THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA

[LAND DIVISION]
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 52 OF 2010
(Arising from Civil Suit No. 384 of 2008 of Chief Magistrate’s Court at Entebbe)
MUSISI GABRIEL :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT
VERSUS
1. EDCO LIMITED
2. GEORGE RAGUI KAMOI ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESPONDENTS

BEFORE: HON. MR JUSTICE BASHAIJA K. ANDREW.

JUDGMENT
This is an appeal against the decision of the Her Worship Agnes Nkonge,
Magistrate Grade One at the Entebbe Chief Magistrate’s Court (hereinafter
referred to as the “trial court”) in Civil Suit No. 384 of 2008, delivered on
2/12/2009. The Appellant was the unsuccessful plaintiff and the Respondents the
successful defendants.

Background.

The Appellant’s late father, one Michael Weraga, prior to his death stayed on part
of mailo land comprised in Busiro Block 452 Plot 27 land at Ntabo (hereinafter
referred to as the “suit land”). The land belonged to the registered owner then,
one Johnson Kamulegeya. The late Michael Weraga was appointed as an agent of
Johnson Kamulegeya to look after his vast land of 41.30 hectares and to collect
Busulu there from.

On 01/07/1989 Johnson Kamulegeya agreed to sell to the late Michael Weraga 18

acres out of the vast land for a price of 100,000/= per acre. This is what
subsequently came to be the suit land. The late Michael Weraga made part -

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payment of 100,000/= pending the survey. On completion of survey Johnson
Kamulegeya increased the price per acre to 150,000/=, which the late Michael
Weraga first rejected but later accepted and made payment of 2,600,000/= by
cheque. However, Johnson Kamulegeya returned the cheque stating that he had
already sold the whole land to the 1st Respondent.

The late Michael Weraga instituted Civil suit No. 808 of 1993 against John
Johnson Kamulegeya and the 1st Respondent, but it was dismissed for want of
prosecution. After the death of the late Michael Weraga the Appellant as son of the
deceased and beneficiary to the estate took over the occupation and management of
the suit land claiming customary interest therein.

On 10/11/2008 the 2nd Respondent as an agent of the 1st Respondent tried to evict
the Appellant by removing the burial grounds and demolishing the family house
from the suit land. The Appellant sued the two Respondents seeking for a
declaration that he is the owner of the land measuring 18 acres out of the land
comprised in Busiro Block 452 Plot 27 at Ntabo.

The Respondents also filed a counterclaim and averred that the 1 st Respondent
Company has since 15/11/1989 been the registered proprietor of the suit land
having bought the same from Johnson Kamulegeya, and that it had compensated
the people who were occupying the suit land. Further, that the Appellant did not
take over occupation and management of the suit land as a customary tenant, and
that he was a trespasser on the suit land.

The trial court found in favour of the Respondents and declared the 1 st Respondent
the lawful owner of the suit land. Further, that the Appellant holds a kibanja
interest of only 2 acres thereon, and that he was a trespasser on the remaining acres

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of the suit land. The Appellant was dissatisfied with the decision and filed this
appeal and preferred the following grounds of appeal:-

1. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact when she failed to
consider the evidence collected at the locus regarding the boundaries of
the Appellant’s kibanja thereby coming to a wrong conclusion that the
actual size of the Appellant’s kibanja is 2 acres.
2. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in holding that the
Appellant committed acts of trespass on the part of the Respondent’s
other piece of land (exclusive of the 2 acres).
3. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in ordering for
compensation of the Appellant in respect of the 2 acres decreed in favour
of the Appellant against the doctrine of a willing buyer/ willing seller
basis.
4. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in holding that the late
Michael Weraga a non- party to the suit is recognized as the lawful
owner of a kibanja measuring 2 acres having already answered issue
number one in the affirmative that the plaintiff is a lawful or bonafide
occupant of part of EDCO land.
5. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in failing to consider the
evidence collected from locus regarding the boundaries and size of the
Appellant’s land and came to a wrong conclusion that the late Weraga
recognized as the lawful owner of a kibanja measuring 2 aces which is
within the grave yards and where his houses are situated.
6. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in failing to evaluate the
evidence on record and as such came to a wrong conclusion that;
a) The actual size of the Appellant’s kibanja is 2 acres.
b) The Appellant committed acts of trespass on the part of the
Respondents’ other piece of land exclusive of the 2 acres).
7. The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in as far as:-
a) She exercised jurisdiction not vested in her in law.

