o Sensory evaluation (assess attributes such as

flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall

“Effects of Black Soldier Fly as Alternative Protein Source on
acceptability.)
Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Yield of Broiler
o Odor Evaluation (unpleasant odors may affect
Chicken”
consumer acceptability)
 How are we going to measure the Yield of Broiler?
 How are you going to measure the growth performance of
o Dressing Percentage:
Broiler:
o Feed Intake (feed conversion ratio) Dressing percentage is the percentage of the live
o Weight gain, daily gain, body weight weight that remains after the removal of non-edible parts
o Feed Efficiency (feathers, head, feet, and internal organs). The formula is:
o Water Consumption
Dressing Percentage=
o Mortality rate
(Dressed Carcass WeightLive Weight)×100Dressing Percentage=(Li
 In considering parameters, do we still include their mortality ve WeightDressed Carcass Weight)×100
rate? Water consumption?
 How are we going to assess the meat quality? o Carcass Components:
 Consider the ff. Assess the weight of specific carcass components,
o Color (Appearance lightness, redness, and such as breast, thigh, drumstick, wings, and back. Express
yellowness) the weight of each component as a percentage of the dressed
o Texture (hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness carcass weight.
using equipment)
o Water holding capacity (ability of meat to o Cut-Up Yield:
retain water during cooking and Cut-up yield represents the percentage of meat
processingHigher WHC is desirable for obtained from specific cuts (e.g., breast, thighs) compared to
juicier and more flavorful meat.) the total dressed carcass weight.
o Chemical Composition (moisture, protein, fat,
and ash content) o Boneless Meat Percentage:
o Fat content and composition
 Calculate the percentage of boneless meat by o Lean Meat Yield:
dividing the weight of boneless meat by the dressed carcass
weight. This measurement is relevant for products like Assess the yield of lean meat by measuring the
boneless chicken breasts. percentage of meat with lower fat content, often desirable for
certain market segments.
o Meat-to-Bone Ratio:
Evaluate the ratio of meat to bone by dividing the
DO WE REALLY HAVE TO GO THROUGH THESE
weight of meat by the weight of bones from a specific cut or
PROCESSS? -ask sir
the entire carcass.
Objectives:
o Whole Bird Yield:
 To investigate and evaluate the impact of incorporating
Whole bird yield considers the overall yield of the
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae as a protein source in the diet
entire carcass, including all parts. It is expressed as a
of broiler chickens, focusing on the growth performance,
percentage of the live weight.
carcass traits, and overall yield.
o Thigh and Drumstick Ratio:  The study aims to quantify and analyze key parameters such
as body weight gain, feed efficiency, dressing percentage,
Assess the ratio of thigh to drumstick meat, as
cut-up yield, and other relevant metrics to assess the efficacy
different markets may prefer varying proportions of these
of Black Soldier Fly larvae as a sustainable and alternative
cuts. Express this ratio as a percentage.
protein feed for broiler production.
o Wing Yield:
What do you think is the significance of the study to
Evaluate the yield from wings as a percentage of the animal science?
total dressed carcass weight. This is relevant for products  Sustainable Protein Source: Bsf larva can convert
like wing portions. organic waste into high quality protein. This BSF as
o Back and Frame Yield: protein source can be sustainable to our agricultural
practices by using them as a valuable feed and reduce
Measure the yield from the back and frame (skeleton) our resilience on traditional protein source like
of the carcass, expressed as a percentage of the dressed fishmeal and soybean.
