6 Ghatnachakra Chitratmak Environment Eng - 240119 - 102335

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Convention on
Biological Diversity
Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)
New York
Declaration
on Forests
United Nations
Climate Change
One
2050
Dristhi
Trillion
Trees by
At present we
are losing net
10 billion trees
every year
Water
6 ( 6th in 7 Part Series )
To Support Life
People and
Culture Wildlife
Forest
Climate
Services &
productive lands
ssghatnachakra
SamsamyikGhatna Regional Action Departmental
Change
How to reverse
Deforestation
Local Landscaping
Initiatives Initiative
Improving Protection
Ending Deforestation Advancing Restoration
Environment Scan & Get

Cash Back `50
Valid upto Dec. 2022
& Ecology See Cover Page - 2

2022
Pictorial Presentation...
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ssghatnachakra
SamsamyikGhatna
Convention on
Biological Diversity
Goals (SDGs)
New York
Declaration
on Forests
United Nations
Climate Change
One
2050
Dristhi
Trillion
Trees by
At present we
are losing net
10 billion trees
every year
Culture
Water
6 th
( 6 in 7 Part Series )
To Support Life
People and
Wildlife
Forest
Climate
Services &
productive lands
Regional Action Departmental

Change
How to reverse
Deforestation
Local Landscaping
Initiatives Initiative
Improving Protection
Ending Deforestation Advancing Restoration
Environment & Ecology

188A/128, Churchlane, Allenganj, Prayagraj (Allahabad)-211002 50/-
© Publisher
Edition - First
Edition Year - 2022
Index Preface
Writer - SSGC
l Environment & There are two main objectives
M.R.P.: 50/- Sustainable Development of Pictorial Presentation of
Printed at - 3-10 various subjects of General
Core Publishing Solution t Environment 3 Studies. The First One - to gain
t Sustainable Development 4 confidence in studying the entire
t Carbon Cycle & Water Cycle subjects in a short time. The Other
Contact : 4-5
One - these facts could be imprinted
t Atmosphere 5-7
Sam-Samayik t 17 Sustainable Development in the brain of the readers.
Goals 8 Consequently the aspirants could
Ghatna Chakra t Earth Summit 9 remember the facts within no time in
188A/128, Churchlane, Allenganj, t Various Organization &
the examination hall. Our aim is that
Prayagraj (Allahabad) - 211002 Institutions 9-10
an aspirant could be able to solve at
Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525 l Ecology 11-17 least two questions more from each
Mob.: 9335140296 t Ecology 11
t Ecosystem 11 -12 topic because of imbibing this very
e-mail : [email protected] t Food Chain 13 -14 effective pictorial representation.
Website : ssgcp.com t Flow of energy 14 -15 A good book is one that makes
t Pyramid of Biomass 15 the reader feel and imbibe. While
e-shop Website : shop.ssgcp.com t Bio Forestry & Biological
presenting this subject matter, it has
Magnification 15
Copyright 2020, by Sam-Samayik t Biogeochemical Cycle 16 been kept in mind that only the
Ghatna Chakra Private Limited. No t Environmental important and relevant facts could
Part of this publication may be Movements 16 get a place in this presentation along
reproduced or distributed in any
l Biodiversity with no factual error at all.
17-25 Moreover only the Purvavalokan
form or by any means, electronic,
l Greenhouse related facts have been incorporated
mechanical, photocopying, recording Effect & Climate here. While presenting this book
or otherwise or stored in database or Change 25-28 before the readers, we have worked
retrieval system without the prior l Ozone Layer hard to assay all key facts with
written permission of publisher. Depletion 28-30 government data and websites.
Undoubtedly, we are in a position to
The program listings (if any) may l Forest &
say that there is 99.9 percent
be entered stored and executed in a Wildanimals
accuracy or above. This book is well
computer system, but they may 30-34
designed, handy, and appropriate
not be reproduced for publication. l Sanctuary / for revision at the eleventh hours
Biosphere Reserve of the examination, appropriate
34-44 design elements, a sense of
l Alternative originality.
Writer Energy 44-46 Despite all efforts to make this
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l Water arises regarding facts, you all
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2
Environment
Dristhi & Ecology
Environment & Sustainable Development
Environment According to Environment

¯ (Protection) Act (1986),
Literal Meaning
¯
the definition of Environment
¯ ¯ ¯
‘Environ’ (from ‘Ment’(common
middle french suffix forming the conditions by which organism is
preposition) nouns) surrounded
| |
¯
¯
That which surrounds Biotic & Abiotic components and
¯ their Interaction with each other
The circumstances by which
one is surrounded
(Means Surroundings)
General Definition
¯
The group of land, water,
Small Scale Large Scale air, plants & animals
¯

which surrounds us
Concept ¯
are collectively called as

As ¯
Resources Environ- Key environment
Factor ¬ ment : ® Comp- ® Biotic
¯ Multiple onents [Living]
As Aspects ¯
Controller Abiotic [Physical
¯ Composed of
or non-Living] several components
Cause of Variations
Structure
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ Other
Combination
Climatic Soil Types Differences in Factors
Of all biotic
Change Topography As
& abiotic
Resources
components
Conclusion:
Major Components of Environment
Environment
¯
Other Large or
Abiotic
Factors Small Scale
¯ ¯ As
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Biotic Concept
controller
Energy Land Air Water ¯
¯ At Regional and
¯ ¯ ¯ global level
® Solar Energy Plants Animals Microbes Variations
® Geothermal Energy
Pictorial Presentation 3 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

Sustainable Development Environmental Protection
¯
® Needs of Pollution ® Threat to Environment
® Concept ® Keeping the Present Protection
Development Sustainable Development ® Helpful
in mind ® Needs of in reducing environmental
Future degradation
® Equitable
Use Water & Carbon Cycle in Nature

Of Earth’s ® Conservation
Main
® ® Natural of Earth
Objective Resources ® Existing in different forms
® Proper
Management ® Natural Form® In Graphite &
® In Year 1987 Diamond
Word’s ® By World Commission on ® Compound ® Carbon-Dioxide
Carbon
® Expla- Environment and Form (In (CO2)
nation Development (WCED)
® Atmosphere)® Hydrogen Carbo-
® "Our Common Future"
nates etc.
In [Brundtland Report]
® Recycling ® By different physical
® Year 1992 and biological
®Earth ® Agenda-21(Rio Conference) actions (Like Water)
Summit ® Full support for sustainable
® Exists in-different types of minerals
development.
Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis
CO2
Animal Respiration Transportation and
Industrial
Emissions
Root Respiration
Dead
Organisms
and Residual
Products
Fossils & fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum etc.)
GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 4 Pictorial Presentation

Water
Cycle Less Temprature
Sun Cloud Condensed Water
Evaporation
Evaporation of Water Trees Hailstone/
Respiration Rain
Mountain
Infiltration
Ocean River of
Waters
Ground Water
® Element ® The simplest form of substance

Exam Vision
Types of Substance
in which the absence of subdi-
vision by chemical or physical
Ø It is helpful in the growth of plants methods
-Water cycle ® Compound ® Two or more elements com-
Ø It determines the amount of rainfall bined in a constant ratio of
- Moisture in Atmosphere mass
Ø It indicates the various activities of water in the ® Mixture ® Simple mixture of two or
Hydrosphere -Water Cycle more elements or compounds in
Ø It maintains the balance of carbon element in any ratio
the atmosphere -Carbon Cycle
Ø The cell wall of the root hair is mainly made
of -By Cellulose, 78.08%
Ø The reason for sticking of Root hairs to the
soil is -Pectin Nitrogen (N2)
Ø The cell wall of root hairs performs the
function like -Permeable Membrane 0.0005% 20.95%

Helium (He)
Major Oxygen (O2)
Minimum Osmosis gases and their
Pressure Maximum Osmosis pressure composition
¯ in the
Soil Imbibition Vacuole liquid 0.002% atmosphere 0.93%
Solution of root hair
¯
(in water) ¯ Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar)
Root hair
Maximum concentration Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Minimum ¯
Concentration 0.036%
Atmosphere
Exam Vision
Definition
Ø That is helpful in maintaining the balance of
Mixture of gases (air) surrounding the earth Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
-Plants
Ø The other name for forests is -Green lungs

Communication Satellite Stratoshpere
in the Exosphere at an
altitude
of 36000
Most
Km. concentrated
Ozone layer
(almost
15-30 km)
Structure of
Ozone (O3) Layer

Therefore
Atmosphere Absorption
the Ozone layer
Temperature of harmful UV is essential for
Exosphere Over 10000C rays by the human life in
640 km. 640 km. Ozone layer stratosphere
Ionosphere Temperature
increases with
Reflecting height Minimum (little) water vapor
Radio waves 80 km. Tempera- ¯
80 km. The weather events are negligible
ture decreases
meteors
mesosphere
with height ¯
50 km. 50 km. Tempera- Hence It is viable for commercial
meteors ture increases Jet Flight
stratoshpere with height
Ozone Layer 18 km. (About)
Tropopause
Everest Peak (Temperature
8 km. Troposphere decreases with
(At Pole) height at the
Earth equator)
Exam Vision
Exam Vision Ø Ozone levels in the stratosphere is
naturally regulated
Ø Most of the formation of Ozone hole has been -By Nitrogen Dioxide
found -Over Antarctica Ø The thickness of the Ozone layer is
Ø Gases like CFC, Halogens, Nitrous Oxide, mostly found in - Spring Season
Ethane, Halon etc. are responsible Ø The Ozone layer is measured in
For depletion of Ozone layer - Dobson unit
Ø Chloroflurocarbons, halons, carbon 0
Ø At O C and 1 Atmospheric [atm]
tetrachloride are
pressure, the thickness of the pure
-Ozone Depleting Substances
Ozone layer of 0.01mm is equal to
Ø It is related to the issue of controlling and
- 1 Dobson Unit
phasing-out the use of ozone depleting
Ø Gas consisting of three atoms of
substances -Montreal Protocol
oxygen is -Ozone (O3)
Ø International Ozone day is observed for the
protection of the Ozone layer on Ø Ozone gas in the form of the Ozone
-16 September layer in the upper atmosphere protects
Ø The Ozone hole was first detected over life on Earth from the sun’s ultraviolet
Antarctica in 1985 with the help of the ‘Total radiation or ultraviolet rays, while it is
Ozone Mapping Spectrometer’ by above the surface of the ground that is,
-British Antarctica Survey Team in the lower atmosphere
Ø A man-made substance made up of Chlorine, -A hazardous pollutant
Fluorine and Carbon is. -Chloloflurocarbon Ø It is primarily responsible for the Ozone
Ø It is used as a cooling agent in refrigerators and layer -Choloroflurocarbon (CFC)
air conditioning appliances
- Choloflurocarbon

Stratification of the Atmosphere Ionosphere (Thermosphere)
Electrically Charged Particles + -

km. +-
Radio
Waves
Reflected
to the
Height
Surface
¯
So
wireless
commu-
nication
is possible
North ¯
Temperature polar
light (Aurora Borealis)
The lowest layer of the Atmosphere or South polar
¯ light (Aurora
¯ ¯ Australis)
events
There is
Almost all weather decrease
events (cloud, hail, fog, in
frost, cloud thunder, temperature
thunderstorm, storm, at the rate of
Lightning etc.) 6.50C per 1km Exam Vision
occur in the with increasing
troposphere altitude Ø There is a decrease in temperature per 1 km
with increasing altitude in the troposphere
- 6.50C
Exam Vision Ø Troposphere layer was named
- By Teisserenc-de-Bort
Ø The group of gases around the Earth is called Ø The height of the troposphere increases in the
-Atmosphere summer while in winter, it - Decreases
Ø If the vegetation (plants) found on the earth Ø Cirrus clouds are sometimes seen on the lower
ends, then the gas which will be lacking is surface of the stratosphere. These clouds are
-Oxygen (O2) called - Mother of Pearl clouds
Ø There is a sudden drop in temperature with
altitude - Mesosphere
l The Amount of Nitrogen Ø D layer in the Ionoshpere reflects

in dry Air is - 78.08% -Of low frequency radio waves
l Th Ø Kennelly heaviside layer is called - E layer
amou e gas wh Ø It is present in the ‘E’ layer of the Ionosphere
nt in ic
l It i the ai h has the - Polar Light (Aurora light)
s fou r is -N la
from nd up to itrog rgest
the g a en (N Ø Helium, Argon, Radon, Neon are noble gases,
round n altitude 2)
out of these which gas is not found in air
-Car o f
bon d 50-90 km
ioxid - Radon
e
Ø A substance in which two or more elements or
compounds are simply mixed in any
proportion is called - Mixture

Promote peaceful and
Strengthen the means
inclusive societies for
of implementation and
sustainable development,
revitalize global partnerships
17 provide access to justice for all 16
for sustainable
and build effective accountable
development
and inclusive institutions
Protect, restore and at all levels
promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably Conserve and sustainably
15 Manage forests combat use the oceans, seas and marine
desertification and halt resources for sustainable 14
and reverse land degradation development
and halt biodiversity loss
Take urgent action to
combat climate change
13 and its impacts Ensure sustainable
consumption and
production patterns 12
Make cities and human
settlements inclusive
11 safe resilient and
sustainable Reduce inequality
within
Build resilient and among countries 10
infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable
9 industrialization and Promote sustained,
foster innovation inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and
productive employment
8
Ensure access to affordable, and decent work
reliable, sustainable and
7 modern energy for all
for all
Ensure the availability of

water and sanitation for
Achieve gender equality persons with disabilities 6
and empower all
5 woman and girls
Ensure inclusive and

Ensure healthy lives equitable quality education
3 and promote well-being and promote lifelong 4
for all at all ages learning opportunities
for all
End hunger, achieve food

End poverty in all its security, and improved nutrition
1 forms everywhere and promote sustainable 2
agriculture
17 Sustainable Development Goals

Earth Summit (Rio Summit)
Survey of Poverty
Biodiversity and alleviation and
conservation of population control
Exam Vision threatened in developing
organisms countries
Ø The International Earth summit a United
Nations Conference on Environment
development was held in 1992 Agenda-21
- In Rio-De-Janeiro (Brazil)
Ø Rio Earth summit, 1992 lead to establishment
of - Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Ø Global Environment Facility Provides under- Emphasis on Food, clean
developed country funds to underdeveloped liberalizing capital water and social
countries - Under UNFCCC transfer security for all
Ø A Global Action plan for sustainable
development - Agenda-21
Ø Emphasizes on Eliminating Ecological
destruction and Economic inequality
- Agenda-21 Acts Related to
Environmental Protection
Stockholm Conference (1972) N.G.T.

