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 Oggi in Italia: A First Course in Italian, © 2016, 2012 Cengage Learning
Enhanced Ninth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Franca Celli Merlonghi, Ferdinando
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  iii

To the Student
Welcome to the study of Italian and welcome to Oggi in Italia! Learning a foreign language can
be an enjoyable and stimulating experience, especially if you think of it as learning a way to
communicate with other people. As you develop your skills in listening, speaking, reading, and
writing in Italian, remember that you will also be learning about Italy, its people, and its culture.
Learning a language takes work and practice, yet it should also be an enjoyable experi-
ence. By making the most of your learning, you will find that you can manage quite well
the first time you have a conversation with a native Italian speaker or when you step off a
plane in Rome or Milan and enter today’s Italy.

Student Components
Student Textbook
This textbook is your primary resource for learning Italian. It contains cultural information,
vocabulary/grammar presentations and practice, and activities to help you develop
listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in Italian.

iLrn: Heinle Learning Center

The iLrn: Heinle Learning Center includes an audio- and video-enhanced eBook, assign-
able textbook activities, companion videos with pre- and post-viewing activities, partnered
voice-recorded activities, an online workbook and lab manual with audio, interactive
enrichment activities, and a diagnostic study tool to help you prepare for exams.

Additional supplements include:

Text Audio Program
Available in MP3 format on the Oggi in Italia iLrn: Heinle Learning Center and Premium
Website

Student Activities Manual (SAM) Workbook and Lab Manual

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Available in MP3 format on the Oggi in Italia iLrn: Heinle Learning Center and Premium
Website

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Available in digital format on the Oggi in Italia iLrn: Heinle Learning Center

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iv

Contents
To the Student iii
Acknowledgments xi

lezione
preliminare
Il saluto xii
DIALOGHI 1, 2, 4 Pronuncia: L’alfabeto italiano / I suoni delle
Finestra culturale: Levels of formality 2; vocali / I numeri da 0 a 20 / Parole analoghe 6
Use of courtesy and professional titles 3; L’Italia nell’Europa: Carta dell’Unione Europea /
Customary greetings 5 Carta fisica d’Italia / Carta politica d’Italia 9
I nomi italiani (maschili e femminili) 5 Vocabolario 13

lezione

1 Lei come si chiama? 14

Monologhi 15 Struttura ed uso: Pronomi personali /
Vocabolario 17 Presente di essere / Presente di avere / Genere
dei nomi e l’articolo indeterminativo 24
Finestra culturale: La scuola in Italia 18
Parliamo un po’ 32
Pronuncia: Sillabazione (Syllabication) /
Accento tonico (Stress) 19 Conoscere l’Italia: Roma 34

Ampliamento del vocabolario: I numeri da 21 Viaggi in video: Roma 36

a 100 / Cose utili 20

lezione

2 Presentazioni 38
Monologhi 39 Struttura ed uso: Plurale dei nomi / L’articolo
Finestra culturale: L’università italiana 41 determinativo / Aggettivi possessivi 47

Vocabolario 42 Parliamo un po’ 54

Pronuncia: Il suono della /t/ / Il suono della Conoscere l’Italia: Bologna / La cucina
/d/ 42 emiliana 56

Ampliamento del vocabolario: Materie Viaggi in video: Bologna 58

d’insegnamento / Che ora è? Che ore sono? 43

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  v

lezione

3 Che cosa fai di bello? 60

Dialogo 61 Struttura ed uso: Presente dei verbi regolari in
Finestra culturale: Il bar italiano 62 -are / Preposizioni semplici e articolate / C’è, ci
sono, ecco 68
Vocabolario 63
Parliamo un po’ 77
Pronuncia: Il suono della /l/ / Il suono della
/p/ 64 Conoscere l’Italia: Le piazze italiane / Caffè
famosi 79
Ampliamento del vocabolario: La città /
Espressioni con avere 65 Viaggi in video: Modena 82

lezione

4 Cosa prendono i signori? 84

Dialogo 85 Struttura ed uso: Presente dei verbi regolari in
Finestra culturale: I cognomi italiani 87 -ere / Formulare le domande / Verbi irregolari:
dare, fare, stare 93
Vocabolario 88
Parliamo un po’ 102
Pronuncia: La lettera h / Il suono della
combinazione /qu/ / Dittonghi e trittonghi 89 Conoscere l’Italia: La Sicilia / Riposto (Catania)
“Le granite, l’Etna e il mare” 105
Ampliamento del vocabolario: I giorni della
settimana / Alcune espressioni di tempo 90 Viaggi in video: La Sicilia 108

lezione

5 È Carnevale! 110
Dialogo 111 Struttura ed uso: Concordanza degli aggettivi
Finestra culturale: Dove fare gli qualificativi / Posizione degli aggettivi con i
acquisti? 112 nomi / Presente dei verbi regolari in -ire / Verbi
irregolari: andare e venire 117
Vocabolario 113
Parliamo un po’ 127
Pronuncia: I suoni della /c/ 114
Conoscere l’Italia: L’Umbria / Le attrazioni
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Caratteristiche
dell’Umbria 129
personali / Altre caratteristiche personali 115
Viaggi in video: Perugia 132

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vi

lezione

6 Dov’è andato in vacanza? 134

Dialogo 135 Struttura ed uso: Passato prossimo con avere
Finestra culturale: I giovani italiani 136 / Passato prossimo con essere / Participi
passati irregolari / Verbi irregolari: bere, dire,
Vocabolario 137
uscire 142
Pronuncia: I suoni della /r/ 138
Parliamo un po’ 153
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Le stagioni e i
Conoscere l’Italia: I parchi nazionali italiani / Il
mesi dell’anno / Alcune espressioni di tempo al
Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre 155
passato 139
Viaggi in video: Cinque Terre 158

lezione

7 Il mercato all’aperto 160

Dialogo 161 Struttura ed uso: Verbi riflessivi / Imperativo
Finestra culturale: Il mercato rionale 162 informale (tu noi, voi) / Imperativo formale (lei) /
Partitivo con di 168
Vocabolario 163
Parliamo un po’ 179
Pronuncia: I suoni della /s/ 163
Conoscere l’Italia: La Liguria / Un grande porto
Ampliamento del vocabolario: I cibi / I numeri
di mare 181
da 100 in poi 164
Viaggi in video: Genova 184

lezione

8 In famiglia 186
Dialogo 187 Struttura ed uso: Dovere, potere e volere /
Finestra culturale: La famiglia italiana 188 Pronomi diretti / Aggettivi e pronomi
dimostrativi questo e quello 194
Vocabolario 189
Parliamo un po’ 203
Pronuncia: I suoni delle combinazioni /sc/ e
/sch/ 190 Conoscere l’Italia: Venezia / Una regione ricca
205
Ampliamento del vocabolario: La famiglia e i
parenti / Lei viaggia? 190 Viaggi in video: Verona 208

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  vii

lezione

9 Un anno all’estero 210

Monologo 211 Struttura ed uso: Imperfetto / Espressioni
Finestra culturale: Studiare all’estero 213 negative / Pronomi personali di forma
tonica 218
Vocabolario 214
Parliamo un po’ 227
Pronuncia: I suoni della /g/ 215
Conoscere l’Italia: La Puglia / Bari, Brindisi e
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Che tempo fa?
Taranto 229
/ Alcune espressioni di tempo con ogni, volta,
di, tutti/e 215 Viaggi in video: La Puglia 232

lezione

10 Ad una mostra cinematografica 234

Dialogo 235 Struttura ed uso: Contrasto fra l’imperfetto ed
Finestra culturale: Il cinema italiano 237 il passato prossimo / Plurale di alcuni nomi ed
aggettivi / Sapere e conoscere 243
Vocabolario 238
Parliamo un po’ 251
Pronuncia: Il suono di /gl/ + /i/ 238
Conoscere l’Italia: Milano / Vestire
Ampliamento del vocabolario:
bene 254
L’abbigliamento, i tessuti e i colori /
Il cinema 239 Viaggi in video: Milano 258

lezione

11 La settimana bianca 260

Dialogo 261 Struttura ed uso: Pronomi indiretti /
Finestra culturale: Lo sci in Italia 262 Costruzioni con piacere / Verbi riflessivi con
significato di reciprocità 269
Vocabolario 264
Parliamo un po’ 278
Pronuncia: Il suono della combinazione
/gn/ 264 Conoscere l’Italia: Torino / Il Piemonte 281

Ampliamento del vocabolario: Il corpo umano / Viaggi in video: La Provincia di

Oggetti personali utili 265 Alessandria 284

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viii

lezione

12 Andiamo a vedere la partita? 286

Dialogo 287 Struttura ed uso: Futuro semplice / Trapassato /
Finestra culturale: Gli sport in Italia 289 Il pronome ne e l’avverbio ci 293

Vocabolario 290 Parliamo un po’ 303

Pronuncia: I suoni della /z/ 290 Conoscere l’Italia: La Calabria / Le attrazioni

della Calabria 305
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Gli sport 291
Viaggi in video: La Calabria 308

lezione

13 Cento di questi giorni! 310

Dialogo 311 Struttura ed uso: Condizionale / Pronomi
Finestra culturale: La gastronomia italiana 313 combinati / Pronomi relativi che e cui 318

Vocabolario 314 Parliamo un po’ 327

Pronuncia: Intonazione 315 Conoscere l’Italia: La Sardegna / Una bella

meta turistica 329
Ampliamento del vocabolario: I pasti e le
stoviglie / Rivenditori e negozi 316 Viaggi in video: La Sardegna 332

lezione

14 In cerca di un appartamento 334

Dialogo 335 Struttura ed uso: Comparativo d’uguaglianza /
Finestra culturale: I giornali italiani 337 Comparativo di maggioranza e di minoranza /
Comparativi irregolari 343
Vocabolario 338
Parliamo un po’ 350
Pronuncia: Consonanti doppie 339
Conoscere l’Italia: Firenze / Le origini della
Ampliamento del vocabolario: La casa /
lingua italiana 352
I mobili e gli elettrodomestici 340
Viaggi in video: Firenze 356

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  ix

lezione

15 Il telegiornale 358
Monologo 359 Congiuntivo presente: Verbi irregolari /
Finestra culturale: Il sistema politico Congiuntivo con espressioni di emozione,
italiano 361 dubbio o opinione / Superlativo relativo e
superlativo assoluto / Superlativi irregolari 366
Vocabolario 362
Parliamo un po’ 381
Pronuncia: Ripasso della consonante r 363
Conoscere l’Italia: Napoli / Il popolo
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Paesi e capitali
napoletano 383
d’Europa / La politica e il governo 363
Viaggi in video: La Campania 386
Struttura ed uso: Congiuntivo presente: Verbi
che esprimono desiderio, volontà e speranza /

lezione

16 Che cosa è in programma? 388

Dialogo 389 Struttura ed uso: Congiuntivo con espressioni
Finestra culturale: La musica e i giovani 391 impersonali / Congiuntivo passato / Congiuntivo
dopo le congiunzioni / Costruzioni con si 396
Vocabolario 391
Parliamo un po’ 406
Pronuncia: Ripasso della consonante c 392
Conoscere l’Italia: L’Abruzzo / Chieti, “Alla
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Gli strumenti
scoperta dell’archeologia” 408
musicali / I prefissi in-, s-, dis- e ri- 393
Viaggi in video: L’Abruzzo 412

lezione

17 E dopo la laurea? 414

Dialogo 415 Struttura ed uso: Imperfetto del congiuntivo /
Finestra culturale: I giovani italiani e il Trapassato del congiuntivo e correlazione dei
lavoro 416 tempi / Frasi introdotte da se / Condizionale
passato 423
Vocabolario 418
Parliamo un po’ 434
Pronuncia: Ripasso della consonante g 418
Conoscere l’Italia: Le Marche / “Canto
Ampliamento del vocabolario: Mestieri,
notturno di un pastore errante dell’Asia”
professioni e altre occupazioni / Il mondo del
(Giacomo Leopardi) 436
lavoro 419
Viaggi in video: Le Marche 438

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x

lezione

18 Abiti sempre in città? 440

Dialogo 441 Struttura ed uso: Tempi progressivi / Avverbi
Finestra culturale: Il traffico e l’ambiente nelle di tempo, luogo, modo e quantità / Verbi che
città italiane 443 richiedono una preposizione 447

Vocabolario 443 Parliamo un po’ 455

Pronuncia: Ripasso delle combinazioni /sc/ e Conoscere l’Italia: Friuli-Venezia Giulia /

/sch/ / Ripasso di /gli/ 444 L’agriturismo 458

Ampliamento del vocabolario: I mezzi di Viaggi in video: Il Friuli-Venezia Giulia 462

trasporto / L’ambiente 445

Reference Section
Argomenti supplementari Italian–English Vocabulary R19
Numeri ordinali R2
English–Italian Vocabulary R36
Nomi alterati R3
Index R47
Aggettivi e pronomi indefiniti R4
Pronomi possessivi R6
Passato remoto R7
Voce passiva R9

Appendices
A: Spelling/sound correspondences R11
B: Avere and essere R12
C: Regular verbs: Simple tenses and compound
tenses with avere and essere R12
D: Verbs conjugated with essere R14
E: Verbs with irregular past participles R14
F: Irregular verbs R15

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  xi

Acknowledgments
The authors and publisher would like to express their appreciation to the many
instructors teaching with Oggi in Italia who have offered their feedback on the program.
We also extend a special word of thanks to the following reviewers for their ideas and
recommendations for this revised edition.

Fabian Alfie, University of Arizona Elisabetta Misuraca, Bryant University

Evelina Badery Anderson, University of Massimo Musumeci, Community College of
Montana, Missoula Philadelphia
Salvatore Cappelletti, Providence College Cinzia Noble, Brigham Young University
Barbara Carle, California State University, Mirta Pagnucci, Northern Illinois University
Sacramento Rossella Pescatori, El Camino College
Dante Ceruolo, Oxford University Madison Sowell, Brigham Young University
Claudio Concin, City College of San Francisco, Giuseppe Tassone, University of Washington
Downtown
Elena Visconti di Modrone, New York University
Lorraine Denman, University of Pittsburgh
Patricia Di Silvio, Tufts University We’d also like to thank the following people for
Nanette Granuzzo, Middlesex County College their writing contributions to the ancillary
program:
Lucia Hannau, Purdue University
Veruska Cantelli
Lucia Harrison, Southeastern Louisiana
University Lucia Hannau, Purdue University
Stephanie Laggini Fiore, Temple University Jason Laine, Penn State
Jason Laine, Penn State University Melina Masterson
Patrizia Lissoni, University of California, Los Rossella Pescatori, El Camino College
Angeles Mirta Pagnucci, Northern Illinois University
Simonetta May, Pasadena City College Kris Swanson
Tom Means, Borough of Manhattan Community Elena Visconti di Modrone, New York University
College, CUNY

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lezione

p
Il saluto

Communicative Objectives Studenti e

studentesse vanno a
• Greet others and say good-bye using the
lezione all’università
appropriate level of formality in Sicilia
Federico Meneghetti / Photolibrary

• Express how you’re feeling

risorse
• Express what you like audio

• Talk about classes and people video

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• Give street addresses and zip codes ISBN/0495913391
ilrn.heinle.com

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 L e zio ne  pre limina re 1

Buon giorno! Lei come si chiama?