carcass weight.  Reduced Environmental Impact
  Nutritional Quality: assess the potential to meet the  Fishmeal: 40 grams
dietary requirements of broiler chickens and improve  Limestone: 8 grams
the overall nutrition.  Dicalcium Phosphate: 7 grams
 Improved Feed Efficiency: better feed conversion  Salt: 3 grams
ratios and growth rates, it could lead to more efficient  Vitamin and Mineral Premix: Follow industry
poultry production. standards
3. Diet with Medium Inclusion of BSF (e.g., 10%):
In general, we want to influence farmers on agricultural practices  Corn: 540 grams
and address challenges on the conventional protein sources on  Soybean Meal: 270 grams
animal nutrition. If it proves cost-effective and economically viable,  Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal: 50 grams
it could provide an alternative and sustainable protein source,  Wheat Bran: 40 grams
potentially reducing production costs for poultry farmers.  Fishmeal: 40 grams
 Limestone: 8 grams
Note:  Dicalcium Phosphate: 7 grams
 Salt: 3 grams
Basic Dietary Formulation (Per Kilogram of Feed):  Vitamin and Mineral Premix: Follow industry
standards
1. Control Diet (Without BSF Inclusion): 4. Diet with High Inclusion of BSF (e.g., 15%):
 Corn: 600 grams  Corn: 510 grams
 Soybean Meal: 300 grams  Soybean Meal: 255 grams
 Wheat Bran: 40 grams  Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal: 75 grams
 Fishmeal: 40 grams  Wheat Bran: 40 grams
 Limestone: 8 grams  Fishmeal: 40 grams
 Dicalcium Phosphate: 7 grams  Limestone: 8 grams
 Salt: 3 grams  Dicalcium Phosphate: 7 grams
 Vitamin and Mineral Premix: Follow industry  Salt: 3 grams
standards  Vitamin and Mineral Premix: Follow industry
2. Diet with Low Inclusion of BSF (e.g., 5%): standards
 Corn: 570 grams
 Soybean Meal: 285 grams
 Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal: 25 grams
 Wheat Bran: 40 grams
“Impact of Dietary Organic Acids and Probiotics on Growth Introduction:
Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Commercially Raised The global demand for poultry products, including duck meat, continues to
Ducks” rise in tandem with the growing population and evolving consumer
preferences. As the poultry industry strives to meet these demands, there is
a heightened focus on enhancing production efficiency, ensuring animal
Objectives: welfare, and maintaining sustainable farming practices. In this context, the
exploration of dietary strategies that optimize growth performance and
1. Evaluate the effects of incorporating organic acids and probiotics nutrient utilization in commercially raised ducks has become a paramount
into the duck diet on parameters such as body weight gain, feed area of research.
conversion ratio, and overall growth rates over defined period.
2. Investigate the utilization of dietary nutrients, including protein Dietary interventions, particularly the incorporation of organic acids and
and energy, by ducks receiving organic acids and probiotics. This probiotics into poultry diets, have emerged as promising avenues to
includes assessing nutrient digestibility and metabolic efficiency. achieve these objectives. Organic acids, derived from various natural
3. Determine the influence of the dietary interventions on carcass sources, and probiotics, comprising beneficial live microorganisms, are
characteristics recognized for their potential to positively influence digestive processes,
4. Assess the impact of organic acids and probiotics on gut health gut health, and overall performance in poultry. While extensive research
parameters, including microbial populations has been conducted in broilers and layers, the specific impact of these
5. Evaluate the efficiency of feed utilization in ducks supplemented dietary components on ducks remains an area that warrants comprehensive
with organic acids and probiotics, with a focus on optimizing feed investigation.
conversion and minimizing feed wastage.
The commercial production of ducks involves intricate interactions
6. Determine the most effective dosages and potential synergies
between genetic factors, nutritional inputs, and environmental conditions.
between organic acids and probiotics for maximizing growth
Ducks, being unique in their physiological and behavioral traits, pose
performance and nutrient utilization in commercially raised ducks
distinct challenges and opportunities in the pursuit of optimal growth and
Significance: nutrient utilization. As such, a focused inquiry into the effects of dietary
organic acids and probiotics on growth performance and nutrient
Studying the effects of dietary organic acids and probiotics on ducks' utilization in commercially raised ducks is essential for advancing our
growth performance is essential for optimizing production efficiency, understanding of these complex dynamics.
ensuring animal welfare, and contributing to sustainable and economically
viable poultry farming practices. It aligns with the goals of enhancing food This study seeks to unravel the intricacies of how dietary interventions
production while minimizing environmental impact and promoting animal with organic acids and probiotics influence the growth trajectory of ducks
well-being. and their capacity to efficiently utilize essential nutrients. By examining
the interplay between these dietary components and the physiological
responses of ducks, we aim to provide valuable insights that can inform Healthier Flocks and Reduced Mortality:
practical strategies for duck nutrition in commercial farming settings.