¯ l Full Name ® National Green Tribunal
To mark its 20th Anniversary
¯
l Established ® 18 October, 2010
Earth summit (was Held in 1992 ) (By Indian Government)
¯
® Environmental
Main Outcome ® Agenda 21 Agreement
l Related Matters ® Conservation and Forest
½ Protection
To Review the Agreement after 5 years ® Forest
¯ ® Other natural resources, etc.
Earth summit + 5 (Held in 1997)
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Rio Summit
l Applicable to the Whole of India
l Other Name Umbrella act
l India’s objective of passing the Act
Rio Rio+5 or Earth ¯
Summit ® Summit + 5 1997
Implementation of the decisions taken in the first
1992 New York
UN Conference on the Human Environment
(June 1972 in Stockholm)
®
Various Organizations and Institutions

Rio + 20 Rio + 10
Rio-de-Janerio Johannesburg, ® Full Name ® United Nation Environment
®
UNEP
(Brazil) (South Africa)

Programme
June-2012 September-2002
® Establishment Year ® 1972
® Headquarters ® Nairobi (Kenya)

® Full Name ® National Environmental EPA
Engineering Research Institute
Ø Full Name ® Environmental Protection Agency
® Location ® Nagpur Maharashtra
Ø Founded : ® 2 December 1970
® Founded in ® 1958 Ø Federal Agency ® United States of America
® Initial Name ® Central Public Health Ø Relation ®
Engineering Research Institute [CPHERI] l Human Health
® Purpose of its Establishment: l Environment
® Infrastructure
NEERI
l Water Supply ®Related ® Related rules of

For ® Enforcement
l Sewerage Plan diseases
l Industrial ® Research
Pollution ® Prevention &
Development Important Facts
Delhi
Ø The World Meteorological Convention came
5 into force on - 23 March, 1950
® Mumbai ¬ ® Kolkata
Regional Ø The headquarters of the NGO Greenpeace
Laboratories International is located at
Chennai¬ ® Hyderabad - Amsterdam (Netherland)
Ø Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee has
® Under the Ministry of Science &
been constituted
Technology (India Government)
-Under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Ø The true Index of Climate is
National Environment Authority (NEA) - Natural Vegetation
Ø The plants which are found in water, in
l Full Name ® National Environment Appellate marshyland or on the banks of pond are called
Authority (NEAA) - Water Loving plants (Hydrophytes)
Ø It is certificate given to such Indian products,
l Constitution ® By Ministry of Environment that are Environment friendly
& Forest - Ecomark (Effective since 1991)
Ø The author of the book "Green Development :
l Establishment ® Under the National Appellate Environment & Sustainability in a Developing
Authority Act, 1997 World" is - W.M. Adams
Ø Author of the book “Civilization and Climate”
l Objectives ® To hear appeals with respect to is - Ellsworth Huntington
restriction of areas in which any industry; Ø The innovator of Natural Agriculture is
operations or processes or class of industries,
- Masanobu Fukuoka
operations or processes under the Environment
Protection Act, 1986.
Exam Vision
WMO Ø Green Army Program was introduced for
Environmental Protection - By Australia
l Full Name ® World Meteorological Ø The stockholm International Summitt was held
Organization in the year 1972
l Specialised Agency ® Of United Nation - First Global summit on Environment
l Mandate ® To study the state & behaviour Ø It was decided to celebrate Environment day
of atmosphere of Earth on 5th June
l 23 March, 1950 ® International Meteoro- - in stockholm International summit, 1972
logical Organization came into existence as the Ø World Environment day is celebrated annually
World Meteorological Organization - on 5 June
l Headquarters ® Geneva (Switzerland) Ø First world Environment day was celebrated
- in 1974

Ecology
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Definition Ernst Haeckel According to
¯ ¯ Eugene Odum
Branch of Biology Coined the ¯
¯ term ‘Ecology’ Ecology
The study of ¯ ¯
interrelationship Oikologie Study of Nature’s
¯ ¯ ¯
between a ¯ ¯
community of ¯ ¯ Structure Process
organisms and their Oikos logos
environment ¯ ¯
House Study
Components of Ecosystem
¯
¯ ¯
Abiotic Biotic
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ l Producers
Physical (climatic) Inorganic Organic l Consumers
Components Components Components
l Decomposers
¯ ¯ ¯
l Light l Water l Carbohydrates
l Temperature l Soil l Protein
l Humidity l Atmospheric gases l Fat
l Atmospheric (Nitrogen) l Humus and Urea
pressure l Minerals
l Topography l Rock
l Air l Elements
(K, Mg, Ca, etc.)
® A special kind of physical systems
Concept ® Made ® Abiotic ® components

Ecosystem
of up of® Biotic
Ecosystem
¯ ® Year-1935 ® A.G. Tansley ® ®
® Change ® By Size
First
Proposed ® Special ® Open System
® Variation in size
Ecology Ecosystem
Human ¬ ¯ ® Animals
Society ¬Wide dimensions® Vegetation l Functional unit of Nature
Physical ¬ ® Climate
® Karl Mobius ® Biosynosis
Environment l Ideology
¯ ¯ ® Forbes ® Microcosm
¯ l Earth ® Example of Large Ecosystem
Study of Methodology
® Soil
Production of food & water
Biosphere
® Water Made of ® Thin layer
ng ® Air
¯
sioni
ices)
® Shell Found as Mantle
(Provi
Se r v
around the earth

g Climate & Disease
in
l at ) Control
u es
eg
(R ervic Important Facts
S
Ø The place where plants or organisms or
l other organisms of a particular species
Ecosystem
(Supporting Nutrition
Services
live, is called
Cycle -Habitat
Services)
of
l Ø As we move beyond each trophic level

Crop
Pollination in the Ecosystem
-Loss of Energy
(Cu Ø The components that make their own
Se ltu food by photosynthesis & chemical
rv r
ice al l Metaphysical synthesis are called
s)
l Academic -Autotrophs
Ø Forest, ponds & lakes are
(Pre
l Entertainment
Ser
Services -Natural Ecosystem

serv
Ø Man-made artificial ecosystem is

vice
ing
-Paddy Field
s)
Ø The most common salt found in sea

water is -Sodium Chloride [NaCl]
Diversity Maintenance
Ecosystem
¯
¯ ¯
Natural Artificial / Manmade
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Terrestrial Aquatic Farm Aquarium Spaceship
¯ ¯ land
¯ ¯ ¯
Forest Grass Desert
Land
¯ ¯
Non-saline water Saline water
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Pond Lake Waterfall Saline Lake Ocean
Ecological Imbalance
® Ocean ® The largest ecosystem in the ¯
Oceanic
Flood
Water
earth’s hydrosphere ¯ ¯
®
® 97% ® Of the hydrosphere on earth Main Cause Desertification¬ Secondary Cause

® Most commonly found salt ® Sodium ¯ ¯
¯
Deforestation Drought
Chloride Variability of Rainfall

Miscellaneous
Important Information Environmental Degradation

on sustainable development ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
Destruction of Loss of Degradation of
Environment Information Related
Natural Habitat Biodiversty Natural Resources
Related Information to man & his Activities
l Population growth ¯
l Related to rate
biological habitats Damage to Environment
l Population Size
l Related to Natural l Various Resources
Resources & food availability
l In Reference to the l Non-Essential Most Important Role
basic factors of the Structural ¯
Environment Facilities In water cycle
l Current l Average standard
Environment status of living and per
capita income Water Solar Conduction of
l Technical Level Evaporation Radiation Water Cycle
Food Web
Sequence of the food chain of tree & grassland ecosystem

Food Chain Important Facts
Ø All such plants which make food by photo
Food synthesis are called -Primary Producers
l Definition ® Substances by which living beings Ø That carry out photo synthesis with the help of
get energy by consuming them green pigments [chlorophyll] -Plants
l Vegetation ® Autotrophs Ø Phytoplanktons in the marine food chain are
l Creatures ® Depends on other organism for food called -Primary Producers
Ø That is responsible for most of the oxygen
present in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Snake ® Tertiary consumers -Phytoplanktons
Ø Organism belong to the category of both
Frog ® Secondary consumers decomposers and consumers -Ant
Ø Organism that obtain their food from primary

producers are called -Primary consumers
Grasshopper ® Primary consumers

Butterfly
Grass ® Producers Ø Important role in pollination of
flowering plants
The correct sequence of different
Ø Decline in numbers adversely affects the
components in the food chain of a
pollination of plants
grassland Ecosystem
Ø Functions as a lower member of the
food chain
Human ® omnivorous
Goat ® Herbivorous Flow of Energy
Grass ® Autotrophs Ø Due to change from one

form to another
Food Chain l Energy loss
Ø Primary Source of
Biotic Components Energy in Ecolocal niche
® Producers l Solar Energy
Classification- (Plants, Algae etc.) Ø Biosphere Ecosystem
® Consumers (Animals, l The sum of all Ecosystem on Earth
Human etc.) l Unidirectional flow of energy
® Decomposers (Fungi/
Ø From abiotic system to biotic system
Fungus, Bacteria etc.)
Ø From Producers to primary
}
consumers Decrease
¯ in the
Cornivorous amount of
From primary consumers Energy
to secondary consumers Available
Herbivorous
¯ at
Each trophic
Sequence of simple From secondary consumers Level
Autotrophic to tertiary consumers
seafood chain

Trophic Levels
There are three to four trophic
levels in food chain of the Ecosystem
Note
¯
Ø The energy taken by the ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
autotrophs is not converted First Second Third Fourth
back into solar energy and the ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
energy transferred to the Base Primary Secondary Highest
herbivores cannot be recovered trophic consumers consumers trophic
by the autotrophs. level (herbivorous) (carnivorous) level
Ø So the flow of energy is
¯ ¯
unidirectional
Autotrophs, Tertiary
Ø In different ecosystems, only Note :
Primary consumers
about 10% of the gross The decomposers
Producers Omnivorous
productivity of producers is take food
adopted by vegetarians. from the above
four trophic levels
Pyramid of Biomass
Ø Definition - Graphical Representation of the
Introduced by
Raymond total amount of living matter present at each
Lindeman in
1942 Ø Pyramid of Biomass
¯
¯ ¯
Terrestrial Aquatic
Ecosystem Ecosystem
10% of the net primary (As-pond)
productivity of the producer
is accumulated by the ¯ ¯
herbivorous animal Upright Inverted
¯ ¯
10
Percent
Rule
Bio Forestry & Biological Magnification
This herbivore is
eaten by carnivore (Non-
vegetarian) animal, 10% Bio-Forestry
of the herbivore’s ¯
energy is stored ¯ ¯ ¯
Bionomics Similar Affecting
¯ to human
Conclusion-Only
¯ ¯ Ecology systems
10% of energy is
transferred from one Bio Nomics ¯
trophic level to another Meaning Meaning Emphasis
and 90% of the energy is lost Life Law on the
during transfer respiration and ¯ ¯ values of
digestion processes. ¯ natural
Literal meaning system
¯
Law of life

® Full Name-Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane Ecological Footprint & Measurement
® Non-Biodegradable, pesticides
® Almost impossible to get out by excretion Ecological Footprint
DDT
after being absorbed Ø Unit of Measurement ® Global Hectares

