Test Code: QR (Short answer type) 2008

M.Tech. in Quality, Reliability and Operations Research

The candidates applying for M.Tech. in Quality, Reliability and Operations

Research will have to take two tests : Test MIII (objective type) in the forenoon
session and Test QR ( short answer type ) in the afternoon session.

For Test MIII, see a different Booklet. For Test QR, refer to this Booklet
ONLY.

If you are from Statistics / Mathematics Stream, you will be required to

ANSWER PART I.

If you are from Engineering Stream, you will be required to ANSWER PART
II.

In PART I, a TOTAL of TEN [10] questions, are divided into TWO Groups :
S1: Statistics and S2: Probability – each group carrying FIVE [5] questions.
You will be required to answer a TOTAL of SIX [6] questions, taking AT
LEAST TWO [2] from each group.

In PART II, there will be SIX Groups: E1-E6. E1 will contain THREE [3]
questions from Engineering Mathematics and each other group will contain
TWO [2] questions from Engineering and Technology. You will be required to
answer a total of SIX [6] questions taking AT LEAST TWO [2] from group E1.
Syllabus

PART I: STATISTICS / MATHEMATICS STREAM

Statistics (S1)

Descriptive statistics for univariate, bivariate and multivariate data.

Standard univariate probability distributions [Binomial, Poisson,
Normal] and their fittings, properties of distributions. Sampling
distributions.
Theory of estimation and tests of statistical hypotheses.
Multiple linear regression and linear statistical models, ANOVA.
Principles of experimental designs and basic designs [CRD, RBD &
LSD].
Elements of non-parametric inference.
Elements of sequential tests.
Sample surveys – simple random sampling with and without
replacement, stratified and cluster sampling.

Probability (S2)

Classical definition of probability and standard results on operations

with events, conditional probability and independence.
Distributions of discrete type [Bernoulli, Binomial, Multinomial,
Hypergeometric, Poisson, Geometric and Negative Binomial] and
continuous type [Uniform, Exponential, Normal, Gamma, Beta]
random variables and their moments.
Bivariate distributions (with special emphasis on bivariate normal),
marginal and conditional distributions, correlation and regression.
Multivariate distributions, marginal and conditional distributions,
regression, independence, partial and multiple correlations.
Order statistics [including distributions of extreme values and of
sample range for uniform and exponential distributions].
Distributions of functions of random variables.
Multivariate normal distribution [density, marginal and conditional
distributions, regression].
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Syllabus

Weak law of large numbers, central limit theorem.

Basics of Markov chains and Poisson processes.

PART II : ENGINEERING STREAM

Mathematics (E1)

Elementary theory of equations, inequalities.

Elementary set theory, functions and relations, matrices,
determinants, solutions of linear equations.
Trigonometry [multiple and sub-multiple angles, inverse circular
functions, identities, solutions of equations, properties of triangles].
Coordinate geometry (two dimensions) [straight line, circle, parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola], plane geometry, Mensuration.
Sequences, series and their convergence and divergence, power
series, limit and continuity of functions of one or more variables,
differentiation and its applications, maxima and minima, integration,
definite integrals areas using integrals, ordinary and partial
differential equations (upto second order), complex numbers and De
Moivre’s theorem.

Engineering Mechanics (E2)

Forces in plane and space, analysis of trusses, beams, columns,

friction, principles of strength of materials, work-energy principle,
moment of inertia, plane motion of rigid bodies, belt drivers, gearing.

3
Syllabus

Electrical and Electronics Engineering (E3)

D.C. circuits, AC circuits (1-φ), energy and power relationships,

Transformer, DC and AC machines, concepts of control theory and
applications.
Network analysis, 2 port network, transmission lines, elementary
electronics (including amplifiers, oscillators, op-amp circuits), analog
and digital electronic circuits.

Thermodynamics (E4)

Laws of thermodynamics, internal energy, work and heat changes,

reversible changes, adiabatic changes, heat of formation, combustion,
reaction, solution and dilution, entropy and free energy and
maximum work function, reversible cycle and its efficiency,
principles of internal combustion engines. Principles of refrigeration.

Engineering Properties of Metals (E5)

Structures of metals, tensile and torsional properties, hardness,

impact properties, fatigue, creep, different mechanism of
deformation.

Engineering Drawing (E6)

Concept of projection, point projection, line projection, plan,

elevation, sectional view (1st angle/3rd angle) of simple mechanical
objects, isometric view, dimensioning, sketch of machine parts.
(Use of set square, compass and diagonal scale should suffice).

4
 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
PART I: STATISTICS / MATHEMATICS STREAM

GROUP S−1: Statistics

1. Let X1 and X2 be independent χ2 variables, each with n degrees of freedom.

n ( X1 − X 2 )
Show that has the t distribution with n degrees of freedom and
2 X1 X 2
is independent of X1 + X2.
2. Let [{xi ; i = 1, 2, …, p}; {yj ; j = 1,2,…, q}; {zk ; k = 1, 2, …,r}] represent
random samples from N(α + β, σ2), N(β + γ , σ2) and N(γ + α, σ2) populations
respectively. The populations are to be treated as independent.
(a) Display the set of complete sufficient statistics for the parameters (α, β, γ ,
σ2).
(b) Find unbiased estimator for β based on the sample means only. Is it
unique?
(c) Show that the estimator in (b) is uncorrelated with all error functions.
(d) Suggest an unbiased estimator for σ2 with maximum d.f.
(e) Suggest a test for H0: β = β0.

3. Consider the linear regression model : y = α + βx + e where e’s are iid N(0, σ2).
(a) Based on n pairs of observations on x and y, write down the least squares
estimates for α and β.
(b) Work out exact expression for Cov( α̂ , βˆ ).
(c) For a given y0 as the “predicted” value, determine the corresponding
predictand " x0 " and suggest an estimator " xˆ 0 " for it.

