ART

APPRECIATION
PRELIMINARIES

Prepared By:
Princess Diana L. Coquia, LPT, M.Ed.
What is Art?
Art came from the Aryan root word “Ar” which means to join or to
put together.
Greek verb “Artizen” which means to prepare. And in Latin terms,
“ars” or “artis” which means everything that is made or assembled
by man.
Art is the process or product/deliberately arranging elements in a
way that appeals to the sense or emotions.
It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, an
models of expressions including music and literature.
Philosophical View of Arts
1. Art as Mimesis (Plato)
- art is replication or an imitation
- art is essentially an imitation of nature.
- It is an illusion than an ordinary experience.
- provides the best entertainment but on the other hand has the worst dangerous delusion.
2. Art as Representation (Aristotle)
- Art is more than an imitation but an aid to revealing the truth
Purpose of Art for Aristotle:
a. Art allows for the experience of pleasure
b. Art has the ability to be instructive and teach the
audience about life.
3. Art as a communication of emotion (Leo Tolstoy)
- Art serves as a language, a communication device that
articulates feelings
4. Art as a second nature to a man (Emmanuel Kant)
- Art’s purpose if to be purposeless
- The artist in his view should not have any justification for his work.
3 Philosophical Themes
1. Integrity
- Refers to faithfulness to one’s principles
2. Proportion/Consonance
- implies balance or consistency of the elements
3. Radiance/Clarity
 - has something to do with the meaning or impact upon the observer.

Types of Art
a. Major Arts
1. Architecture
- The art of science of building; specifically, the art or practice
of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones.

2. Dance
- A sport and art form that generally refers to movement of the boy,
usually rhythmic, and used as a form of expression, social interaction or
presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
3. Fashion Design
- Is the applied art dedicate to clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social
influence of a specific time.

4. Literature
- Comes from Latin word “Littera” which means letter. In broad
sense, it means any written work.
5. Music
- an art form whose medium is sound organized in time. Common
elements of music are pitch (melody and harmony), rhythm (tempo,
meter and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and
texture.

B. Minor Arts
1. Decorative Art
- Concerned with the design and decoration of objects that is chiefly
prized for its utility, rather than for its purely aesthetic qualities, like
ceramics, glassware, basketry, jewelry, metal ware, furniture, textiles,
clothing and many others.
2. Graphic Art
- refers to the art of drawing or painting or printmaking which focuses on
visual communication and presentation
3. Industrial Art
- an educational program that features the fabrication of objects in wood or metal using a variety of
hand, power, or machine tools.

4. Plastic Art
- Includes those visual arts that involve the use of materials that can be
mole or modulate in some way, often in three dimensions. Examples are
clay, paint and plaster.

5. Popular Art
- Refers to any dance, literature, music, theatre, or other art form intended to
be received and appreciated by ordinary people in a literature and technologically-
advanced society dominated by urban culture.

6. Painting
- is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface
like wall, paper, canvas, wood, and glass.

7. Sculpture
- Comes from the Latin word “sculpere”, which means to carve. It can be
defined as the art or practice of creating 3D forms or figures through carving,
modeling and casting.

Assumptions of Arts
1. Art is Universal
- Art is a reflection of people and their social
context.
- Countries around the world create cultural
exchange programs through art to develop mutual
understanding between different cultures, countries,
and people.
 - Art is one of the main means of communication that can connect the world and reflect on cultural,
political, and social dynamics.
- The universal concept of art is derived from the notion that all art forms emerged from a place of
innermost feelings and desire for man to be expressive.
- It doesn’t matter who created it, where and why it was created, how and what was used to create it,
every work of art evokes a universal emotion of either love or hate, joy and happiness or fear and sorrows,
etc.
2. Art is Cultural
- Art influences society by changing opinions, instilling
values and translating experiences across space and time.
Research has shown art affects the fundamental sense of self.
- Art is often a vehicle for social change. It can give
voice to the politically or socially disenfranchised.
3. Art is experiential
- Experience is important. Art is about the creativity of a
person, his or her ability to create something beautiful a masterpiece that is also know within the areas of art.
- Experience is necessary for an artist since this will fuel to create Art.
4. Art is/as an expression
- Art is an expression made visible by a form.
- Art expresses and translates, art acknowledges and
reveals, art transfers and art intervenes.
5. Art is not nature
- Art is not nature because in many ways, art is not
“natural”, it is an artificial construct created by man.
6. Art is a form of creativity.
- Creativity is the mental capacity to generate novel and useful ideas, more or less. It isn’t about art
or design, writing or music. Creativity is, at its core, about ideas and how we develop, understand and
communicate them.