® Don’t degrade biologically
® Concentration in food chain Ø Definition ® The necessary amount of
l Primary level<Secondary level<Tertiary level ecological components that a
® Generally deposited in the fatty tissue human being needs for his lifestyle
to run smoothly
of organism
Ø Measurement of ® carbon enitted by humans
Biogeochemical Cycle
Ecosystem- Miscellaneous
Definition
¯
¯ ¯ Ø Eucalyptus
Changes in the Return of l Environmental Enemy
biological organic ® Name given due to
phase of abiotic matter into excessive water
elements in an abiotic holding
ecosystem and form
l Extreme fall in the water
¯ ¯ level of the soil of the
¯ planted Area
Of format l Available in abundance in
the continent of
Australia
Ø Lentic Habitat
Bio-Geo-Chemical Cycle l Static Water habitats
¯ (Marshes, ponds, lakes,
Type swamps)
¯ Ø Lotic Habitat
l Moving water habitats
¯ ¯
(River)
Gaseous cycle Sedimentary cycle
Ø Ecotone
(For Example - (For Example-
l Region of transition
Oxygen (O2) Cycle, Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P) between two biological
Nitrogen (N2) Cycle) communities
Sulphur (S)
Potassium (K) Cycle)
Environmental movements
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Chipko Narmada Bachao Appiko Save the Silentvalley
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
lImportant Movement launched to l The movement is Started in Kerala
movement to stop stop the multipurpose related to South l Objectives -
cutting of trees Dam projects which India’s environment Cancellation of
l Special : were being constructed protection the dam plan to
Women stood over the Narmada l Started in be built on Kuntipuzha
clinging to River Karnataka
The trees

Ocean Pycnocline
l l
Most Stable It shows density gradient
Ecosystem in an aquatic system
Halocline Thermocline
Ecosystem: l
l Represents temperature changes
It shows a salt gradient Miscellaneous more drastically temperature
in an Aquatic System with a depth in an aquatic system
Arne Naess Joseph Grinnell

l l
In 1972, he used the term Term ‘Ecological Niche’ was
‘Deep Ecology’ for the first time coined in 1917 (Micro-Habitats
Ecosystem : Miscellaneous Biodiversity
Year Act Types of Biodiversity

Division ® In 1972 by Whittaker
1972 Indian Wildlife Protection Act Alfa (a) Beta (b) Gamma (g)
Index Index Index
1980 Forest Conservation Act Species Structural The
diversity diversity complete
within a of species Diversity
1986 Environment (Protection) Act community/ present of a
habitation locally landscape
at the
Scheduled tribes and other traditional local level
2006 forest dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights Act)
First use of the term

Biodiversity ‘Biodiversity’
Ø Raymond F. Dasmann-
Initially the English term “Biological
Definition Diversity” was first introduced in 1968 in
his book ‘Adifferent kind of country’
Ø 1 l Categories of different species in an
Ø Walter G. Rosen-
environment ® Biodiversity Later, he used firstly the term
Ø 2 l The diversity of living organisms (Plants & ‘Biodiversity’ changing from ‘Biological
animals) present in an Ecosystem Biodiversity’.

Biodiversity Day Biodiversity Hotspots
Ø 29 December ® Declared by several
countries of the world ® Definition ® Places where sufficiency of
Ø 22 May ® Declared by United Nations species and abundance of
Biodiversity Hotspot
Organization local species are found, but
Ø Special Facts ® 29 December, 1993 ® at the same time there is a
Biodiversity convention (Came into force) constant threat to the
existence of these species
® First use of the this word® By Norman

® Full Name ® National Centre for Marine Myers in 1988
Bio-diversity (India’s First National Centre)
N.C.M.B.
® Located ® Jamnagar (Gujarat)

® Speciality ® India’s First Research ® The places/sites ® Tropical Region, High
Institute to be formed in partnership with Altitude Regions
public, private partnership (PPP)
® Objective ® Protecting the bio-diversity
located in the costal Zone
Habitat
degradation
Gradient of Biodiversity
Ø Uneven distribution on Earth

Rehabilitation Global
Ø Increases towards the equator
of Threat to warming &
Ø Maximum biodiversity biodiversity
Exotic pollution
¯ species
In Tropical
Rain Forest
Extinction
of
species
¯
Important Facts ¯ ¯ ¯
Natural Group/Mass Anthropogenic
Ø Biodiversity is found in the lowest latitude Extinction Extinction Extinction
as compared to the higher latitudes
-Generally More Major Factor of Habitat Loss
Ø Biodiversity is found in mountainous
regions at lower altitudes than at higher
altitudes -Generally More Exam Vision
Ø India aims to achieve land degradation Ø It is helpful in the development of
neutrality -By 2030 biodiversity
-Reforestation of Barren land
Ø The Marine National Park of India is
located in - Gulf of Kutch Ø The warm climate zone is considered the
best place to live for
Ø Silent Valley (Kerala) was declared as a -Butterfly (Indecisive)
National Park in - 1984 Ø Most species of Butterfly are found
Ø Valley of Flowers is located -In tropical region
Ø Biosphere Reserve Preservation Areas
- Chamoli (Uttarakhand)
belong to -Genetic Variations

Natural Habitat
Bio-diversity Conservation
destruction ¯
Over exploitation ¯ ¯
Smuggling In-situ Ex-situ
of Natural Resources
Protected Area l Sacred Plants
Network l Gardens
Reduction of l Sacred Lakes l Zoological
forest Area Important Invasion of & forests Gardens
or density alien species l Biosphere l Botanical
Factor Reserve Gardens
of forests
® Terrestrial l Tree Gardens
Illegal ® Oceanic/Marine l Water System
Unscientific hunting/poaching l National Parks l Zoo
mining Wild Life l Seed Banks
Sanctuaries l Gene Banks
Industrial l Cryopreservation
Development
To provide facilities Maintaining the
for public awareness diversity and
Conservation of Biodiversity training and Integrity of
education plants animals
&
micro-
Biosphere Reserve Biosphere organisms
Ø Important Strategy
Reserve :
l For the conservation of Bio-diversity Main
Ø Purpose of Establishment objectives
l Conservation of biodiversity mainly in-situ of To promote To promote
natural and semi-natural lands research sustainable economic
in ecology development from
socio-cultural, &
Biodiversity Conservation ecological point of view
Techniques
® In-Situ ® Conservation of Flora or Fauna

in their original natural habitat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar
® Ex-Situ ® Protection of Endangered
species of Flora & Fauna Four Major Coral
Isolated from their natural
habitat Reef Areas in India
Lakshadweep Andaman &

Nicobar Islands
Ex-Situ Conservation
¯
2 Methods Coral Reef Area
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ Types
First Method Second Method ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Nurture of Preservation of living Fringing Atoll
Endangered sperm, egg and embryo
species in samples in liquefied ¯ ¯
Zoological nitrogen at extremely Gult of Mannar, Gult of Lakshadweep
parks low temperatures Kutch, Andaman & Nicobar Island

Cultural Benefits IUCN
Ø Full Name ® International Union for
Drugs and Source of Conservation of Nature
Pharmaceuticals food and Ø International Organization
Manufacturing advanced Ø Works for natures conservation & sustainable
varieties use of natural Resources
Uses of
Ø A separate organization from the United Nations
Biodiversity Ø Official Status ® Observer at the United
Nations General Assembly
Ø Publication ® ‘Red Data Book’
Aesthetic Natural l Includes lists of Endangered
benefits Equilibrium Plants and Animal species on the verge of
Ecosystem Services Extinction
Ø A species is extinct when there is no
reasonable doubt that the last Individual has
died
Uses of Biodiversity l A species is considered extinct when it has
not been seen in its natural habitat for 50 years
® To create awareness about the importance
Benefits of List
Cultural Benefits

of Biodiversity (threatened)

® Identification and record keeping of
Religious Belief National Pride threatened species
® Preparation of written list of biodiversity
Aesthetic Benefits ® Direction of conservation measures at the
¯ local level
¯ ¯ ¯
Tourism Pet Creation of Biodiversity & Endangered Species
Animals Literature
Climate control Recycling Diclofenac Sodium

(By forests or of waste
oceans) l Pain killing Medicine
® For Animals
Ecosystem
l Treatment in Fever
Services
l Animals death during its use

Prevention Water
of soil Conservation ¯
erosion Meat eating by Vultures
¯
Nutrition Crop Vulture dies within 30 days
Cycle Pollination
l Adverse effects ® 8.50 crore vultures died in
India, Nepal & Pakistan
Source of food and advanced varieties
¯ ® Tree found in Mauritius
¯ ¯ ® Other Name ® Dodo plant
Tambalacoque
New Crops Advanced variety crops

® On the verge of Extinction
¯ Reason
Drugs Manufacturing
Extinction of the Dodo birds
¯ Resultant
Quinine Taxol Botanochemicals Morphine Dodo plants failed to breed
® Seed
® The staple food of the Dodo birds

® Species of Bats
Origin
Indian Flying Fox ® Bangladesh
Mexico, South America and
® China
Caribbean Region
® India
® Found ® Maldives Group Arrival in
In ® Nepal small plant India
® Pakistan or shrub in
® Sri Lanka Prosopis 19th century
Juliflora
® Other Name ® Great Indian Fruit Bat Tamil Hindi Name
Name Bilayati
Seemai Babool
Dugong (Acacia)
Karuvelam Effect
Ø Large Marine Mammal Harmful
to
Ø Existence ® Vulnerable Environment
Ø Herbivorous mammal
Ø Other Name ® Sea cow (because of eating
of sea grasses) Prosopis Juliflora
Ø Where it is found [Regions] ® Eastern Africa,
South & South East Asia, Australia Roots deeper
to a great Extent,
Ø India’s Perspective l A large number of Absorption of
Dugong are inhabiting in Gulf of Mannar & Palk Water
Harmful to Absorption
Strait (between India & Sri Lanka)
Biodiversity of ground
Ø Other Indian Regions l Gulf of Kutch water on a
l Saurashtra coast large scale
l Andaman & Nicobar
Adverse
Emission of
Islands various toxic
Effects Loss of air
substances into humidity in
Ø Legal Protection ® Under schedule I of the the surrounding
Worldlife (Protection) the atmosphere
area
Act, 1972
Another plant near it
does not grow properly
Indian Wild Ass
Ø Natural Habitat ® Rann of Kutch
Ø Existence is threatened due to the destruction
of habitat
Red Panda
Lion Tailed Macaque (Monkey)
Ø Scientific Name ® Ailurus Fulgens
Ø Residence Area ® Southern Westernghat Ø Other Name ® Fire cat
Ø Residence State ® Tamilnadu, Kerala, Ø Special Fact ® Like Raccoon
Ø Habitat Area
Karnataka etc.
l India ® Naturally Found in sub-
® Found in many parts of India; Russia, Himalayan region of North
China Japan, Europe, Africa, East India (Mainly in Sikkim,
Squirrel
West Bengal and

Flying
North America
Arunachal Pradesh)
® Total 12 species are found
® India l World ® Nepal, Bhutan, China, Laos,
® Maximum in Himalayan region Myanmar
(6 species)

Jammu &
Kashmir (3) 1-List of Ramsar Sites in India (Total-47)
Ø Wular Lake *Map not to scale
Ø Surinsar Mansar
Lakes Uttar Pradesh (9)
Ø Hokera Wetland Ø Upper Ganga River
Ø Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
Rajasthan Ø Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary
(2) Ø Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
Ø Keoladeo Ø Sarsai Nawar Jheel
National Ø Sandi Bird Sanctuary
Park Ø Saman Bird Sanctuary
Ø Sambhar Ø Sur Sarovar
Lake Ø Haiderpur Wetland
Maharashtra (2)
West Bengal (2) Manipur (1)
Ø Nandur
Madhameshwar Ø East Calcutta Wetlands Loktak Lake
Ø Lonar Lake Ø Sunderbans Wetlands
(Crater Lake)
Note : There are total
47 Ramsar sites in India
Andhra Pradesh (1)
Ø Kolleru Lake
Note : Indicated points indicate the respective states and not the actual sites.
Haryana (2) Ladakh (2)

Ø Sultanpur Ø Tso-Moriri 2-List of Ramsar sites in India (Total 47)
National Park Ø Tso-Kar Wetland *Map not to scale
Ø Bhindawas Wildlife Complex Himachal Pradesh (3)
Sanctuary Ø Chandertal Wetland
Ø Pong Dam Lake
Punjab (6) Ø Renuka Wetland
Ø Keshopur-Miani Uttarakhand (1) Assam (1)
community reserve Deepor Beel
Ø Asan Conservation
Ø Nangal wildlife sacntuary
Reserve
Ø Beas conservation
reserve
Ø Harike Lake Bihar (1)
Ø Kanjli Lake Ø Kabartal
Ø Ropar Lake Wetland
Gujarat (3) Madhya Pradesh(1) Tripura (1)
Ø Nalsarovar Ø Bhoj Wetlands Rudrasagar Lake
Ø Vadhvana Wetland
Ø Thol Lake Wildlife Odisha (2)
Sanctuary Ø Bhitarkanika
Ø Chilka Lake
Kerala (3)
Ø Asthamudi Wetland
Ø Sasthamkotta Lake Tamilnadu (1)
Ø Vembanad-Kol Wetland Ø Point Calimere Wildlife and
Bird Sanctuary