4. A town has N taxis numbered 1 through N. A person standing on roadside notices

the taxi numbers on n taxis that pass by. Let Mn be the largest number observed.
Assuming independence of the taxi numbers and sampling with replacement,
show that
∧
N = (n + 1) Mn / n
is an approximately unbiased estimator of N for large N.

5
5.(a) Let x1, x2, . . ., xn be a random sample from the rectangular population with
density
⎧1
⎪ , 0< x <θ
f ( x) = ⎨ θ
⎪⎩ 0, otherwise
Consider the critical region x(n) > 0.8 for testing the hypothesis H0 : θ = 1,
where x(n) is the largest of x1, x2, . . ., xn. What is the associated probability
of error I and what is the power function?

(b) Let x1, x2, . . ., xn be a random sample from a population having p.d.f.
⎧ θ 3 −θ x 2
⎪ e x , 0< x<∞
f ( x, θ ) = ⎨ Γ (3)
⎪ 0,
⎩ otherwise

Obtain the maximum likelihood estimate of θ and also obtain the

Cramer Rao lower bound to the variance of an unbiased estimator of θ.

6.(a) Give an example of a Latin Square Design of order 4 involving 4 rows, 4

columns and 4 treatments. Give the general definition of “treatment
connectedness” in the context of a Latin Square Design and show that the
Latin Square Design that you have given is indeed treatment connected.

(b) In a CRD set-up involving 5 treatments, the following computations were

made:
n = 105, Grand Mean = 23.5, SSB = 280.00, SSW = 3055.00

(i) Compute the value of the F-ratio and examine the validity of the null
hypothesis.
(ii) It was subsequently pointed out that there was one additional treatment
that was somehow missed out! For this treatment, we are given sample
size = 20, Sum = 500 and Sum of Squares (corrected) = 560.00.
Compute revised value of F-ratio and draw your conclusions.

7. If X1, X2, X3 constitute a random sample from a Bernoulli population with

mean p, show why [X1 + 2X2 + 3X3] / 6 is not a sufficient statistic for p.

6
8. If X and Y follow a trinomial distribution with parameters n, θ1 and θ2,
show
that
(n − x)θ 2
(a) E (Y / X = x) = ,
1 − θ1
(n − x)θ 2 (1 − θ1 − θ 2 )
(b) V (Y / X = x) =
(1 − θ1 ) 2
Further show, in standard notations,
nθ1θ 22 nθ (1 − θ1 − θ 2 )
(c) V1 E2 = , (d) E1V2 = 2 ,
1 − θ1 1 − θ1
(e) V (Y ) = nθ 2 (1 − θ 2 )

9. Life distributions of two independent components of a machine are known to

be exponential with means μ and λ respectively. The machine fails if at least
one of the components fails. Compute the chance that the machine will fail due
to the second component. Out of n independent prototypes of the machine m of
them fail due to the second component. Show that m / ( n − m) approximately
estimates the odds ratio θ = λ μ .

GROUP S–2: Probability

1. A boy goes to his school either by bus or on foot. If one day he goes to the
school by bus, then the probability that he goes by bus the next day is 7/10.
If one day he walks to the school, then the probability that he goes by bus
the next day is 2/5.

(a) Given that he walks to the school on a particular Tuesday, find the
probability that he will go to the school by bus on Thursday of that week.

(b) Given that the boy walks to the school on both Tuesday and Thursday
of that week, find the probability that he will also walk to the school
on Wednesday.

[You may assume that the boy will not be absent from the school on
Wednesday or Thursday of that week.]

7
2. Suppose a young man is waiting for a young lady who is late. To amuse
himself while waiting, he decides to take a random walk under the following
set of rules:

He tosses an imperfect coin for which the probability of getting a

head is 0.55. For every head turned up, he walks 10 yards to the
north and for every tail turned up, he walks 10 yards to the south.

That way he has walked 100 yards.

(a) What is the probability that he will be back to his starting position?

(b) What is the probability that he will be 20 yards away from his starting
position?

3. (a) A coin is tossed an odd number of times. If the probability of getting

more heads than tails in these tosses is equal to the probability of getting
more tails than heads then show that the coin is unbiased.

(b) For successful operation of a machine, we need at least three components

(out of five) to be in working phase. Their respective chances of failure
are 7%, 4%, 2%, 8% and 12%. To start with, all the components are in
working phase and the operation is initiated. Later it is observed that the
machine has stopped but the first component is found to be in working
phase. What is the likelihood that the second component is also in
working phase?

(c) A lot contains 20 items in which there are 2 or 3 defective items with
probabilities 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. Items are tested one by one from
the lot unless all the defective items are tested. What is the probability
that the testing procedure will continue up to the twelfth attempt?

4.(a) Let S and T be distributed independently as exponential with means 1/λ

and 1/μ respectively. Let U = min{S,T} and V = max{S,T}. Find E(U) and
E(U+V).

(b) Let X be a random variable with U(0,1) distribution. Find the p.d.f. of the
random variable Y = ( X / (1 + X) ).

8
5.(a) Let U and V be independent and uniformly distributed random variables on
[0,1] and let θ1 and θ2 (both greater than 0) be constants.
1 1
Define X =− ln U and Y = − ln V . Let S = min{X,Y}, T=max{X,Y}
θ1 θ2
and R = T – S.
(i) Find P[S=X].
(ii) Show that S and R are independent.