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 b) Failed to determine the nature of the Plaintiff’s company which is a
foreign company and could not own mailo land.
c) Failed to consider the period Weraga had spent on the land entitling
him to a defence of limitation.
Before the hearing of the appeal, the Appellant filed an application seeking to
amend the Memorandum of Appeal filed on 14/09/2010 in order to introduce new
grounds. In the new grounds the Appellant raised issues in respect of the
Respondents’ alleged illegalities committed in respect of the acquisition of the suit
land which were not raised at the trial, but which the Appellant felt could be
brought at any time since they were issues of law. The application was
conditionally allowed for the Appellant to argue the new grounds which raised
only legal issues that had not been canvassed at the trial. As such, I will consider
these particular grounds first.

Ground 7.
The learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in as far as;
(a) She exercised jurisdiction not vested in her in law.
The main complaint by the Appellant in this ground is that the trial court
entertained the case where the value of the subject matter exceeded the trial court’s
pecuniary jurisdiction. Counsel for the Appellant, M/s. Kabega, Bogezi & Bukenya
Advocates, submitted that the Bill of Costs which was filed by the Respondents in
the lower court (at page 283 of the record of appeal) together with the affidavit of
Patrick Tumwine, a Director with the 1st Respondent, put the value of the subject
matter at Ug. Shs. 900,000,000/=. Further, that the Government Valuer also put the
value of the suit property at Ug. Shs. 2, 139,000,000/= (at page 216 of the record).
Counsel was of the view that the failure of the parties to disclose the value of the
subject matter coupled with the failure by the trial court to establish the value of
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the subject matter before hearing the case perpetuated an illegality of court
exercising jurisdiction not vested in it.

To support this view, Counsel cited Section 207 (1)(b), (3), (4) of the Magistrates
Courts Act to the effect, inter alia, that the pecuniary jurisdiction of a magistrate
grade 1 is limited to a subject matter whose value does not exceed
Ug.Shs.20,000,000=. Counsel further cited a plethora of authorities including the
cases of Active Auto Mobile Spares Ltd v. Crane Bank Ltd & Another, S.C.C.A.
No. 21 of 2001; Makula International v. His Eminence Cardinal Nsubuga
[1982] HCB 11 to the effect that once an illegality is brought to the attention of
court it cannot not be left to stand.

In reply to this particular point, Counsel for the Respondents, M/s. Kimuli & Sozi
Advocates, submitted that the Appellant’s suit and the Respondents’ counterclaim
in Civil suit No. 384 of 2008 at the trial was based on trespass to land, and that it
was not argued by Counsel for the Appellant on appeal that the trial court did not
have jurisdiction with regard to trespass.

Further, that the nature of the reliefs sought by the Appellant and the Respondents
in the counterclaim at the trial were such that it was not necessary or even possible
to state the pecuniary value of the subject matter as those reliefs did not have a
pecuniary value. Counsel relied for this view on the cases of Munobwa
Muhammed v. Uganda Muslim Supreme Council, H.C.C.Rev. No. 001 of 2006;
Joseph Kalingamire v. Godfrey Mugulusi [2003] KALR 406.

Counsel also submitted that the estimated value of the subject matter in the
Respondents’ Bill of Costs and the affidavit of Patrick Tumwine the 1 st
Respondent’s Director could not in any take away the jurisdiction which the trial

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court had. Further, that the Government Valuer’s figure related to the entire 41.30
hectares of the registered land and not just the 18 acres the subject of the case.