Ramsar Convention Ramsar Convention
Ø Related to the protection of wetlands
Ø Ramsar l Situated in Iran
l Meeting on 2 February 1971
l The foundation of the convention
Wetland Area was laid
Ø Biodiversity archive Ø 21 December, 1975 ® complete
Ø The Area between an Aquatic Implementation of the conference
& terrestrial Ecosystem
Ø Sponges for absorbing and Various Acts & Agreements
filtering water in nature
Biodiversity Act
Ø Passed Date ® 11 December, 2002
(By Indian Parliament)
Ø For the implementation of the provisions
Important Facts ® National Biodiversity Authority
Ø Gland (Switzerland), headquarters of Ramsar l Formation ® Year 2003
secretariat ® Headquarters ® Chennai
Ø 2 February - World Wetlands Day (Tamilnadu)
Ø Gujarat - The state with the largest area under
wetlands in India Birdlife International
Ø Montreux Record ® This list of wetlands of
International importance is a register of those Ø A Global partnership of conservation
wetlands where the ecological characters of the organizations
wetlands has changed as a result of human Ø Working for the conservation of birds, their
intervention. habitats & global biodiversity
l Either occurred Ø The word’s largest partnership for the
l Or Occurring conservation of nature
Ø 121 Partners in the World
Bio-Safety
¯
Cartagena Protocol
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
First meeting of the parties (COP-MOP1) India Affiliation Special
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ The agreement from genetically United states
Date Place was signed/ratified on modified organisms of America
23-27 Febuary, 2004 Kuala Lumpur 23rd January, 2003/ Non member
(Malaysia) 17th January, 2003
TRAFFIC
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Full Name Special Mission Establishment Strategic
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Alliance
Trade related Non-Governmental It supervises trade of Year 1976 ¯
analysis of Fauna organization plants and Animals in the Of IUCN
& Flora context of sustainable development & WWF
in commerce & biodiversity conservation

Important Facts TEEB
Ø Biodiversity hotspot was conceptualized Ø Full Name ® The Economics of
-By British Environmentalist Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Norman Myers Ø Office ® Geneva (Switzerland)
Ø Works to prevent biopiracy and preserve
Indigenous and traditional genetic resources Ø Global Initiative
-National Bio-Diversity Authority
Ø The World Heritage Convention and the Ø Focus ® Draw attention to biodiversity &
United Nations Convention to combat the economic benefits of the
desertification are related to -Biodiversity ecosystem
Ø Aid ® To take into account the benefits
derived by the Ecosystem &
Biodiversity Policy & biodiversity while making decisions
Center of Laws in the decision making process
Ø Joint effort of Government of India & Ø Role ® Leading Role for decision makers at
Government of Norway all levels by presenting the economic
Ø Location ® Chennai (Tamilnadu) benefits of ecosystems and
Ø Objective ® To develop professional biodiversity
competencies and capacity building in Ø Institution ® Working under the United
biodiversity policies Nations Environment
Programme
® Started ® September, 2008 Biodiversity : Miscellaneous

® Full Name ® UN-Reducing Emissions Ø India signed the Cartagena Protocal on
from Deforestation and Bio-safety -23 January 2001
Forest Degradation
Ø The dormant & hibernating state of
® Inter-Institutional ® Under the aegis organisms living in temperate and cold-
of UNFCCC dominated countries (in which many of
member countries the animals there spend the winter) is
called -Hybernation
® United Nations Ø In terms of production of Biomass, they
Development Programme are in the first place
® Associated ® Food & Agriculture
Institutions -Tropical Rain forest
Organization
Ø Biomass production occurs on an
UN-REDD
® United Nations of
Environment Programme annual scale in the deep ocean
-Negligible
Ø The name of the book of Vandana Shiva
® Estimating the economic who is an active environmental activist
value of the amount of & anti globalisation, is
carbon stored in forests -Tomorrow’s Biodiversity
® To encourage developing Ø Biodiversity Day is celebrated by the
countries to cut carbon United Nations on - 22 May
® Objectives® emissions from forested
Ø It is located in the Keonjhar district of
lands Orissa, the Gupta ganga hill is the origin
® Conservation and of -The River Vaitarni
sustainable management Ø Animals Resort to Hybernation when
of forest by moving warm-season food is not available in
beyond deforestation winter -Squirrel, Bear & some
Insectivorous bats
® Mitigation of the effects
of climate change

Wetlands International Solar Energy
Ø Non-governmental & Non-Profitable Global Ø Energy reaching the earth is in the form of
organization Electromagnetic Radiations
Ø Working to maintain and restore wetlands &
their resources Ø Components
Ø Headquarters ® Netherlands
¯
¯ ¯
® Tree found on the hills (Above the tree line) (UV) Radiation Infrared Radiation
of Ladakh (Most absorbed in the (Arrival on Earth as
® Its plum is rich in Vitamins & Nutrients Ozonosphere) thermal radiation)
® To increase the energy level of his arms, it
was used by Changez Khan
® Russian Cosmonaut ® Used to protect Outgoing
against cosmic Reflected Infrared Infrared
radiation solar radiation radiation
® Deciduous Shrub ® Popular in India as radiation absorbed
Leh Berry by
green-
® Ladakh Region Solar house
e
® Kusumsari, Lahaul Radiation
spher
Seabuckthorn
gases
® Distribution area ® Himachal Pradesh ¯
Atmo
in India ® Nathula (Sikkim) Increase
® Uttarakhand in Earth’s
temperature
® Arunanchal Pradesh
® Leaves, Fruits, ® All Useful
roots and thorns
Infrared
® Conventional usuage l Drugs Earth Radiation
Manufacturing Emitted by
l Nutritional Earth
Supplimentation
l Fuel
l Environment
Conservation
l Barrier
® Helpful ® In Nitrogen Stabilization Greenhouse Effect
® Ideal Plant ® To control of cold desert
Ø Other Name
® Ability to grow ® In high altitude l Global Warming
mountain areas Ø Definition
l Increase in the amount of
Greenhouse Effect & Climate Change insulating gases in the atmosphere
¯
An increase in the average
Greenhouse Gas temperature of the atmosphere
Ø Concept l A Natural Process
Ø Directly Involved Gases Ø Greenhouse Gases
l Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, l Concept ® Joseph Fourier (1824)
CFC, SF6, NF3
l Major Gases ® Carbon dioxide
Ø Indirectly Involved Gases (main cause of global warming)
l Nitrogen Oxide, Carbon Mono Oxide, Non- ® Methane
Methane Volatile Organic Compounds & ® Nitrous oxide
Sulphur Dioxide

1 2 Effect of Global Warming
Water The Carbon ¯
dioxide ¯ ¯
Vapour sequence Possitive Negative
of gases that Effect Effect
contribute the most
in greenhouse
4 effect 3
More
Nitrous Methane clouds
Oxide
High
Increase amount
Major greenhouse gases in water of
usage Positive photosy-
capacity Effect nthesis
by plants (due to
® Classification-both harmful and benefical Co2)
to life on earth
® Photosynthesis Increasing rate of
® Photosynthesis® Plant ® Absorption of transpiration
Carbon Dioxide Gas
CO2
® Releasing
of O2
® Main cause of global warming
® Major part produced by human activities is
absorbed by marine plants or land plants Increase in
and soil temperature
® Phytoplankton absorb it in the process of
photosynthesis Huge Economic Melting the
® Took CO2 ® Changes in plants material loss glacier
® Beneficial Effect ® Potentially beneficial
for plants growth
® Concentration ® More than other green Decrease in
house gases in the Crop Negative Rise in the
atmosphere productivity Effect level of sea
Methane Drought, Change in

Flood Seasonal
Ø Chemical Name ® CH4 condition
Loss of
Ø Other Name ® Marsh Gas Biodiversity
® Biogas
® Bacterial Decomposition
® Ruminant Animals Exam Vision
Ø Source ® Paddy fields
Ø According to the Intergovernmental Panel on
® Coal Mines
Climate Change (IPCC), there will be
® Wetlands
® Ocean
® Hydrates
}® Natural
Sources
increasing temperature between the year 1990-
2100 - 1.4 - 5.8ºC
Ø According to the IPCC, sea level will be raised
Ø Air pollution

Climate Change
Climate Change Conference

UNFCCC Meeting Year 2015,
Paris Agreement
® Full Name ® United Nations Framework
Ø Determined Targets-
Conventions on Climate Change
l Limiting green house gas emissions
® International Treaty®In 1992 at
"Rio Earth Summit" l Average global temperature rise by 20C
® Constituted l In Rio-de-Janeiro pre-Industrial levels by the end of 21st
UNFCCC
l Environment & Development century or

0
conference (at United Nations) l If possible, don’t exceed 1.5 C
® Alternative Name ® United Nations l 100 billion Dollars Climate fund to be
Conventions on Climate Change deposited by the year 2020 (by developed
® Enforcement date ® 21 March, 1994 countries)
(supported by over 50 countries) Ø Enforcement date ® 4th November, 2016
® Present Scenario ® Ratification by
Ø Currently signed by 195 countries
about 197 countries of the world
Earth Hour Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Ø Worldwide movement of the Ø A fund within the framework of the UNFCCC

World Wildlife Fund for nature Ø Purpose of ® To assist developing countries in
Ø On the last Saturday of March, the use of Establishemnt adaptation & mitigation processes
Electrical appliances stopped for to combat climate change
1 hour (8.30 pm - 9.30 pm) Ø Administration ® (GCF) By Green Climate

Fund Board
Ø Objective ® Bringing awareness about the
Ø Established at ® United Nations Climate
climate change and the need to save the earth
Change Conference
(Cancun, Maxico) in 2010
Kyoto Protocol and other protocol treaties
Kyoto Protocol
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
International Related Section-12 Target Adopted Applicable Special
Agreement to ¯ ¯ Date Date ¯
UNFCCC Clean Reducing ¯ ¯ To bring the
Development the 11 16 emission of
Mechanism emission of December, February, greenhouse
(CDM) greenhouse 1997 2005 gases to the
Mentioned gases (Third summit level of the
of UNFCCC) year 1990
¯
Binding
Agreement

Carbon Tax (Tax)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Nature Characteristic First Other Countries
Tax on CO2 Example Proposal having a Carbon Tax
emitting Pollution ¯ Sweden, Finland,
sources Tax Year 1990 Netherlands,
¯ and Norway etc.
By Finland
Cartagena Protocol
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Supplementary Commitment Drafted/Adoptation Entered
Protocol ¯ Date into force on
¯ Protection of ¯ ¯
Of Biodiversity Biodiversity 29 January 2000/ 11 September,
convention 16 May 2000 2003
Climate change : India’s Action plan
National Mission
National on Enhanced
Solar Mission Energy Efficiency
National Mission
on Strategic National Mission
Knowledge for on Sustainable
Climate Change Habitat
National Action Plan for Climate
Change (8 Sub Mission 2008)
National
Mission National Water
for Sustainable Mission
Agriculture
National Mission National Mission
for a Green for sustaining the
India Himalayan
Ecosystem
Ozone Layer Depletion
® In Stratosphere (naturally) Year 1985

Ozone generation
® By UV Radiation ¯
British Team
Sunlight
High Energy Rays ¯
Total Ozone Mapping by Spectrometer
® Two Stages First Stage ® O2 ® O + O ¯
Second Stage® O + O2 ® O3 Over the Antarctic (Southpole)
® O + O2 ® O3 ¯
The discovery of Ozone hole

Layer Thickness Location
(300 DU/3MM) Ø Mainly in the lower layer of the stratosphere
Ø Changes according to season Ø Located at an altitude of about 10 to
Ø Maximum in spring 50 km from the Earth
Ø Minimum in Rainy season Ø The highest concentration in the
form of a layer between 15 and
Layer Measurement ® In Dobson Unit 30 km.
Ozone
Regulation Layer Expansion
By Nitrous l 10% in Troposphere
oxide [N2O] naturally
in the stratosphere l 90% in Stratosphere
Action
Preventing dangerous
ultraviolet rays from hitting
Earth’s surface
Ozone Gas Important Facts

Ø In lower Atmosphere Ø Gases filled in Refrigerators are commonly
l Hazardous Pollutants marketed as refrigerants
Ø Upper Atmosphere -Under the brand Mefron
l Protecting life on earth from sun’s ultra violet Ø Ammonia is used as a Refrigerant
Radiation in the form of Ozone layer -in large Plants
Chloroflurocarbon (CFC)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Responsible Man-Made Greenhouse Reaction with Properties
¯ compounds Gases Ozone Gas ¯
For Ozone ¯ ¯ ® Colourless,
hole Made of chlorine; The breakdown Odourless
Fluorine and of Ozone into ® Easily converted
carbon Oxygen into liquid
¯
Depletion of Ozone layer
Choloroflurocarbon (CFC)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Highly stable Existence in the Gaseous and A group of
compounds Atmosphere liquid substances Chemicals
about 55 to 140 years ¯
Use as a cooling agent
in refrigerators and air
conditioned equipment

