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Greetings Student and heartiest Welcome to the CAPE Biology Syllabus.

Since you have made it this far in your educational development it only stands to reason that you
have some knowledge as to what may be required of you for CAPE Biology with regards to your
Internal Assessments (IA) also known as your School Based Assessments (SBA).
Your Internal Assessment accounts for 20% of your CAPE Final Exam grade.

This lab manual is designed to make your Internal Assessment experience much easier and
thereby assist you in achieving your goal of ONE in this course.

THANKYOU

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The Internal Assessment is marked for the following skills in Unit 1 and Unit 2:

1. Drawing DRW (8 Marks)

2. Measurement and Manipulation MM (8 Marks)
3. Observation, Reporting and Recording ORR (8 Marks)
4. Analysis and Interpretation AI (12 Marks)
5. Planning and Designing PD (12 Marks)

Total Marks 48

Drawing labs test whether you are able to make clean, accurate representations of the specimen
presented with. (See Rules for Drawing on page 4)

Measurement and Manipulation labs test for your ability to follow instructions and to use
equipment safely and accurately.

Observation, Reporting and Recording labs test for your ability to present data obtained from
the experiment to others. Information may be recorded by way of diagrams, tables, written
paragraphs or graphs.

Analysis and Interpretation labs test your understanding of the content and what has happened
within the experiment. These labs also measure how well you are able to explain your
understanding of the experiment.

Planning and Designing labs test your knowledge of content and your ability solve problems
using the scientific method and applying your knowledge.

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Mentioned previously experiments must be written up in a particular way known as the scientific
procedure. Like providing a recipe for baking a cake the scientific procedure enables the
experimenter to share their knowledge with other persons who are interested in emulating the
experiment. As a result, there is a particular lab write up. Some labs have different write ups
depending on the skill that they are being assessed for.

HOW TO WRITE UP AI/ORR/MM?

Experiment/ Internal Assessment Number:

Date: (The date the results are obtained)
Skills Assessed:
Topic:
Objective(s)/ Aim(s): (The purpose of the experiment)

Apparatus: (The physical substance that you use) eg: beaker,

scalpel, measuring cylinder.

Materials: (The chemicals that you use) eg: water, potassium

permanganate.

Procedure: (Description of what you do)

- Must be in past tense
- Must be in paragraph form
- Must be in proper sequence
- Use of proper nouns like persons names as well
as some common nouns like he or she are
PROHIBITED

Results/ Observations: (The way in which you are going to communicate

your findings of the experiment to others)
This may be done:
- Creating tables (title below, must be
appropriately labeled)
- Graphs (See page 8)
- Diagrams (Representation of set up of
experiment you may use a ruler to draw
diagrams)
- Paragraph
- Calculations

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Discussion: (This section provides details about the results to be

written in organized paragraphs). In order to
achieve maximum grades your discussion should
include:
- Background Information about the topic such as;
i. Definitions
ii. Equation like those for respiration
iii. Importance of topic to living systems eg;
diffusion is important for gaseous
exchange.
- Explanation of Results; without repeating your
procedure or observations. During the
explanation you are to utilize your knowledge of
what you have learned about the topic to what
you observed. You are to say Why it happened?
- Precautions (What did you do to ensure that the
experiment was conducted fairly?)
- Sources of Error (What may have caused your
experiment to get erroneous results?)
- Limitations (What caused your experiment to go
wrong that you have NO control over? eg Light
Intensity, Weather, Fluctuations in
Temperature)

NB: If you mention that you avoid parallax error in your precaution you cannot mention it again
as a source of error.
Conclusion: A sentence that answers your aim.

HOW TO WRITE UP DRAWING LABS?

Experiment/ Internal Assessment Number:

Date:
Skills Assessed:
Topic:
Objective(s)/ Aim(s):
Theory: This is BRIEF Background information about the
topic.
Drawing:

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HOW TO WRITE UP PLANNING AND DESIGNING LABS?

Experiment/ Internal Assessment Number:

Date:
Skills Assessed:
Situation:
Topic:
Hypothesis:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Materials:

Variables: Controlled- What is kept constant in experiment?