The starting point in resolving the issue as to the jurisdiction of the trial court, in
my view, should be Section 4 and 12 of the Civil Procedure Act (Cap.71). The
provisions are to the effect that in selecting a court with particular jurisdiction over
a particular type of litigation, regard must be had to the pecuniary limitation of
such a court and the enabling law which empowers such a court to hear such a
case.

The enabling law in this case is under Section 207(1) (b) of the Magistrates
(Amendment) Act, 2007, which vests a magistrate grade 1 with jurisdiction where
the pecuniary value of the subject matter does not exceed Ug.Shs. 20,000,000=.
Further, Sub –section (2) thereof provides as follows;

“Notwithstanding subsection (1), where the cause or matter of a civil

nature is governed only by civil customary law, the jurisdiction of a chief
magistrate and a magistrate grade 1 is unlimited.”[ emphasis added]

After re – appraising the record of evidence at the trial and the law applicable with
regard to the jurisdiction of a magistrate grade 1 court, it is evident that the trial
court did not exercise jurisdiction not vested in it in law. The pleadings before the
trial court clearly show that the value subject matter of the suit was never pleaded.
The plaint, the written statement of defence and counterclaim are all silent on the
pecuniary value of the subject matter, perhaps rightly so, because the cause of
action in the Appellant’s case and Respondents’ counterclaim was founded in the
tort of trespass to land. The evidence canvassed at the trial only related to the issue
as to which of the parties had trespassed on to the suit land. It was therefore not

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necessary or even possible to put a pecuniary value on a cause of action founded in
trespass.

My findings above are buttressed by the case of Munobwa Muhammed v. Uganda

Muslim Supreme Council (supra) where the court held that under Section 207 (3)
MCA (supra) the magistrate’s court was competent to entertain a suit for trespass,
and that it was not necessary for purposes of jurisdiction for the plaintiff to fix or
to estimate the value of the subject matter of a suit. A similar position was taken in
the case of John Sebataana (Suing through his Attorneys Sentongo Musaala &
Others) v. Abainenama Yorokam & Others (supra). Accordingly, I would find
that the trial court did not act in exercise of its jurisdiction illegally.

It is also important to note that the Appellant’s main contention at the trial was that
his late father was a customary tenant on the suit land. The Appellant’s claim was
thus based on the supposedly inherited customary interest. Even though no such
customary interest existed both in law and in fact in the suit land as will be shown
later in this judgment, where the claim before the trial court was grounded in civil
customary law, it would be unnecessary for the parties to state the pecuniary value
of the subject matter. Under sub –section (2) of Section 207 MCA (supra) where
the cause or matter of a civil nature is governed only by civil customary law, the
jurisdiction of a magistrate grade 1 court would be unlimited. To that extent the
trial court acted well within its jurisdiction.

With regard to the issue of the value of subject matter as estimated in the
Respondents’ Bill of Costs and affidavit, this could not in any way confer or take
away the trial court’s jurisdiction. It is the established law that jurisdiction cannot
be conferred on a court or taken away by consent of the parties, and that any
waiver on their part cannot make up for the lack of defect of jurisdiction. See:
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Assanand & Sons (U) Ltd. v. East African Records Ltd. [1959] EA 360; Joseph
Kalingamire v. Godfrey Mugulusi [2003] KALR 406. Jurisdiction is conferred on
court or taken away by the express provisions of a statute. See: David B. Kayondo
v. Co – operative Bank (U) Ltd.; S.C.C.A No10 of 1991. Therefore, regardless of
the values the Respondents stated in their Bill of Costs or affidavit, the jurisdiction
of the trial court as conferred by the Act remained unaffected. Ground 7(a) of
appeal lacks merit and it fails.