Preservation of the Ozone Layer Forest & Wildanimal
Location
Gene Mutation Near the Equator
Genetic Glaucoma
defects Other Fact Expansion
Raining 23.5º North &
all year 23.5º South
Effect around Tropical latitude
Damage to of UV-B Skin Cancer Rain
Leaves Forest
Radiation
Weaking of the Inhibition of Covers Special Fact

Immune system plant growth Nearly 8% of the World’s largest
Earth’s surface Biome
Sunburn
Important Facts Equatorial

® In tropical regions with more than
200 cm of rainfall
Ø Responsible gases for the Ozone depletion are
Forest
- CFC, Halogens, Nitrous Oxide, ® Major Vegetation ® Long &
Trichloroethylene, Halon-1211, 1301, etc. broad leaves, Evergreen plants
Ø The effect of Ozone depletion is most visible ® Covers about 80% of the world’s
- Over the poles biodivesity
Ø Most of the Ozone hole has been formed
- Over Antarctica
Ø The Ozone hole was recorded in the year 2005 Amazon Rain forest
over the Tibetan plateau
- By G.W. Kent Moore Ø Other Name
Ø The Montreal Protocol, a protocol of the ® Amazonia or Amazon forest
vienna Convention is related to Ø Moist forest with broad leaves
- Ozone layer conservation Ø Location
Ø Montreal Protocol came into force on ® South America (Amazon basin)
- 1 January 1989 Ø Another Name ® Lungs of Earth
Ø International Ozone day is observed annually l Produces more then 20% of the
on 16 September Earth’s Oxygen
- For Conservation of Ozone layer.
Exam Vision
Effect of Ozone layer (depletion)
Ø Taxus tree found in the Himalayas naturally is
listed in -Red data Book
UV-C Ø A drug called taxol, which is effective in
UV-A cancer, is found -From Taxus Tree
Sun Ultraviolet
Rays UV-B
} Harmful
Effect
on skin
Ø The forests that grow in the saline waters of the
coastal in the tropical and sub-tropical regions
½ are called -Mangrove Forest
¯ Earth Ø Sundari trees are found in -Sunderban Delta
¯ ¯ ¯ Ø The Island of Goa which is fully protected
UV-A UV-B UV-C Kutch vegetation Area -Chorao Island

Benefits & Uses of Forests
Natural Resources
½
¯ (Classification-On the basis of development’s stage)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Potential Resources Real Resources Reserve Resource Stock Resources
Cultural Benefits Productive Activites

l Metaphysical l Fruits
l Educational l Resins
l Cultural l Alkaloids
l Literary Creation Services l Rubber
Provided l Drugs
by forests
Regulatory Activities Protective Activities

l Temperature control l Land conservation
l Absorption l Water conservation
l Control of Flood & Drought l Drought, Cold, Air
l Balance of gases (CO2, O2) l Protection from Sunlight
l Regulation of the biogeochemical l Prevention of Noise
cycle of carbon Pollution
Deforestation : Causes & Effects
Ignoring Adverse-effects Drying of

sustainable Forests Expansion Minimum water resources
Fire of cultivable on Regional & Rain
development global climate in the
in policy land Himalayas
making
Development Biodiversity Species

Excessive
cattle’s of Roads loss Effect of Extinction
grazing Deforestation
Flood & Increase in
Droughts global
Urbanization warming
Indiscriminate Reason of
commercial Deforestation Desertification Soil Erosion
use of Degradation
wooden plants Industrialization of soil fertility
Classification of forests
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Protected Forest National Forest Village Forest Tree Land

Indian Efforts related to
Important Facts
conservation of forest resources
Ø Resources that can be used repeated by and
does not run out -Renewable Resources Wildlife (Protection) Act
Ø If a bridge is made from a tree without Ø Passed by the government of India
cutting it, then that bridge is called
Ø Enforced date ® 9 September, 1972
-living bridge or natural bridge Ø Objective ® Conservation and Protection
Ø Dut to its eco-friendly nature and renewable, it from illegal hunting &
has been called green metal -Aluminium smuggling
Ø Provision ® Wildlife habitat protection
Ø Special ® Gharial, Indian wild ass & wild
National Forest Policy, 1988 buffalo, all three animals cannot be
hunted by any person except under
some provisions provided by law
Forestation & waste Forest (Conservation)

land development
Act, 1980
Ø Enacted date ® 27 December, 1980
Fostering of
other alternatives Main Reforestation & Ø Came into force from ® 25 October, 1980
¯
of wood and Replanting of

Target existing forests
supply of other
types of fuel
National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
Main Objectives :
National Forest Policy, 1952 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Establishment Place Nodal Agency Regional
Ø Promotion of social forestry year ¯ ¯ Stations
Ø One third (33%) of forest cover ¯ New Management (10)
of the total land of 1977 Delhi of genetic
the country resources of
plants at the
national level
Equus Shimla
hemionus khur

Indian wild ass Ranchi Jodhpur

Nilgai ® Wild ® Asian
¯ Animal : wild ass Srinagar Regional Thrissur
Boselaphus ¯ Stations
tragocamelus Scientific Equus (NBPGR)
Name hemionus Hyderabad Akola

Chinkara Reinder
¯ ¯
Cuttack Shillong
Gazella Rangifer
bennettii Tarandus
Bhowali

By 20 Important Facts
notification February,
of the central Ø Under the new National forest inventory,
2009
government implemented in the year 2016, the time for
yielding data about the status of forests has

Established Founded been reduced from 20 years to - 5 years
Ø It is a statutory body under the ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
National Ganga - National Tiger Conservation Authority
River Basin Authority Ø Wildlife Institute is located in
¯ - Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
Ex-Officio Chairman Ø The name of the award given by the
Ministry of Environment, Forest to
¯
educational & research institutions forest &
Prime Minister wildlife officials wildlife conservation for
of India the distinguished work done in the field of
wildlife is - Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife
Conservation Award
Ø The name of the award given by the forest
department of the government of Rajasthan
Forest Research Institute for its unprecedented contribution in the
conservation of forest & wildlife
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ - Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife
Location Establishment A deemed Protection Award
¯ year University
Dehradun ¯ ¯
(Uttarakhand) 1906 Declared by
® Establishment ® July, 2010
SAVE
the University
Grants Commission By India & Nepal
(UGC) in 1991 ® Main objective ® Tiger conservation
Chipko Movement
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Leader 1973 Main point of Protest Sunderlal Bahuguna
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
Starting year Cutting of forest l Co-worker
l Active worker
¯
1964 ® Dasholi Gram Swaraj Mandal - the base of chipko movement
1982 ® Ramon Magsaysay Award
Important Facts
Ø The definition of a threatened wildlife habitat Ø Bamboo grown in non-forest area has been
is included in -Forest Rights Act 2006 omitted from the definition of trees
Ø The tribe which is the first to get habitat rights -By the India forest (Amendment) Act-2017
in India - Baiga community Ø The National Research Centre for Agroforestry
Ø The National Research Centre for Agroforestry is located in was established as a unit of the
is located in - Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) Indian council of Agricultural research in
-1988

Protection of Conservation of all
Natural and allied Inhabitant species and
‘Apna Van cultural resources sub-species
Apna Dhan’
Ø Scheme has been started by Managing
Facilitating
Himachal Pradesh number of
Rehabilitation Benefits
Ø Objective ® Promote the process of species communities
of afforestation in the of Protected and their
event of Area settlements
climate change
Mukhyamantri Janvan Yojana

¯ Ban on Conservation of
Rehabilitation genetic diversity
¯ ¯ ¯ of External species of existing species
Related State Starting Date Objective by humans
¯ ¯
Jharkhand 15 November, 2015
Natural Area without human Intervention
To maintain environmental

balance by increasing the
Biosphere Reserve
green cover of the state

To reduce the
Conservation pressure on
through Objects notified forests by Protected
plantation promoting forest Area
product in the
private sector ¯ ¯
National Park Wildlife Sanctuary
Increase in To increase the ¯ ¯
forest cover in income of Hunting & grazing Prohibition of hunting
the state with farmers by of the cattle and without permission,
public co- planting trees human activity is regular grazing and
operation on their land completely prohibited movement of cattle
Schemes Starting years

Project Tiger 1973 Jim Corbett
Project Elephant 1992 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Established Establishment Location Year 1973
Sanctuary/Bio Sphere Reserve in India years ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ Nainital First
First 1936 District Project
Biodiversity conservation National ¯ (Uttarakhand) Tiger
Park as Hailey Launched
¯
National Park
Protected Area
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
National Wildlife Biosphere Community
Park Sanctuary conservation Reserve
reserve

® Year 1982 ® Designated as a national Lakhimpur First Rhino Rehabilitation
National Park
Keoladeo park kheri (U.P.) Scheme started
® Location ® Bharatpur district
(Rajasthan) Location Year 1984
® Year 1985 ® Listed in the World
Natural Heritage Sites Dudhwa National Park
(by UNESCO)
¯
At present
Karnataka
¯
Himachal Himachal Implementation of second rhino
Pradesh Bandipur Pradesh rehabilitation programme

The Great Pin Valley
Himalayan
Important Facts
Uttarakhand National Rajasthan
Park : Ø Dachigam National Park Established in
the year 1981 is located in
Rajaji Related Sariska,
- Jammu & Kashmir
State Ranthambore
Ø The National Park that is famous for White
Madhya Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Tigers - Bandhavgarh National Park
Ø The first National Park of the United States
Bandhavgarh Salim Ali of America -Yellowstone National Park
Chhattisgarh Ø Nokrek Biosphere Reserve situated in
-Meghalaya State
Indravati
Ø Keibul Lamjao National Park which is the
only floating park in the world is located in
National Park : - Manipur
Related State
Ø Gulf of Mannar l Marine National Park ® Eravikulam ® Habitat of Nilgiri Tahr
l Location
® Periyar ® Major protected Wild Animal
National Park
® Tamil Nadu
® Tiger & Elephant
Important
Ø Namdapha ® Arunachal Pradesh

Ø Buxa ® West Bengal ® Keibul Lamjao ® Possessed of
Ø Nagarhole l Karnataka decomposed plants
l Other Name ® Great Mahan Himalaya
® Rajiv Gandhi ® Availability of brown bear
National Park ® Keoladeo ® Migration of the Siberian
Ø Betla ® Jharkhand crane in winter season
Ø Gir ® Gujarat
Miscellaneous Facts
Miscellaneous Ø Natural habitat of great Indian hornbill is
-Western Ghat
Ø India’s first Butterfly park, Bannerghatta is
Bird Sanctuary District
located in - Bangalore
Nawabganj Unnao Ø The black coloured velvet winged butterfly, Blue
Mormon was declared as the state butterfly
Okhla Gautambudh Nagar -By Maharashtra
Ø The Southern Birdwing, the largest butterfly in
Samaspur Raebareli South India was declared as the State butterfly
-By Karnataka
Parvati Arga Jai Prakash Nagar (Gonda) Ø Golden Birdwing is the largest butterfly in India

1-Important National Parks-Related States
Dachigam *Map not to scale
Namdapha
Dudhwa
Sultanpur
Intanki
Keibul
Sariska Lamjao
Sunderban
Gir Forest Betla
Indravati
Simlipal
Gugamal
Papikonda
Guindy
Note : Indicated points indicate the respective state and not the actual location
2-Important National Parks - Related States

*Map not to scale
Corbett
Rajaji
Flowers valley
Kaziranga
Manas
Bandipur
Bannerghatta
Kudremukh
Anshi
Madhav
Kanha *Note : Flower Valley
Bandhavgarh The national park is located
Sanjay entirely in the temperate
alpine zone
Silent valley
Periyar

1-Biosphere Reserve : Related States
*Map not to scale
Cold Desert Manas
(Himachal Pradesh) (Assam) Dihang - Dibang
(Arunachal Pradesh)
Dibru - Saikhowa
(Assam)
Note : Total 18
Biosphere reserves in India
Kachchh
(Gujarat)
Seshachalam
Hills
(Andhra Pradesh)
Note : Indicated points indicate the respective state & not the actual location
2-Biosphere Reserve - Related States

*Nanda Devi *Map not to scale
*Panna (Uttarakhand)
(Madhya Pradesh)
*Khangchendzonga
(Sikkim)
*Panchmarhi *Nokrek
(Madhya Pradesh) (Meghalaya)
*Achanakmar- *Sunderban
Amarkantak
(West Bengal)
(Chhattisgarh, *Total 12 Indian biosphere
M.P.) reserve included in the
*Simlipal World Network of Biosphere
*Nilgiri (Orissa) Reserve by UNESCO
(Kerala, Karnataka,
(MAB programme)
Tamilnadu)
*Agasthyamalai *Great Nicobar

