Three-Phase Power and Energy Real-Time Monitoring and Logging System Edited 19th Jan
Three-Phase Power and Energy Real-Time Monitoring and Logging System Edited 19th Jan
Three-Phase Power and Energy Real-Time Monitoring and Logging System Edited 19th Jan
DATA LOGGER
BY
NWOKOCHA O. GOSPEL
PGS/ EEE/ 22004541
SUPERVISOR
ENGR. Prof. M. J. E. Evbogbai
JANUARY, 2024
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ABSTRACT
Traditional energy meters are limited to measuring single phase power making
them inadequate for industrial and commercial applications that utilize three-
phase power. This limitation has created a need for a sophisticated and reliable
solution that can accurately measure energy usage in a three phase system. The
development process of this three-phase energy meter with a data logger begins
with design and implementation of a robust hardware system. This include the use
of precised voltage and current sensors, a micro controller unit (MCU) for signal
processing and memory storage for data logging purposes. This solution provide
users with valuable insight into their energy consumption patterns and help them
make informed decisions to optimize their energy usage and reduce cost.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Three-Phase energy meter with data logger is critical in ensuring the efficient and safe
operation of electrical systems. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for
accurate and reliable power and energy monitoring systems, especially in industrial
and higher power capacity compared to single-phase power. In a three- phase system,
three alternating currents of the same frequency and amplitude are transmitted, with
each current phase shifted by 120 degrees from the other two.
The system will utilize current transformers and voltage transformers to measure the
electrical parameters, and a microcontroller will process the data and display it on an
LCD screen. Additionally, the system will log the data to an SD card for further
analysis. This project will be useful in providing real-time power and energy
the efficiency of the electrical system (Saxena & Jain, 2010). Three-Phase energy
meter with data logger have become increasingly important in industrial applications,
The development of three-phase energy meter with data logger will involve the use of
microcontroller to process the data, and an LCD screen to display the real time data.
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Additionally, the system will log the data to an SD card for further analysis, allowing
companies to review their energy consumption data over time and identify areas for
In summary, the proposed three-phase energy meter with data logger will
provide accurate and reliable real-time data on the energy usage of a three-phase
electrical system, helping companies to optimize their energy usage and reduce their
energy costs. This project will be useful in industrial applications where energy
transportation.
The lack of a reliable and accurate three-phase energy meter with data logger
are unable to monitor their energy usage in real-time, identify energy wastage, and
meter with data logger in industrial and commercial applications can lead to
inefficiencies in power usage, increased energy costs, and reduced equipment lifespan.
These issues can have a significant impact on a company's bottom line and overall
essential to address these challenges and enable companies to monitor their energy
consumption accurately, identify energy wastage, and optimize their energy usage,
leading to reduced energy costs and improved efficiency in their electrical systems.
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1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Project
The aim of this project is to develop a three-phase energy meter with data logger by
accurately measuring and tracking the power and energy consumption of a three-phase
electrical system. This aim will be achieved by carrying out the following objective;
based data logging system that can accurately record and store the power data
in real time.
ii. Develop a user-friendly interface to display the real-time data and enable the
iii. Ensure that the system is compatible with a variety of three-phase electrical
This project work is focused on the development of a three-phase energy meter with a
data logger which involve careful planning, sensor selection, data acquisition, user
interface design and integration with other system. The specific scope of study is for
alternating circuit (AC) to measure and monitor voltage, current, power, energy of any
distribution system. It is also essential for optimizing energy usage, improving system
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systems. It is essential for optimizing energy usage, in proven system reliability,
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter present the review of relevant studies articles and publications related to
the development of such devices. Here we examine the different type of energy meter
with data logger available in the market which include analysis of the features,
help in understanding the current state of the art and identifying the potential areas of
improvement.
The equipment involved in the design of three-phase energy meter with data logger
depends on the specific monitoring system used. Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram
of the major components. Here is a list of equipment that may be involved in a typical
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2.2.1 Three-phase energy meter: A device that measures the electrical
i. Three phases, three wire meters: This system is a combination of two single-
ii. Three phases, four-wire meter: This system consists of three coils and three
aluminum discs. It is suitable for measuring the kWh in a 3-phase motor amps
through each of the three phases. There are basically three types of current
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For the purpose of this project, I shall be using wound current transformer because it
has a primary winding that is connected in series with the load current been measured
and the secondary winding been connected to the measurement circuit of the energy
meter.
Current Rating
the maximum value of the load current to be measured. For example, if the current
Rating is 400 A with a secondary rating of 5A, the ratio between the primary and
secondary is 400:5, or 80:1. This means that the secondary winding has 80 times as
many turns as the primary, and the current transformer can be used to measure a line
converts energy of one form to another. VT’s are used to monitor alternating
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designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured. They have
connected metering.
Voltage transformer are of various types but I shall be using the electromagnetic
potential transformer for this project because it helps to step down a higher
voltage to a lower voltage suitable for measurement, also, it isolates the metering
circuit from the higher voltage allowing accurate measurement and data logging.
2.2.4 Data logger: A device that records data from the energy meter, CTs, and VTs
at regular intervals.
There are various examples of the kind of information a data logger can collect,
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contained instruments.
In this section, we will review the individual components used for the construction of
1.Microcontroller ESP-32
6.Mobile phone
2.3.1 ESP-32
integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either
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Figure 2.6 ESP-32 (Vedat, 2023)
This is an electric monitoring test module with a split-core current transformer. The
module can be used to test power, energy, voltage as well as current, and then display
on a PC or other terminal.
The PZEM-004T is a popular and affordable digital AC voltage, current, and power
parameters:
Voltage (V): It measures the AC voltage of the power source and displays it on
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Current (A): It measures the AC current flowing through the circuit and
Power (W): It calculates and displays the active power (in watts) based on the
Energy (Wh): It also measures and accumulates the active energy consumption
in watt-hours.
Moreover, it can store data when power off, and store the accumulated energy data
before power off, so it is very convenient to use it. It can be widely used with power
distribution box, distribution cabinet, voltage regulators, teaching aids and household
Features:
Designed to test high power equipment and you can observe the accumulative
Equipped with TTL serial data communication interface, you can read and set
The key on the panel can be used to reset energy, convenient to users.
A TFT LCD, or a thin film transistor liquid crystal display, is one of the fastest
growing forms of display technology today. The thin film transistor (TFT) is a type of
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semiconductor device used in display technology to enhance efficiency, compactness,
and cost of the product. In conjunction with its semiconductor properties, the TFT
Within an LCD, each pixel can be characterized by its three sub-pixels. These three
sub-pixels create the RGB colorization of that overall pixel. These sub-pixels act as
capacitors, or electrical storage units within a device, each with their own independent
structural and functional layers as described earlier. With the three sub-pixels per
pixel, colors of almost any kind can be mixed from the light passing through the filters
The advantage of relays is that it takes a relatively small amount of power to operate
the relay coil. However, a relay switch circuit can be used to control motors, heaters,
lamps or AC circuits which themselves can draw a lot more electrical voltage, current
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The electro-mechanical relay is an output device (actuator) which come in a whole
host of shapes, sizes and designs, and have many uses and applications in electronic
circuits. But while electrical relays can be used to allow low power electronic or
computer type circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages both “ON” or
The design and types of relay switching circuits is huge, but many small
electronic projects use transistors and MOSFETs as their main switching device as the
transistor can provide fast DC switching (ON-OFF) control of the relay coil from a
variety of input sources so here is a small collection of some of the more common
A typical relay switch circuit has the coil driven by a NPN transistor switch, TR1 as
shown depending on the input voltage level. When the Base voltage of the transistor is
zero (or negative), the transistor is cut-off and acts as an open switch. In this condition
no Collector current flows and the relay coil is de-energised because being current
devices, if no current flows into the Base, then no current will flow through the relay
coil.
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If a large enough positive current is now driven into the Base to saturate the NPN
transistor, the current flowing from Base to Emitter (B to E) controls the larger relay
coil current flowing through the transistor from the Collector to Emitter.
For most bipolar switching transistors, the amount of relay coil current flowing into
the Collector would be somewhere between 50 to 800 times that of the required Base
current to drive the transistor into saturation. The current gain, or beta value ( β ) of
the general purpose BC109 shown is typically about 290 at 2mA (Datasheet).
(www.electronics-tutorials.ws)
converters convert one DC voltage level to another, which may be higher or lower, by
storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a
different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components
unit.
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ii. SMD is a circuit mounted device assembled from surface mount components and
technology. SMD current sensors attach directly to the circuit board, without the
iii. Clamp or bolt on sensors clamp or bolt onto the surface. These are best used for
iv. Through hole technology (THT) mounts components on a printed circuit board
by inserting component leads through holes in the board and then soldering the
v. Surface mount technology (SMT) adds current sensors to the printed circuit
board (PCB) by soldering component leads or terminals to the top surface of the
board.
vi. Handheld products are portable and do not require special mounting hardware.
Diodes: A diode is a single junction device made of p and n type materials. Its main
function is to rectify an ac signal although other special purpose diodes like zener and
led’s are used for other purposes. Majorly are used to allow flow of current in one
direction when forward. Zener diode these are used for voltage regulation in power
Types of Diode
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v. Schottky Diode
vi. Photodiode
Resistors: Resistors can be of two types: fixed value resistors or variable resistors.
Capacitors: Capacitors are capable of storing charges. They are used for coupling ac
signals from one circuit to another and for frequency selection etc.