(b) A sequence of random variables {Xn⏐ n = 1, 2, …} is called a martingale if

(i) E (⏐ Xn⏐ ) < ∞
(ii) E (Xn+1 ⏐ X1, X2 , …, Xn ) = Xn for all n = 1, 2, …
Let {Zn ⏐ n = 1, 2, …} be a sequence of iid random variables with P[Zn =
1] = p and P[Zn = −1] = q = 1−p, 0 < p < 1. Let Xn = Z1 + Z2 + …+ Zn for
n = 1, 2, … . Show that {Xn ⏐ n = 1, 2, …}, so defined, is a martingale if and
only if p = q = ½..

6.(a) Let X be a random variable with density

⎪⎧ 4 x3 , 0 < x < 1
f X ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ 0, otherwise
For the minimum X(1) of n iid random observations X1, X2, . . ., Xn from the
above distribution, show that n1/4 X(n) converges in distribution to a random
variable Y with density
⎧⎪ 4e − y 4 y 3 , y > 0
fY ( y ) = ⎨
⎪⎩ 0, otherwise
(b) A random sample of size n is taken from the exponential distribution
having p.d.f.
⎪⎧e − x , 0 ≤ x < ∞
f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ 0, otherwise.
Find the p.d.f. of the sample range.

9
7.(a) In a recent study, a set of n randomly selected items is tested for presence
of colour defect. Let A denote the event colour defect is present” and B denote
the event “test reveals the presence of colour defect”. Suppose P(A) = α,
P(B⏐ A) = 1-β and P (Not B⏐ Not A) = 1-δ, where 0 < α, β, δ <1. Let X be the
number of items in the set with colour defects and Y be the number of items in
the set detected having colour defects.
(i) Find E (X ⏐ Y).
(ii) If the colour defect is very rare and the test is a very sophisticated one
such that α = β = δ = 10-9, then find the probability that an item
detected as having colour defect is actually free from it.

(b) Consider the following bivariate density function

c ⋅ xy , x > 0, y > 0, x + y < 1

f(x, y) =
0 otherwise

i) Find c.
ii) Find the conditional expectation, E(Y⏐ X = x), for 0 < x < 1.

8. Suppose in a big hotel there are N rooms with single occupancy and also
suppose that there are N boarders. In a dinner party to celebrate the
marriage anniversary of one of the boarders they start drinking alcohol to
their hearts' content and as a consequence they become unable to identify
their own rooms. What is the probability that at the end of the dinner party
none of the boarders occupies the room originally assigned to them? What
is the limiting value of this probability as N → ∞ ?

10
9. (a) Consider a Markov Chain with state space I = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and transition
probability matrix P given by

1/2 1/2 0 0 0 0
P= 1/4 3/4 0 0 0 0
0 0 2/3 1/3 0 0
0 0 1/8 7/8 0 0
1/4 0 1/2 0 1/8 1/8
0 0 1/4 3/4 0 0

Find the various classes of this chain and classify them as recurrent or
transient.

(b) Pulses arrive at a Geiger counter according to a Poisson Process with

parameter λ > 0. The counter is held open only a random length of time T
(independent of the arrival time of the pulses), where T is exponentially
distributed with parameter β>0. Find the distribution of N = Total number
of pulses registered by the counter

PART II: ENGINEERING STREAM

GROUP E-1: Engineering Mathematics

1(a) Let f(x) be a polynomial in x and let a, b be two real numbers where a ≠ b.
Show that if f(x) is divided by (x - a)(x - b) then the reminder is
( x − a) f (b) − ( x − b) f (a) .
b−a
dy
(b) Find dx if xCosy + yCosx = 1.

2.(a) Let A be the fixed point (0,4) and B be a moving point (2t, 0). Let M be the
mid-point of AB and let the perpendicular bisector of AB meets the y-axis
at R. Find the equation of the locus of the mid-point P of MR.

11
 (b) Inside a square ABCD with sides of length 12 cm, segment AE is drawn
where E is the point on DC such that DE = 5 cm. The perpendicular
bisector of AE is drawn and it intersects AE, AD and BC at the points M, P
and Q respectively. Find the ratio PM: MQ.

1 1 1
3.(a) Evaluate the value of 3.9 2.27 4.81 8 …… ∞ .

(b) Let f be a twice differentiable function such that

′′ ′
f (x) = - f(x); f (x) = g(x) and h(x) = f 2(x) + g2(x).
Given that h(5)=11, find h(10).

4.(a) Show that

⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ 1
Lim ⎢ + + + (upto [n 2] terms ) ⎥ = .
⎣ n +1 n +2 n +3 ⎦ 2
n →∞ 2 2 2

22 x 2 33 x3 44 x 4
(b) Test the convergence of the series x + + + + ∞.
2! 3! 4!
Assume x > 0 and examine all possibilities.

5.(a) Find the limit of the following function as x → 0 .

x ⎛ 1 ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟.
( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7) ⎝ 3 x ⎠
(b) If the line ax + by + c =0 is a normal to the curve xy =1 then show
that a⋅ b < 0.

6.(a) If ω is a complex cube root of unity then show that

( )(
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c ) a + bω + cω 2 a + bω 2 + cω . )
⎡ ∑ xr ⎤ ⎡ ∑ y r ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ xs
(b) Show that r>s
÷ r>s
> , whenever x > y > 0.
⎢ r ! ⎥ ⎢ r ! ⎥ ys
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

12
7.(a) Cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the form of a parabola and is
attached to the supporting pillars 200 m apart. The lowest point of the cable is 40
m below the point of suspension. Find the angle between the cable and the
supporting pillars. State all the assumptions involved.

(b) Let A, B and C be the angles of a triangle with angle C as the smallest of
them.
Show that
⎛C ⎞ 1
(i) sin ⎜ ≤
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2
⎛ A⎞ ⎛ B⎞ ⎛C⎞ 1
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that sin ⎜
⎝ ⎟⎠ sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ < .
2 2 2 4

8(a) Evaluate the following two integrals directly and compare them.