Understanding the impact on gut health and immune function can
The objectives of this research encompass evaluating growth performance contribute to healthier duck flocks. Reduced disease incidence,
parameters, investigating nutrient utilization patterns, and discerning lower mortality rates, and improved overall well-being of the ducks
potential synergies between organic acids and probiotics in the context of
can lead to more robust and sustainable farming operations.
duck diets. Furthermore, considerations will extend to the economic
feasibility of implementing such dietary strategies, contributing to the Sustainable Farming Practices:
overall sustainability and profitability of commercial duck production.
Implementing dietary strategies that optimize growth and nutrient
As we embark on this exploration, the findings from this study hold the utilization aligns with sustainable farming practices. Farmers can
promise of not only refining our understanding of duck nutrition but also contribute to environmental stewardship by minimizing resource
offering tangible solutions that can be applied in real-world commercial
wastage and improving the overall efficiency of their production
settings. Through a multidimensional approach, this research endeavors to
bridge gaps in knowledge, contributing to the ongoing evolution of best
systems.
practices in duck farming and aligning with the broader goals of ensuring Consumer Satisfaction:
food security, economic viability, and ethical animal husbandry.
Improved growth performance and optimized nutrient utilization can
For Farmers: lead to the production of high-quality duck meat. This, in turn, can
contribute to consumer satisfaction, positively impacting the
Enhanced Production Efficiency: marketability of duck products.
Farmers stand to benefit from research findings that identify
effective dietary strategies using organic acids and probiotics.
Implementing these strategies can lead to enhanced growth rates, Duck farming faces several challenges that can be addressed
improved feed efficiency, and ultimately, higher meat production in through the strategic use of dietary organic acids and probiotics. Here are
some common problems in duck farming and how these nutritional
ducks.
interventions may offer solutions:
Cost Reduction and Profitability:
1. Digestive Disorders:
Optimizing nutrient utilization through the incorporation of organic Problem: Ducks are susceptible to digestive disorders, which can lead to
acids and probiotics may result in reduced feed costs and improved issues such as diarrhea, poor nutrient absorption, and suboptimal growth.
economic returns. Farmers can benefit from cost-effective
production practices that positively impact overall profitability.
Solution: Probiotics, specifically beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Problem: Achieving rapid and uniform growth in ducks is essential for
Bifidobacterium, can promote a balanced gut microbiota, improving efficient meat production.
digestion and nutrient absorption. Organic acids, particularly those with
Solution: Dietary organic acids and probiotics have the potential to
antimicrobial properties, may help control harmful pathogens in the
enhance growth performance by improving nutrient absorption, feed
digestive tract.
conversion, and overall gut health.
2. Stress and Disease Susceptibility:
6. Intestinal Health Challenges:
Problem: Ducks can experience stress during transportation, handling, and
Problem: Ducks may face challenges such as coccidiosis and other
changes in environmental conditions, making them more susceptible to
intestinal infections.
diseases.
Solution: Probiotics, particularly those with anti-coccidial properties, can
Solution: Probiotics have shown to have immunomodulatory effects,
help control intestinal pathogens. Organic acids may create an
enhancing the ducks' immune responses and reducing the likelihood of
environment unfavorable for the survival of harmful microorganisms.
disease outbreaks. Organic acids may contribute to a healthier gut
environment, further supporting immune function. 7. Economic Viability:
3. Poor Feed Efficiency: Problem: Rising feed costs and other inputs can impact the economic
viability of duck farming.
Problem: Inefficient feed conversion can lead to higher production costs
and lower profitability for duck farmers. Solution: Improving feed efficiency through the use of organic acids and
probiotics can contribute to cost-effective production, enhancing the
Solution: Organic acids can improve feed efficiency by enhancing nutrient
overall economic sustainability of duck farming.
utilization in the digestive system. Probiotics contribute to a healthier gut
structure, promoting optimal conditions for nutrient absorption. 8. Lack of Antibiotic Alternatives:
4. Environmental Impact: Problem: The desire to reduce reliance on antibiotics in livestock
production.
Problem: Duck farming generates waste, and improper waste management
can lead to environmental pollution. Solution: Probiotics offer a natural alternative to antibiotics, promoting gut
health and potentially reducing the need for antibiotic interventions.
Solution: Probiotics and organic acids may contribute to better waste
Organic acids may also exhibit antimicrobial properties without the
digestion, reducing the environmental impact of duck farming. Probiotic
drawbacks associated with antibiotic use.
strains like Bacillus spp. can assist in the breakdown of organic matter.
9. Vulnerable Ducklings:
5. Suboptimal Growth Rates:
Problem: Ducklings, especially during the early stages, are vulnerable to conversion can contribute to more efficient and eco-
stress and infections. friendly waste management practices.
Solution: Probiotics can be beneficial during the early stages of life,
3. Alternative Protein Sources:
promoting the establishment of a healthy gut microbiota and improving  Protein Production: Black soldier fly larvae are rich
resilience to stressors. Organic acids may contribute to a more favorable in protein and can serve as an alternative protein
gut environment for young ducklings. source for animal feed. Studying the nutritional
content of BSF feed and its impact on the growth and
By addressing these challenges with targeted nutritional interventions, health of animals can contribute to the development
duck farmers can potentially enhance the overall health, well-being, and of sustainable protein alternatives.
productivity of their flocks, leading to more sustainable and profitable  Reduction of Fishmeal Dependency: In aquaculture,
farming practices. It's essential to note that the effectiveness of these BSF larvae can be a potential substitute for fishmeal,
interventions may vary based on factors such as the specific strains used, addressing concerns related to overfishing and the
dosage, and the overall management practices on the farm. Regular depletion of marine resources.
monitoring and adaptation of strategies are crucial for success. 4. Economic Considerations:
 Cost-Effectiveness: Research on the economic
Significance of the study on BSF Feed:
viability of using BSF feed in animal farming
1. Sustainable Agriculture: operations can provide insights into the cost-
 Resource Efficiency: Black soldier fly larvae are effectiveness of adopting this alternative, potentially
efficient at converting organic waste into protein-rich influencing industry practices.
biomass. Research in this area can highlight the  Market Potential: Understanding the market potential
potential of BSF as a sustainable solution for for products derived from black soldier fly larvae,
converting waste into valuable feed for livestock. such as protein meal, can have implications for
 Reduced Environmental Impact: By using BSF feed, entrepreneurs and businesses in the emerging insect
the environmental footprint of traditional animal feed farming industry.
production can be reduced. This includes lowering 5. Regulatory and Ethical Dimensions:
the demand for land, water, and energy resources.  Regulatory Approval: Investigating the regulatory
2. Waste Management: landscape and potential challenges related to the
 Organic Waste Conversion: Black soldier fly larvae commercial use of BSF feed can contribute to
have the ability to consume a wide variety of organic discussions on policy and regulations.
waste, including food scraps and agricultural  Ethical Considerations: Analyzing the ethical
residues. Investigating their effectiveness in waste implications of using insects as a protein source in
 animal feed and human consumption can be an  Understanding how organic acids and probiotics
essential aspect of your thesis. impact nutrient utilization in ducks can
6. Biodiversity and Ecology: contribute to the development of optimized and
 Impact on Local Ecosystems: Understanding the
balanced diets. Improved nutrient utilization can
potential ecological impact of large-scale black
soldier fly farming, including its effects on local lead to better feed efficiency, reducing
biodiversity and ecosystems, is crucial for sustainable production costs and environmental impacts
practices. associated with feed production.