CD1,
Track 2 Il professore e lo studente
professor landini: Buon giorno.
Sono Giovanni Landini.
Sono il professore d’italiano.
Lei come si chiama?
maurizio: Buon giorno, professore.
Mi chiamo Maurizio Ferroni.

La professoressa e la studentessa
professoressa venturi: Buon giorno.
Sono la professoressa d’italiano.
Mi chiamo Luciana Venturi.
E lei, come si chiama?
simona: Buon giorno, professoressa.
Mi chiamo Simona Barbieri.

Buona sera! Come sta?

Il signor Carboni e il dottor Salvini
signor carboni: Buona sera, dottor Salvini.
Come sta?
dottor salvini: Bene, grazie, e lei?
Signor carboni: Molto bene, grazie. ...
Arrivederla, dottore.

La signora Masetti e la signorina Polidori

signorina polidori: Buona sera, signora Masetti.
Come sta?
signora masetti: Abbastanza bene, e lei?
signorina polidori: Bene, grazie... A più tardi, signora.

Pratica  lei = you, formal

tu = you, informal
1. Introduce yourself to four or five classmates, asking each person his/her
name. Buon giorno and buona sera
>> — Buon giorno. Mi chiamo (Giorgio Lotti). E lei, come si chiama? can also be spelled as 1 word:
­buongiorno, buonasera.
— Mi chiamo (Gabriella).

2. Find out from three or four classmates how they are feeling.
>> — Buon giorno, (Roberto). Come sta?
— Bene (Abbastanza bene / Non c’è male), grazie. E lei?
— Molto bene.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 2 Le zi o n e p r el i m i n a r e

Levels of formality
In Italian, as in English, speakers use different levels • What greetings do you use in English in formal
of formality, depending on the situation and to whom and informal situations?
they are speaking. For example, in Italy, you might
use ciao or salve (hello) as a greeting, and ciao or
arrivederci as a farewell to a friend or a member of
the family. In a more formal situation, speaking to a
stranger or an acquaintance, you might use buon
giorno or buona sera as a greeting and arrivederla
as a farewell.
In English, speakers always use the pronoun you

Alessandro Ventura / Photolibrary

when addressing another person. In Italian, there
are two ways of expressing you when addressing
another person. Tu is used with someone you know
on a first-name basis, such as a child, friend, class-
mate, or member of your family. Lei is used with a
stranger, an acquaintance, an older person, or some- — Ciao, Giovanni, come stai?
one in a position of authority. — Non c’è male, grazie. E tu?

Ciao! Come ti chiami?

CD1,
Track 3 Anna Melani e Paolo Salvatori
paolo: Ciao! Come ti chiami?
anna: Io? Mi chiamo Anna. E tu, come ti chiami?
paolo: Paolo.

Silvia Bellini ed Enrico Genovesi

silvia: Tu ti chiami Paolo Salvatori?
enrico: No, mi chiamo Enrico Genovesi.
silvia: Piacere, Enrico. Io mi chiamo Silvia Bellini.

Come stai?
Patrizia Moro e Rosanna Peroni
rosanna: Ciao, Patrizia, come stai?
patrizia: Non c’è male. E tu?
rosanna: Benissimo! ... Arrivederci.
patrizia: A domani, Rosanna.

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 L e zio ne  pre limina re 3

Luigi Rinaldi e Marcello Bottino

luigi: Salve, Marcello. Come stai?
marcello: Bene, grazie. E tu, come stai?
luigi: Mah, così così. ... A presto, Marcello.
marcello: Ciao!

Pratica
1. Find out the names of four or five classmates.
>> — Tu, come ti chiami?
— Mi chiamo (Susanna / Mario).

2. Greet a friend and ask how he/she is. Then exchange roles.
>> — Ciao (Renata), come stai?
— Molto bene (Benissimo / Non c’è male / Così così / Male), grazie.

3. You’re leaving class. Say good-bye to four or five classmates.

>> — Ciao (Luigi), arrivederci.
— A domani (A presto / Ci vediamo domani).
— Ciao, (Vittoria).

Use of courtesy and professional titles

The use of first names among adults is less frequent forms (Sig., Sig.ra, and Sig.na), which are used
in Italy than in the United States. In the workplace mainly in letter writing.
in informal situations, people usually call or refer to
their colleagues or coworkers by using only their last
names without any title. The courtesy titles signore,
signorina, and signora can be used in place of a
name. In contrast to English usage, professional
titles, such as dottore, avvocato (lawyer), and
­ingegnere (engineer), are commonly used with or as
substitutes for names. Notice that the titles ending in JHDT Stock Images LLC / Shutterstock
-re (signore, dottore, professore, and ingegnere)
drop the final -e when they precede a name:
Buon giorno, Buon giorno,
professore.   professor Dini.
Buon giorno, dottore. Buon giorno,
 dottor Paolini.
Signore, signora, and signorina usually are not
La dottoressa Conti parla con una sua paziente.
capitalized in Italian, except in their abbreviated

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 4 Le zi o n e p r el i m i n a r e

Che peccato!
CD1,
Track 4
Giulia Campo is walking through Piazza San Marco in Florence on her way
to class when she meets her friend Giacomo Mannini. They shake hands and
chat for a minute.
giulia: Ciao, Giacomo, come stai?
giacomo: Non c’è male, grazie, e tu?
giulia: 
Bene, grazie. ... Ah, ecco il professor Renzi. Buon giorno,
professor Renzi.
5 professor renzi: Buon giorno, signorina Campo. Buon giorno, signor
Mannini.
giacomo e giulia: Buon giorno, professore.
The professor continues on his way.
giacomo: Hai lezione d’italiano con il professor Renzi?
10 giulia: Sì, fra cinque minuti.
giacomo: Ti piace l’italiano?
giulia: 
Sì, mi piace molto. Scusa, Giacomo, ma sono in ritardo.
giacomo: Che peccato! Arrivederci, Giulia, buona giornata!
15 giulia: Grazie! Ciao, Giacomo. A presto.

Pratica La lezione means lesson or

class, as in “to have a class.”
1. You’re between classes. Ask a classmate if he/she has class tomorrow. Then La classe (d’italiano) can refer
switch roles. to the (Italian) classroom or the
>> — Hai lezione domani? group of students in it.

— Sì, ho lezione d’italiano (d’inglese/di matematica/di storia).

2. Find out from a classmate if he/she has a class with a specific teacher whom
you know. Then switch roles.
>> — Hai lezione con (il professor Montini / la professoressa Corvari)?
— No, ho lezione con il professor... (la professoressa...).

3. Ask a classmate if he/she likes certain academic subjects.

>> — Ti piace (l’italiano / l’inglese / la matematica / la storia)?
— Sì, mi piace. (Sì, mi piace molto. / No, non mi piace.)

4. You see a friend hurrying along a hallway. Find out if he/she is late.
>> — Ciao, Monica, sei in ritardo?
— No, non sono in ritardo (sono in anticipo/sono puntuale).

