The Global Eradication of Influenza by April 15, 2020 by John Cullen

John Cullen
John E Hoover Institute for New Criminology and Epidemiology
October 18, 2020
Decreased Influenza Activity During the

COVID-19 Pandemic: From Australia, and Chile,
South Africa and the USA to
The Worldwide Eradication of Influenza.
Unintended consequences of Social Distancing, mask-wearing and lockdowns leads to
global eradication of the most deadly virus known to man.
Lead Author: John Cullen, Honorary PhD1
Contributors: Sonja J. Olsen, PhD1; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, MD1; Alicia P. Budd, MPH1;
Lynnette Brammer, MPH1; Sheena Sullivan, PhD2; Rodrigo Fasce Pineda, MS3; Cheryl Cohen,
MD4,5; Alicia M. Fry, MD1
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR / Sep-
tember 18, 2020 / Vol. 69 / No. 37 1305
Page 1 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

John Cullen
Based on observed data from Late 2019 until October 2020, it is clear, and be-
ing submitted for Peer Review, that Influenza has been eradicated from planet
earth, just like Smallpox, Polio, Bubonic Plague and Leprosy.
Source: FluView Interactive. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluviewinteractive.htm. Abbreviation: PP =

percentage positive.
During these same periods, in- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
fluenza activity decreased Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States,
Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020
98%, from a median of Sonja J. Olsen, PhD1; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, MD1; Alicia P. Budd, MPH1; Lynnette Brammer, MPH1; Sheena Sullivan, PhD2;
Rodrigo Fasce Pineda, MS3; Cheryl Cohen, MD4,5; Alicia M. Fry, MD1
19.34% to 0.33% of submitted After recognition of widespread community transmission Data from approximately 300 U.S. clinical laboratories
of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease located throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
respiratory specimens testing 2019 (COVID-19), by mid- to late February 2020, indica-
tors of influenza activity began to decline in the Northern
District of Columbia that participate in virologic surveillance
for influenza through either the U.S. WHO Collaborating
positive for influenza. Inter- Hemisphere. These changes were attributed to both artifactual
changes related to declines in routine health seeking for respira-
tory illness as well as real changes in influenza virus circulation
Laboratories System or the National Respiratory and Enteric
Virus Surveillance System* were used for this analysis. Clinical
laboratories primarily test respiratory specimens for diagnos-
seasonal circulation of in- because of widespread implementation of measures to mitigate

transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Data from clinical laboratories
tic purposes, and data from these laboratories provide useful
information on the timing and intensity of influenza activity.
in the United States indicated a 61% decrease in the number The median number of specimens tested per week and the
fluenza in the United States of specimens submitted (from a median of 49,696 per week
during September 29, 2019–February 29, 2020, to 19,537
median percentage of samples testing positive for influenza
during September 29, 2019–February 29, 2020 (surveillance
during March 1–May 16, 2020) and a 98% decrease in influ- weeks 40–9, the period before the March 1, 2020 declara-
(May 17–August 8, 2020; enza activity as measured by percentage of submitted speci-
mens testing positive (from a median of 19.34% to 0.33%).
tion of a national emergency related to COVID-19†) were
compared with those tested during March 1–May 16, 2020
Interseasonal (i.e., summer) circulation of influenza in the (weeks 10–20 after the declaration); data from three previous
weeks 21–32) is now at histor- United States (May 17–August 8, 2020) is currently at histori-
cal lows (median = 0.20% tests positive in 2020 versus 2.35%
influenza seasons are presented as a comparison. To assess
influenza virus activity in the Southern Hemisphere, influ-
in 2019, 1.04% in 2018, and 2.36% in 2017). Influenza data enza laboratory data from clinical and surveillance platforms
ical lows (weekly median reported to the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) FluNet
platform from three Southern Hemisphere countries that serve
reported from Australia, Chile, and South Africa to WHO’s
FluNet§ platform were analyzed. For each country, the per-
as robust sentinel sites for influenza from Oceania (Australia), centage of samples testing positive for influenza for April–July
0.20% of samples testing posi- South America (Chile), and Southern Africa (South Africa)
showed very low influenza activity during June–August 2020,
(weeks 14–31) for four seasons (2017–2020) are presented.
Selected measures implemented to respond to COVID-19 in
tive in 2020 versus 2.35% in the months that constitute the typical Southern Hemisphere
influenza season. In countries or jurisdictions where extensive
community mitigation measures are maintained (e.g., face
these countries were ascertained from government websites.
All data used were in the public domain.
In the United States, influenza activity (measured by per-
2019, 1.04% in 2018 and masks, social distancing, school closures, and teleworking),
those locations might have little influenza circulation dur-
centage of respiratory specimens submitted for influenza
testing that yielded positive results) began to increase in early
ing the upcoming 2020–21 Northern Hemisphere influenza November 2019, and >20% of specimens were positive dur-
2.36% in 2017). season. The use of community mitigation measures for the
COVID-19 pandemic, plus influenza vaccination, are likely to
ing December 15, 2019–March 7, 2020 (weeks 51–10), after
which activity declined sharply (Figure 1). Percent positivity
be effective in reducing the incidence and impact of influenza, peaked on week 6 at 30.25% and decreased 14.90% by week 9,
and some of these mitigation measures could have a role in compared with an 89.77% decrease during weeks 10–13. By
preventing influenza in future seasons. However, given the the week of March 22, 2020 (week 13), when the number
In the Southern Hemisphere novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty of
continued community mitigation measures, it is important
of samples tested remained very high, percent positivity
dropped to 2.3%, and since the week of April 5, 2020 (week
to plan for seasonal influenza circulation in the United States 15), has remained <1%. The median number of specimens
countries of Australia, Chile, this fall and winter. Influenza vaccination of all persons aged
≥6 months remains the best method for influenza prevention * https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/overview.htm.
† https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-declaring-
and is especially important this season when SARS-CoV-2 and
and South Africa, only 33 in- influenza virus might cocirculate (1). national-emergency-concerning-novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak/.
§ https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/en/.
fluenza positive test results US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR / September 18, 2020 / Vol. 69 / No. 37 1305
were detected among 60,031

