XI - Unit4

AI Values (Ethical Decision Making)
PART B - Unit 4
Weightage - 4 Marks
1. AI: Issues, Concerns and Ethical Considerations

Robotics and AI may create a unique opportunity in human society. Days are not too far, when
we will entrust the management of the environment, economy, public security, healthcare or
agriculture to artificially intelligent robots and computer systems. And this is where the
discussion on ‘AI Ethics and values’ is born. Countries all over the world are in a race to evolve
their AI skills and technologies.
1.1. Issues and Concerns around AI

Watch this YouTube video: Humans Need Not Apply
After watching this, write a short note on their understanding of the video below:
As Artificial Intelligence evolves, so do the issues and concerns around it. Let us review some of
the issues and concerns around AI here:
Personal Privacy: Human behaviour and activities can be tracked in ways that were
unimaginable earlier. AI systems need huge amounts of data in order to be trained. In many
cases data involves individual faces, medical records, financial data, location information etc.
Job Loss: One of the primary concerns around AI is the future loss of jobs. According to
a research by McKinsey, 800 million people will lose their jobs. At the same time another point
to keep in mind is that AI may also create more jobs, after all, people will be tasked with creating
these robots to begin with and then manage them in the future.
What if AI makes a mistake: Microsoft’s AI Chatbot – ‘Tay’ was released on Twitter in 2016. In
less than one day, due to the information it was receiving and learning from other Twitter users,
the robot learned to spew racist slurs and Nazi propaganda. Another similar example, again
from Microsoft Surface device. The device allows the user to login using your face. However, the
device has difficulty recognising faces of people from certain demographics. Microsoft identified
this issue and fixed it later.
1.2. AI and Ethical Concerns

Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with moral obligations and duties of humans. It is a set
of moral principles which govern the behaviour and actions of individuals or groups.
“The ethics of AI is the part of the ethics technology specific to robots and other artificially
intelligent beings. It can be divided into roboethics, a concern with the moral behaviour of
humans as they design, construct, use and treat artificially intelligent beings, and machine
ethics, which is concerned with the moral behaviour of artificial moral agents (AMAs). With
regard to artificial general intelligence (AGIs), preliminary work has been conducted on
approaches to integrating AGIs which are full ethical agents with existing legal and social
frameworks “ .
The bigger concerns are:
➢ If AI generates human-like output, can it also make human-like decision?
➢ If AI makes human-like decisions, are the decision human-like also?
➢ If AI takes decision as to whether a bank loan should be disbursed or not, is AI algorithm
fair?
➢ If AI decides whether college admission can be provided to particular candidate or not, is
there guarantee that algorithm is not biased?
➢ If AI makes human-like decision, is it human-like trustworthy also?
➢ AI is basically data + mathematical model + training based on data + predictions. What if
the data provided for the training is unintentionally wrong/biased?
Such questions and concerns are endless and therefore ‘Ethics of AI’ is important. As a citizen
of the AI society, we must know how AI works and the framework of AI ethics.
1.3. AI and Bias

“AI bias, is a phenomenon that occurs when an algorithm produces results that are
systematically prejudiced towards certain gender, language, race, wealth etc. and therefore
produces skewed or leaned output. Algorithms can have built-in biases because they are
created by individuals who have conscious or unconscious preferences that may go
undiscovered until the algorithms are used publically”.
What are the sources of AI bias?

There could be many sources, but let’s outline three sources of for AI bias
1. Data
AI system are as good as the data we put into them. And putting biased/skewed data into the
system is the reason for AI bias. AI system don’t have understanding of whether their training
data is right or wrong and have enough representation from a broader base.
Amazon developed an AI tool for recruitment, but the company realized its new system was not
rating candidates for software developer jobs and other technical posts in a gender-neutral way.
This is because Amazon's computer models were trained to vet applicants by observing
patterns in resumes submitted to the company over a 10-year period. Most resumes came from
men, a reflection of male dominance across the tech industry.
Another example is that of voice assistants like Siri or Alexa that are trained on huge databases
of recorded speech that are unfortunately dominated by speech samples from white, upper-
middle class Americans, making it challenging for the technology to understand commands from
people outside this category.
2. Algorithm
While algorithm, in itself doesn’t inject bias but can amplify the biases caused by data.
For example, an image classifier trained on the images available in public domain - which
happens to show more women in the kitchen as opposed to men. AI algorithms are designed to
maximize accuracy. So an AI algorithm may decide that all people in the kitchen are women,
despite the fact the training data has some images of men in the kitchen. It thereby incorporates
a gender bias in the AI system.
3. People
The last issue is with the people who are developing the AI system i.e. engineers, scientists,
developers etc. They aim to get the most accurate results with the available data. They are
often lesser focused on the broader context. It is rightly said that ethics and bias are not the
problem of the machine but that of the humans behind the machine.
1.4. AI: Ethics, Bias and Trust