3. Health and Disease Prevention:
 Probiotics are known for their potential to
The study on the "Impact of Dietary Organic Acids and
Probiotics on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in promote gut health and enhance the immune
Commercially Raised Ducks" holds several significant system. The study's findings can shed light on
implications across various domains, including agriculture, how these dietary supplements influence the
animal husbandry, and the broader context of sustainable and overall health of ducks, potentially reducing the
efficient food production. Here are some key areas of incidence of diseases and the need for
significance: antibiotics in commercial poultry farming.
4. Sustainable Poultry Farming Practices:
1. Enhanced Growth Performance:  By identifying dietary strategies that positively

 The research can provide insights into the impact growth and nutrient utilization, the study
potential positive effects of incorporating can contribute to the promotion of sustainable
organic acids and probiotics in the diets of and environmentally friendly practices in poultry
commercially raised ducks. Improving growth farming. Sustainable practices are essential for
performance is crucial for maximizing the the long-term viability of the poultry industry.
efficiency of poultry farming, leading to 5. Economic Implications for Poultry Farmers:
increased productivity and profitability for  The adoption of dietary interventions based on
farmers. the study's findings could have economic
2. Nutrient Utilization Efficiency: benefits for poultry farmers. Improved growth
rates and feed efficiency can result in higher
 production yields, better return on investment, In summary, the significance of the study lies in its potential to
and increased competitiveness in the market. improve the efficiency, sustainability, and overall performance
6. Consumer Health and Safety: of commercially raised ducks, benefiting farmers, consumers,
 If the study reveals that organic acids and and the environment alike.
probiotics positively influence the quality of
duck meat and eggs, it can have implications for The objectives of the study on the "Effects of Stingless Bee
consumer health and safety. Consumers are (Tetragonula biroi) Honey as Feed Supplement on Intestine
increasingly interested in the quality and Function and Microbiome, Immune Function, and Growth
nutritional content of the food they consume, Performance in Chickens" can be structured to address various
and these findings can contribute to meeting aspects of the impact of honey supplementation. Here are
consumer expectations. some suggested objectives:
7. Reduced Environmental Impact:
 Efficient nutrient utilization and improved 1. Assess the Impact on Intestinal Function:
growth performance can lead to reduced  To investigate the effects of stingless bee honey
environmental impact in terms of lower feed supplementation on the intestinal morphology
production requirements, minimized waste and function of chickens, including factors such
generation, and decreased reliance on resources as villus height, crypt depth, and absorption
for poultry farming. capacity.
8. Scientific Knowledge Advancement: 2. Evaluate Changes in Gut Microbiome Composition:
 The study contributes to the scientific  To analyze and compare the composition and
understanding of the interactions between diversity of the gut microbiome in chickens fed
dietary components, gut health, and overall with stingless bee honey-supplemented diets
performance in ducks. This knowledge can be and those on a standard diet, using molecular
valuable for future research endeavors, guiding techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing.
the development of new and innovative 3. Examine the Influence on Immune Function:
strategies in poultry nutrition.  To assess the impact of stingless bee honey
supplementation on the immune function of
 chickens by measuring parameters such as  To conduct histological examinations of relevant
antibody production, cytokine levels, and organs (e.g., liver, spleen) to identify any
phagocytic activity. structural changes or alterations associated with
4. Investigate Growth Performance: stingless bee honey supplementation.
 To determine the effects of stingless bee honey 9. Assess Palatability and Acceptance:
supplementation on the growth performance of  To evaluate the palatability and acceptance of
chickens, including parameters such as body stingless bee honey-supplemented feed by
weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and mortality monitoring feed intake and behavior of the
rates. chickens.