(b) Failed to determine the nature of the Plaintiff’s Company which is a foreign
company and could not own mailo land.
The main contention of the Appellant in this ground is that the 1 st Respondent is a
foreign company in so far as its Articles and Memorandum of Association do not
contain a provision restricting the transfer of shares to noncitizens. Further, that
according to Article 237 (2) (c) of the Constitution and Section 40 (1) of the Land
Act, a noncitizen cannot acquire and own mailo land in Uganda. To buttress this
proposition, Counsel relied Lakeside City Ltd v. Sam Engola & Others H.C.C.S.
No. 281 of 2010 where similar issue was discussed. Counsel argued that the 1st
Respondent being a foreign company under the law could not lawfully own mailo
land, and that since the suit land in question has a mailo title, it is an illegality that
cannot be left to stand.

In reply Counsel for the Respondents submitted that the 1st Respondent acquired
the suit land on 15/11/1989 long before the coming into force of the 1995
Constitution and the Land Act (Cap.227) in 1998. Further, that the Land Reform
Decree, 1975, which was the law in operation at the time, abolished the mailo land
tenure system which it converted to leasehold tenure system. That as such the 1 st
Respondent lawfully acquired leasehold in 1989 which it continued to hold until it
disposed of to M/s Pearl Marine Estates Ltd. in July 2010, and that this was in
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accordance with Section 40 (5) of the Land Act (supra). Counsel also submitted
that in any event, the Articles and Memorandum of Association of the 1 st
Respondent now contain a provision restricting the transfer of shares to noncitizens
according to the Directors’ Resolution made in 2008.

I had the occasion of fully reading the 1st Respondent’s Articles and Memorandum
of Association registered in 1983 (pages 218 to 234 of the record of appeal). There
is no provision restricting the transfer of shares to noncitizens; at least as of 1989
when the 1st Respondent acquired the suit land. As such, the 1 st Respondent
Company would be legally categorized as a foreign company under provisions of
Section 40(7) (e) (supra).For ease of reference I quote below.

“(7).For purposes of this section, “noncitizen” means –

(e) a company incorporated in Uganda whose articles of association
do not contain a provision restricting transfer or issue of shares to
noncitizens”
Indeed Section 40(4) of the Land Act (supra) restricts noncitizens acquiring or
holding mailo or freehold land. For ease of reference I quote it below.

(4) Subject to other provisions of this section, a noncitizen shall not

acquire or hold mailo or freehold land.
Given that the 1st Respondent was a noncitizen, it would follow that it would be
precluded from owning mailo land by the Constitutional provision cited above as
operationalised by provisions of the Land Act (supra) also cited above. The
Directors’ Resolution restricting the transfer of shares to noncitizens which
Counsel for the Respondents referred to (attached to the submissions as Annexture
“A”) was not passed until 2008, and hence it could not operate retrospectively to
give effect to the acquisition of the suit land made in 1989.

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However, the above trend must be wholly viewed against the background that the
Constitution 1995(supra) and Land Act, 1998 (supra) were not yet enacted in
1989 when the 1st Respondent acquired the suit land. The applicable law, which
was the existing law governing land at the time, was the Land Reform Decree
1975. Under Section 2 thereof, mailo land tenure system was abolished and
converted to leasehold tenure system. It meant that in 1989 when the 1st
Respondent Company purchased the suit land, it lawfully acquired a lessee on
conversion within the meaning of the Land Reform Decree, 1975, even though the
Certificate of Title (at pages 99 – 103 of the record of appeal) continued to reflect
that it was mailo land. Ideally, the Lands Office should have recalled all such titles
for rectification to bring them in conformity with the changes brought about as a
result of the conversion by operation of the law, but it appears this was not done.

Having lawfully acquired a lease on conversion in 1989 under the Land Reform
Decree, 1975, it would follow that the 1st Respondent continued to hold the lease
with the coming into force of the 1995 Constitution which restored the mailo
tenure system. I hasten to add that the Constitution, 1995, principally also
restricted the acquisition of mailo tenure by noncitizens, and the 1st Respondent
Company being a noncitizen could not hold a mailo title on conversion, but was
deemed to have continued to hold a lease on the suit land. My findings and
conclusion on this point are buttressed by the post - constitution legislation, the
Land Act, 1998 (cap.227). Section 40 (5) thereof provides that;

“For avoidance of doubt, any noncitizen who immediately before the

coming into force of the Constitution held land as a lessee on conversion
within the meaning of the Land Reform Decree 1975 shall be deemed to

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 have continued to be a lessee in accordance with the conditions of the
lease.”

On strength of the above authorities, it is clear that the 1 st Respondent lawfully

acquired the suit land as a lease and not mailo land, and as such there were no
illegalities committed in the acquisition process for which the 1 st Respondent’s title
would be impeached.

The next issue concerns the Appellant’s status on the suit land. It is noted that in
1989 when the Appellant’s father attempted to purchase suit land from former
registered owner Johnson Kamulegeya, the purchase fell through. The father sued
in breach of contract, but again did not follow through with the action which was
dismissed by court as against him. As such no registarable interest in the suit
property was acquired by the Appellant’s father that could be passed on to the son.

Further, the Appellant’s father could not be said to have acquired a customary
interest in the suit land; which is the basis on which the Appellant’s claim lies.
The Land Reform Decree, 1975, which was the law in force in 1989, declared all
land in Uganda to be public land to be administered by the Uganda Land
Commission in accordance with the Public Land Act 1969, subject to such
modifications as may be necessary to bring that Act into conformity with the
Decree. The system of occupying public land under customary tenure was to
continue, but only at sufferance and any such land could be granted by the
Commission to any person including the holder of the tenure in accordance with
the Decree.

Section 5 of the Decree specifically restricted occupying public land by customary

tenure, and under the Land Reform Regulations, 1976, any person wishing to

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obtain permission to occupy public land by customary tenure had to apply to the
Sub –County Chief in charge of the area where the land was situate, and such
application had to be approved by Sub – County Land Committee. See also:
Kampala District Land Board & George Mitala v. Vanansio Bamweyaka & 3
Others, S.C.Civ. Appeal No. 2 of 2007.

I have re –evaluated the record of the trial court, but have not come across any
evidence that the Appellant’s father acquired customary ownership in the suit land
in accordance with the above procedure of applying to the prescribed authorities.
There is also no evidence that such prescribed authorities existed to receive and
approve his application, if any application was ever made at all. Since the
restrictions on acquisition of customary tenure under the Public Lands Act, 1969
seem to have continued as the law governing all types of public land including
customary tenure subject to the provisions of the Decree, I would find that the
Appellant’s father could not have legally acquired any customary tenure on the suit
land prior to the enactment of the Land Act, 1998, and hence could not pass on
what he did not have to his son, the Appellant.

In my view, the Appellant’s father’s status was merely that of a licencee on the suit
land, who had acquired some kind of implied bare licence from the former
registered owner, and established usufructory interest and occupation. He was not a
customary tenant. He was just an occupant who was privileged to enter and remain
on the land because the owner consented to it by invitation and permission to help
look after the land and collect Busulu on behalf of the owner. Therefore, the
licence could not confer an interest or right in the land.

A licencee by invitation is a common law principle, and is defined by Black’s Law

Dictionary, 9th Edition at page 1064 as;
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 “One who is expressly or impliedly permitted to enter another’s premise to
transact business with the owner or occupant or to perform an act
benefiting the owner or occupant.”
See also: Eramu Mujuzi Kaggwa v. City Council of Kampala, H.C.C.S No. 737
of 2006 per Aweri Opio J (as he then was).

The cardinal principles are that a licencee is simply authorised to do a particular

act or series of acts upon the other’s land without possessing any estate therein.
Secondly, it is founded on personal confidence and is generally not assignable or
transferrable. Thirdly, no proprietary interest passes to the licencee, who is merely
not a trespasser; and fourthly, it is revocable at will by the property owner. See:
Walton Harvey Co. Ltd. v. Walker & Homfrays Ltd. [1931] 1Ch.274; Armstrong
v. Sheppard& Short Ltd. [1915] 2 Q.B.384.