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 L e zio ne  pre limina re 5

I nomi italiani (maschili e femminili) Italians frequently use the

diminutive forms of names:
Some Italian names are similar to English first names, with slight spelling Antonio = Toni or Tonio
changes, while others have no English equivalent. Note that many masculine Giovanni = Gianni or Vanni
first names ending in -o have an equivalent feminine first name ending in -a. Giuseppe = Beppe, Peppe,
Listen and repeat each name after your instructor. Look for the Italian or Pino
equivalent of your name and the names of family members, friends, and Luigi = Luigino or Gino
acquaintances. If no Italian equivalent of your name is listed, ask your Giulia = Giulietta
Elisabetta = Betta, Bettina, or
instructor if there is one.
Elisa
Giovanna = Gianna or Vanna
nomi maschili nomi femminili
Alberto Marcello Angela Giulia
Antonio Mario Anna Lisa
Carlo Massimo Antonella Loretta
Emilio Michele Bettina Luisa
Enrico Paolo Carla Maria
Franco Pietro Caterina Marisa
Giacomo Renato Daniela Paola
Giorgio Roberto Elena Patrizia
Giovanni Stefano Elisabetta Rosanna
Giuseppe Tommaso Franca Silvia
Lorenzo Valerio Francesca Teresa
Luigi Vittorio Giovanna Valeria

Customary greetings
In Italy, it is customary to shake hands when greet-
ing good friends as well as acquaintances, regard-
less of age. Italians (and many other Europeans)
shake hands with only one or two short, up-and-
down ­motions, not a series of them as Americans
do. Close friends who have not seen each other in
a long time tend to greet each other with a light
Antonello Turchetti / Getty Images

kiss on both cheeks, and not on one cheek only as

Americans do in similar circumstances.
• When do you shake hands with someone?
• Whom do you greet with a kiss?

— Arrivederci, Anna.
— Ciao, a presto.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 6 Le zi o n e p r el i m i n a r e

Pronuncia
L’alfabeto italiano
The Italian alphabet consists of twenty-one letters and five additional letters The grave accent ( ` ) is more
CD1, that appear only in foreign words. Accent marks (´ and `) occur on the vowels common than the acute accent
Track 5
a, e, i, o, and u under certain circumstances. ( ´ ) in Italian. The latter is gener-
Listen and repeat each letter of the Italian alphabet. ally used to indicate the closed
sound of /e/ in words such as:
perché, ventitré, benché, etc.

maiuscole e accenti e
alfabeto italiano lettere straniere minuscole punteggiatura
a a h acca q cu j i lunga C ci maiuscola ´ accento acuto
b bi i i r erre k cappa c ci minuscola ` accento grave
c ci l elle s esse x ics . punto
d di m emme t ti y ipsilon , virgola
e e n enne u u w vu doppia ? punto interrogativo
f effe o o v vu ! punto esclamativo
g gi p pi z zeta

SIENA
Università
Cultura perStranieri
Università per Stranieri di Siena

in movimento diSiena
UNIVERSITÀ PER STRANIERI DI SIENA

www.unistrasi.it – 0577 240 100/111

a You are at a hotel in Venice. Spell your name for the receptionist
who is looking for your reservations.
>> Jodie Fowler Jodie: i lunga, o, di, i, e Fowler: effe, o, vu doppia,
elle, e, erre

b You are in Italy trying to get the phone number of a friend from the
­ perator. Spell out your friend’s name and city. (See page 12 for some names
o
of Italian cities.)
>> Marco Giuliani Marco: emme, a, erre, ci, o Giuliani: gi, i, u, elle,
i, a, enne, i
Forlì Forlì: effe, o, erre, elle, i

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 L e zio ne  pre limina re 7

I suoni delle vocali

Because English and Italian have their own sets of sound-spelling corre-
spondences, the pronunciation sections of this text use a few of the special
symbols developed by the International Phonetic Association to represent
sounds. Each symbol, given between slash lines (for example, /a/), represents
a specific sound. A complete list of symbols, together with the Italian spelling
correspondences, appears in Appendix A.
There are five basic vowel sounds in Italian. The sounds /a/ (spelled a, as
in Anna), /i/ (spelled i, as in Milano), and /u/ (spelled u, as in studente) are
stable; they are always pronounced the same. The sounds /e/ (spelled e, as in
bene) and /o/ (spelled o, as in sono) may vary slightly.

c Listen and repeat the following words to practice the vowel sounds.
CD1,
Tracks
americana bene minuti sono Ugo
6–8 Anna come italiano Torino studente
matematica lezione signore Roberto università

d Proverbio. Listen and repeat the following Italian proverb.

Chi trova un amico trova un tesoro.
He who finds a friend finds a treasure.

I numeri da 0 a 20

Listen and pronounce the numbers from 0 to 20 (da zero a venti).

0 = zero 7 = sette 14 = quattordici

1 = uno 8 = otto 15 = quindici
2 = due 9 = nove 16 = sedici
3 = tre 10 = dieci 17 = diciassette
4 = quattro 11 = undici 18 = diciotto
5 = cinque 12 = dodici 19 = diciannove
6 = sei 13 = tredici 20 = venti

