 tV 10 ≤ t ≤ 20 µs
[c] 20 µs ≤ t ≤ 40 µs
Z t
6
v = 10 × 10 1.6 dx + 20 = 1.6 × 106 t − 32 + 20
20×10−6
v = 1.6 × 106 t − 12 V, 20 µs ≤ t ≤ 40 µs
Problems 6–21
[d] 40 µs ≤ t ≤ ∞
v(40 µs) = 64 − 12 = 52 V 40µs ≤ t ≤ ∞
di di
3.2 = 64e−4t so = 20e−4t
dt dt
Z t
i(t) = 20 e−4x dx − 5
0
e−4x t
= 20 −5
−4 0
i(t) = −5e−4t A
di1
[b] d = 64e−4t
dt
Z t
i1 (t) = 16 e−4x dx − 10
0
e−4x t
= 16 −10
−4 0
i1 (t) = −4e−4t − 6 A
di2 di2
[c] 16 = 64e−4t so = 4e−4t
dt dt
Z t
i2 (t) = 4 e−4x dx + 5
0
−4x t
e
=4 +5
−4 0
i2 (t) = −e−4t + 6 A
[d] p = −vi = (−64e−4t )(−5e−4t ) = 320e−8t W
Z ∞ Z ∞
w = p dt = 320e−8t dt
0 0
e−8t ∞
= 320
−8 0
= 40 J
Problems 6–23
1 1
[e] w = (4)(−10)2 + (16)(5)2 = 400 J
2 2
[f ] wtrapped = winitial − wdelivered = 400 − 40 = 360 J
1 1
[g] wtrapped = (4)(−6)2 + (16)(6)2 = 360 J checks
2 2
P 6.25 [a] io (0) = −i1 (0) − i2 (0) = 6 − 1 = 5 A.
[b]
t
1Z t e−100x
io = − 500e−100x dx + 5 = −100 +5
5 0 −100 0
= 1(e−100t − 1) + 5 = +4e−100t A, t ≥ 0.
[c]
va = 4.2(−100e−100t ) = −420e−100t V;
vc = va + vb = −420e−100t + 500e−100t
= 80e−100t V;
1Z t
i1 = 80e−100x dx − 6
1 0
= −0.8e−100t + 0.8 − 6;
i1 = −0.8e−100t − 5.2 A t ≥ 0.
1Z t
[d] i2 = 80e−100x dx + 1 = −0.2e−100t + 0.2 + 1
4 0
= −0.2e−100t + 2 A, t ≥ 0.
6–24 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
1 1 1
[e] w(0) = (1)(6)2 + (4)(1)2 + (4.2)(5)2 = 72.5 J.
2 2 2
1
[f ] wdel = (5)(5)2 = 62.5 J.
2
[g] wtrapped = 72.5 − 62.5 = 10 J
1 1
or wtrapped = (1)(2)2 + (4)(2)2 + 10 J. (check)
2 2
P 6.26 vb = 500e−100t V;
io = 4 + e−100t A;
p = 2000e−100t + 500e−200t W;
Z t
w= pdx = 20(1 − e−100t ) + 2.5(1 − e−200t )W ;
0
wtotal = 22.5 J;
80%wtotal = 18 J.
Thus,
1 1 1 1
P 6.27 [a] = + = ; C1 = 12 nF;
C1 48 16 12
C2 = 8 + 12 = 20 nF.
1 1 1 1
= + = ; C3 = 4 nF;
C3 20 5 4
C4 = 4 + 6 = 10 nF.
Problems 6–25
1 1 1 1 3 10
= + + = ; C5 = nF.
C5 10 10 10 10 3
Equivalent capacitance is 10
3
nF with an initial voltage drop of +15 V.
1 1 1 1
[b] + + = .·. Ceq = 6 µF 24 + 6 = 30 µF.
36 18 12 6
25 + 5 = 30 µF.
1 1 1 3
+ + = .·. Ceq = 10 µF.
30 30 30 30
P 6.28 [a] Combine a 470 pF capacitor and a 10 pF capacitor in parallel to get a 480
pF capacitor:
(470 p) in parallel with (10 p) = 470 p + 10 p = 480 pF.
6–26 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
1 1 1
Therefore = + + ··· , veq (0) = v1 (0) + v2 (0) + · · · .
Ceq C1 C2
106 Z t
vo = − 800 × 10−6 e−25x dx − 20
1.6 0
e−25x t
= 500 −20
−25 0
= −20e−25t V, t≥0
Problems 6–27
106 e−25x t
[b] v1 = (800 × 10−6 ) +5
2 −25 0
= −16e−25t + 21 V, t≥0
106 e−25x t
[c] v2 = (800 × 10−6 ) −25
8 −25 0
= −4e−25t − 21 V, t≥0
e−50t ∞
= 16 × 10−3
−50 0
[e] w = 1
2
(2 × 10−6 )(5)2 + 21 (8 × 10−6 )(25)2
= 2525 µJ
(f ) wtrapped = winitial − wdelivered = 2525 − 320 = 2205 µJ
[g] wtrapped = 1
2
(2 × 10−6 )(21)2 + 21 (8 × 10−6 )(−21)2
= 2205 µJ.
1 1 1 1 5
P 6.32 = + + =
Ce 2 4 2 4
vb = 20 − 250 + 30 = −200 V.
[a]
6–28 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
106 Z t
vb = − − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 200
0.8 0
e−50x t
= 6250 −200
−50 0
= (−125e−50t − 75) V.
106 Z t
[b] va = − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 20
4 0
= 25(e−50t − 1) − 20
= (25e−50t − 45) V.
106 Z t
[c] vc = − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 30
2 0
= 50(e−50t − 1) − 30
= (50e−50t − 80) V.
106 Z t
[d] vd = − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx + 250
2 0
= 50(e−50t − 1) + 250
= 50e−50t + 200 V.
CHECK: vb = −vc − vd − va
= −125e−50t − 75 V. (checks)
d
[e] i1 = 1.2 × 10−6 [50e−50t + 200]
dt
= = −3e−50t mA.
d
[f ] i2 = 0.8 × 10−6 [50e−50t + 200] = −2e−50t mA.
dt
= 50,450 µJ.
1
[c] w = (0.8 × 10−6 )(200)2 = 16,000 µJ.
2
CHECK: 32,812.5 − 22,812.5 = 10,000 µJ.
16,000
[d] % delivered = = 24.92% = 0.2492.
64,200
[e] Z t Z t Z t
w = (−0.005e−50x )(−200e−50x − 75) dx = e−100x dx + 0.375e−50x dx
0 0 0
= 25(e−800t − 1) − 20(e−200t − 1) + 5
= 25e−800t − 20e−200t V
dio
vL = 150 × 10−3
dt
dio
P 6.35 = 5{e−2000t [−8000 sin 4000t + 4000 cos 4000t]
dt
−2000e−2000t [2 cos 4000t + sin 4000t]};
dio +
(0 ) = 5[1(4000) + (−2000)(2)] = 0;
dt
dio
v2 (0+ ) = 10 × 10−3 (0+ ) = 0;
dt
v1 (0+ ) = 40io (0 ) + v2 (0+ ) = 40(10) + 0 = 400V.
+
P 6.36 [a] Rearrange by organizing the equations by di1 /dt, i1 , di2 /dt, i2 and transfer
the ig terms to the right hand side of the equations. We get
di1 di2 dig
4 + 25i1 − 8 − 20i2 = 5ig − 8 ;
dt dt dt
6–30 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
5ig = 80 − 80e−5t;
dig
8 = 640e−5t .
dt
Thus,
−1280e−5t + 1088e−4t + 100 + 1600e−5t − 1700e−4t − 2080e−5t
?
+1632e−4t − 20 + 1040e−5t − 1020e−4t = 80 − 80e−5t − 640e−5t .
?
+80 − 4160e−5t + 4080e−4t = 1280e−5t ;
P 6.37 [a] Yes, using KVL around the lower right loop
vo = v20Ω + v60Ω = 20(i2 − i1 ) + 60i2 .
vo = −5440e−5t + 5440e−4t V.
[c] pdev = vg ig
= 960 + 92,480e−4t − 94,400e−5t − 92,480e−9t +
93,440e−10t W,
[d] pdev (∞) = 960 W,
[e] i1 (∞) = 4 A; i2 (∞) = 1 A; ig (∞) = 16 A;
p5Ω = (16 − 4)2 (5) = 720 W;
p60Ω = 12 (60) = 60 W;
X
pabs = 720 + 180 + 60 = 960 W;
.· .
X X
pdev = pabs = 960 W.
dig di2
P 6.39 [a] 0.5 + 0.2 + 10i2 = 0;
dt dt
di2 dig
0.2 + 10i2 = −0.5 .
dt dt
[b] i2 = 625e−10t − 250e−50t mA;
di2
= −6.25e−10t + 12.5e−50t A/s;
dt
ig = e−10t − 10 A;
dig
= −10e−10t A/s;
dt
di2 dig
0.2 + 10i2 = 5e−10t and − 0.5 = 5e−10t .
dt dt
dig di2
[c] v1 = 5 + 0.5
dt dt
d(i1 − i2 ) di2
P 6.41 [a] vab = L1 +M ;
dt dt
d(i2 − i1 ) di2 d(i1 − i2 ) di2
0 = L1 −M +M + L2 .
dt dt dt dt
Collecting coefficients of [di1 /dt] and [di2 /dt], the two mesh-current
equations become
di1 di2
vab = L1 + (M − L1 )
dt dt
and
di1 di2
0 = (M − L1 ) + (L1 + L2 − 2M ) .
dt dt
Solving for [di1 /dt] gives
di1 L1 + L2 − 2M
= vab
dt L1 L2 − M 2
from which we have
L1 L2 − M 2
! !
di1
vab = ;
L1 + L2 − 2M dt
L1 L2 − M 2
.·. Lab = .