John Cullen
specimens tested in Australia, 12 among 21,178 specimens tested in Chile, and

six among 2,098 specimens tested in South Africa, for a total of 51 influenza
positive specimens (0.06%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04%–0.08%)
among 83,307 tested in these three countries during April–July 2020 (weeks
14–31). In contrast, during April–July in 2017–2019, 24,512 specimens tested
positive for influenza (13.7%, 95% CI = 13.6%–13.9%) among 178,690 tested
in these three countries (Figure 2).
In the United States, the COVID-19 national emergency was declared on

March 1, 2020, but states began implementing a range of COVID-19 mitiga-
tion measures in late February, including school closures, bans on mass gather-
ings, and stay- at-home orders (2). In addition, some emphasis was placed on
individual measures, such
as mask wearing, staying
home while sick, and so-
cial distancing.
In Australia, a 14-day
mandatory hotel quaran-
tine was introduced for all
returned travelers on
March 29; regional lock-
downs began in early
April, followed by a stay-
at-home recommendation
and bans on gatherings in
mid-April. Some easing of measures began in late April.¶ In Chile, the presi-
dent declared a state of emergency on March 18, which remains in effect into
September. In addition, in mid-March an overnight curfew and a nationwide
lockdown were implemented. Since then, the lockdown has been lifted region-
ally, based on disease activity; however, recommendations to stay at home and
socially distance, as well as mandatory use of masks are all still in place.** In
South Africa, a

John Cullen
¶ https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov- health-alert/coron-
avirus-covid-19-restrictions.
** https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/plandeaccion.
†† https://sacoronavirus.co.za/; https://www.gov.za/coronavirus/alert-level-2.
The only exception appears to be an outbreak in Cambodia, but that can be

contained. No one has died in Cambodia from Covid 19, according to both the
WHO and Johns Hopkins.
With the exception of 270,000 P&I

deaths in the USA this past season,
and 110,000 of the COVID19 deaths
also having been infected with In-
fluenza virus, Influenza related deaths
in the USA for the 2019-2020 season
appear to have topped 380,000 for the
first time since 1918.
Other than Cambodia, there are no

outbreaks of Influenza anywhere on
earth.

John Cullen
It appears that Influenza has been eradicated.

I am declaring the end of Influenza on earth,
with the exceptions noted above.
As such, the demand for Influenza vaccine

will decline globally, having a devastating
effect on Pharmaceutical firms engaged in
the trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine and
adjuvant manufacturing.
This hypothesis and conclusion are solely

based on the data currently available at the
WHO and CDC, and is now being submitted
for peer review:

John Cullen

John Cullen
The CDC has reported almost no Influenza activity since April 1, 2020 in the
USA:

John Cullen
The CDC in the USA declares only 22,000 flu deaths, despite saying it looked
like it might be one of the worst seasons in decades back in January, 2020.
14-day mandatory hotel quarantine for travelers, regional lockdown
Virgin Australia flights suspended

John Cullen
According to the CDC’s Mortality System:

John Cullen
Source: FluNet. https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/en/. Abbreviation: PP = percentage

positive.
tember 18, 2020 / Vol. 69 / No. 37

John Cullen
Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Influenza activity is currently low in the United States and globally.
What is added by this report?
Following widespread adoption of community mitigation measures to reduce transmission of

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, the percentage of U.S. respiratory specimens
submitted for influenza testing that tested positive decreased from >20% to 2.3% and has re-
mained at historically low interseasonal levels (0.2% versus 1–2%). Data from Southern Hemi-
sphere countries also indicate little influenza activity.
What are the implications for public health practice?