Manipulated/ Independent- What factors have you
changed?
Responding/ Dependent-What are the results you
obtain from changing the manipulated?

Procedure: -Listed
-Present Tense
-Clearly outlining how readings are taken

Results: - Expected Results

-Treatment of Results (How do you use the results
to solve your problem?)
Precautions and Limitations: (See page 4)

Example of Planning and Designing Experiment:

Experiment #: 2
Date: February 1 2016
Skills Assessed: Planning and Designing
Situation: Michael suggests that iron nails will not rust as fast
if they are coated in oil. Suggest an experiment that can prove or disprove this theory.
Topic: Corrosion of Metals
Hypothesis: Iron nail will rust slower when coated in oil
compared to not being coated.

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Aim: To investigate whether iron nail will rust when

coated in oil compared to not being coated.
Apparatus:
Materials:
Variables: Controlled- Iron nails of the same dimensions, Same
volume of water and oil,
Independent- Use of oil or water
Dependent- Amount of rusting observed
Procedure: 1. Obtain three boiling tubes and label them A, B and C.
2. Obtain three iron nails sand them and place each of them
in each boiling tube.
3. Pour 4 cm3 of water into Boiling Tube B.
4. Pour 4 cm3 of oil into Boiling Tube C.
5. Add nothing to Boiling Tube A this will be the control of
the experiment.
6. Leave experiment to stand undisturbed for one week
before making observations about which nail shows more
evidence of rust.
Results: The iron nail that is placed in the oil should show no
evidence of rusting. The iron nail in the water would
display the most amount of rusting. The iron nail that was
used as control would show a minimal amount of rusting.
Rusting is observed by the presence of flaky red- brown
material either present in solvent or on the nail itself.
Precautions: It was ensured that the iron nails were properly sanded on
all surfaces.
Limitations: The freshness of the oil and the type of oil used as it may
contain water.

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RULES FOR SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS

Drawing Itself:
1. Use thin unbroken pencil lines. (Using a mechanical pencil of 0.5 mm will help)
2. Large Drawing (at least x> 50% of paper)
3. Resemblance (should be proportionate)
4. Do not use ruler for drawings.
5. No shading permitted.
Title:

1. Should be below drawing.

2. In BLOCK capital.
3. Includes the name of specimen, view of specimen and magnification.
Magnification of Drawing = Size of Drawing/ Size of Specimen
4. Must be underlined.
Also Note: When asked to do low power drawing students are expected to do a plan drawing
of what they see. This means that cells are not expected to be seen in the drawings just
varying layers of the specimen would be expected to be drawn. When asked to do high power
drawing few cells from each layer would be expected to be seen in your drawing.
Labels:

1. Should be to the right of drawings.

2. At a margin.
3. Written in the same case.
4. Written in pencil.
5. Must be pointing to structure.
6. No arrowheads.
Labels: Are to be done for all drawings submitted (low power and high power)

Annotations:
1. Written after labels.
2. Surrounded by a bracket.
3. Can be a description or function of structure.
Note: If there is a low power drawing and a high power drawing of the same specimen
annotations may only be done for the high power drawing.

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Can you identify the mistakes of the drawing on the above?

RULES FOR GRAPHS
1. Title must be ABOVE the graph and in pencil.
2. The graph should occupy at least 50% of the paper.
3. Must include a scale.
4. Use x or for line graphs
5. Label axes appropriately with x and y as well as with titles and units.
6. Use thin pencil lines to plot graph.

RULES FOR TABLES

1. Tables should be large enough to hold data adequately.
2. Tables should be enclosed.
3. Tables should be neatly constructed (with appropriate headings for columns and rows
along with units where applicable)
4. Tables should be as concise as possible.
5. All tables MUST have a title placed at the top. Written in BLOCK capital and
underlined.