They are also used for filtering the output wave form in power supply circuit.
amplification of voltages, current and are also used in oscillator circuits and switches.
Switches: They are used for breaking and completing the circuit.
LEDs: Leds are pn junction devices which emit light radiation when biased in the
forward direction
Voltage Regulator: They are used to produce a constant output direct voltage
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Relays: This an electromechanical device have a coil wound on a solenoid, movable
contact, normally open contact and normally close contact such that when the power
passes through the coil, magnetizes the solenoid and attract the move contact
commanding to either open or close depending on the state of the device. It can be
completing the circuit on the loads. The choice depends on the purpose and the current
to switch on.
Batteries: This is an electrochemical cell that has two terminals positive and negative
Buzzer: This is an electronic device that transduce electrical signal into sound signal.
They are different types depending on the power rating required to use.
Fuse: They are used to allow rated current to pass through and block high current by
melting out to break the circuit thus protect the connected load.
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for
selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
The power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source
to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power
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Figure 2.11 Power Supply Unit (Akash, 2020)
i. Linear Power Supply: In a linear power supply, the AC input voltage passes
voltage. The filtering reduces the amplitude of AC mains frequency present in the
rectifier output and can be as simple as a single capacitor or more complex such as
a pi filter. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of
filtering that must be provided by the power supply. In some applications, ripple
can be entirely ignored. For example, in some battery charging applications, the
power supply consists of just a transformer and a diode, with a simple resistor
can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the
frequency which ranges from several hundred kHz to several MHz in contrast to
the 50 or 60 Hz mains frequency. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power
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supply topology and the requirement for electromagnetic interference (EMI)
replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter
weight is required. They are, however, more complicated; switching currents can
cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs
mode_power_supply, 2022).
The following presents a review of similar work that are relevant to the research area.
This review is necessary to give an extent of research in this area and to identify a
research problem as well as tools and techniques used to solve the problem. The
techniques.
Kumar et al. (2018) proposed a three-phase power and energy monitoring system that
transmission. The system was designed to be low-cost and easy to install, making it a
practical solution for residential and small-scale industrial settings. The authors
Chakraborty et al. (2019) proposed a three-phase energy metering system that employs
energy in real time. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller to sample the
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measurements and transmit them to a cloud-based server for logging and analysis. The
and control system using a Raspberry Pi and a Python-based program. The system
measured voltage, current, and power consumption in real time, and could be accessed
remotely via a web interface. The authors reported that their system achieved a
and optimization.
Manoj, (2020) in their work, presented the Design and Simulation of Single Phase
Intelligent Prepared Energy Meter. The meter was designed to measure energy
consumption intelligently. It is only able to measure energy usage and not to monitor
(Zhenyu, 2021) utilized a DSP – based meter to measure the electricity consumption
transmitted data back, using the Power Line Communication (PLC) technique. The
major problem with this system is that it cannot detect tampering by consumers.
(Pierluigi, 2022) their findings collectively indicate that the paper explores the design
and functionality of a data logging system, emphasizing its capacity for long-term data
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2.5 Research Gap
Energy forecasting with artificial intelligence integrate a feature that predicts future
energy usage based on historical data, helping users plan more efficiently using
artificial intelligence
In conclusion, three-phase meter using data logger are becoming increasingly popular
reviewed in this project demonstrate that such systems can be designed and
levels of accuracy and practicality. Further research in this area could focus on
optimizing the design and performance of these systems, as well as exploring their
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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the materials as well as the steps in the development of a three-
3.2 Materials
The material that will be used to carry out this research include
i. Microcontrollers
ii. ESP-32
3.3 Methodology
i. Determine the specific requirement for the three phase energy meter including
the voltage level, current range, accuracy, communication protocols and data
logging capability
ii. Choose the necessary hardware component such as current transformer (CTs)
for measuring the current, voltage (VTs) for measuring the voltage,
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iii. Develop the circuitry for measuring and interpreting the three phase electrical
involve designing an appropriate analogue front end circuit for conditioning the
signals from the CTs and VTs and digital processing circuit for calculating the
energy consumption.
iv. Incorporate a data logger module (e.g an SD Card or EEPROM) to store the
energy consumption data along with a real time clock module to record the
measured voltage and current values. These algorithms can involve processing
the signal waveforms using digital signal processing techniques performing the
data transmission from the energy meter to an external device or network. This
vii. Install the energy meter at the desired location and periodically monitor its
viii. Provide adequate maintenance and support for the energy meter system
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3.4 Conclusion
data logger. This can be achieved by the design and implementation of a robust
hardware system which include the use of precise voltage and current sensors,
microcontroller unit and memory storage. This can be beneficial for monitoring and
during off peak hours. Also, it offers a reliable and efficient solution for accurate
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