Adoption of AI by companies is increasing and they are seeing AI as critical to the future of their
business and sustainability. However, there are concerns regarding the possible misuse of the
technology, which lead to a trust and confidence issues.
Currently, AI can automate data entry tasks, can take attendance of students in a classroom or
can beat Gary Kasparov at chess. However, more complicated usage of algorithms like machine
learning or neural networks, makes it less likely for human beings to understand how AI arrived
at a conclusion.
While there is no easy solution to this problem, the way forward is for governments, industry and
regulatory bodies to join hands in addressing the challenge of ‘AI trust’ by doing the following:
1. Minimize bias in training data

2. Share the algorithm with the government/public/users, if possible
One of the most famous algorithms right now in the world is the ‘Google Search’. Sunder Pichai,
the Google CEO, had to describe the algorithm to lawmakers, explaining that the search
algorithm uses over 200 signals, including relevance and popularity, to determine a page rank. A
bipartisan bill was recently proposed by the US lawmakers that would require internet giants
such as Google, Facebook, Yahoo and AOL to disclose their search algorithms
3. AI developers should be representative/inclusive of diverse backgrounds – gender,
religion, skin colour, language and so on.
4. There should be an international monitoring body that designs and monitors and AI ethics
and algorithm policy.
1.5. Employment and AI

Although Artificial Intelligence has dramatically improved our world in many ways, there are
notable concerns regarding the forthcoming impact of AI on employment and the workforce.
Roles and Jobs at Risk:
Jobs that are monotonous and repetitive, can be easily automated; this can gradually lead to
certain jobs becoming obsolete.
● Activities related to customer care operation, document classification, content
moderation, production line in factories etc., are at risk of being taken away by smart
robots and software.
● Self-driving cars and trucks will soon be a reality; transportation will see a transportation.
● More traditional professions, such as legal professions and accounting will be
significantly impacted. In these sectors we will start to see different kinds of roles
emerging, which require higher order skills.
● Financial Services, Insurance and any other sector requiring significant amounts of data
processing and content handling will also be impacted to a certain extent.
● AI can have a significant role in eliminating bureaucracy, improving the service to
citizens.
● The healthcare sector and imaging services will also have some degree of impact.
It is a fact that AI will create millions of more jobs than the ones that it will affect. These new jobs
will require higher order thinking skills.
Advent of Internet and computers made a few jobs and roles obsolete, but, we know the number
of opportunities and new jobs it has created.
AI is becoming adept at language translation i.e. Natural Language Processing (NLP). If the
cost of basic translation drops to nearly zero, the cost of doing business with those who speak
other languages falls. Thus, it motivates companies to do more business overseas, creating
more work for human translators. AI may do the simple translations, but humans are needed for
the complicated ones.
Activity
Prepare a list of
i) 5 jobs or professions that AI will disrupt
ii) 5 job segment that will be immune to AI
iii)10 new jobs or businesses that will be created by AI

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AI Values (Ethical Decision Making)

1. AI: Issues, Concerns and Ethical Considerations

1.1. Issues and Concerns around AI

1.2. AI and Ethical Concerns

1.3. AI and Bias

What are the sources of AI bias?

1.4. AI: Ethics, Bias and Trust

1. Minimize bias in training data

1.5. Employment and AI

ii) 5 job segment that will be immune to AI

iii)10 new jobs or businesses that will be created by AI

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