5. Explore Nutrient Utilization: 10. Determine Economic Feasibility:
 To investigate the utilization of nutrients in  To assess the economic feasibility of
chickens supplemented with stingless bee incorporating stingless bee honey into chicken
honey, including the efficiency of nutrient diets by analyzing production costs, market
absorption, metabolism, and utilization for value, and potential economic benefits for
growth. poultry farmers.
6. Examine Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity: 11. Understand the Duration of Effects:
 To assess the levels of oxidative stress markers  To investigate the duration of the observed
and antioxidant capacity in chickens fed with effects by assessing changes in intestinal
stingless bee honey-supplemented diets, function, microbiome composition, immune
providing insights into the potential antioxidant function, and growth performance over different
properties of the honey. time periods.
7. Analyze Blood Parameters:
 To analyze blood parameters, such as The study on the "Effects of Stingless Bee (Tetragonula biroi)
hematological and biochemical markers, to Honey as Feed Supplement on Intestine Function and
evaluate the overall health status of chickens Microbiome, Immune Function, and Growth Performance in
receiving stingless bee honey supplementation. Chickens" holds significant implications across various
8. Examine Histological Changes: dimensions, including agriculture, animal nutrition, and the
broader context of sustainable and holistic farming practices. 4. Natural Feed Supplement Alternative:
Here are some key areas of significance:  If stingless bee honey proves to be an effective
feed supplement, it can serve as a natural
1. Improved Gut Health and Function: alternative to traditional additives. This is
 Investigating the effects of stingless bee honey particularly significant as there is a growing
as a feed supplement on intestinal function can demand for sustainable and natural solutions in
provide valuable insights into its impact on gut animal agriculture, aligning with consumer
health. A healthier gut can contribute to preferences for environmentally friendly and
improved digestion, nutrient absorption, and ethically produced products.
overall well-being in chickens. 5. Sustainable Poultry Farming Practices:
2. Microbiome Modulation:  Incorporating stingless bee honey into chicken
 Understanding how stingless bee honey diets may contribute to the development of
influences the microbiome of chickens is crucial sustainable and environmentally friendly poultry
for unraveling the intricate relationship between farming practices. The use of natural feed
diet, gut bacteria, and host health. Positive supplements aligns with the principles of
alterations in the microbiome can enhance agroecology and sustainable agriculture,
microbial diversity, promote beneficial bacteria, promoting biodiversity and reducing the reliance
and contribute to a more resilient gut on synthetic additives.
ecosystem. 6. Potential Reduction in Antibiotic Use:
3. Enhanced Immune Function:  If the study demonstrates that stingless bee
 The study can shed light on the potential honey enhances immune function and overall
immunomodulatory effects of stingless bee health in chickens, it could contribute to
honey. If the honey is found to positively reducing the reliance on antibiotics in poultry
influence immune function in chickens, it could farming. This aligns with efforts to address
lead to a reduction in disease susceptibility, concerns related to antimicrobial resistance and
potentially minimizing the need for antibiotics promotes the development of alternative
and enhancing the overall health of poultry strategies for disease prevention.
flocks.
 7. Optimized Growth Performance:
 The research findings may reveal positive effects
on the growth performance of chickens.
Improved growth rates, feed conversion
efficiency, and overall performance can have
economic benefits for poultry farmers,
enhancing the sustainability of their operations.
8. Consumer Perception and Product Differentiation:
 Consumer awareness of the use of natural feed
supplements in poultry farming is increasing.
Positive findings from the study can contribute
to positive perceptions of chicken products,
differentiating them in the market and meeting
the demands of consumers seeking natural and
ethically produced food.
9. Scientific Advancement:
 The study contributes to the scientific
understanding of the potential benefits of
stingless bee honey in poultry nutrition. This
knowledge can guide future research and
innovations in animal nutrition, with broader
applications in diverse agricultural settings.

In summary, the study's significance lies in its potential to

advance knowledge in poultry nutrition, promote sustainable
farming practices, and contribute to the development of
natural alternatives for enhancing chicken health and
performance.