(Kerala - Tamilnadu) *Gulf of Mannar (Andaman and Nicobar Island)
(Tamilnadu)

Conservation of ecosystems, Encourage the use of
species and genetic resources Conservation conventional resources
Scientific Research
Main
Research Education &
Development
Functions of & Training
Biosphere Monitoring Understanding
Reserve
Area
To foster Exchange of
socio-culturally and informations
ecologically related to National
sustainable economic & International
and human activities. issues
Indian Biosphere Reserve enlisted in UNESCO MAB programme
Nilgiri Simlipal
Nanda Devi Achanakmar-Amarkantak
Sunderban Great Nicobar
UNESCO
MAB :
Indian
Biosphere
Reserve
Gulf of Mannar Agasthyamalai
Nokrek Kangchenjunga
Panchmarhi Panna
Important Facts
MAB
Ø The numbers of biosphere reserve established
so far by the government of India is - 18 Ø Beginning Year ® 1971
Ø The number of biosphere reserves of India Ø Intergovernmental scientific
included in the UNESCO world network is - 12 programme of UNESCO
Ø The largest (in terms of area) biosphere reserve Ø Full Name
of India certified by UNESCO is ¯
-Gulf of Mannar (Area-10500 km2) Man and the Biosphere Programme
Ø India has the largest biosphere reserve in terms Ø Objective ® Establish a scientific basis for
of Area
-Rann of Kutch (Gujarat) improving the relationship between
(Area - 12454 Km2) people & their Environment

Dachigam 1-Wildlife Sanctuary - Related States
*Map not to scale
Askot
Bhim
Rann of Kutch Chandrprabha
(Wild Ass
Sanctuary)
Nokrek
Bondla Pakhal
Kotigaon
Mookambika
Agasthyamalai
(Kerala - Tamilnadu)
Note : Indicated Points Indicate the respective state and not the actual location
2-Wildlife Sanctuary - Related States

*Map not to scale
Jaisamand Pankhui
Nahargarh Namdapha
Sariska Dihang-Dibang
Garampani
Manas
Kaziranga
Orang
Kuno Dalma
Karera Mahuadanr
Ushakothi
Simlipal
Kanger Ghati
Gomarda
Periyar
Neyyar

Project Tiger Miscellaneous
® April, 1973 ® Launching Date Royal Botanic Garden
® Objective ® Save Tigers from
Project
Tiger
Extinction Ø Location ® Kew (England)

® 2967 ® Total number of tigers in India
(Tiger census report, 2018) Ø Founded ® 1759 AD
® 52 ® Number of protected Areas
Ø Year 2003 ® Declared a world heritage
Ø Note : The decision to observe 29th July every site (UNESCO)
year as ‘International tiger day’ was taken at ® More than 40,000 species (of Plants)
the St. Petersburg tiger conference held in the Special
® World’s largest botanical garden
year 2010.
Ø The state with the largest number of tigers in
India is -Madhya Pradesh
Ø India’s largest tiger habitat is found in Sathyamangalam
-Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam tiger reserve Tiger Reserve
(Andhra Pradesh - 3296.31 Km2)
Ø Note : Bandipur (Karnataka) tiger reserve has Ø Location ® At the junction point of the
started using unmanned aircraft (drones) for Eastern and Western ghats
wildlife management.
Ø Other Animals ® Elephant, Hyenas,
Ø It is the national park of India which is also a
Leopard etc.
tiger reserve whose climate varies from
tropical to sub-tropical, temperate and Arctic Ø Special Facts ® Largest wildlife sanctuary
-Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh) in Tamilnadu
1-Tiger Reserve (52) : Related States

Ranthambore *Map not to scale
Sariska Corbett Namdapha

Mukundra Hills Rajaji Pakke
Kamlang
Ramgarh
Vishdhari
Bor
Buxa
Melghat
Sunderban
Tadoba-Andhari
Pench Note :
Sahyadri
Navegaon Nagzira Indicated points indicate the
respective state and not the
Amrabad
actual location
Kawal
*Note :
Pench tiger reserve is
spread in both the states of
Periyar Madhya Pradesh &
Parambikulam Maharashtra

*Map not to scale
Satpura
Sanjay - Dubri Dudhwa
Kanha Pilibhit
Pench Manas
Bandhavgarh Nameri
Panna Kaziranga
Orang
Achanakmar
Udanti - Sitanadi
Indravati
Bandipur Nagarjuna Sager

Bhadra Srisailam
Biligiri
Ranganatha
Temple (BRT)
Nagarhole
Dandeli-Anshi

*Note : *Map not to scale
Recently, the National
Tiger Conservation
Authority (NTCA) has Palamu Valmiki
approved the conversion of
‘Ramgarh Vishdhari
Sanctuary’ located
in Bundi district of
Rajasthan Dampa
as the
fourth tiger
reserve of the
state the notification Simlipal
is issued by the state Satkosia
government in this regard.
With this, it is the
52nd tiger reserve of India.
Srivilliputtur *Note :
Megamalai
Pench Tiger reserve is
Annamalai
spread in both states
Mudumalai
of Madhya Pradesh
Sathyamangalam
& Maharastra
Kalakad
Mundanthurai

1-World Heritage Sites in India : Related States
The
*Map not to scale
Architectural
work of Le
Corbusier
Victorian gothic and art

‘Deco Ensemble
(Mumbai)
*Indicated points indicate
Chhatrapati Shivaji the respective state and
terminus (Formely not the actual location
Victoria terminus)

Great Himalayan *Map not to scale
Nanda Devi &
National Park Khangchendzonga
Valley of
National Park
Flowers
National Park
Keoladeo
National Kaziranga
Park National Park
Manas wildlife
Sanctuary
Champaner - Sunderban
Pavagadh National Park
Archaeological park
* Mixed

*Map not to scale
Nalanda Mahavihara
Buddhist
Monuments
of Sanchi Mahabodhi
Temple Complex
at Bodh Gaya
Ajanta Caves
Elephanta Sun temple (Konarka)
Ellora Caves
caves
(Mumbai)
Group of
Churches & Monuments at
Convents at Goa Mahabalipuram
Chola Temple

*Map not to scale
Red fort complex
Hill Forts of Humayun’s Tomb Delhi
Rajasthan Qutab Minar and
its monuments
Jaipur city
Jantar-Mantar Agra fort
Taj Mahal
Fatehpur
Group of Sikri
Dholavira Monuments
of Khajuraho
Rani-Ki-Vav
(Patan)
Group of
Monuments
Historic city Pattadakal Rock shelters
(Ahmedabad) of Bhimbetka
Group of Kaktiya Rudreshwara

Monuments (Ramappa) Temple
at Hampi (Telangana)
Western ghat

Alternative Energy
Important Facts
Ø The first Marine Wildlife Sanctuary was A Renewable natural resource
created in India -Gulf of Kutch(1980)
Ø Corbett National Park receives water from
- Ramganga River and Kosi River Obtained from Sun
Ø Chinnar wildlife sanctuary is located in
- Kerala State
Ø The Harike wetland is located in the Punjab Pollution Free
Solar Energy :
province
Various
aspects
-At the confluence of Beas and Sutlej
Largest depository of
Ø Note : The Garden of five senses is located Alternative Energy
near Mehrauli.
Maximum use in
Alternative Energy biotic quantities
Energy Resources Essential for

Photosynthesis of plants
¯
¯ ¯
Renewable Energy Non-Renewable
Resources Energy Resources The conversion of sunlight into solar
energy by photovoltaic technology
l Solar Energy l Coal
l Wind Energy l Petroleum
l Hydro Electric l Natural Gas
l Bio gas l Atomic Energy Hot water supply to residential buildings
l Geo-thermal l Shale Gas
l Energy from waste
l Tidal Energy
Uses
Raiway Street
Energy and Energy Resources Signals of Solar Lighting
Energy
Important Facts
Ø The energy obtained through natural process Water supply for minor irrigation projects
continuously is called -Renewable Energy
Ø That form of energy which is neither a
polluting factor nor it has adverse effect on Important Facts
natural resources -Renewable Energy
Ø The world’s first fully solar powered
Ø Those products of plants which were buried international airport approved by the United
under the earth for thousands of years or those nations Environment Programme is located in
fossils of plants which we use as fuel are called
-The Kochi (Kerala)
-Fossil Fuels
Ø In the year 2018, first union territory to run
Ø Note : Fossil fuels are currently the main entirely on solar energy -Diu
sources of Energy, once they are used they Ø Conversion of solid biomass into combustible
can’t be recovered, the danger of exhausting gas mixture by thermo - chemical change is
fossil fuels like crude oil & natural gas is called called -Biomass Gasification
energy crisis.

® An alliance of 121 countries located between the tropic of cancer & the
tropic of capricorn. ¯
Committed to using the energy
received by the sun for their energy needs
® Date ® 30 Novermber, 2015

® Inauguration
® Summit ® United Nations Climate Change conference
International
® Presence ® Prime minister Narendra Modi
Solar
Alliance ® Francois Hollande, the then president of France,
Ban-ki-Boon, the then secretary - General of the
United Nations
® First Summit ® 11 March, 2018 New Delhi
® Secretariat ® Gurgram (Haryana)
® Declaration Letter ® Target to raise USD 1,000 billion of investment

in solar energy by 2030
(To provide affordable and low cost solar energy
by the member countries)
Biodiesel
Solar
Cooker ® Crop of Biodiesel
Trans-
portation ® Species of Flowering plant
Jatropha
¯ Sunlight
Auto Riksha, Therapy ® Resistant to dry environment & harmful
Aeroplane insects
® Seeds ® Oil content of 27-40%
® Oil ® Conversion in biodiesal for use in
Other Artificial diesel engines.
Photo uses of Satellite
synthesis Solar (Mangalyaan) Pongamia Pinnata
Energy
Ø Germinates Naturally in most arid regions
Electricity of India
Water Generation
heating Ø Seed ® Abundance of lipids
by Solar
plant ¯
Solar
Oleic Acid (about half)
Equipment
Ø Alternative of Biodiesal

Coconut shell,
Easy design Groundnut husk &
& Environment paddy husk etc.
measurement friendly
of cell Industrial Sewage
waste
Benefits Sources
Municipal Animal
of Solid of waste
Fuel cell Waste Biomass
Agricultural & Forest

High Noise &
Domestic waste
Efficiency Less wood
Ethanol Important Facts

Ø Famous Alcohol
Ø Alternative of Asphalt is -Bioasphalt
Ø Other Name ® Ethyl Alcohol
Ø Use ® As green fuel Ø National Hydrogen Energy Board was formed
Ø Source ® Substances containing in India in - 2003
sugars or starches Ø Sikkim became the first fully organic state in
Ø Other Source ® Pine, Karanj, India in - 2016
Fern’s fermentation
Pollution
1. (I) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

On the basis ® Gaseous Dust Thermal Noise Radioactive
of physical Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution
properties
Natural ® Eruption of Volcano

2.
On the basis ®
of Origin
(Anthropogenic) ® Anthropogenic industrial & agricultural pollution
Pollution
Types of
3. (ii) (iii)
(I)
Depending on ® Water Land
Air
the parts of pollution pollution
pollution
Environment
(Biodegradable) ® House waste, animal excreta and sewage etc.

4.
On the basis of ®
Ecosystem
(Non Biodegradable) ® Plastic, DDT, Benzene hexachloride etc.

Pollution Mixing directly into the air
Pollutants
Primary
from the pollutant source
Air
Ø Definition ® Pollution occurs as a result of ® ® (Example ® CO,
Air Pollution
unexpected change in physical
CO2, SO2 etc.)
chemical and biological
characteristics of soil, water & air
Ø Pollutants ®Substances that cause pollution Promotion as a result of the
Secondary
Pollutants
Ø Anthropogenic ® Human effect on nature action of primary air pollutants
Air
Ø Anthropogenic Environment ® ® ® and ordinary atmospheric
susbstances (Example- Smog,
Environment changed
Ozone, Pan etc.)
by human activities
Ø Anthropogenic Pollution ® Pollution
caused by human
Lead
Ø Burning of petrol in vehicles releases lead
Air Pollution
Ø Air pollutant
Ø Used as an anti-knocking agent in engines
Ø Petrol due to technological up-gradation in
Definition
the refinery
¯
Ø Undesirable changes in a certain Lead free
proportion of the gases present in the Ø Obstructs development of the brain in children,
atmosphere (causes due to toxic gases or Causes of cardiovascular and respiratory
particulate matter) diseases in adults.
Ø Sources -
l Natural Sources ® Forest Fire
Volcanic eruptions, decomposition ® Smoke
of organic matter. ® English Name ® Smog ®
® Fog
® Sulphur dioxide (SO2) ® A state of air pollution
® Nitrogen’s oxide (NOx) ®Smoke present in the waste
l Man-made Sources generated from automobiles
& industries
® Gases & smoke
¯
® Particulate Matter
Photochemical Smog
Nitrogen oxide &

® Heat (by burning of Fuel) Nitrogen dioxide
¯
In the presence of sunlight
Product
¯
® Reaction with hydrocarbons
PAN
¯
Ø Full Name ® Peroxyacetylnitrate Generation of secondary
Ø Damage to Chloroplasts pollutants (Ozone, formaldehyde
l Reduced ability of photosynthesis & PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate)etc.
& growth of plants
¯
Ø This hinders electron transport chain (ETC)
This creates photochemical smog
occuring in mitochondria of the cell
Ø Adverse effects on the formed especially from
enzyme system ¯
®
Ø Irritation/Excitability Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), ozone
in human eye (O3) & Peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN)

Used in land fill &
minesfill
Fly ash made bricks Soil water retention capacity

are light in weight increases by sprinkling it
and in the field
stronger than ¯
Benefits More production of crops
cement bricks
Fly ash
Losses
Disease of
Decrease in air quality
Respiratory System
Its deposition on leaves

inhibits the normal transpiration
and photosynthesis
Existing for a short time in Colourless and highly

the atmosphere, oxidation toxic gas, primary
to CO2 air pollutant
10% Amount
90% Amount (anthropogenic
¯ sources)
Natural sources Carbon Monoxide ¯
(Valcano, From the
bushfires) combustion of
fuel substances
Combines with haemoglobin

present in the blood
¯
Formation of Carboxy-haemoglobin
¯
Reduction of oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood

Cyclone Separator Exam Vision
Ø The Asiatic brown cloud contains trace
Outlet amounts of aerosols -about 85 percent
(Pure Air) Ø Under normal condition, the polluting gas in
Inlet the atmosphere is -Carbon monoxide
Polluted Ø It acts as a biological indicator of air pollution
Air -Lichen
Spiral
twirl Ø Pollutants that are decomposed into simpler,
Cylinder harmless substances in nature over time by
microorganisms (bacteria etc.)
-Biodegradable Pollutants
Exit Ø The major pollutant found in cigarette smokes
Outlet is -
- Carbon Monoxide
Accumulated - Hydrogen Cyanide
particle matter - Nitrogen Oxide
- Benzene
® Received as a by-product with the result Important Note

of power generation from coal based
power plants
Ø Internationally, efforts are being
l Silicon Dioxide made to reduce sulphur emission
under the Helsinki protocol (1985)
® Components l Aluminium oxide
l Ferric oxide Ø The acid rain caused due to the
l Calcium oxide emission from Mathura oil refineries
in harming the beauty of Taj Mahal.
Fly ash
® In the
}
Ø Norway & Sweden receive more acid
production As a
Uses
® rain due to SO2 & nitrogen oxides

of Bricks substitute emitted from mill located in Germany
® In the of Portland and United Kingdom
production cement
Ø Acid rain is called as the Lake killer
of concrete
Ø The acid rain information center has
® Adverse Effect been established in Manchester,
l Respiratory diseases England
l Inhibits photosynthesis by depositing
on the leaves of plants
Radon Gas Other Related Facts

Ø Most Important pollutant of indoor Ø The phenomenon of increase in the amount of
both biotic & abiotic nutrients in water is
air pollution called -Eutrophication
Ø Colourless, odourless, radioactive inert gas Ø The highest amount of Biochemical oxygen
Ø Emission from Radium demand (BOD) is found in the Ganga River
Ø Adverse Effects Between Kanpur & Allahabad (Prayagraj)
l Lungs cancer Ø There is abiotic pollutant polluting the ground
l Blood cancer water -Arsenic
Ø Emission from the soil naturally Ø Considers to be a better absorption of arsenic
-Paddy Plants

® Decomposition ® Economic &
of stones of cultural loss
Historical buildings
Impact on city ®
by rain ® Eye & throat related
Inhibits the growth of crops

disease in humans
e
cl
rti
pa
vy
¾¾® Harm to plant’s leaves

ea
H
¯
¾¾® Disturbance in
Combustion respiration and
of fossil fuel photosynthesis
¯
Cause acid ¾¾® Separation of soil nutrients
Emission of Light rain, away
Effects
NO2 particle from sources, ¾¾® Damage to trees by releasing
¾¾¾¾¾® ®
by mixing aluminium compound
with air
& vapour
¾¾® Entry of aluminium into lakes &
ponds by rain
¾¾® Frogs and fishes are unable to lay

eggs in acidic water
Important Facts
Formation of mucus ® Disturbance in absorption

over gills of fish by acidic atoms of oxygen
Death of mayfly
¯ Black foot
disease in
Lack of food
Acid Rain’s Animals
for frogs
Effect on
Aquatic
System
By the medium *Fish death

of drinking *Fish Egg hatching
water & food hampered
¯ Low pH (Inhibits the hatching
Food poisoning ¯ from eggs)
End of tissues
salt balance

® Excreta
l Algal Bloom
l Growth of aquatic
plants
Spreading on the
® Excess of nutrients surface of
(particularly Nitrogen, reservoir
phosphorous) into
reservoir
Water l Lack in the amount

l Death of Marine of oxygen
Pollutants organisms (Fish) l Expulsion of poison
l Loss of biodiversity
® Factories
waste Exam Vision
Ø ‘Knock-knees syndrome’ is caused by the
pollution of Fluoride
® Slaughter
Ø In the bio-toilet system, anaerobic bacteria
house waste
breakdown the waste material & convert into
water & gas (methane)
Ø Excessive concentration of fluoride element
becomes the cause of a disease called
fluorosis.
By rain, fog or ice

Black
foot
Moist Accumulation
Skin Diarrhoea
Moist weather Cancer

Deposition Arsenic
of Diseases
Acid

Lungs (Peripheral
Cancer Neuritis)
Dry weather

Dry Accumulation
(Hyper
Keratosis)
Particles dragged due to flow of air, acidic gases

Marine pollution
BOD
® Establishement year ® 1948 (Geneva)
® Full Name ® International Maritime
Ø Full Name ® Biological/Biochemical
Organization
Oxygen Demand
IMO
® Original Name was
Ø Main Unit ® Measurement of water
® Inter-Governmental Maritime
pollution
Consultative organization (IMCO)
Ø Increased amount ® Highly Polluted Water ® Headquarters ® London
® Specialised Agency ® United Nations
Increase in the amount of
{
organic waste
¯
l Rate of decomposition
Noise Pollution
increases
Ø The normal noise produced by an object is
Ø Concept
called -Sound
l Increased use of oxygen
Ø The name for unpleasant sound -Noise
¯
Ø Producing loud sound in the environment
Decrease in the amount of
without anticipating its adverse effect is
dissolve oxygen
called -Noise pollution
Ø The sound is measured in -Decibel (dB)
B 20 dB
180 d

Rocket Whispering
Engine sound of 30
dB
leaves
0
dB
15
Landing of
Jet Plane Murmuring
Sound Source
:
Decibel Level
Sounds of
Noise of room/
Jet Engine peaceful
workplace
dB
12
¯
¯ B
0d
Sound
40
Noise due generated

to trucks during normal
conversation
¯ ¯
80-85
dB 60 dB

Soil Pollution
Increase in the
amount of phosphorus
& nitrogen
Toxic effect
in ocean
currents Algae ® Rapid growth
¯
Adverse Effects
Use of
¯
Manure/
Fertilizer ¯ ¯
Poison for fish Barrier

& other Ocean in sun
organisms light
Negative impact
on marine
ecosystem
Useful sea grass
destroys
Decrease of
Forest area Soil
¯ acidification
Global warming
Entry of pollutants in
Loss of fertility due to plants
hazardous ¯
chemicals & pesticides by food chain
¯ ¯
Decrease in crop quality Entry into human &
¯ other organisms
Loss of revenue
Effect of
Soil
Pollution
Water pollution Soil erosion
¯ ¯
Deadly disease ¯ ¯
due to lead & Flood Drought
arsenic
Soil Death of micro-organisms

alkalinization ¯
Impact on food chain

Note : Soil, water & air are polluted due to excessive use of fertilizers.
Artificial nitrogen Cattle Poultry

fertilizer in waste waste
agricultural soil
Released as oxides of Release of Reactive nitrogen

Absorbed (33%) Nitrogen into compounds
by plants in the Ammonia as a
environment by-product released into the
form of Nitrate systematically environment
Nitrogen Pollution
Plastic Pollution
Damage
Death
tissues
due to
& limbs &
Exam Vision anaemia
obstructs their
&
working
bleeding
Ø Polythene is a polymer of ethylene (C2H4) system
Ø Plastic bag is a thermoplastic, which is

obtained -By Polymerization of ethylene
Ø Plastic, iron, lead come under the category of Somatic
Non biodegradable pollutants. ¯
Radioactive & Other Gaseous Pollution

Effect of
Important Facts Radioactive
Pollution
Ø The cause of Bhopal gas accident was
-The leakage of Methyl Isocyanate
Ø Methyle Isocyanate gas is used ¯
-In the production of Genetic
carbonates pesticides
Ø The date of the nuclear accident that
occurred at the nuclear station in
Chernobyl, Ukraine (the then soviet
Studies on
union) - 26 April, 1986 Drosophila Massive
have shown effect
Ø The use of nuclear energy is often a
that this on genetic
causal factor of thermal pollution.
increases the properties
mutation rate

Bio-Remediation
Bioventing Biosparging
When the The concentration
contaminant is
at great depths, air & of oxygen in
nutrients are underground
added to the soil water is
through the well increased.
In-Situ
Bioaugmentation
Biostimulation To increase the
Helps in the number of Micro-
growth of Micro- organisms in the polluted
organisms by place by bringing
sending nutrients micro-organisms from
to the soil other places.
Bioremediation
Technology
Land Farming
Composting Contaminated soil,
To increase the sludge is dug up &
growth of spread over the
micro-organisms surface & repeatedly
by mixing separated,
agricultural which induces
waste micro-organisms
Ex-Situ
Biopiles
l Combined form
of Land Bioreactor
farming & Treatment of
composting polluted substances
l Use in the treatment of and water
contaminated surfaces through controlled
by petroleum system
hydrocarbons

Bio-Remediation
Pollution & Disease
Ø Definition ® A process of detoxifi-

cation of environment Works as The main factor of
through the use of respiratory heart disease due to
microbial organisms poison the increased blood
¯ pressure
Bio-Remediation
Ø Technique ® To clean up pollution by
enhancing the biodegra-
dation process that occurs Cadmium
in nature
Ø Uses ® In cleaning surface water,
ground water & soil
In the restoration of Excess in Itai-Itai disease
ecosystem drinking ¯
water Severe pain in bones
& Joints
Types
Ø In-Situ Bioremediation ® Mercury (Hg)
Bioremediation in pollution affected areas
Ø Ex-Situ Bioremediation ® Ø Consumption of
Bioremediation by transporting the polluted Mercury
substances to another place affected water
¯
Cause of
Bacteria based minamata disease
bio-remediation
techniques Ø Conversion
¯
Mercury
Developed
by Mixture
Developed The Energy present in
by mixing
Oil
& waste water
five bacteria Zapper Resources Microbial Reaction
Institute ¯
(TERI)
Methyl mercury
(Toxic matter)
Developed eco-friendly technology
for the treatment of oily sludge Ø Methyl Mercury
& spilled oil
¯
Adverse Effects
l Deafness
Pollution & Disease l Blurred eyes
Pollutants Related Disease l Mental Imbalance
l Senselessness in lips,
Mercury Minamata
tongue &
Cadmium Itai-Itai
many other organs.
Nitrate Ion Blue-Baby syndrome
Fluoride Ion Fluorosis (Dental disease)

Aflatoxin Water Conservation
Ø Mainly caused by Aspergillus flavus (Fungus)
Ø Carcinogenic
Ø Cause of liver cancer
Exam Vision
Ø Low molecular weight compound
Ø World Water Day is celebrated every year
- On 22 March
® Full Name - Persistent Organic Pollutants Ø The first world water day was celebrated
® Organic compound resistant to degradation - On 22 March 1993
in the environment Ø A programme called UN-water is being run
POPs
® Everlasting organic pollutants - Since 2003

® Transmission from one place to another Ø The popular name of Rajendra Singh, the
(Through air, water, land & food) chairman of Tarun Bharat Sangh (an NGO) is
- Waterman of India
® Ability to accumulate in human & animal
Ø Note : In 1992, United Nations Conference on
tissues
Environment and Development (UNCED)
Air Pollutants Affected Organs held in Rio-de-Janerio, the decision was taken
to celebrate an International Day of Clean
Asbestos dust Lungs Water.
Lead Central Nervous system (CNS)
Mercury Stomach
Carbon monoxide Blood vessels
Pollutants Effects Other Related Facts
Carbon monooxide Damage of Heart Ø The national lake conservation

project was launched as a
Oxides of Nitrogen Cancer centrally sponsored scheme by
Dust particle Respiratory Disease the Union Ministry of Environment,
Forest & Climate Change
Lead (Pb) Central Nervous system, human brain - In June, 2001
Ø The name of new scheme created in

Pollution Miscellaneous February 2013 by merging two erstwhile
schemes viz. National Lake Conservation
Plan and National Wetlands
Important Facts
Conservation Programme.
Ø The size of the respiratory microscopic - National Plan for Conservation
particles floating in the air is of Aquatic Ecosystems
-About 2.5 microns
Ø commonly used as an adulterant for mustard Ø Note : The leaves of
seeds -Argemone seeds plants found in the desert are
Ø Disease caused by prolonged exposure to an often modifies into
environment surrounded by asbestos fibers spike to prevent water loss.
-Asbestosis
Ø It is used to burn the garbage -Incinerators
Ø Emission as a result of coal combustion in
thermal power plant, are - Carbon dioxide,
Nitrogen, Oxides of sulphur etc.