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LABORATORY EXERCISES

Lab # Title Skills Assessed

Microscope and Calibration DRW
Food Test # 1 ( Qualitative) MM
Food Test # 2 ( Quantitative) ORR
Cells DRW
Diffusion ORR
Osmosis MM/ ORR
Enzymes AI/ORR
Plant Organs/ Skin DRW
Extraction of DNA ORR
Natural Selection ORR/AI
Mitosis ORR
The Chi-Squared Test AI
Asexual reproduction in Plants DRW/ORR
Sexual Reproduction in Plants ( AI
Ways that enhance it)
Mammalian Ovary and Testes DRW
Protein shakes are said to have PD
more proteins than sugars, thereby
making it more suitable to build

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muscle and a suitable supplement

for vegetarians. How can you
determine this?
Diet coke is said to contain less PD
sugar than regular coke. Design an
experiment that proves or disproves
this theory.
Investigating the role of fructose on PD
pollen grain germination.
AI (Implementation)

Lab # 1
Objectives: 1. To draw and annotate the parts of the light microscope.
2. To calibrate the light microscope.
3. To determine the field of view at low and high power.
Procedure: Calibration
1. Turn objective to the scanning
2. Place graph paper onto the stage. Determine the measurements for the field of
view by counting the number of boxes seen. Then convert the number of
boxes to millimeters and then eventually micro-metres.
3. Switch Objective to lowest power, repeat step 2. This will be your field of
view at lowest power (x10).
4. To calculate the field of view at highest power (x40) use simple ratio.

NB: An INCREASE in MAGNIFICATION results in an DECREASE in the FIELD OF

VIEW.
Formula for change in Magnification;
(Magnification at low power) x (Unknown Factor) = (Magnification at high power)
Therefore, if magnification at low power is 100 x
And the magnification at high power is 600 x
The unknown factor would be (6)
This means that the magnification increases by 6 but the field of view decreases by 6.

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So if the specimen is 1200 µm at low power (this is its FOV at low power) then its FOV at high
power would be 200 µm.

Lab # 2
Food Test: Qualitative
Objectives: 1. To observe the changes observed when testing various food samples for the
macronutrients present.
2. To identify the macronutrients present in Mystery Food Sample “X”.

NAME OF FOOD NAME OF PROCEDURE OBSERVATION INFERENCE

SUBSTANCE TEST
Starch Test - Place two
drops of
iodine
solution
onto food
substance
Biuret Test - Make a
solution of
the food
sample
- Add an equal
volume of
Sodium
Hydroxide
(NaOH)
- Then add
several
drops of
Copper II
Sulphate

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(CuSO4)
Emulsion Test - To 2 cm3 of
sample add
an equal
volume of
water.
- Shake
Mixture
- Then add
2cm3 of
alcohol.
Shake
mixture
Grease Spot - Rub food
Test sample onto
filter paper
- Allow the
filter paper
to dry for 30
minutes
Glucose Reducing - Place 2 cm3
Sugar of food
sample into
test tube
- Add an equal
volume of
Benedict’s
Solution
- Heat sample
Sucrose Reducing - Place 2 cm3
Sugar of food
sample into
test tube
- Add an equal
volume of
Benedict’s
Solution
- Heat sample
Sucrose Non- - Place 2 cm3
Reducing of food
Sugar Test sample into
test tube.
- Add equal
volume of
Hydrochloric
Acid (HCl) to
test tube
- Heat Sample

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for 3
minutes.
Allow to cool
- Add Sodium
Bicarbonate
until fizzing
stops.
- Add equal
amount of
Benedict’s
Solution
then heat.

For this lab you may simply copy and complete the table and add supplementary table for results.
Discussion: Background Information
• Describe briefly all macronutrients involved in the tests.
• Describe their significance to the human diet.
Explanation of Results
• Describe what has happened in the various tests that caused
the various reactions to occur. For example, in the starch
test a Polyiodide complex forms with the starch hence the
observation of the blue black. Refer to Biological Science 1
& 2.
Lab # 3
Food test: Quantitative
Objective: 1. To make various samples of glucose solutions.
2. To compare the amount of reducing sugar present in orange drink,
orange juice and fresh orange fruit.
Procedure: 1. From the glucose standards provided you are to make the following
Glucose solutions. (1/1000, 1/500, 1/ 100, 1/50, 1/25,1/5)
2. Perform reducing sugar test on glucose solutions by pouring 2cm3 of
solutions into test tubes.
3. Perform reducing sugar test on 2 cm3 of water. This will be your
standard.
4. Dilute Orange samples into 1/100 then perform Reducing Sugar test on
samples.