The principles above appear to be crystallized in Section 29 of the Land Act

(Cap.227) which defines a lawful and bonafide occupant. Whereas these categories
of tenants are legally protected and accorded rights on the land they occupy, a
licencee, on the other hand, does not seem to enjoy the same rights and protection.
Sub – section(3) of Section 29 (supra) stipulates as follows as regards licencees;

“For avoidance of doubt, a person on land on basis of a licence from the

registered owner shall not be taken to be a lawful or bonafide occupant
under this section.”
In the instant case the Appellant’s father was neither a “lawful” nor a bona fide
occupant within the meaning of Section 29 of the Land Act (supra). Both
categories were created by the Constitution, 1995, and defined under the Land
Act, 1998. The Appellant’s late father would not fall in any of the two categories
because the Constitution and the Act did not operate retrospectively to cover him.
It needs to be emphasized that the two categories of “lawful” and “bona fide”
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occupants were created by the 1995 Constitution in order to recognize the status
quo of the various tenancies existing on land in Uganda as at 1995, and to give
security to persons who fell in those particular categories by providing for their
rights on the land.

The Appellant’s father in this case was just an invitee who was permitted by the
former registered owner of the suit land to help look after it and to collect Busulu
from the various persons on it on behalf of the registered owner. In the process he
occupied 18 acres thereof, and when attempts to purchase interest therein fell
through in 1989, and he did not perfect his ownership in the land. The former
registered owner sold the land to the 1 st Respondent Company which lawfully
acquired title to the whole land including the suit land.

Since the Appellant’s father was a bare licencee, a personal relationship with the
registered owner, a personal relationship had been created and the licence ceased
when the Appellant’s father died. Even when the licence lasted, it did not create
proprietary right or interest in the land, and the Appellant’s father could not pass
any proprietary interest in the suit land to the Appellant. Whereas the late father
was merely not a trespasser by virtue of the invitation and permission by the
former owner, the Appellant continued stay on the suit land when the owners asked
him to leave was unlawful, and invariably amounted to trespass for which he could
be lawfully evicted at will by the registered owners.

In the circumstances the Appellant would only be entitled to compensation of his

late father’s property, if any, that may be on the suit land, including developments
thereon, which constitute property of the estate of the late Weraga, and not the land
or any part of it. For avoidance of doubt, these findings mean that the trial court
erred in law and fact in decreeing the two (2 ) acres of the suit land to the
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Appellant who had no customary or any other legally recognised interest in the
land. Ground 7(b) of the appeal fails.

(c). Failed to consider the period Weraga had spent on the land entitling him to
a defence of limitation.
Having found as above, the issue of limitation as regards the period late Weraga
had spent on the suit land would not arise. Limitation period under the law would
only apply to tenants recognized under any of the categories stipulated under
Section 29 of the Land Act (supra). Since the late Weraga did not fall in any of
those categories other than that of a bare licencee, the limitation period would not
accrue to him in the circumstances. Ground 7(c) of the appeal also fails.

The resolution of the above grounds would, in my view, render it unnecessary to

consider the remaining grounds of appeal as it would be purely an academic
exercise in futility. The net effect is that the entire appeal fails. It is declared and
ordered as follows:-

1. The Respondents are the lawful owners of the entire suit land
comprised in Busiro Block 452 Plot 27 land at Ntabo.
2. The Appellant is a trespasser on all the 18 acres of the suit land, part
of land comprised in Busiro Block 452 Plot 27 land at Ntabo, and has
no any lawful claim in the suit land or any part thereof whatsoever.
3. The Appellant be evicted for unlawfully occupying the suit land.
4. The Appellant pays costs of this appeal and in the court below.

BASHAIJA K. ANDREW
JUDGE
12/02/2014.

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