John Cullen
Interventions aimed against SARS-CoV-2 transmission, plus influenza vaccination, could sub-
stantially reduce influenza incidence and impact in the 2020–21 Northern Hemisphere season.
Some mitigation measures might have a role in reducing transmission in future influenza sea-
sons.
A total lockdown was imposed on April 9, with some easing of measures start-
ing on May 1.†† The community mitigation strategies implemented to prevent
the spread of COVID-19, including both community and individual-level mea-
sures, appear to have substantially reduced transmission of influenza in all
these countries.
Discussion
In the United States, influenza virus circulation declined sharply within 2

weeks of the COVID-19 emergency declaration and widespread implementa-
tion of community mitigation measures, including school closures, social dis-
tancing, and mask wearing, although the exact timing varied by location (2).
The decline in influenza virus circulation observed in the United States also oc-
curred in other Northern Hemisphere countries (3,4) and the tropics (5,6), and
the Southern Hemisphere temperate climates have had virtually no influenza

John Cullen
circulation. Although causality cannot be inferred from these ecological com-

parisons, the consistent trends over time and place are compelling and biologi-
cally plausible. Like SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses are spread primarily by
droplet transmission; the lower
transmissibility of seasonal in-
fluenza virus (R0 = 1.28) com-
pared with that of SARS-CoV-
2 (R0 = 2–3.5) (7) likely con-
tributed to a more substantial
interruption in influenza
transmission. These findings
suggest that certain communi-
ty mitigation measures might
be useful adjuncts to influenza
vaccination during influenza
seasons, particularly for popu-
lations at highest risk for de-
veloping severe disease or
complications.
Initially, declines in influenza

virus activity were attributed to decreased testing, because persons with respi-
ratory symptoms were often preferentially referred for SARS-CoV-2 assess-
ment and testing. However, renewed efforts by public health officials and clini-
cians to test samples for influenza resulted in adequate numbers tested and de-
tection of little to no influenza virus. Further, some countries, such as Australia,
had less stringent criteria for testing respiratory specimens than in previous sea-
sons and tested markedly more specimens for influenza but still detected few
with positive results during months when Southern Hemisphere influenza epi-
demics typically peak. A new Food and Drug Administration–approved multi-
plex diagnostic assay for detection of both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses
could improve future surveillance efforts (https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/
2019-ncov/lab/multiplex.html).
It is difficult to separate the effect that individual community mitigation mea-

sures might have had on influenza transmission this season. Although school-

John Cullen
aged children can drive the spread of influenza, the effectiveness of school clo-
sures alone is not clear because adults have other exposures (8). There is evi-
dence to support the use of face masks by infected persons to reduce transmis-
sion of viral respiratory illnesses to others and grow- ing evidence to support
their use (in the health care setting, in households, and in the community) to
protect the healthy wearer from acquiring infection. More data are needed to
assess effectiveness of different types of masks in different settings (9). Data
from the current pandemic might help answer critical questions about the effect
of community mitigation measures on transmission of influenza or other respi-
ratory diseases. In addition, assessing acceptability of effective measures would
be critical, because acceptability is likely to be inversely correlated with the
stringency of the measure.
The findings in this report are

subject to at least four limita-
tions. First, an ecologic analysis
cannot demonstrate causality, al-
though the consistency of find-
ings across multiple countries is
compelling. Second, other fac-
tors, such as the sharp reductions
in global travel or increased vac-
cine use, might have played a
role in decreasing influenza
spread; however, these were not
assessed. Third, viral interfer-
ence might help explain the lack
of influenza during a pandemic
caused by another respiratory
virus that might outcompete in-
fluenza in the respiratory tract (10). This possibility is less likely in the United
States because influenza activity was already decreasing before SARS-CoV-2
community transmission was widespread in most parts of the nation. Finally, it

John Cullen
is possible that the declines observed in the United States were just the natural
end to the influenza season. However, the change in the decrease percent posi-
tivity after March 1 was dramatic, suggesting other factors were at play.
The global decline in influenza virus circulation appears to be real and concur-
rent with the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated community mitigation
measures. Influenza virus circulation continues to be monitored to determine if
the low activity levels persist after community mitigation measures are
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
eased. If extensive community mitigation measures continue throughout the

fall, influenza activity in the United States might remain low and the season
might be blunted or delayed. In the future, some of these community mitigation
measures could be implemented during influenza epidemics to reduce transmis-
sion, particularly in populations at highest risk for developing severe disease or
complications. However, in light of the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic
and the uncertainty of continued community mitigation measures, it is impor-
tant to plan for seasonal influenza circulation this fall and winter. Influenza

John Cullen
vaccination for all persons aged ≥6 months remains the best method for in-
fluenza prevention and is especially important this season when SARS-CoV-2
and influenza virus might co-circulate (1).