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5. Record colour changes that you observe with the glucose standards and
the orange samples.

Results: Create Table

Food Sample Description of Colour Scale
(Based off of Colour Intensity)
Glucose Standard
Glucose Dilution (1/1000)
Glucose Dilution (1/500)
Glucose Dilution (1/ 100)
Glucose Dilution (1/50)
Glucose Dilution (1/25)
Glucose Solution (1/5)
Orange Drink
Orange Juice
Orange Fruit

Discussion: Background Information

• Describe what is a reducing sugar.
• Give examples of reducing sugars especially those present in fruits.
• What is the significance of reducing sugars to diet?

Explanation of Results

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• Which Orange sample contains more reducing sugar and why this
may be the case?
• Limitations of the experiment.

Lab # 4

Title: Diffusion
Objectives: 1. To investigate the effects of temperature on the rate of
diffusion.

Procedure: Lab # 4 a (Temperature)

1. Obtain four Ziploc bags and label them A, B, C and D.
2. Pour 25 ml of starch suspension into each bag.
3. Place Ziploc bag A into a water bath that contains iodine
solution of 0 º C for 30 minutes.
4. Place Ziploc bag B into a water bath that contains iodine
solution at room temperature. Measure and record room
temperature for 30 minutes.
5. Place Ziploc bag C into a water bath that contains iodine
solution at 50 ºC for 30 minutes.
6. Place Ziploc bag D on the table for same time period.
7. Ensure that all bags are placed in the various water baths at
the same time in order to eliminate differences in room
temperature.
8. Observe the colour changes that occur and note their
intensities. This can be done by creating an ordinal scale.
Discussion: Background Information
• Define diffusion.
• Describe the significance of diffusion to living systems and
molecules.

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• Describe some of the factors that affect diffusion such as

temperature, area/volume, molecular concentrations
(diffusion gradients etc.)
Explanation of Results
• Account for the differences in colour intensities of all four
Ziploc bags

Lab # 5

Topic: Osmosis in Onion cells.

Objectives: 1. To observe plasmolysis in onion cells.
2. Identify solutions X and Y.
3. To determine the water potential of onion tissue using incipient
plasmolysis.
Procedure: Lab # 5a (Observing Plasmolysis)
1. Obtain three strips of onion epidermis place them on three
separate slides labelling them X, Y and Z.
2. Place 1 drop of iodine on all three onion epidermal tissue.
3. To slide X, add 1 drop of solution X.
4. To slide Y, add 1 drop of solution Y.
5. Do not add anything to slide Z this will be the control of the
experiment.
6. Gently place the cover slip on all the slides.
7. Leave the apparatus for 20 minutes then place slides under the
microscope and make observations by drawing diagrams. (At
least two cells should be represented).

Discussion: Background Information

• Define osmosis.
• Explain the significance of osmosis to living systems.
• Explain the terms turgid, flaccid and plasmolysis.
Explanation of Results
• Identifies the solutions X and Y based off of the
appearance of the cells under the microscope.
• Explain why cells appeared the way they did (some
were plasmolysed and others were not)

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NB: Plasmolysed cells are identified by the presence of the nucleus in the center of the cell. The
Turgid cells have their nuclei close to the cell wall.
Procedure: Lab # 5b (Water Potential of the Onion Cell)
1. Make the following serial dilutions of sucrose solution 0.0 M,
0.2 M, 0.4M,0.6M, 0.8M and 1.0M.
2. Prepare six onion epidermal strips and label them P, Q, R, S, T
and U.
3. Place the strips into six boiling tubes labelled P, Q, R, S, T and
U.
4. Add 3cm3 of 0.0 M sucrose solution to boiling tube P.
5. Add 3cm3 of 0.2 M sucrose solution to boiling tube Q.
6. Add 3cm3 of 0.4 M sucrose solution to boiling tube R.
7. Add 3cm3 of 0.6 M sucrose solution to boiling tube S.
8. Add 3cm3 of 0.8 M sucrose solution to boiling tube T.
9. Add 3cm3 of 1.0 M sucrose solution to boiling tube U.
10. Leave the apparatus for 20 minutes.
11. Then remove the strips and place them on six slides.
12. Add 1 drop of iodine to each slide and observe them under the
microscope.
13. Count at least 30 cells within the field of view and record the
numbers that are turgid and the ones that are plasmolysed for
each strip.
14. Plot a graph of Percentage Plasmolysis vs. Sucrose
concentration.
NB: Incipient Plasmolysis represents the point at which 50% of the cells have been plasmolysed.
Lab # 6
Objectives: 1. To prepare plant epidermal tissue slides.
2. To observe the plant and animal cells under the light microscope.
3. To annotate the plant and animal cells.
Preparing the Plant Cell Slide
1. Clean the slides thoroughly.
2. Remove a thin section of the plant epidermis.
3. Place a drop of water onto to the slide.
4. Place the epidermis onto the water try to spread it out as much as possible.
5. Make a sideways “V” with the coverslip and the slide.
6. Use a pencil to balance the coverslip and remove the pencil slowly while lowering the
coverslip. (Do this slowly to reduce bubbles).

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6a) Draw three or four animal cells.

Annotating the following features cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus.
6b) Draw three or four plant cells
Annotating the following features cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole and nucleus.
Deduce the actual size of both a plant cell and an animal cell.
Make labels of the low power drawings and annotate the high power drawings.

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Lab # 7
7a) Enzymes and Temperature:
Objectives: 1. To investigate the rate of reaction of enzymes at varying temperatures.
Procedure: 1. Obtain 20 kidney bean seeds. Place half of them in a beaker and boil them for
20 minutes. Remove the seed coat from all 20 seeds.
2. Obtain three water baths and label them A, B and C.
3. Place ice in beaker A, place tap water in beaker B and hot water in beaker C.
4. Obtain eight small beakers or test tubes label them A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1and
D 2.
5. Place about three boiled peas in all the test tubes labelled (2). While about three
un boiled ones will be in test tubes labelled (1).
6. Place the peas in their respective baths for 20-30 minutes. Do not place test
tubes D in any of the baths.
7. Then add 3 drops of hydrogen peroxide to all test tubes. Shake thoroughly.
8. Record the heights of the effervescence observed in a table.

Observation:
Test Tube Height of Effervescence / mm
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1

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C2
D1
D2

Discussion: Background Information

• What is an enzyme?
• How they function?
• Conditions required for them to
function
• Rates of reaction.
• The enzyme involved in this reaction
and any equation.

Explanation of Results
• Discuss the presence or absence of
effervescence. Why did it occur?
• Discuss which one produced the
most or the highest effervescence.
Why did it do so?
• Discuss which one produced the
least effervescence. Why did it do
so?
Conclusion: Answer your aim

7b) Enzymes and Surface Area

Objective: To investigate the rate of reaction of an enzyme that has varying surface area to
volume ratios.

Procedure: 1. Obtain sample and three test tubes.

2. Label the test tubes A, B and C.
3. To test tube A pour 2 cm 3 of water into it.
4. To test tube B place about 2 cm 3of sample into it.
5. To test tube C place 2 cm 3of crushed sample into it.
6. Add three drops of hydrogen peroxide into each test tube.

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7. Record the height and vigor of the reaction.

Observation:
Test tube Vigor of Reaction Height of
Effervescence/mm
A
B
C

Discussion: Background Information (same as 7a)

Explanation of Results
• Which test tube had the most/least vigorous reaction
and why?
• What was the purpose of test tube A?
Conclusion: Answer your aim.

Lab # 8
Topic: Cell Differentiation
Objectives: 1. To draw the longitudinal section of a dicot root tip.
2. To annotate the dicot root tip.
3. To calculate the actual size of the dicot root.
4. To draw and annotate the transverse section of the mammalian
skin.

Lab # 9

Topic: Nucleotides
Sub Topic: Extraction of DNA
Objectives: ?
Procedure:

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1. Chop the onion.