e In pairs: What are your reasons for learning Italian? Rate on a scale from
0 to 10 (da zero a dieci), how important it is for you to do the following.
Compare your responses with those of your partner.
>> speak Italian when you visit Italy dieci
1. read Italian newspapers or magazines
2. understand printed signs when you are in Italy
3. order food in an Italian restaurant in this country
4. learn more about Italian culture
5. cook lasagna from an Italian recipe
6. understand what the characters in Italian movies are saying
7. read literary classics in Italian
8. sing Puccini’s Madama Butterfly in Italian
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 ‘The greater extent of the plain was in grass, studded with thorny
“sidder” bushes; but some crops of barley and beans looked
flourishing, and here and there, where irrigation had been attempted
by means of watercourses from the river “Ghemáts” vegetation was
luxuriant beneath olive and other fruit-trees.
‘At about 4 p.m. the country assumed a more pleasing aspect as
we passed the villages of the Shloh tribe of Mesfíwa. These Shloh,
like the natives of Sus and Rif, are all of Berber race. Neither
Phœnicians, Goths, Romans nor Arabs ever succeeded in bringing
them completely under subjection, for they retreated before the
conquerors to the mountains, and in these highland fastnesses
maintained their independence. With the exception of a few tribes
they owe no political allegiance to the Sultan, but acknowledge his
spiritual suzerainty as the recognised head of the Mohammedan
religion in Morocco, in virtue of his direct descent from the Prophet.
They altogether differ in appearance from the Arabs, and no affinity
can be traced between the Berber and the Arabic languages,
excepting in words connected with the Mohammedan religion which
were introduced when the Berbers adopted the creed of Islam. In
place of tents the Shloh live in houses, of one or two stories, built of
mud and stone without mortar, the earth of this district having the
peculiar quality, when well beaten down, of being impermeable.
‘Learned writers have disputed the origin of the Berbers, but they
seem to agree that they are not the aborigines of the country, but
displaced another and more ancient race of inhabitants. One of the
traditions of the Berbers is that their ancestors were driven out of
Syria by the “Khalífa” of “Sidna Musa” (“our Lord Moses”), meaning
Joshua, the lieutenant of Moses. Their country in the South of
Morocco is called generally “Sus,” and the manner of their expulsion
is related in yet another legend quoted from a commentary on the
Koran.
‘God said unto David, “Banish the Beraber out of this land, for if
they dwelt in hills of iron they would break them down.” Whereupon,
says the story, King David placed the people on camels, in sacks
called “gharaiar,” and sent them away. When they arrived at the
Atlantic coast their leader called out, in the Berber tongue, “Sus”—
which means let down, or empty out—so the exiles were canted out
of their sacks, and the country is thence called “Sus” to this day!
‘Many of the Shloh proper names appear to have an affinity to the
Hebrew, if not actually of Hebraic origin, such as Ait Usi, Ait Atta, Ait
Emor, Ait Sisac, Ait Braim. The Hebrew equivalent of the first three
being Hait Busi, in our translation the Jebusites, Ha Hitti, the Hittites.
Ha Emori, the Amorites. Ait Sisac may be translated “Those of
Isaac,” or The children of laughter. Ait Braim needs no translation.
‘On our entry into Mesfíwa we were surprised to find signs of
much more industry, and even of civilisation, than in the districts
inhabited by the Arab population. Here irrigation was carefully
attended to; the numerous plantations of olive and fruit-trees, as well
as the fields of grain, were better cultivated; and the condition of the
bridle roads and rude bridges over the streams afforded further proof
of a more intelligent and industrious people.
‘Ascending the slopes we reached the camp pitched in an olive-
grove on a small island formed by the Ghemáts, here called the “Dad
i Sirr,” evidently its Berber name. We crossed with some difficulty this
mountain torrent, which foamed and swirled up to the horses’ girths.
Flowing down a gorge of the Atlas running nearly North and South,
this river then takes a north-westerly direction till it joins the Tensift,
which again flows into the Atlantic near Saffi.
‘On the side of a hill, about four hundred yards from the site of the
camp, lay the village Akhlij, crowned by a castle built of red stone
and earth, and having five square bastions with loopholes for
musketry. In fact every house in these villages can be used as a little
fort, the walls being pierced so that each householder can defend
himself against his neighbour, or all can combine and act against an
invader of their stronghold. The population of Akhlij is said to be
about 500 souls, including some forty Jews, each Jewish family,
according to the custom of the Shloh, being under the special
protection of a Mohammedan chieftain.
 ‘Above the spot where we were encamped rose the mountain of
Zinat Kar, the summit dotted with patches of snow, and, towering
over all, the snowy heights of “Glaui” frowned upon the groves of
palms, oranges and olives which spread below basking in the sultry
temperature of the plains.
‘On our arrival in camp the Sheikh and elders of the village
presented themselves, by order of the Sultan, to welcome the
“Bashador.” The Sheikh, a tall man, was draped in a long, seamless
“haik;” but some of his followers wore a black burnous similar to
those in use among the Jews of Marákesh. The meeting took place
under the British flag—hoisted for the first time in these wild regions
—before Sir John’s tent. In the evening the deputation returned,
bringing an abundant supply of provisions and forage, and, in
addition, huge dishes of cooked food for the soldiers and camp-
followers. This “mona” was collected from the whole province under
the rule of Basha Grenog, comprising some fifteen “kabail,” or tribes,
spread over a district about fifty miles in diameter. The tax therefore
fell lightly on the inhabitants, not amounting to more perhaps than a
half-penny a family, which sum would be deducted from the payment
of their annual taxes.
‘This spot in the valley of Uríka, at the foot of the Atlas, is about
500 feet above Marákesh and 2,000 feet above sea-level, and the
fine air was most enjoyable. The night appeared cold, the
temperature falling below 60° Fahr. At midday it was 74° in the
shade.
‘There were contradictory statements as to the sport to be
expected. But, after much cross-questioning, the natives confessed
that there were no wild boar nearer than the snow; that the
“audad[48],” or wild sheep, was to be found, but only on the highest
hills a couple of hours’ ride distant; and that lions and leopards were
not to be seen within two days’ march, or about thirty miles further
among the snowy ranges. On inquiry whether there were any fish in
the river, we were told that, later in the season, a speckled fish about
nine or ten inches long comes up from the Tensift. This no doubt is
the trout, which is found also in the mountain streams near Tetuan.
On asking the Berber name for large river fish, Sir John was
surprised to hear that it is “selmen,” which would appear to be a
cognate word to our “salmon.”’

The account of the ascent of the Atlas which follows is chiefly

compiled from notes written at the time by Mr. Drummond Hay, who
accompanied the Mission, and who, with one companion, succeeded
in scaling the heights and reaching the snow. An earlier ascent, but
not to so high a point, was made in 1829 by Mr. E. W. A. Drummond
Hay, Sir John’s father. Other travellers have visited the Atlas, both
before and since Sir John; but no Representative of a Foreign
Power, it is believed, had ever yet done so, openly and with the
good-will of the Sultan.
‘May 18. After breakfast all the party, ladies included, mounted
their horses. The son of the Sheikh, a fine handsome fellow, riding a
splendid black horse, led the way up the valley of Uríka, and we rode
along the banks of the torrent. On each side of the gorge rose
conical hills clothed with “el aris[49],” the scented “arrar[49],” and the
lentiscus or wild pistachio. The olive, walnut, orange, apricot and
vine were also abundant.
‘We travelled along a path on the steep river bank, sometimes so
narrow that, if a horse had made a false step, the rider might have
been precipitated into the torrent which foamed below. But as we
advanced the road improved, and showed signs of some knowledge
of road-making and of great care on the part of the inhabitants. Here
and there it was mended with wood and stones; the large boulders
were cleared from the path and built up as walls on either side; and,
where a torrent crossed the way, there was a rude bridge of one or
more arches, composed of trees and branches cemented with mud
and stone. Below us flowed the river, now turbulent and shallow in its
wide bed. By the banks grew numbers of trees which resembled
silver poplars, the timber of which is used in the construction of their
houses by the mountaineers. Their delicate foliage contrasted
pleasantly on the mountain side with the sombre green of the “arrar”
and “aris,” which here do not seem to attain so great a height as they
do in the Rif country. Mingled with them grow the karob, or locust-
tree, and the mountain ash. Numbers of wild flowers filled the
hedges that hemmed in the fields or grew by the wayside; among
them we recognised many English friends. There were also several
flowers new to us, particularly a lovely species of broom bearing a
brilliant violet blossom with an orange centre, and another pretty,
highly-scented, yellow flower all declared must be a wild jasmine, so
closely did it resemble the garden variety.
‘Villages were to be seen on both sides of the gorge, and one of
them saluted us with a feu de joie of musketry. After a gentle ascent
of an hour and a half we arrived at a pretty grove of olives. Here the
Sheikh insisted upon our dismounting, as he said the villagers
desired to welcome our party by giving us a feast. It was in vain the
“Bashador” explained that we desired to push, as far as we could
ride, up the mountains. After waiting an hour, as no food appeared,
he gained his point and we were allowed to re-mount. But, to our
great dismay, just at the moment of moving off, arrived some forty
villagers, every one of whom carried on his head a huge earthen
platter, containing several dishes of meat and “siksu”; each dish
holding sufficient to satisfy ten hungry hunters. Having explained to
these hospitable people that we had only just had our morning
repast and were most anxious to sharpen our appetites by a ride up
the mountain before consuming the feast, we were allowed to depart
in peace—though a solemn promise was first exacted that we would
return without fail in the evening to accept their prodigal hospitality.
We then continued the gradual ascent, passing through villages the
houses of which recalled in some degree the chalets in Switzerland,
though these were of very rude form. Many of them had overhanging
eaves and open galleries on the second story, where the inmates
could sit and enjoy the air and scenery, sheltered from sun or
weather. Some of the houses were decorated with patterns on the
wall below the roof, picked out in crossed lines such as are seen in
old buildings in some parts of England and Germany. But in this
instance the lines were white on the dull background of red earth
with which these houses are built.
‘The population—men, women, and children—turned out to gaze
at us. But neither by word, look, or gesture was there any
demonstration of fanatical or hostile feeling. The villagers seemed
rather to consider our advent to be the occasion for a holiday. A
petition was sent to the “Bashador” by the boys of a school that their
teacher should be asked to grant them a holiday to behold the
English. A few silver coins to the pedagogue and the request of the
“Bashador” set all the boys at liberty, and thus the rising generation
of Uríka will, it may be hoped, retain a friendly recollection of the
“Ingliz.”
‘These mountaineers were fairer than their brethren of the plain,
and some of the women comely. The latter, like their Rifian sisters,
do not hide their faces; and we are told that the state of morality
amongst them is of a very high standard. No female is in danger of
being insulted, and it may be safely declared that there is a better
state of morality amongst the Berber women of Morocco than exists
in England or in any other country in Europe. The women were
draped, like the men, in a long, seamless garment; but they wore it
fastened by two silver brooches on the shoulders or over the breast,
supporting the folds which hung gracefully around their persons.
These brooches are generally connected by long pendent silver
chains. The younger women had long black hair, which appeared to
be carefully dressed, and they showed the same love of adornment
as their European sisters by decorating their tresses with poppies
and other wild flowers.
‘Lady Hay, who rode a mule, on learning that all must now
dismount and proceed on foot if they wished to continue the ascent
of the mountain, decided to remain at the village. A fine-looking
Shloh, hearing of this decision, stepped forward and offered to take
her into his house. She accepted his hospitality, and was placed
under the ægis of the faithful chief of the camp, Hadj Hamed
Lamarti. The rest of the party proceeded on foot.
 ‘The dismounted horsemen of the Bokhári guard were soon blown
and gave up; then the Sheikh’s son—who was rather too well fed
and in bad condition—sat down, looking very grave, and tried to
dissuade us from further ascent. But on we went, accompanied only
by some half dozen stalwart Shloh, armed with long guns. Under the
shade of a locust-tree Sir John and his daughters, having ascended
some way, came to a halt, as the air was sultry and the ascent very
precipitous. Colonel Lambton, Major de Winton, Major Hitchcock,
Captain Sawle, Mr. Hay, and Mr. Brooks plodded on, the
mountaineers leading the way. The ascent was almost as steep as a
vertical ladder, and after climbing some 1,500 feet they began to feel
much exhausted. At this point four of the party gave up, and two of
the mountaineers, glad of an excuse to halt, remained to guard
them.
‘Captain Sawle and Mr. Hay continued their upward way, and, as
Mr. Hay relates, “We appeared to gain fresh wind and strength as we
ascended. On reaching the first snow we fired a shot to announce to
the party our success, for in the morning there had been a great
discussion whether the ascent to the snow could be accomplished in
one day.
‘We reached the summit of the first high range called Zinat Kar at
2 p.m., and at that moment I sprung a covey of partridges, and again
signalled our arrival by a successful right and left, which was greeted
with a yell of delight by the mountaineers who accompanied us. We
could not tell what height we had reached, as my aneroid was out of
order and had stopped registering half-way; but as far as we could
judge by distance we must then have been about 6,000 feet above
the camp. To our astonishment we found here an extensive table-
land with considerable cultivation, though snow was still lying on the
ground in many parts. This plateau extended to the foot of a snow-
covered range which again rose abruptly beyond.
‘Whilst we rested I discharged my gun at an eagle, and afterwards
at a crow, which latter I killed—a curious bird with red beak and legs.
A few minutes after, when we were thinking of again continuing our
route, we heard to our surprise a volley of musketry, and saw the
distant heights around us manned by armed men. Our Shloh
companions informed us that these people were the “Ahal Kubla,” or
people of the South, inhabiting the snowy range before us. This tribe
does not submit to the Sultan’s authority, and a gun fired on a height
is a signal that an enemy is in sight, and consequently, we were told,
in another hour we might find ourselves surrounded by these lawless
people, who were at present at feud with the Uríka, and the latter do
not venture therefore to trespass on their territory.
‘The difficulty the Sultan would experience in subduing these
tribes can be imagined, since the sole access to this district is by the
steep ascent we had just made[50].
‘Discretion being the better part of valour, we determined to beat a
rapid retreat, and descended the escalade as fast as our weary
limbs would carry us. At 4 o’clock we rejoined the rest of the party
under the olive-trees where we had first stopped. They had just
concluded the feast and were starting for camp.
‘While the climbing party were in sight Sir John and his daughters
watched them from under the shade of the locust-tree: then,
descending to the village, found Hadj Hamed waiting for them in one
of the little streets. He conducted them to Lady Hay, whom the
villagers had installed in the open gallery of one of their houses,
looking out on the mountains. It was very clean: there were only
some dry maize husks piled in a corner and a number of beehives
arranged in a row on the floor. The pillars which supported the front
of the gallery were ornamented very rudely with quaint attempts at
arabesque decoration. Lady Hay said she had felt faint on arrival,
and having asked for bread, they brought her a loaf and a piece of
honeycomb.
‘The owner of the house welcomed us warmly, and on Sir John
saying that he was much pleased with the mountaineers and
considered them far finer fellows than the Arabs, he was delighted,
and tried to pay some compliment to the English. Then he brought
us in the skirt of his dress a number of freshly gathered oranges,
which proved delicious.
‘All the climbers now returned except Captain Sawle and Mr. Hay,
and we prepared to leave our comfortable retreat; but, when Sir John
turned to take leave of his kind host, the latter begged and implored
him to wait a little longer—only a few minutes, he pleaded. After
some demur, his earnest request was acceded to; the carpets were
again spread, and all sat down. The hospitable villager hurried away,
but soon re-appeared, followed by another man, each bearing a bowl
of smoking hot paste, resembling vermicelli, boiled in milk. In the
centre of each dish was a little pool of melted butter. We rather
dreaded tasting the food, after our late experience of Moorish
cookery, but were agreeably surprised, when, having grouped
ourselves round each bowl, using our own forks, we tried the mess
and found it excellent. The paste was delicate, well boiled, and
flavoured with some pungent spice, and the butter exquisitely fresh
and sweet. This form of food appears to have been a staple dish with
the Berbers since ancient times. We did justice to this food, which
was followed by a basket of hot cakes made of rye, resembling
scones, accompanied by a bowl of melted butter, and those who had
the courage to dip their bread therein pronounced it good also.
‘Our host no longer made any objection when we again rose to
depart, only saying, when thanked for his hospitality, that not having
expected us to remain at his village he had been unable to prepare
better food at such short notice. He added that, should the
“Bashador” desire at any future time to travel in the Atlas, he could
do so in perfect safety—especially if unaccompanied by an escort
from the Moorish Government. “For,” he said, “your love of justice
towards all and the kindness shown by you to our poorer brethren,
when in distress in the North (of Morocco), is known to us and we
shall not forget. Come amongst us, you will ever be welcome; remain
several months, hunt with us and be our guest, and no injury shall
befall you or yours.”
 ‘Touched and pleased by this kindly speech from a native Sheikh
in a district where few Christians had ever penetrated, Sir John and
his party rode back towards the olive-grove. As we passed through
the narrow lanes, the women and children collected in some of the
orchards, smiling and beckoning, and were delighted when the
ladies lifted the thick white veils they wore and greeted them in
return. The women were fair-skinned, and many of them good-
looking. Here and there we observed really pretty, graceful girls; one
in particular, whom Sir John noticed as she leant against a doorway,
was quite handsome. She was dressed in a curious “haik,” stained in
patterns to represent a leopard skin, and hanging from her neck she
wore a quaint, square-shaped silver ornament, with a blue stone in
the centre.
‘The women’s heads were covered, but they made no attempt to
veil their faces. The men were generally draped in the “haik”; but
those who ran beside us, or climbed the heights, threw aside this
cumbrous garment and appeared in thin long shirts belted at the
waist. Wooden powder-flasks, covered with brightly coloured leather
and studded with brass knobs, gay little shot or bullet bags, and an
ornamented curved dagger hung by their sides from a broad strap
over the shoulder. A long gun was invariably carried by each man.
Some were bare-headed, others had a cord tied tightly round their
shaven skulls, but most of them wore a small white turban.
‘On arrival at the olive-grove, at which we had promised to halt on
our return, we were soon seated round an enormous flat dish full of
“siksu.” It would have been cold, but for the depth of the contents; so
that by digging down we reached some that was hot and palatable.
Our followers assembled in twos and threes about each great platter
and devoured the contents with the greatest avidity.
‘Several of the boys, who gathered about us, we observed busily
working at a curious frame composed of a hollow cane, up which a
number of coarse woollen threads were passed and secured at
either end. Under these, the cane was encircled by a ring which held
the threads away from the rod and enabled the little workman to
deftly weave in bright coloured worsted across the threads, his
fingers being employed without any shuttle, and a small piece of
wood, cut like a comb, used to drive down each cross thread into its
place, making various patterns as they went up the rod. On inquiring
the purpose of this work we were told they were belts. Though we
offered to buy any that were finished, none were forthcoming; but
one of the lads brought his work to be examined, and was much
startled when the “Bashador” on returning him his frame offered him
a small coin, evidently fearing an attempt was being made to buy his
work, frame and all. However he took the money readily, though
shyly, when convinced it was only a present.
‘We returned to Marákesh on the 20th; but, before leaving,
received a visit from some of the Jews who live amongst the
mountain tribes and who wished to consult the doctor attached to the
Mission. They came up as we were all seated, grouped under the
trees about the camp. The elders kissed the heads of those of our
party who were covered; the younger, their shoulders. These Jews
were dressed exactly like the Shloh amongst whom they live, with
the exception that they wore a black skull-cap. The Jewesses also
were attired like the Shloh or Arab women, but with a scarlet
headdress. The men were unarmed; but we were told that, further in
the interior, the Jews carry arms and join in tribal warfare; neither are
they, there, the oppressed people known to the lowlands of
Morocco.’

Two of the stories related to Sir John on the march by the Sultan’s
stirrup-holder may be inserted here as exemplifying the manners and
customs of the officials about the Moorish Court, and especially
those of the military class. The first may be called ‘A Story of a
Moorish Prince.’
 Mulai Ahmed, second son of Sultan Mulai Abderahman Ben
Hisham, was appointed by his father Viceroy of the districts of Beni
Hassén, Zair, Dukála, Shedma, &c. His residence was at Rabát.
This Prince was clever, and endowed with many good qualities,
but he was extravagant and reckless in his expenditure, and thus
became deeply indebted to the merchants and shopkeepers of
Rabát; but no man ventured to press his pecuniary claims on the
wayward youth. His debtors, moreover, had only to ask some favour
by which they might be benefited in their trade, and it was
immediately granted by the Prince; the favour thus conferred amply
recouping them for their unpaid goods.
On the occasion of a visit of the Sultan to Rabát in 1848, Mulai
Ahmed was still Viceroy. Various complaints had been brought by the
inhabitants to the Uzir, Ben Dris, against His Royal Highness for not
paying his debts; but the Uzir endeavoured so to arrange matters as
to avoid reporting the misconduct of the young Prince to his father.
One day, however, when the Sultan was going to mosque, an
Arab from the country called out, from a high wall—on which he had
climbed to avoid being silenced by the troopers who formed the
escort of the Sultan—‘Oh Lord and Master, Mulai Abderahman, my
refuge is in God and in thee! I have been plundered and unjustly
treated during this your reign.’
The Sultan, restraining his horse, desired his attendants to learn
who this man was; and, after hearing their report, sent for the Uzir
and directed him to inquire into the case and report thereon.
On the man presenting himself before the Uzir, the latter
reprimanded him for brawling in the streets for justice. ‘One would
suppose,’ said Ben Dris, ‘that there were no longer governors or
kadis in Morocco! Whence are you? what have you to say?’
‘I am an Arab from Shedma,’ the man replied. ‘I had a fine horse,
for which I had been offered by the chief of my tribe three hundred
ducats, but I refused to sell; for, though a poor man, my horse was
everything to me; I would not have parted with him for all the wealth
that could be offered me. Some weeks ago I came to Rabát, and
Mulai Ahmed—may God prolong his days!—in an evil hour saw my
horse, and ordered his soldiers to seize it, sending me a purse of
three hundred ducats, which however I refused to accept. For forty
long days have I been seeking justice, but can obtain hearing neither
of Mulai Ahmed nor of any one else.’
The Uzir replied, ‘If your story be true, your horse shall be
returned to you; but, if false, you shall be made an example of for
daring to bring a complaint against the son of the Sultan.’
The Uzir then sent a messenger to inquire of Mulai Ahmed
concerning the matter, and by him the Prince sent reply that he knew
nothing about the horse. The Uzir was consequently about to order
the Arab to be bastinadoed, when the latter begged Ben Dris to send
him, accompanied by some of his—the Uzir’s—attendants, to the
stables of Mulai Ahmed, where he felt sure he would find the horse;
begging that his whole tribe might, if necessary, be called upon to
give evidence respecting the identity of the horse.
The Uzir accordingly sent the Arab, with a guard, to the Prince’s
stables to point out the horse, with directions that it should be
brought before him. He also sent to inform Mulai Ahmed that this
order of his father the Sultan must be obeyed.
The attendants took the Arab to the stable, where he immediately
recognised his horse, but had no sooner done so than he was
arrested, along with the Uzir’s men, by some soldiers sent by Mulai
Ahmed, and brought before the Prince, who had them all
bastinadoed and dismissed.
On the return of the Uzir’s men, they reported to their master what
had taken place. The Uzir had them again bastinadoed for not
having carried out his orders, viz. to bring back the Arab and his
horse in safety. Then, mounting his mule, he rode direct to the
palace, where he recounted to the Sultan what had occurred.
His Majesty was highly incensed; his eyes flashed lightning, and
his voice was as thunder. ‘Dare any son of mine disobey the orders
of his father? Are my people to be robbed and ill-used at his caprice?
Summon the chief kaid of our guard.’
The officer appeared. ‘Take,’ said the Sultan, ‘a saddled mule to
the palace of Mulai Ahmed. Bind the Prince hand and foot. Conduct
him this day to Meknes, where he is to be imprisoned until further
orders. Let the Arab have his horse and an indemnity for the rough
treatment he has received. Let a proclamation be issued that all
persons who have been unjustly used by Mulai Ahmed are to
present themselves to me; for there is no doubt,’ added the Sultan,
‘that is not the only case of injustice of which my son has been
guilty.’
The orders of Sultan Mulai Abderahman were obeyed. The chief
of the guard appeared before Mulai Ahmed with a mule saddled and
bridled, and informed the Prince he was deposed from his position
as Viceroy, and that he was to proceed at once with him to Meknes.
At first Mulai Ahmed refused to obey his father’s commands, but,
on being threatened by the officers with fetters and manacles if he
showed any resistance, consented to mount the mule and start at
once on his journey. The third day they arrived at Meknes, where
Mulai Ahmed was confined in prison, whence he was not liberated
for five years.

Another story related by the stirrup-holder was that of Kaid

Maimon and the lion.