Water Pollution & Prevention Main goals of National Water Mission
Process followed in the packaging of Promotion of basin level integrated

pure mineral water bottles water resources management
Impure Comprehensive water data

water base in public domain
In tanks
Filteration of Increasing water use

Coagulation heavy elements efficiency by 20%
by Alum & non-dissolvant
After 1 hour
Focused attention to vulnerable areas
Bubbles of Primary including over exploited areas
chlorine Chlorination Disinfection
gas Tank
Promotion of citizen and state actions

for water conservation, augmentation
and preservation.
Sand Filteration of
Filter undissolved
impurities
Exam Vision
Carbon To remove Ø Chloramines and Chlorine

Dechlorination Filter colour and dioxide are used to-
foul smell
Disinfect Water
Ø The substance which is used to

Micro
sterilize drinking water
Filter
Chlorine Gas and Bleaching Power
Ø Water
Ultra
Violet (UV) (Prevention & Control of Pollution)
Disinfection cess act was implemented in
- 1977
Packaging Ø Note : The type of ultraviolet

in water radiation is electromagnetic radiation
bottles In water purification method.

1-Important lakes of India - Related State
Nakki
Pushkar Bhimtal *Map not to scale
Anasagar Khurpatal
Pichola Nainital
Fatehsagar Naukuchia Tal
Mansi Ganga
Ramgarh Tal
Laxmi Tal
Powai
Siddheshwar Sagar
Koradi Rani Talab
Shivpuri Lake
2-Important lakes of India - Related State

Dal Lake *Map not to scale
Mirik Lake
Moti Lake
Twin Lake
Lakshmi Narayan
Bari Lake
Rabindra Sarobar
Bindu Sagar
Channapatna
Bellandur Lake
Ooty
Kodaikanal

Ganga Conservation
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
Chairman
Establishment Date
® Prime Minister
® 20 February, 2009
(Ex-Officio)
National
Member Ganga Objective
® Chief Minister of all the River Basin ® Ensuring the protection
states, falling in the course Authority of River Ganga
of Ganga (states)
(NGRBA)
Methodology
Leader
® Financing, planning,
® River conservation
monitoring, implementing and
efforts at the national level regulatory work for River Ganga
Longterm Objective
® Liberation of Ganga from Industrial
waste & sewage by the year 2020
Free Ganga ® From untreated sewage water and industrial waste by the year 2020
Central Ganga Authority Announcement Integrated Ganga

Ø Year ® 1985 ¯ development
Central Budget project, ` 2037
Ø Founder
2014-15 crore allocation
¯
The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
Ø Current Name Namami Gange
¯ Budget (Rs 20,000
National River Conservation Authority Crore) allocation Beautification
Ø Ex-Officio Chairman ® Prime Minister of Ganga Ghats
(in important
Ø Objective Provision- cities)
¯ Nirmal Dhara
To improve the water quality of rivers - Ensuring sewage management by municipality
through pollution abatement measures in - Sewage management in rural areas
various cities along the banks of - Industrial Waste Management
polluted Rivers - Aviral Dhara etc.
Ganga Action Plan ® First Phase ® 1985 Various Facts
¯
Ø The first Bio-Technology Park in Uttar Pradesh
Second Phase ® April, 1993 was established in - Lucknow
¯ Approval Ø The causes of the origin of Tsunami is
Gomti Action Plan + Yamuna Action Plan, 1993 -Earthquake occuring below the Sea
¯ Ø The gas which is used in filling balloons for

Began since meteorological observations, is -Helium
1993 ® First Phase
Ø There is a famous place named Graveyard of
¯ Dinosaurs. It is -Montana [America]
Began since
2003 ® Second Phase
Ø The Indian Agricultural scientist who has
¯ been given the title of ‘father of economic
Began since ecology’ by the United Nations Environment
® Third Phase Programme (UNEP) -M.S. Swaminathan
2016
Important Organizations & Institutions of India - Related State

*Map not to scale
Almora Dehradun
Govind Ballabh Pant Wild Life Institute
Institute of Himalayan of India
Environment and
Development
New Delhi
Indian Institute of
Ecology & Environment
Jaipur
National Institute
of Ayurveda
Bhopal
Jodhpur National Institute
Central Arid of Forest Management
Zone Research
Institute (CAZRI)
Hyderabad
National Institute of
Nutrition
Pune
National Institute of
Naturopathy
Note : Indicated points indicate the respective state not the actual place.

Various Awards
Place Located Institution
India’s first research center
{
Awards Related Fields
(Dakshin Gangotri)
Antarctica India’s second research Indira It is awarded to individuals &
center (Maitri) Gandhi organizations that have made a
India’s third research Paryavaran significant & measurable contri-
center (Bharati) Puraskar bution in the field of Environ-
ment Protection & Improvement
Day Theme Tyler Prize For remarkable contribution in the

field of Environment Protection
World Wetlands Day 2021 Wetlands & water & Ecology
World Environment Ecosystem
Day 2021 Restoration Borlaug In the field of agriculture &
Award environment
World Water Day 2021 Valuing water
World Wildlife Day 2021 Forests & livelihoods: Rajiv Clean technology
sustaining people & Gandhi &
planet Paryavaran development
World Toilet Day 2020 Sustainable sanitation Puraskar
& climate change
Global 500 For the outstanding achievement
World Toilet Day 2021 Valuing toilets in environment protection
World Toilet Day World Forest Day

¯ ¯
19 November 21 March
World Food Day World Water Day

¯ ¯
16 October 22 March
World Animal Day Days Earth Day

¯ & ¯
4 October Dates 22 April
World Habitat Day World Environment Day

¯ ¯
October (1st Monday) 5 June
World Ozone Day Biodiversity Day

¯ ¯
16 September 22 May

Miscellaneous
Adverse Effects of Increased Ocean Acidification
Increase in CO2
¯
Increase in Ocean acidification
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Decrease in the
productivity of Carbonate Ion Adversely affects
Reduction Coral Bleaching
plankton the survival of
phytoplankton larvae
¯ Impact ¯ ¯
Decline in Inhibition of Inhibits Coral

fish production calcification growth
Inhibition of skeleton
formation
l Extremely brittle l Climate Change

Exam Facts ecosystem that will be Conference (CoP21) that
the first to be affected was held in year 2015
Ø Paddy fields, coal mining, pet animals, by global warming - In Paris
wetlands & termites are the sources of - Arctic & Greenland
-Methane (CH4) gas Ice sheets
Ø With the Impact of global warming, the
frequency and intensity are increasing of
-Cyclones & Hurricanes
Ø Changes in the orientation of the Earth’s axis is
a factor for climate change, it was
hypothesized by -Milutin Milan Kovitch l The country which is known as carbon
Ø The United Nations Framework Convention negative country in the world is - Bhutan
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an
international treaty that came into force in
- 21 March 1994
Ø The gas that is both harmful & beneficial earth
Exam Facts
-Carbon dioxide
Ø A suitable concentration of carbon dioxide that Ø The effect of greenhouse gases was
is considered for the natural balance of the conceptualized by - Joseph Fourier
atmosphere -0.03 Percent Ø Examples of green house gases are
Ø “Momentum for Change : Climate Neutral
Now” This initiative has been launched by - Water Vapour, Carbon Dioxide, Methane,
- UNFCCC Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFC etc.

Places Institutions/Departments Forest policy-1952, 1988
(amended) Joint forest Indian
Dehradun Forest Survey of India management (JFM) Forest
Jodhpur Arid Forest Research Institute Act, 1927
Wildlife
Bangalore Institute of Wood Science & Protection
Technology Act, 1972
Forest
Jorhat Rain Forest Research Institute Conservation
Act, 1980
Kolkata Botanical Survey of India
Coimbatore Institute of Forest Genetics &
Tree breeding (IFGTB) Environment
Biodiversity
Protection
New Delhi National Bureau of Plant Genetic Act, 2002
Act, 1986
resources
Nagpur National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute Act Related to Forest
(NEERI)
Dehradun Forest Research Institute
Exam Vision
Word Related Person

Green Development W.M. Adams
Exam Facts
Explorer of natural farming Masanobu Fukuoka
Ø The National Air Quality Index was released
Ecosystem Tansley by the Ministry of Environment & Forest
- On 17 October, 2014
Ecological Niche Grinnell Ø This Index serves to indicate the level of air
Greenhouse gas effect Joseph fourier pollution in urban areas
- In the form of one number-
Ecology Earnest Haeckel one colour- one discription
Biodiversity Raymond F. Dasmann Ø The city where PM 2.5, PM 10, CO2 & NO2 are
the reason for the increasing level of air
Biosphere Reserves Eduard Suess pollution. The name of the city is - Delhi
Ø Climate & Clean Air Pollution that focuses
Exam Fact mainly on pollutants, which are
- Methane, Black carbon,
Hydrofluoro carbon
Ø The government of India has so far established
biosphere reserve -18 Ø VAYU system for air coalition control was
launched in - Delhi
Ø It is located in Lakhimpur Kheri district of Ø Air pollutants whose particle diameter is less
Uttar Pradesh -Dudhwa National Park than 2 microns cannot be removed from the
Ø Salim Ali National park is located atmosphere - by Rain
-in Jammu & Kashmir Ø Those air pollutants, which mix directly into
the air from the source of the pollutant are
Ø Wular Lake is the largest fresh water lake in
called - Primary Pollutants
India. It is located in - Jammu & Kashmir
Ø CO, CO2, So2 are the examples of
Ø Gir National Park is located in Junagarh,
- Primary pollutants
Gujrat. It is famous
Ø The first national park in the United States of
-For the habitat of Asiatic Lion America is -Yellowstone National Park

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2022

See Cover Page-2

Environment Scan & Get

& Ecology See Cover Page - 2

Regional Action Departmental

Environment & Ecology

Environment According to Environment

Pictorial Presentation 3 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

Use Water & Carbon Cycle in Nature

Fossils & fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum etc.)

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 4 Pictorial Presentation

® Element ® The simplest form of substance

Pictorial Presentation 5 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

Ozone (O3) Layer

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 6 Pictorial Presentation

Electrically Charged Particles + -

l The Amount of Nitrogen Ø D layer in the Ionoshpere reflects

Pictorial Presentation 7 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

Ensure the availability of

Ensure inclusive and

End hunger, achieve food

17 Sustainable Development Goals

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 8 Pictorial Presentation

Stockholm Conference (1972) N.G.T.

Various Organizations and Institutions

(Brazil) (South Africa)

Pictorial Presentation 9 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

l Water Supply ®Related ® Related rules of

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 10 Pictorial Presentation

® A special kind of physical systems

Concept ® Made ® Abiotic ® components

around the earth

l Ø As we move beyond each trophic level

Services -Natural Ecosystem

Ø Man-made artificial ecosystem is

Ø The most common salt found in sea

® 97% ® Of the hydrosphere on earth Main Cause Desertification¬ Secondary Cause

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 12 Pictorial Presentation

Important Information Environmental Degradation

Sequence of the food chain of tree & grassland ecosystem

Pictorial Presentation 13 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

­ Ø Organism that obtain their food from primary

Goat ® Herbivorous Flow of Energy

Grass ® Autotrophs Ø Due to change from one

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 14 Pictorial Presentation

Pictorial Presentation 15 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

after being absorbed Ø Unit of Measurement ® Global Hectares

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 16 Pictorial Presentation

Arne Naess Joseph Grinnell

Ecosystem : Miscellaneous Biodiversity

Year Act Types of Biodiversity

First use of the term

Pictorial Presentation 17 GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology

® First use of the this word® By Norman

® Located ® Jamnagar (Gujarat)

Ø Uneven distribution on Earth

GS Dristhi Environment & Ecology 18 Pictorial Presentation

® In-Situ ® Conservation of Flora or Fauna

Lakshadweep Andaman &

Ø Organism that obtain their food from primary

Agasthyamalai Great Nicobar