2. Pour the meat tenderizer solution (100 ml) into a 250 mL beaker and heat it to 60ºC in a water
bath.
3. Add 50 g of chopped onion to the meat tenderizer solution. Stir and let sit for 15 min. at 60ºC.
4. Remove the beaker from the water bath and immediately place it on ice for five minutes.
5. Pour the mixture into a blender.
a) Blend at low speed for 45 seconds and stop.
b) Blend at high speed for 30 seconds and stop.
6. Pour the mixture onto a piece of cheesecloth folded in four and draped over a 500 ml beaker that
is already on ice.
7. Gently squeeze off filtrate.
8. Pour about 5 ml of the filtrate into each of the individual test tubes that are already on ice. Place
the test-tubes in such a way that they rest at an angle.
9. Pour approximately10 ml of ice cold 95% ethanol down the wall of the test-tube.

Observations: Paragraph describing what you see. Pictures

Discussion: Background Information

• What is DNA? Where is it found? What is it’s

Purpose?
• Structure of DNA.

Explanation of Results

• Why was the onion chopped?

• Why was meat tenderizer used?
• Why was ice used?
• Why use ethanol?

Lab # 10
Topic: Natural Selection (Predation)
Objectives: 1. To simulate natural selection taking place in an environment.
Procedure: 1. Obtain an environment.
2. Have someone place 10 beads of each colour randomly onto the
environment. These will be the “prey”.
3. Choose another person to be the “predator”. This person should
not be looking at the environment.

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4. Allow the predator 20 seconds to take up as many beads as

possible. (The predator has to look away from the environment
each time they remove a bead from the environment).
5. Count the remaining beads and refer to them as F1.
6. Allow the remaining beads to “reproduce”. Then repeat step 4
until F6 generation is achieved.
7. Record observations in a table and make a histogram comparing
the F1 Generation and F6 Generation (Percentages).
Observations:
Species Number of Individuals for each Generation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
A
B
C
D

Species Percentage Number of Individuals for each Generation

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
A
B
C
D
TOTAL

Provide key to identify which bead is Species A-D.

Discussion: Background Information:
• What is meant by the term natural selection?
Speciation?
• Factors that contribute to natural selection.
Explanation of Results
• What trend did you observe amongst species A-D?
Account for this trend.
• Explain the shape of the histogram.

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• Limitations/ Sources of Error

Lab # 11
Topic: Mitosis
Objectives: 1. To observe mitosis in onion root tip.
2. To annotate the diagrams.
3. To calculate the actual sizes of each cell.

Lab # 12
Topic: Chi-Squared Test
Work sheet will be provided.

Lab # 13
Topic: Asexual Reproduction.
Objectives: 1. To observe the various procedures by which some organisms
reproduce asexually.
Theory:
• Define Asexual Reproduction
• Types of asexual reproduction (Natural and Artificial)
• State examples of asexual reproduction and the organism
that undergoes this form of reproduction. (Yeast cells,
Ginger, Bryophyllum pinnatum, onion, yam, irish potato
etc)

Instructions: 1. Draw the specimens provided, provide annotations and

magnifications.
2. Provide pictures of organisms that undergo fragmentation and
grafting.
Lab # 14
Topic: Sexual Reproduction in Plants

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Sub-Topic: Methods that are used to Promote Cross- Pollination.

Objectives: 1. ?
Instructions: 1. Draw and annotate a typical flower. Provide magnification.
2. Find plants that exhibit Protogyny, Protandry, monoecious and
dioecious flowers as well as hercogamy.
3. Either draw or print pictures of flowers that represent the above-
mentioned forms of incompatibility.
4. For each of the pictures you have placed you are to briefly
describe what this method is and how it promotes cross-pollination.

Lab # 15
Topic: Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Objectives: ?
Instructions: 1. Draw and annotate the transverse section of the mammalian
ovary and testes.
For the Ovary note the following: blood vessels, graafian follicle, primordial follicle,
germinal epithelium.
For the Testes note the following: blood vessels, spermatozoa, leydig cells (between tubules),
germinal epithelium and sertoli cells.

CAPE Biology Unit 1 Lab Manual Created by T.Williams