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If you do suspect that you have the Influenza virus:
Acknowledgments
John Cullen, Dean, John E Hoover Institute of New Criminology and Epidemiology,
Viviana Sotomayor, Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health of Chile, Santia-
go, Chile; Sibongile Walaza, Jinal Bhiman, Thulisa Mkencele, Amelia Buys, Anne von
Gottberg, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Respiratory Dis-
eases and Meningitis, Johannesburg, South Africa; Meredith McMorrow, Stefano Tem-

John Cullen
pia, Influenza Division, CDC; MassGenics, Duluth, Georgia; School of Public Health,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
Africa; Li Qi, Influenza Division, CDC; Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Con-
trol and Prevention, Chongqinq, China.
Corresponding author: Sonja J. Olsen, [email protected].
1Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC; 2World
Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Mel-
bourne Hospital, and Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Insti-
tute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; 3Virology Department, Public Health In-
stitute of Chile, Santiago, Chile; 4Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Insti-
tute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; 5School of Public Health, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential, except for Cullen. He has no idea
what this is.
conflicts of interest. Cheryl Cohen reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur and non-financial
support from Parexel during the conduct of the study. No other potential conflicts of
interest were disclosed.
References
www.youtube.com/johnehoover
www.youtube.com/jasongoodman
www.crowdsourcethetruth.org
1. Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with
vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United
States, 2020–21 influenza season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69(No. RR-8). https:// doi.org/
10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1
2. Lasry A, Kidder D, Hast M, et al.; CDC Public Health Law Program; New York City Depart-
ment of Health and Mental Hygiene; Louisiana Department of Health; Public Health – Seattle &
King County; San Francisco COVID-19 Response Team; Alameda County Public Health De-
partment; San Mateo County Health Department; Marin County Division of Public Health. Tim-
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U.S. metropolitan areas, February 26–April 1, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2020;69:451–7. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e2

John Cullen
3. Kuo SC, Shih SM, Chien LH, Hsiung CA. Collateral benefit of COVID-19 control measures
on influenza activity, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:1928–30. https://doi.org/10.3201/ei-
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10.1093/cid/ciaa672
5. Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, et al. Impact assessment of non- pharmaceutical interventions
against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet
Public Health 2020;5:e279–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6
6. Soo RJJ, Chiew CJ, Ma S, Pung R, Lee V. Decreased influenza incidence under COVID-19
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d2608.201229
7. Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L. Estimates of the reproduction

number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature.
BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:480. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480
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doi.org/10.1038/ nature06732
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mission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020;36:101751. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j. tmaid.2020.101751
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2015;212:1690–1. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv261
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
tember 18, 2020 / Vol. 69 / No. 37 1309

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John Cullen

John E Hoover Institute for New Criminology and Epidemiology

October 18, 2020

Decreased Influenza Activity During the

Lead Author: John Cullen, Honorary PhD1

Page 1 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

Source: FluView Interactive. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluviewinteractive.htm. Abbreviation: PP =

seasonal circulation of in- because of widespread implementation of measures to mitigate

were detected among 60,031

Page 2 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

specimens tested in Australia, 12 among 21,178 specimens tested in Chile, and

In the United States, the COVID-19 national emergency was declared on

Page 3 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

The only exception appears to be an outbreak in Cambodia, but that can be

With the exception of 270,000 P&I

Other than Cambodia, there are no

Page 4 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

It appears that Influenza has been eradicated.

As such, the demand for Influenza vaccine

This hypothesis and conclusion are solely

Page 5 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

Page 6 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

Page 7 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

14-day mandatory hotel quarantine for travelers, regional lockdown

Virgin Australia flights suspended

Page 8 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

According to the CDC’s Mortality System:

Page 9 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

Source: FluNet. https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/en/. Abbreviation: PP = percentage

Page 10 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

What is already known about this topic?

Influenza activity is currently low in the United States and globally.

What is added by this report?

Following widespread adoption of community mitigation measures to reduce transmission of

What are the implications for public health practice?

Page 11 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

In the United States, influenza virus circulation declined sharply within 2

Page 12 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

circulation. Although causality cannot be inferred from these ecological com-

Initially, declines in influenza

It is difficult to separate the effect that individual community mitigation mea-

Page 13 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

The findings in this report are

Page 14 of 35 Copyright, 2020 John Cullen

eased. If extensive community mitigation measures continue throughout the

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