∫∫ dxdy and
∫∫ dxdy.
ax 2 + by 2 ≤1 a x ≤1, b y ≤1

(b) Determine x, y and z so that the 3 × 3 matrix with the following row vectors
is orthogonal : (1 / √3, 1 / √3, 1 / √3), (1/ √2, -1/ √2, 0), (x, y, z).

GROUP E-2: Engineering Mechanics

1.(a) The simple planar truss in the given Fig.1 consists of two straight two-force
members AB and BC that are pinned together at B. The truss is loaded by a
downward force of P=12 KN acting on the pin at B. Determine the internal
axial forces F1 and F2 in members AB and BC respectively. (Neglect the
weight of the truss members).

Fig. 1

13
 (b) Derive the expression for moment of inertia IYY of the shaded hollow
rectangular section (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

2.(a) A turbine rotor weighs 20 tonnes and has a radius of gyration of 1.75 meter
when running at 200 rpm. It is suddenly relieved of part of its load and its
speed rises to 205 rpm in 1 sec. Find the unbalanced uniform turning
moment.

(b) An Aluminium thin-walled tube (radius/thickness = 20) is closed at each

end and pressurized by 6 MPa to cause plastic deformation. Neglect the
elastic strain and find the plastic strain in the circumferential (hoop)
direction of the tube. The plastic stress-strain curve is given by σ = 170
(strain rate)0.25.

3.(a) A uniform ladder 5 m long and 14 kg mass is placed against a vertical wall
at an angle 500 to the horizontal ground. The co-efficient of friction
between ladder and wall is 0.2 and between ladder and ground in 0.5.
Calculate how far up the ladder a man of 63 kg. can climb before the
ladder shifts.
(b) Determine the diameter of a steel shaft rotating at an angular velocity of
300 rpm transmitting 500 HP. The allowable stress = 800 kg/cm2. The
allowable angle of twist = 0.50 per m, G = 8 × 105 kg/cm2 . What would be
the savings if a hollow shaft is used to transmit the same power under the
same condition, the ratio of diameters being 0.9?

14
4.(a) For the beam and loading shown in Fig.3, determine the equation defining
the shear and bending moment at any point and at point D.

Fig. 3

(b) As illustrated in the given Fig.4 a metal punch (similar in principle to a

paper punch) is used to punch holes in thin steel sheet that will be used to
make a metal cabinet. To punch a 60 mm diameter disk or "slug" out of the
sheet metal that is 10 mm thick requires a punch force of P=500 kg.
Determine the average shear stress in the sheet metal resulting from the

punching operation.

5. (a) A tie rod in the suspension of a car is to be constructed from a grade of

steel, which has 0.1% proof stress equal to 250 MN/m2. The tie rod is to
be constructed as a solid round bar of length 350 mm long. If the tie rod is
subjected to a maximum axial force of 10 KN,
i) Determine the minimum diameter of the tie rod
ii) The extension of the tie rod under load (E= 2094 GN/m2)
iii) The minimum diameter of the tie rod if a factor of safety of 2.5 is
applied to the proof stress

(b) Find the width of the belt necessary to transmit 11.25 KW power to a
pulley of diameter 300mm when the pulley makes 1600 rpm. Assume the
co-efficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.22 and angle of
contact is 210o. Maximum tension in the belt will not exceed 10N/mm
width.

15
 GROUP E-3: Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1.(a) A centrifugal pump, which is gear-driven by a DC motor, delivers 810 kg

of water per minute to a tank of height 11 meter above the level of the
pump. Draw the block diagram of the overall arrangement. Determine
input power across the gearing and current taken by the motor operated at
220 volt provided the efficiency of the pump, gearing and motor
respectively be 70%, 70% and 90% only. (Take g = 9.8 ms-2).

(b) The rms value of a sinusoidal alternating voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz is

155volt. If at t = 0 it crosses the zero axis in a positive direction, determine
the time taken to attain the first instantaneous value of 155 volt. How
much time it takes to fall from the maximum peak value to its half?
Explain with suitable waveform.

2.(a) On full-load unity power factor test, a meter having specification of 235 V
and 5A makes 60 revolutions in 6 minutes, but its normal speed is 520
revolution/KWh. Does the meter has any inaccuracy? If so, find the
percentage error.

(b) Write down the transfer function of the given system (as shown in the
following figure) and find the values of K for which the system will be
stable but underdamped.

16
3 (a) By intelligent selection of loop currents write down the mesh equations of
the given circuit (as shown in Fig. 5) and determine the current flowing
through that branch of the circuit containing capacitor. (All resistances/
reactances are in ohms).

Fig. 5

(b)

Fig. 6

Refer Fig. 6. Find the expression for V0. What would be the nature of V0
when R1 = R2 and C1 = C2? (Consider the Op-amps to be identical).

4. (a) A series ac circuit that resonates at 48 Hz consists of a coil (having R = 30

Ω and L = 500 mH) and a capacitor. If the supply voltage is 100 volt
determine the value of the capacitor.

17
 (b) Calculate the value of a capacitor which when connected across the circuit
(as of Q. 4 (a) above), enhances the resonant frequency to 60 Hz. Compare
the value of the source current in both the cases.

5 (a) A 200/400 - V, 10KVA, 50Hz single-phase transformer has, at full load,

a Cu loss of 120W. If it has an efficiency of 98% at full load unity power
factor, determine the iron losses. What would be the efficiency of the
transformer at half load 0.8 power factor lagging?

(b) In the 2-port network given below, the parameters at two parts are related
by the equations,
V1 = AV2 - BI2
I1 = CV2 - DI2

i) Find expressions for A, B, C and D

ii) Show that AD - BC = 1
iii) What are the physical interpretations of the above coefficients?

Fig 7

18
 GROUP E-4: Thermodynamics

1 (a) In a thermodynamic system of a perfect gas, let U = f (V,T) where U, V and

T refer to internal energy, volume of a gram-molecule of the substance and
temperature (in absolute scale) respectively. An amount of heat δQ is
added so that the volume expands by δV against a pressure P. Prove that:

⎡ ⎛δU ⎞ ⎤ ⎛δV ⎞
CP − CV = ⎢ P + ⎜ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ δ V ⎟⎠T ⎥⎦ ⎝⎜ δ T ⎠⎟ P
where Cp and CV stand for specific heat at constant pressure and specific
heat at constant volume respectively.

(b) 0.15 cu.m. of air at a pressure of 1.06 kg/cm2 is compressed to a volume of

0.008 cu.m. at 361 kg/cm2. Calculate (i) the quantity of heat rejected, (ii)
change in internal energy if the process of compression is a) Adiabatic b)
Polytropic with n = 1.3.

2 (a) A compression ignition engine has a stroke of 28 cm and a cylinder

diameter of 18 cm. The clearance volume is 475 cm3. The fuel injection
takes place at constant pressure for 4.5% of the stroke. Find the air
standard efficiency of the engine assuming that it works on diesel cycle. If
the fuel injection takes place at 10% of the stroke, find the loss in air
standard efficiency.

(b) A diesel engine has a compression ratio 14 to 1 and the fuel supply is cut
off at 0.08 of the stroke. If the relative efficiency is 0.52, estimate the
weight of fuel of a calorific value 10400 k.cal per kg that would be
required per horsepower.

3.(a) Calculate the change in entropy of saturated steam at a given pressure such
o
that the boiling point = 152.6 C and the latent heat at this temperature =
503.6 cal/gm. [Use Log e 1.56 = 0.445.]

(b) Draw the pv and T − Φ diagrams for a diesel cycle in which 1 kg of air
at 1 kg / cm2 and 90 0C is compressed through a ratio of 14 to 1. Heat is
then added until the volume is 1.7 times the volume at the end of

19
 compression, after which the air expands adiabatically to its original
volume. Take Cv = 0.169 and γ = 1.41.

4.(a) The approximated equation for adiabatic flow of super heated steam
through a nozzle is given by pv = constant. Show that
n

n
p2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ n +1
=⎜ ⎟
p1 ⎝ n + 1 ⎠

where p1 = pressure of steam at entry ; p2 = pressure of steam at throat

and p2 / p1 is the critical pressure ratio.

(b) The dry saturated steam is expanded in a nozzle from pressure of 10 bar to
pressure of 4 bar. If the expansion is super saturated, find the degree of
under cooling.

GROUP E-5: Engineering Properties of Metals

1. (a) Distinguish between modulus of rigidity and modulus of rupture. Give an

expression for the modulus of rigidity in terms of the specimen geometry,
torque, and angle of twist. Is the expression valid beyond the yield
strength (torsion)?

(b) A steel bar is subjected to a fluctuating axial load that varies from a
maximum of 340 kN to a minimum of 120 kN compression. The
mechanical properties of the steel are σ u = 1090 MPa, σ 0 = 1010 MPa
and σ e = 510 MPa. Determine the bar diameter to give infinite fatigue life
based on a safety factor of 2.5

2 (a) A cylindrical bar is subjected to a torsional moment MT at one end. The

twisting moment is resisted by shear stress μ set up in the cross section of
the bar. The shear stress is zero at the centre of the bar and increases
linearly with the radius. Find the maximum shear stress at the surface of
the bar.
π D4
Given J = (assuming that the torsional deformation is restricted
32
within the zone of elasticity)

20
 where, J : Polar moment of inertia
D : Diameter of cylinder.

(b) Consider a flat plane containing a crack of elliptical cross-section. The

length of the crack is 2c and stress is perpendicular to the major axis of
the ellipse. Show that
2γ E
σ=
πc
σ : stress
γ : surface energy
E: Young's modulus of elasticity

3. (a) Consider a tension specimen, which is subjected to a total strain ε at an

elevated temperature where creep can occur. The total strain remains
constant and the elastic strain decreases. Show that

1 1
n −1
= + BE ( n − 1)t
σ σ o n −1
where,
ε = εe + εp ε e : elastic strain
ε e = σ /E ε p : plastic strain
dε p
= Bσ n t : time
dt
σ = σ o at t = 0.

(b) Distinguish between slip and twinning with diagrams.

4. (a) Suppose a crystalline material has fcc structure with atomic radius of
1.278 Å Determine the density of the crystalline material. Assume number
of atoms per unit cell and molecular weight are n and M gm respectively.

(b) Suppose there is an electron in an electric field of intensity 3200 volts/m.

Estimate the force experienced by the electron. If it moves through a
potential difference of 100 volts, find the kinetic energy acquired by the
electron.

21
 GROUP E-6: Engineering Drawing

1.(a) A hollow cube of 5cm side is lying on H.P. and one of its vertical face is
touching V.P. A slim rod, to be taken as its solid diagonal, is placed within
it. Draw top and front / side views of solid diagonal and, from the drawn
figure determine its true length.

(b) Two balls are vertically erected to 18cm and 30 cm respectively above the
flat ground. These balls are away from a 3 cm thick wall (on the ground)
by 12 cm and 21 cm respectively but on either side of the wall. The
distance between the balls, measured along the ground and parallel to the
wall is 27 cm. Determine their approximate distance.

2. (a) Sketch the profile of a square thread, knuckle thread and a white-worth
thread showing all relevant dimensions in terms of the pitch.

(b) Sketch:

i) single riveted lap joint,

ii) double riveted lap joint chain-riveting,
iii) double riveted lap joint zigzag-riveting, and
iv) single cover single riveted butt joint.

3.(a) Draw the isometric view of an octahedron erected vertically up on one of

its vertices. (Distinct free hand sketch only.)

(b) You are given two square prisms of same height of 10cm. Prism A has side
7cm and prism B has side of 5cm respectively. Longer face of B is lying
on H.P. with its base perpendicular to V.P. Base of A is lying on H.P. but
equally inclined to V.P. You are instructed to remove by cutting a portion
of bottom base of A so that within the cavity maximum of B may be
placed accordingly. Note that vertical face of B may be parallel to V.P. but
just touch the central axis of A. Draw the sectional view of the
combination and determine the volume of material to be removed from A.

22
4. A parallelepiped of dimension 100× 60× 80 is truncated by a plane which
passes through 85, 45 and 65 unit distance on the associated edges from the
nearest top point of the object. Draw the isometric view of the truncated
solid object. In third angle projection method, draw its plan. (All
dimensions are in mm).

Note: A copy of one of the previous year’s QR Test Question paper is appended
in the following pages to give the candidate a rough idea.

23
BOOKLET No. TEST CODE: QR
Afternoon
Time: 2 hours

Questions
Maximum
Group Total To be marks
answered
Part I (for Statistics/Mathematics Stream)
S1 (Statistics) 5 A TOTAL OF SIX [6]
TAKING AT LEAST TWO 120
S2 (Probability) 5 [2] FROM EACH GROUP.
Part II (for Engineering Stream)
E1 (Mathematics) 3
E2 (Engineering Mechanics) 2
E3 (Electrical and Electronics A TOTAL OF SIX [6]
2 120
Engineering) TAKING AT LEAST TWO
E4 (Thermodynamics) 2 [2] FROM E1
E5 (Engineering Properties of Metals) 2
E6 (Engineering Drawing) 2

On the answer-booklet write your Name, Registration Number, Test Code,

Number of this booklet, etc. in the appropriate places.

There are two parts in this booklet as detailed above. Candidates having
Statistics background are required to answer questions from Part I as per
instructions given. Those having engineering background are required to answer
questions from Part II as per instructions given.

USE OF CALCULATORS IS NOT ALLOWED. SLIDE RULE

MAY BE USED

STOP! WAIT FOR THE SIGNAL TO START

24
 PART I (FOR STATISTICS/MATHEMATICS STREAM)

ATTENTION : ANSWER A TOTAL OF SIX [6] QUESTIONS, TAKING AT

LEAST TWO [2] FROM EACH GROUP.

GROUP S-1
Statistics

1. A Spring Balance is used to estimate the weights of two objects, namely A

and B. Objects themselves cannot be weighed in the balance. So a container
is used to hold the objects during weighing. Let the unknown weights of the
container, object A and object B be w0 , w1 and w2 respectively. First, object A
is weighed after placing it in the container and the sum of their weights y1, is
recorded. Then the object is taken out of the container, placed back in it and
reweighed. Let the weight be y2. Similarly two observations on sum of the
weights of container and object B are generated as y3 and y4. Assume that the
errors of measurements are independently distributed with zero mean and
constant variances.

(a) Obtain least square estimates of w0 , w1 and w2 . Are they unique?

Justify.
(b) Give the condition of estimability of the parametric function
l0 w0 + l1 w1 + l2 w2 , where l 0 , l1 and l2 are known constants.
(c) Obtain the best linear unbiased estimator of w0 + 3w1 − 2 w2 .

(10 +6+4) = [ 20]

2. Let x1 , x 2, …., x N be a random sample of size N from N p ( μ 1, ∑ ) , where

′
x α = ( x1α ,...., x pα ) , α =1, 2,..., N ; 1 p ×1 = (1,...,1)′ and ∑ is known.

Two estimators are suggested for μ as follows:

1′ x 1′ ∑ −1 x
T1 = and T2 = ,
1′ 1 1′∑ −1 1
′
( )
N
1
where, x = x1 ,...., x p , xi =
N
∑
α
xα ,
=1
i for i = 1, 2,…,p.

(a) Show that T1 and T2 are unbiased estimators of μ .

25
 (b) Find the variances of T1 and T2 .
(c) Show that var(T2 ) ≤ var(T1 ) .
(4+6+10) = [20]

3. If x1 , x2 ,..., xn is a random sample of size n from the uniform distribution having

the probability density function

⎧1 if α ≤ x ≤ α +1
f ( x) = ⎨
⎩0 elsewhere

1
Show that x(1) − is a consistent estimator of α where x(1) is the first order
n +1
statistic.
[20]

4. Obtain the probabilities that a sample selected in 3 draws according to SRSWR

sampling scheme will consist of one, two and three distinct units, the population
size being N.

Let yν be the sample mean based on ν distinct units. Show that

Var ( yν ) < Var ( y )
where y is the sample mean based on all the sampled units.
[20]

5. ( a) A sample of 230 high-school students were asked about the type of person
who affected their life most positively. The following table gives the number of
students for three types of schools (namely; public, private and residential) and
the type of person making the most positive impact.

Type of School
Person, who Public Private Residential
influenced
Parents (P) 30 25 33
Friends (F) 13 8 4
Tutor (T) 50 44 10
Sibling (S) 7 3 3
100 80 50

26
 i. Define the population under study.
ii. What are the variables of interest?
iii. For each type of school, draw a bar chart showing the relative frequency of
persons making the most positive impact. Compare these three bar charts
and comment on whether students’ opinion is influenced by the type of
school they attend.
(2 + 2+ 6) = [10]

(b) Suppose that X is a random variable whose probability distribution is

( )
N μ ,σ 2 , where σ 2 is assumed to be known. To test H o : μ = μo versus
H1 : μ > μo we propose the following:

Obtain a sample of size n, compute the sample mean X and reject H o if

X > c, where c is a constant to be determined.

i. Write down the operating characteristic function L ( μ ) of this test.

ii. If n is known and assuming that the probability of type I error is equal
to α , find the value of c.
iii. Consider the case where n is not known. Assume that the probability of
type II error is equal to β for μ = μ1 . Find the values of n and c.
(2+3+5)=[10]

GROUP S–2
Probability

6. Suppose that in Darjeeling, the probability that a rainy day is followed by a

rainy day is 0.80, and the probability that a sunny day is followed by a rainy
day is 0.60. Find the probabilities that a rainy day is followed by

(a) a rainy day, a sunny day, and another rainy day;

(b) two sunny days and then a rainy day;
(c) two rainy days and then two sunny days;
(d) a rainy day two days later.
[20]

27
7. (a) Let X 1, X 2 , ...., X n be independent random variables with distribution
function F(x). Let Yn = max ( X 1 ,..., X n ), and define the new random
variable
Z n = n − nF (Yn )
Find the distribution of Z n .
[10]

(b) Consider two independent series of events ‘E’ and ‘F’ occurring
according to Poisson processes with rates λ and μ respectively
( λ , μ > 0) . Let N denote the number of occurrences of ‘E’ between two
successive occurrences of ‘F’. Show that N has a geometric distribution.
[10]

8. (a) Let X 1 , X 2 , ..., X n be independent and identically distributed normal

n
random variables with mean μ and variance 1. Set S n = ∑X
i =1
i
2
. Let Yν be

a χ 2 random variable with ν degrees of freedom and θ be an unknown

constant. Set T = θYν . Find the constants θ and ν so that the random
variables S n and T have same means and same variances.
[14]

(b) The number 6.5 is divided into two nonnegative real numbers, uniformly at
random. For instance, into 4.07 and 2.43 or 6.5 – 23 and 23 . Next each
of these two parts is rounded to the nearest integer. For example, 4 and 2 in
the first case and 2 and 5 in the second case. What is the probability that the
two numbers will add up to 7.

[6]

28
9. (a) Let U be a random variable following a normal distribution with
mean 0 and variance σ 2 . Let V be another random variable,
1
independent of U and P(V= 1 ) = P( V= –1 ) = . Define W = UV.
2
(i) Show that U and W have the same distribution.
(ii) Find the correlation coefficient between U and W.
(iii) Check whether U and W are independent or not.
(10 + 6 + 4) = [20]

10. (a) In a multiple choice test, each question has four alternative answers
which are graded as:

A : Fully Correct
B : Mostly Correct
C : Mostly Incorrect
D : Completely Incorrect

The “Knowledge” X of an examinee is a random variable with four

2 1
possible values, namely; 1 (excellent), (good), (fair) and 0 (poor).
3 3
An examinee with X = 1 chooses A with probability 1, with X = 2/3
chooses at random between A and B, with X = 1/3 chooses at random
between A, B, and C and with X = 0 chooses at random between A, B,
C and D.

What scores will you assign for the alternatives A, B, C and D, if it is

required that the expected score of an examinee is equal to his
knowledge X for each possible value of X?
[10]

(b) There are n coaches in a train going from New Delhi to Kolkata. Five
friends traveling by the train, for some reasons, could not meet each
other at New Delhi Station before getting aboard.

(i) What is the probability that the five friends will be in different
coaches?
(ii) What is the probability that any three of the friends will be in
one (unspecified) coach?
[10]

29
 PART II (FOR ENGINEERING STREAM)

ATTENTION : ANSWER A TOTAL OF SIX [6] QUESTIONS TAKING

AT LEAST TWO [2] FROM E1.

GROUP E-1
Mathematics

1. 2−1 3 − 2 2 5 2 − 7 17 − 12 2
(a) Show that 1 + + + + + ........∞
2 2 12 24 2 80
1
= 2+ ( 2 +1) log e
2

(b) Prove that 15 divides 11 ⋅ 1! + 22 ⋅ 2! + ... + 5050 ⋅ 50!

(12+8) = [20]

2. (a) If the population of a country doubles in 50 years, show using

differential equations that it will treble in 50 log 2 3 years, assuming
that the rate of increase is proportional to the number of inhabitants?

(b) A rectangle ABCD is inscribed in a circle. Let PQ be the diameter of the

circle parallel to the side AB. If the measure of ∠ BPC is 30o, find the ratio
of the area of the rectangle and the area of the circle.

(10+10) = [20]

3. (a) If f (x) = (x-1) e x +1, show that f (x) is positive for all x > 0.

30
 (b) Show that

a−b a+b c−d c+d

−b −d
( )
a c 2
= a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2
−c − d − c + d a+b a−b
−d −c b a

(10 + 10) = [20]

GROUP E-2
Engineering Mechanics

4. (a) At a point in a stressed body, the state of stress on two planes 45o apart is
shown in figure below. Determine the two principal stresses.

8 MPa

8 MPa

3 MPa

2 MPA

(b) By how much will a 2m structural steel wire of diameter 2.2 mm stretch,
if hanging under its own weight? The elastic modulus is 200 GPa and
the density is 7860 kg/m3.

(10+10) = [20]

31
5. (a) Four shapes are available for beam construction, a pipe (ID = 30 mm, OD
= 40 mm), square cross section (solid), a solid rod, and square cross
section (annular, with wall thickness 8 mm). If all shapes have equal
cross sectional areas, which will best support a load (least maximum
stress)?

(b) Show that the weight of a hollow shaft with the ratio of its internal
diameter to its external diameter being 0.8 transmitting a moment of 600
Kgm and the and the allowable stress of 600 Kg/cm2 is around 51% of
the solid shaft of same strength.