In the early part of this century, when Sultan Mulai Suliman

reigned over Morocco, Kaid Maimon was Governor of Tangier, and,
according to custom, had visited the Court at Fas to pay his respects
to His Sherifian Majesty. On his return journey to Tangier he was
conveying, in pursuance of His Majesty’s commands, a large lion in
a cage carried by four mules, as a present from the Sultan to the
King of Portugal.
One evening, after the tents had been pitched, and while Kaid
Maimon was reposing on a divan in his ‘kubba,’ he heard shouts of
alarm and the snorting and tramping of horses and mules which had
broken loose from their tethers and were fleeing from the camp.
The Kaid clapped his hands repeatedly, to summon his
attendants, but no one appeared. Being too much of a Moorish
grandee to rise from the divan and see with his own eyes what had
happened—such a proceeding would have been undignified—he
remained seated, counting the beads of his rosary and muttering
curses on his attendants. After a time he again shouted lustily for his
slave ‘Faraji,’ with a malediction on him and on all slaves.
The Kaid had barely finished these imprecations, when in walked
his huge prisoner, the lion, glaring fiercely at him.
Kaid Maimon was a man of undaunted courage: while realising it
would be folly for him to draw his sword and attack the lion, as he
would most probably be worsted in such a conflict, he was also
aware that even should he succeed in dealing the beast a death-
blow, his own life would be forfeited; as the Sultan would, no doubt,
order his head to be cut off, for destroying the royal gift entrusted to
his keeping for the King of Portugal. The Kaid therefore, looking as
placidly as he could at the intruder, thus addressed his namesake—
for the lion had also been given the name of ‘Maimon,’ or ‘the
trustworthy.’ ‘You are a brave fellow, Maimon, to leave your cage and
take a walk this fine evening. O judicious and well-behaved lion!’ he
added, ‘you do right to roll and enjoy yourself’—as the lion, pleased
with the voice of the Kaid, commenced rolling himself on the carpet.
‘O bravest and most trustworthy!’ the Kaid continued—as the lion,
rising, rubbed himself cat-like against him, repeating this very
embarrassing performance several times, finally stretching himself
and lying down with his head on the Kaid’s knee.
Brave man though he was, Kaid Maimon perspired with horror at
having to nurse such a beast. He tried patting him on the head, but a
lash of the creature’s tail warned him that the lion preferred to take
his repose without such caresses.
Not a sound was to be heard in the camp, save now and then a
snort or struggle near the Kaid’s tent, from some terror-stricken
horse which, winding the lion, was endeavouring to break away from
the pickets which still held him—though most of the horses and
mules had broken away and fled, with their masters after them.
Kaid Maimon now began to consider what kind of severe
punishment he would inflict upon his cowardly attendants and his
body-guard—if the lion did not eat him! ‘Fine warriors,’ thought he;
‘two hundred men to run away from a tame lion!’
At this moment the lion, having rested, awoke from his nap, and,
stretching himself, showed his long and terrible claws. ‘This beast is
not to be trifled with,’ reflected the Kaid; ‘yet if any rascal had shot it
—either in self-defence or to save my life—I should have made him
a head shorter.’
The lion now got up and, stalking towards the door of the tent,
lashed his tail; one switch of which caught the Kaid’s turban and
knocked it off. Calmly replacing it, the Kaid muttered to himself, ‘I
hope this visit is now coming to an end. May it be the last of the kind
I shall have to receive in my life.’
The lion, looking out, espied the horse—still picketed near the tent
—which immediately recommenced its frantic struggles and at last,
succeeding in breaking away, was just galloping off, when the lion, in
two bounds, was on its back and brought his victim to the ground—
panting in the agonies of death, its whole side lacerated and its
throat torn open.
The Kaid, who had moved to the door of his tent, beheld this
scene, and thought it would be a favourable moment, whilst the lion
was enjoying his repast, to recall his cowardly attendants and
troopers; so going out at the back of the tent, unseen by the lion, he
looked around and finally espied his followers about half a mile off,
huddled together, with the horses and mules they had recovered.
The Kaid, on coming up to them, vowed he would bastinado every
cowardly rascal; but that the punishment would be deferred until the
morrow, as they must now return at once to secure the lion before
nightfall, adding—‘The first man who again runs away I will
bastinado until the breath be out of his body.’
The keeper of the lion was a Jew; since, in Morocco, Jews are
always appointed keepers of wild beasts, the Moors believing that a
lion will not attack a woman, a child, or a Jew—as being beneath
notice. The Jew was ordered to attach two long chains to the neck of
the lion, now bloated with the flesh of the horse, then to stretch the
chains in opposite directions and to attach them to long iron stakes
which were driven into the ground for the purpose. The trembling
Jew, who knew he would be cruelly bastinadoed should he fail to
obey this order, did as he was bid, and the lion, lying near the
remains of the horse he had been devouring, suffered the Jew to
fasten the chains to the rings on his collar, which was still about his
neck.
When this had been done, a dozen powerful men were ordered by
the Kaid to fasten strong ropes to the chains, and by pulling contrary
ways to control and guide the lion to his cage, wherein a live sheep
was placed. By these means the lion was induced to enter his cage,
the door of which was then closed.
Kaid Maimon, who was well pleased at the recovery of the
Sultan’s present to the King of Portugal, forgave the conduct of
attendants and troopers, and, assembling the chiefs, related to them
the incidents of the lion’s visit to his tent.
 CHAPTER XXI.

MISSION TO FAS IN 1875.

In 1874 Sultan Sid Mohammed died, and was succeeded by his

son Mulai Hassan. Sir John, writing to Sir Henry Layard on October
29 of that year, says:—

I suppose the young Sultan intends to tread in the footsteps of his ancestors
and remain stagnant.
My belief is that these people, or rather this Government, will never move
ahead until the lever acts at headquarters continuously, by the presence and
pressure of the Foreign Representatives. So long as we preach and pray at a
distance, nothing will be done. On the other hand, if the Foreign Representatives
were removed to the Court, there would no doubt be a rupture of relations, or
some tragedy, before twelve months elapsed.

Again, shortly after the accession of Mulai Hassan, Sir John writes
to the same correspondent:—

I shall make a fresh effort to induce the young Sultan to introduce some
reforms and improvements, but I have but faint hope of success, as the Ministers
and satellites of the Court are either rogues or fools.
From my experience of Turkey and the Turks I confess I have little confidence
in the beneficial effect of any attempt to introduce European grafts on the old
Mohammedan stock. The tree which showed signs of vigour has been cut down,
and the fruit of the European graft contains rather the evils than the virtues of both
the West and the East.

When this letter was written, Sir John was already on his way to
Fas. On March 3, 1875 he left Tangier, accompanied by several
members of his family, some personal friends[51], and the officers
appointed by the British Government to attend the Mission.
The reception at Fas was magnificent, some six thousand troops
having been sent to do honour to the Representative of Great
Britain; but what was more pleasing to him and greatly enhanced the
effect of the entry, was the presence of the citizens of Fas, who had
come to meet him in their thousands, bringing with them their wives
and children; to show, they said, their appreciation of his friendship
and love of justice. The shrill ‘zagharit’ continually raised by the
women as Sir John passed through the crowd, attended by his staff
and escort, completely drowned at times the sound of the brass
band which the Sultan had sent to play before the procession. Soon
after the instalment of the Mission at Fas, the incident occurred
which Sir John relates as follows:—

‘When on my mission to the Court at Fas in 1875, the Uzir had

selected the Kaid of an Arab regiment to command the guard of
honour which had been appointed to attend on our Mission.
‘Another Kaid, named Meno, being superior in rank to the Arab
Kaid, felt aggrieved that this post of confidence had not been offered
to him; moreover, he had rendered important service to the Sultan,
which he considered unrecognised, so he vowed vengeance on his
rival.
‘The men of his regiment, all Berbers, were much attached to Kaid
Meno, not only on account of his famed courage in battle, but also
because whenever a razzia took place, Meno did not, like other
chiefs, insist on having the lion’s share of the plunder, but left all to
his followers.
‘On hearing of my arrival and the appointment of the Arab Kaid,
Meno summoned a dozen stalwart men of his regiment and imparted
to them, secretly, a scheme to bring disgrace upon the Arab officer