Functions of Arts
1. Aesthetic (What do you see?)
- We appreciate more the beauty of nature
2. Utilitarian (Which do you use?)
- Through art, man is provided with necessities for
convenience
3. Cultural (How does it preserve culture)
- Art transmits and preserves skills and knowledge from
one generation to another.
4. Social (How does it connects you?)
- through civic and graphic arts, man learns to love and help each other.

Reasons to study Art

1. Art subjects encourage self-expression and creativity and can build self-esteem and a sense of individual
identity.
2. Creativity helps with holistic development and happiness. It helps you release pressures of studying as
well as those of everyday life.
3. It boosts critical thinking and the ability to interpret the world around us.

History of Arts
The history of art pertains to the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for
aesthetical or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emotions or, in general, a worldview.
Art Historiography pertains to the historical study of the visual arts, being concerned with the identifying,
classifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting and understanding the art products and historic development
of the fields of painting, sculpture, architecture, decorative arts, drawing, printmaking, photography, interior
design, etc.
Cave Paintings are also known as “parietal art”. They are painted
drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to
some 40,000 years ago (around 38,00 BCE). Animals and humans are
the most common subjects that can be seen on cave paintings. Images
are mostly hand stenciled made by blowing pigment on the hand and
applying it to the wall.
The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals are at least
35,000 years old and were found in caves in the district of Maros,
located in Bantimurung district, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, according to
datings announced in 2014.
The earliest figurative paintings in Europe
was approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet
Cave in France, and in the Colliboaia Cave in Romania.
The oldest known cave painting is a red hand stencil in Maltravieso cave,
Caceres, Spain and was said to be made by a Neanderthal. The oldest date given
to an animal cave painting (a pig) has a minimum age of 35,400 years old at
Timpuseng cave in Sulawesi, and Indonesian Island.
At Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park, South Africa, there were 3,000
year-old paintings by the San people who settled in the area some
8,000 years ago—which depict animals and humans. These are
thought to represent religious beliefs. Human figures are much
more common in the rock art of Africa than in Europe (Jaroff,
2007).
 Several cave paintings were also seen in Asia, Europe, North and South America. The Padah-Lin Caves of
Burma contain 11,000-year old paintings and many rock tools.
In the Philippines at Tabon Caves the oldest artwork may be a relief of a shark above the cave entrance, It
was partially disfigured by a later jar burial scene.

Ancient Civilization

The Egyptian Art

Egyptian History is
usually divided into
two different
dynasties. The first
ruler was King
Menes also called
King Narmer, who
united Egypt under
one government
and
founded the capital city of Memphis. In the Narmer palette, the human
form was portrayed in a way that became standard in Egyptian art. The
head and legs are shown from the side, while the eye and shoulders are
shown from the front.
The first great period of Egyptian civilization, called the Old
Kingdom, began during the rule of King Joser. The advances of the
period were due mainly to Imhotep, the king's first minister. He was a
skilled architect, statesman, and scholar. He was probably the architect
of
the famous Step Pyramid at Saqqara. The Step Pyramid was the first stone
building in history and the first of the many pyramids to appear during the next
1,000 years.
The Great Pyramid of Giza also known as the Pyramid of Khufu (as
it was built to protect the tomb of the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh
Khufu) or the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest and largest of the three
pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza,
Egypt.
It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only
one to remain largely intact. The pyramids were meant to house the
pharaohs' bodies and serve as reminders of their almighty power.
The Greek Art PEDIMENT

