Circulatory System Pearsons
Circulatory System Pearsons
Circulatory System Pearsons
CIRCULATORY
MIDTERM: PT I
WHAT
• The cardiovascular system delivers
Maximum intensity/ maximal impulse- Location of which the
oxygen and nutrients to the body cardiac impulse can be best palpated on the chest wall
tissues and carries away wastes *Where can you find Apex? Or point of maximal impulse = It is
such as carbon dioxide via blood in the 4th - 5th intercostal space , left midclavicular line
(below the nipple line)
HOW
• The heart pumps blood through the
body in blood vessels.
• Blood flow requires both the
pumping action of the heart and
changes in blood pressure
WHY
• If the cardiovascular system
cannot perform its functions, waste
builds up in tissues.
• Body organs fail to function
properly, and then, once oxygen
becomes depleted, they will die.
INTERCALATED DISKS
CARDIOMYOCYTES
REST OF
THE AORTA AORTIC LEFT
VALVE VENTRICLE
BODY
CLOSE SYSTEM
1. Coronary arteries
• branch from the ascending aorta
• to supply the heart muscle with
Blood Vessels are tubular structures oxygenated blood.
carrying blood to the tissues and organs. • Coronary artery gets blood in the
There are are: aorta
• When there is a blockage in one of
3 MAJOR TYPES OF BLOOD the arteries= HEART ATTACK
VESSELS /Myocardial infarction
2.Cardiac veins
Arteries • Drain the myocardium of blood
• Transport blood and other through Coronary Sinus and into
substances away from the heart. the right atrium
3. Coronary sinus
Veins • A large vein on the posterior of the
• Return blood back toward the heart; receives blood from
heart. 4. Cardiac veins.
• Blood empties into the right atrium
Capillaries via the coronary sinus.
• Surround body cells and tissues to • (3 openings/holes) superior, inferior
deliver and absorb oxygen, vena cava, coronary sinus
nutrients and other substances. • They all contain deoxygenated
blood
PULMONARY SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
Right -Side of the Left-Side of the
Heart Heart
Low Pressure High Pressure
System System
RA→ RV→ PV→ LA→LV→
PA→Lungs Aorta→ Body
MIDTERM:PT II
1. Heart functions as a double pump.
2. Arteries carry blood away from the
heart.
3. Veins carry blood toward the heart.
DOUBLE PUMP
PULMONARY SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
Right -Side of the Left-Side of the 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
Heart Heart • Located in the right atrium
Low Pressure High Pressure • Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
System System
RA→ RV→ PV→ LA→LV→ 2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
PA→Lungs Aorta→ Body • Is at the junction of the atria and
• Cardiac muscle contracts ventricle.
spontaneously and independently ➢ Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
(bundle of His) and bundle
of nerve impulses.
branches are in the interventricular
• Spontaneous contractions occur in
septum.
a regular and continuous way. ➢ Purkinje fibers spread within the
Atrial cells beat 60 times per ventricle wall muscles
• minute.
• Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times • The sinoatrial node (SA node)
• per minute. starts each heartbeat.
• It needs a unifying control system— • Impulse spreads through the
the intrinsic conduction system atria to the AV node.
(nodal system) • Atria contract. At the AV node,
the impulse is delayed briefly.
• Impulse travels through the AV
TWO SYSTEM REGULATE
bundle, bundle branches, and
HEART ACTIVITY Purkinje fibers.
• Ventricles contract; blood is
1. Autonomic nervous system
ejected from the heart
2. Intrinsic conduction system/ the nodal
system
• Sets the heart rhythm PHYSIOLOGY
• Composed of special nervous
Tachycardia
tissue
• rapid heart rate
• Ensures heart muscle
• over >100 beats per minute
depolarization in one direction only
(atria to ventricles)
Normocardia
• Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats
• Normal/Neutral
per minute
• 60-100 BPM Ave. 75
Bradycardia
• slow heart rate
• less than <60 beats per minutes
75 beats per minute
CARDIAC CYCLE • Average heart rate
The cardiac cycle refers to one complete
heartbeat, in which both atria and 0.8 second
ventricles contract and then relax • Normal cardiac cycle length
ARTERIES VS VEINS
ARTERIES VEINS
DIRECTION Blood Blood
OF FLOW AWAY from TOWRD the
the Heart Heart
PRESSURE Higher Lower
WALLS THICKER: THINNER:
Tunica Tunica
• Arteries have a heavier, stronger,
media externa
stretcher tunica media than veins
thicker than thicker that
tunica tunica to withstand changes in pressure.
externa media • Veins have a thinner tunica media
LUMEN Small Large than arteries and operate under
VALVES No Valves Valves low pressure.
• Veins also have valves to prevent
backflow of blood.
• Lumen of veins is larger than that of
arteries.
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in a. Ascending aorta
veins toward the heart. • leaves the left ventricle
• Capillaries have only one cell layer
thick (tunica intima). b. Aortic arch
• Allow for exchanges between • arches to the left
blood and tissue.
c. Thoracic aorta
• Blood flow through a capillary bed
• travels downward through the
is known as microcirculation.
thorax
• Form networks called capillary
beds that consist of: d. Abdominal aorta
a. A vascular shunt • passes through the diaphragm into
b. True capillaries the abdominopelvic cavity.
• True capillaries is a branch off a • Arterial branches of the abdominal
terminal arteriole. aorta.
• Empty directly into a postcapillary • Celiac trunk is the first branch of
venule. the abdominal aorta.
• Its Entrances to capillary beds are
guarded by precapillary sphincters. THREE BRANCHES ARE
1. Left gastric artery (stomach)
GROSS ANATOMY OF BLOOD
2. Splenic artery (spleen)
VESSELS 3. Common hepatic artery (liver)
______________________________________
Inferior mesenteric artery
Superior vena cava and inferior vena Veins draining into the inferior vena cava
cava enter the right atrium of the heart.
Anterior and posterior tibial veins and
• Superior vena cava-drains the fibial veins
head and arms. • drain the legs.
• Inferior vena cava- drains the lower
body Posterior tibial vein → popliteal vein →
femoral vein → external iliac vein.
Veins draining into the superior vena
cava. Great saphenous veins (longest veins of
the body) receive superficial drainage of
• Radial and ulnar veins → brachial the legs.
vein → axillary vein.
Each common iliac vein (left and right) is
Cephalic vein formed by the union of the internal and
• Drains the lateral aspect of the arm external iliac vein on its own side.
and empties into the axillary vein.
Basilic vein
• Drains the medial aspect of the Right gonadal vein
arm and empties into the brachial • drains the right ovary in females
vein. and right testicle in males.
Basilic and cephalic veins
• Are joined at the median cubital Left gonadal vein
vein (elbow area) • empties into the left renal vein.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
A. Vital signs
• Measurements of arterial pulse
• respiratory rat
• body temperature
• blood pressure
1. Digestive organs
2. Spleen
3. Pancreas
Peripheral resistance
• (PR; the amount of friction blood
encounters as it flows through
vessels):
• BP = CO × PR
Diastolic
• pressure when ventricles relax
• ranges from 70 to 80 mm Hg
• In an embryo Artherosclerosis
• The heart develops as a simple • Chronic inflammatory disorder
tube and pumps blood by week 4 • Medium and Large arteries
of pregnancy. • Build-up of cholesterol plaques
• The heart becomes a four-
chambered organ capable of Most Common Arteries Affected
acting as a double pump over the 1. Abdominal Aorta
next 3 weeks 2. Coronary
3. Popliteal
ADULT FETUS 4. Carotid
Fossa ovale Foramen ovale
Ligamentum arteriosum Ductus arteriosus