(10+10)=[20]

GROUP E-3
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

6. (a) Show that for a stepdown autotransformer Z in = (1 + N1 / N 2 ) 2 Z l

where N 1 (up), N 2 (down) are number of turns respectively from the
intermediate tapping point, Z in and Z l are overall input impedance on
primary side and output impedance on secondary side respectively.
Draw the diagram showing all those.

32
 (b) The output of an audio power amplifier is directly fed to a loud speaker
having internal impedance of 8 Ω . With the specification (from the
Thevenin’s equivalent of amplifier circuit): V th = 16V and Z th = 72 Ω ,
determine the amount of power transferred to the loud speaker.

An ideal impedance matching transformer is placed in between the

amplifier and loudspeaker to provide maximum power transfer to the
loud speaker. Draw the complete circuit diagram. Find the required turns
ratio of the transformer to achieve the maximum power transfer, the
quantity of which you have to determine.
(Same Thevenin’s equivalent of amplifier circuit may be considered
here).

(7 + (4+9)) = [20]

7. (a) Given a positive number N in base r with an integer part of n digits, the
r’s complement of N is defined as r n − N for N ≠ 0 and as 0 for N =
0. Now calculate 2’s complement of 11101100. Justify whether there
can be two different binary numbers whose 2’s complements are same

(b) Design 2-input XOR gate using only NAND (/NOR) gates and draw its
symbolic diagram. Let for each of the three set of XOR gate, A (binary
value) be the first input. Determine individually, for what 3 set of second
input (to XOR gate) you may have 3 set of output: A , 0 and 1.

(9 + 11) = [20]

GROUP E-4
Thermodynamics

8. (a) Two reversible engines are operating between three thermal reservoirs at
temperature T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The first engine operates with the
reservoirs at T1 and T2 while the second engine operates between the
reservoirs at T2 and T3. The second engine absorbs energy from the
reservoir at T2 such that the reservoir is unaffected. Determine a relation
among T1, T2 and T3 if

i. the efficiencies of both the engines are same

ii. the work output of both the engines are same.

33
 (b) Two identical bodies of mass m having specific heat C are available at
temperature T1. It is desired to operate a refrigerator between the two
bodies to cool one of them to T2. Determine the minimum amount of
work to be done on the device and the final temperature of the second
body.
(12 + 8) = [20]

9. (a) The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine can be increased either by

increasing the source temperature while the sink temperature is held constant
or by decreasing the sink temperature while the source temperature is held
constant. Which of the above two possibilities is more effective?
(b) A four stroke diesel engine gave the following results during a test.

Number of cylinders 4
Bore of cylinders 90 mm
Stroke 80 mm
Speed 5000 rev/min
Fuel consumption rate 0.09 kg/min
Calorific value 44 MJ/kg
Net Brake load 60 N
Torque arm 0.5 m
MEP 280 kPa

Calculate the following:

i. The Mechanical Efficiency

ii. The Brake Thermal Efficiency
iii. The Indicated Thermal Efficiency.
(10+10) = [20]

GROUP E-5
Engineering Properties of Metals

9. (a) Examine whether the following statements are true or false.

i. Hooke’s law is applicable to describe the behavior of metal in plastic

region of deformation.
ii. Ductility or, brittleness is not an absolute property of metal.
iii. Fatigue failure occurs in metal parts, which are subjected to tensile or
torsional stresses.

34
 iv. Yielding in metal is not accompanied with permanent change of shape
and size.
v. Stress rupture test may be viewed as an Accelerated life test for
Fatigue failures.
vi. The fracture Transition Plastic (FTP) is the temperature where the
Crack Arrest Temperature (CAT) curve crosses the tensile – strength
curve.
vii. Creep is an important manifestation of elastic behaviour.
viii. Low cycle fatigue conditions result from cyclic strain rather than from
cyclic stress.
ix. The torsion test provides more fundamental measure of the plasticity of
a metal than the tension test.
x. Hot hardness gives a good indication of the potential usefulness of an
alloy for high temperature strength applications.
xi. The hardness measured in terms of the height of rebound of the
indenter is called scratch hardness.
xii. Anisotropy in metals cheracterises the dependence of properties on
preferred orientation.
xiii. Resilience of material describes the ability of the material to absorb
energy when deformed plastically.

(b) Explain the phenomenon of strain hardening of metal in tension. What

is its relation with neecking and when does necking occur?

(13 + 7) = [20]

10. (a) What is the difference between stress intensity factor and plane strain
fracture toughness. Can you consider fracture toughness to be
independent of crack length, crack geometry or, loading system?
Explain.

(b) A 4031 steel bar is subjected to a fluctuating axial load that varies from
maximum of 325 kN tension to a minimum of 115 kN compression. The
mechanical properties of steel are:
σ u = 1090 Mpa, σ 0 = 1010 MPa, σ e = 510 MPa .
(i) Find the mean stress and alternating stress levels.
(ii) Determine the bar diameter to give infinite fatigue life based an
a safety factor of 2.5.

(13 + 7) = [20]

35
 GROUP E-6
Engineering Drawing

12 (a) A hollow cube of 10 cm is placed on H.P. with two adjacent vertical faces
making equal angle to V.P. In this position draw the plan and side view of
the cube. Mark the solid diagonal of cube properly.

(b) Now the cube is hanged by a string fastened to top vertex of the solid
diagonal and is allowed to move freely on solid diagonal axis. Draw the
plan and front view of the cube on hanging position.

[In each case, mention whether you use first angle or third angle projection]

(7 + 13) = [20]

13. (a) Sketch a hexagonal nut and bolt. Your diagram should show a practical
way of using them. Explain why a washer is sometimes used.

(b) Sketch the profile of a symmetric V-shaped thread. Indicate the height
(H), pitch (P), major diameter (D) and the minor diameter (D1). What is
the relationship between the height (H) and the pitch (P) of the screw.

(12+8) = [20]

36