L1 + L2 − 2M
[b] If the magnetic polarity of coil 2 is reversed, the sign of M reverses,
therefore
L1 L2 − M 2
Lab = .
L1 + L2 + 2M
P 6.42 When the switch is opened the induced voltage is negative at the dotted
terminal. Since the voltmeter kicks downscale, the induced voltage across the
voltmeter must be negative at its positive terminal. Therefore, the voltage is
negative at the positive terminal of the voltmeter.
Thus, the upper terminal of the unmarked coil has the same instantaneous
polarity as the dotted terminal. Therefore, place a dot on the upper terminal
of the unmarked coil.
P 6.43 [a] Dot terminal 2; the flux is up in coil 1-2, and right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Therefore, dot terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3.
[b] Dot terminal 1; the flux is down in coil 1-2, and down in coil 3-4. Assign
the current into terminal 4; the flux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot
terminal 4. Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.
6–34 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
M2 (0.09)2
!
P 6.46 [a] L2 = = = 50 mH;
k 2 L1 (0.75)2 (0.288)
s s
N1 L1 288
= = = 2.4.
N2 L2 50
Problems 6–35
L1 0.288
[b] P1 = 2
= = 0.2 × 10−6 Wb/A;
N1 (1200)2
L2 0.05
P2 = 2
= 2
= 0.2 × 10−6 Wb/A.
N2 (500)
[b] No, setting W equal to a negative value will make the quantity under the
square root sign negative.
72 × 10−3
P 6.49 [a] L1 = N12 P1 ; P1 = = 1152 nWb/A;
6.25 × 104
dφ11 P11
= = 0.2; P21 = 2P11 ;
dφ21 P21
.·. 1152 × 10−9 = P11 + P21 = 3P11 .
M 36 × 10−3
N2 = = = 150 turns.
N1 P21 (250)(960 × 10−9 )
L2 40.5 × 10−3
[b] P2 = 2 = = 1800 nWb/A.
N2 (150)2
[c] P11 = 192. nWb/A [see part (a)]
6–36 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
L1 L2 q
P 6.50 P1 = = 2 nWb/A; P2 = = 2 nWb/A; M = k L1 L2 = 180 µH;
N12 N22
M
P12 = P21 = = 1.2 nWb/A;
N1 N2
P 6.51 When the touchscreen in the mutual-capacitance design is touched at the point
x, y, the touch capacitance Ct is present in series with the mutual capacitance
at the touch point, Cmxy . Remember that capacitances combine in series the
way that resistances combine in parallel. The resulting mutual capacitance is
0 Cmxy Ct
Cmxy = .
Cmxy + Ct
P 6.52 [a] The self-capacitance and the touch capacitance are effectively connected in
parallel. Therefore, the capacitance at the x-grid electrode closest to the
touch point with respect to ground is
Cx = Cp + Ct = 30 pF + 15 pF = 45 pF.
The same capacitance exists at the y-grid electrode closest to the touch
point with respect to ground.
[b] The mutual-capacitance and the touch capacitance are effectively
connected in series. Therefore, the mutual capacitance between the
x-grid and y-grid electrodes closest to the touch point is
0 Cmxy Ct (30)(15)
Cmxy = = = 10 pF.
Cmxy + Ct 30 + 15
[c] In the self-capacitance design, touching the screen increases the
capacitance being measured at the point of touch. For example, in part
(a) the measured capacitance before the touch is 30 pF and after the
touch is 45 pF. In the mutual-capacitance design, touching the screen
decreases the capacitance being measured at the point of touch. For
example, in part (b) the measured capacitance before the touch is 30 pF
and after the touch is 10 pF.
Problems 6–37
P 6.53 [a] The four touch points identified are the two actual touch points and two
ghost touch points. Their coordinates, in inches from the upper left
corner of the screen, are
(2.1, 4.3); (3.2, 2.5); (2.1, 2.5); and (3.2, 4.3).
These four coordinates identify a rectangle within the screen, shown
below.
[b] The touch points identified at time t1 are those listed in part (a). The
touch points recognized at time t2 are
(1.8, 4.9); (3.9, 1.8); (1.8, 1.8); and (3.9, 4.9).
The first two coordinates are the actual touch points and the last two
coordinates are the associated ghost points. Again, the four coordinates
identify a rectangle at time t2 , as shown here:
6–38 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
Note that the rectangle at time t2 is larger than the rectangle at time t1 ,
so the software would recognize the two fingers are moving toward the
edges of the screen. This pinch gesture thus specifies a zoom-in for the
screen.
[c] The touch points identified at time t1 are those listed in part (a). The
touch points recognized at time t2 are
(2.8, 3.9); (3.0, 2.8); (2.8, 2.8); and (3.0, 3.9).
The first two coordinates are the actual touch points and the last two
coordinates are the associated ghost points. Again, the four coordinates
identify a rectangle at time t2 , as shown here:
Problems 6–39