Pericles (an official and a general) paid

artisans to build temples and other public
buildings in the city of Athens. He believe
through this way he could win the support of
the Athenian people by making plenty of
construction jobs and by building public
monuments--so grand that people would come
from afar to see them. He believed that by
doing these could increase Athens' prestige as
well as his own. The temples of classical
Greece all shared the same general form: rows
of columns supporting a horizontal entablature
(a kind of decorative molding) and a
triangular roof. At each end of the roof, above
the entablature, was a triangular space known
COLUMNS as the pediment.
In 331 B.C., Egypt was conquered by Alexander the Great, the King of Macedonia.He founded a new
capital city, Alexandria, on the Mediterranean coast. After Alexander's death in 323, Egypt fell to one of
his generals, Ptolemy, who founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Classical Greek
pottery was mostly
utilitarian of the era's
art forms. People
offered small terra
cotta figurines as gifts to gods and goddesses, buried them with the dead and
gave them to their children as toys. They also used clay pots, jars and vases for
almost everything.
These were painted with religious or mythological scenes that, like the era's
statues, grew more sophisticated and realistic over time.

The Roman Arts

 The Romans wanted their art and architecture to be useful.
They planned their cities and built bridges, aqueducts,
public baths, and marketplaces, apartment houses, and
harbors.
Romans used arch and they built on a greater scale than the
Greeks, who used the post and lintel (a beam supported by
two columns). The arch can support much more weight than
the post and lintel. Roman aqueducts were often three levels
of arches piled one on top of another. And their buildings,
such as the Baths of Caracalla, enclosed huge open areas.
Chinese Art
Many critics consider landscape to be the highest form of Chinese painting. The time from the Five
Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907-1127) is known as the Great Age of Chinese Landscape. In
the north, artists such as Jing Hau, Fan Kuan, and Guo Xi painted pictures of towering mountains. They used strong
black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the south, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, and
other artists painted the rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer,
rubbed brushwork.
During the late 1800's and 1900's, Chinese painters were increasingly exposed to the art of Western cultures.
Some artists who studied in Europe rejected Chinese painting. Other artists tried to combine the best of both
traditions. Perhaps the most beloved modern painter was Qi Baishi. He began life as a poor peasant and
became a great master, His most famous works depict flowers and small animals.Decorative objects made of
bronze, jade and ceramics are among China’s greatest contributions to world art. Bronze metalwork is the
greatest art form of ancient China.
Jade is a hard, beautiful stone that was highly valued by the Chinese.
Jade ornaments and sculptures are found at many early burial sites.
Because jade is brittle and difficult to work with, the earliest jades are
very simply carved., During the Eastern Zhou period (770-221 B.C.)
improved tools allowed artists to produce exquisite jades with
complicated shapes and curved, complex patterns
Japanese Art
The introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 500's influenced sculpture
techniques, styles, and subjects. The 500's to the 700's are known as the
classical era of Buddhist sculpture. During this time, temple sculptures
of the Buddha and other gods were often made of gilt (gold- covered)
bronze because of its value and awe- inspiring appearance. One of the
most impressive gilt bronze statues from this period is a 52-foot (16-
meter) seated Buddha in the Todaiji, a temple in the city of Nara. It was
made in a lifelike style typical of the arts of the 700's.
Beginning in the 900's, paintings with nonreligious themes were
increasingly collected by wealthy people. Especially popular were hand scrolls. These were long narrative
scrolls that contained both text and paintings. Sections of text, written in
calligraphy (beautiful writing), were alternated with pictures illustrating
the story, Hand scrolls were about 12 inches (30 centimeters) high and
up to 50 feet (15 meters) long.
Woodblocks were first used in
Japan to reproduce religious texts
and images By the 1600's they were
widely used to print inexpensive
pictures and illustrated books that were eagerly collected by members of all
social classes.
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through
19th centuries. Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such
subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and
sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk tales; travel scenes and landscapes; flora and fauna; and erotica.
The term ukiyo-e translates as "picture (s] of the floating world".
Uki means sadness; yo means ‘for life’. The ukiyo-e originally reflected the Buddhist concept of life as a
transitory illusion , involving a cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth.