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UNIT – II
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2.1 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

2.2 NATURAL RESOURCES, BIOTIC & A-

BIOTIC RESOURCES

2.3 PRINCIPAL OF CONSERVATION OF

ENERGY & MANAGEMENT

2.4 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.5 GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN

INDIA AND THE WORLD

2.6 CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND

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RECYLING
2.1CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Definition
 Sustainable development
has been defined in many
ways, but the most
frequently quoted definition
is from Our Common
Future, also known as the
Brundtland Report:
"Sustainable development
is development that meets
the needs of the present
without compromising the
ability of future generations
to meet their own needs. 3
2.2NATURAL RESOURCES

 A natural resource is
anything that people
can use which comes
from nature. People do
not make natural
resources, but gather
them from the earth.
Examples of natural
resources are air,
water, wood, oil, wind
energy, iron, and coal.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

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BIOTIC AND A-BIOTIC FACTORS
 Biotic Factors: living things, their remains, and
features, such as nests, associated with their activities
 Population: a group of individuals of the same
species
 Community: all of the different species that interact
in an ecosystem
 A-biotic Factors: the non-living physical and
chemical components of an ecosystem
e.g. rocks
oxygen
water
sunlight

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A-BIOTIC AND BIOTIC RESOURCES

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ECOSYSTEM

 Ecosystem: all the living organisms that share a

region & their physical & chemical environment
e.g. pond
forest
oasis
 Sustainable Ecosystem: an ecosystem that is
maintained through natural processes
 Sustainability: the ability to maintain natural
ecological conditions without interruption or
weakening.

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2.3 PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY AND MANAGEMENT

 Energy conservation refers to reducing energy

consumption through using less of an energy
service. Energy conservation differs from efficient
energy use, which refers to using less energy for
a constant service. For example, driving less is an
example of energy conservation. Driving the
same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an
example of energy efficiency. Energy
conservation and efficiency are both energy
reduction techniques

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SOURCES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

 Solar Energy : Solar power uses the sun's energy and

light to provide heat, light, and electricity for homes.
 Wind energy :
Wind energy is often used to generate the mechanical
power or the electricity.
 Geothermal Energy : Geothermal energy is used in
the form of thermal energy, electrical energy, nuclear
energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy and light
energy.

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 Wave energy : Ocean waves contain large
amount of energy, which can be extracted
through Ocean winds, Ocean currents, Ocean
Geothermal etc.
 Hydroelectric energy :
Another renewable source of energy is the
hydroelectric energy, which is produced from fast
flowing water.
 Biomass energy :
Biomass is the plant and animal waste which is
used as the energy.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DOMESTIC
SECTOR

 Turn off the lights when not in use.

 Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-
weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to
penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colors
that reflect daylight.
 Replace conventional regulators with electronic
regulators for ceiling fans .
 Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling
fans

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 Don't open the oven door too often to check food
condition as each opening leads to a temperature
drop of 25°C.
 Turn off electric stoves several minutes before
the specified cooking time § Use flat-bottomed
pans that make full contact with the cooking coil.
 Yellowish flame is an indicator that the burner
needs cleaning § Use pressure cookers as much
as possible § Use lids to cover the pans while
cooking

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DOMESTIC
SECTOR

 Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A

computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses - more
power than an energy-efficient refrigerator.
 If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this
device alone uses more than half the system's energy.
 Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode
when not in use helps cut energy costs by approximately
40%.
 Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and
digital cameras, draw power whenever they are plugged in
and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save
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 Prefer air conditioners having automatic
temperature cut off
 Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-
conditioning thermostat. The thermostat senses
heat from these appliances, which can cause the
air conditioner to run longer than necessary.
 Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning
units but not to block the airflow. A unit
operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less
electricity than the same one operating in the
sun.

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 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIES

 Recover and utilize waste heat from furnace flue gases

for preheating of combustion air. Every 21°C rise in
combustion air temperature results in 1% fuel oil
savings.
 Control excess air in furnaces. A 10% drop in excess air
amounts to 1% saving of fuel in furnaces.
 Undertake regular energy audits.

 Plug all oil leakage as leakage of one drop of oil per

second amounts to a loss of over 2000 liters/year.

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 Filter oil in stages. Impurities in oil affect
combustion.
 Pre-heat oil. For proper combustion, oil should
be at right viscosity at the burner tip. Provide
adequate Pre-heat capacity.
 Replace eddy current controls with variable
frequency drives for varying speed driven
equipment?
 Provide interlock for electric motor to avoid idle
running
 Replace motor generating sets with thyristor
drives.

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 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN
INDUSTRIES

 Use of 36W tube light instead of 40 W tube light saves

electricity by 8 to 10%.
 Use of sodium vapor lamps for area lighting in place of
mercury vapor lamps saves electricity up to 40%.
 The motors should be energy efficient.

 Convert delta to star connection for lightly loaded

motors.
 Install soft start-cum-energy saver for lightly loaded
motors.

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 In case of centrifugal-blower pump, install
variable voltage frequency (VVVF) drives for
speed control of motors.
 Install multi speed motor.

 Optimize operating voltage level of motor for

lightly loaded motors
 Clean spark plugs regularly. A fouled plug could
reduce gasoline mileage by as much as 15%.
 Make sure the vehicle ignition is properly
adjusted. Keep all air filters clean.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BOILER AND
POWER PLANTS
 All possible attention- should be paid to control excess
air by monitoring oxygen level in flue gas and also by
visual inspection of flame color.
 Remove soot deposits when flue gas temperature rises
40°C above the normal. A coating of 3mm thick soot on
the heat transfer surface can cause an increase in fuel
consumption of as much as 2.5%.

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 Soot blowers can always be maintained in perfect
working condition so that their regular and
periodic use does not suffer.
 Recover heat from steam condensate. For every
6°C rise in boiler feed water temperature through
condensate return, there is 1% saving in fuel.
 Improve boiler efficiency. Boilers should be
monitored for flue gas losses, radiation losses,
incomplete combustion, blow down losses, excess
air etc. Proper control can decrease the
consumption up to 20%.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BOILER AND
POWER PLANTS
 Use only treated water in boilers. A scale formation of 1
mm thickness on the waterside increases fuel
consumption by 5-8%.
 Stop steam leakage. Steam leakage from a 3 mm-
diameter hole on a pipeline carrying steam at 7kg/cm2
would waste 32 kl of fuel oil per year amounting to a
loss of Rs. 3 lakh.
 Maintain steam pipe insulation. It has been estimated
that a bare steam pipe, 150 mm in diameter and 100m
in length, carrying saturated steam at 8kg/cm2 would
waste 25 kl of furnace oil in a year amounting to an
annual loss of Rs. 2.5 lakh.
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 Use of electronic ballast in place of conventional
choke saves energy up to 20%.
 Use of CFL lamp in place of GLS lamp can save
energy up to 70%.
 Clean the lamps and fixtures regularly.
Illumination levels fall by 20-30% due to
collection of dust.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSPORT
SECTOR

 Use a bicycle or walk (when appropriate) to reduce

energy cost. Cycling or walking is best during heavy
traffic and helps you stay fit and healthy.
 Try to maintain a constant rate, especially when driving
long distances. Excessive acceleration and braking waste
fuel.
 Consider buying a smaller more fuel efficient vehicle. By
consuming less fuel, it will help the environment.

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 Open the windows on hot days to cool the vehicle
before turning on the air conditioner. A car’s air
conditioner is an added burden on your engine.
Air conditioners set at lower temperatures
consume more energy. A comfortable
temperature can be about 24 to 25 degrees
celsius.
 Do not force your vehicle to speed on lower gear.
Drive at the highest appropriate gear.
 Avoid traffic jam routes. Stop and go traffic takes
a toll on your gas. If a traffic jam route is
inevitable, make an effort to leave home early
before the jam starts.

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 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSPORT
SECTOR
 Anticipate traffic stops and slow down well ahead.
 Do not tail gate. This increases the need for braking and
can be dangerous.
 Avoid unnecessary idling. Turn off engine if you
anticipate a wait over two minutes.
 Do not overfill the gas tank. On hot days fuel expansion
can cause an overflow.
 Avoid diagonal parking and reversing. Reversing
requires more gas than forward movement.

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 Ensure your vehicle is properly maintained and
serviced; keep the vehicle engine tuned and
wheels properly aligned.
 Clean spark plugs regularly. A fouled plug could
reduce gasoline mileage by as much as 15%.
 Make sure the vehicle ignition is properly
adjusted. Keep all air filters clean.
 Ensure the petrol tank cap is properly fitted. A
worn or ill-fitted cap will cause fuel to splash out
or evaporate.

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ENERGY DEMAND MANAGEMENT

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2.4 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 An energy crisis is
any great bottleneck
(or price rise) in the
supply of energy
resources to an
economy. In popular
literature though, it
often refers to one of
the energy sources
used at a certain
time and place,
particularly those
that supply national
electricity grids or 29
serve as fuel for
vehicles.
CAUSES OF THE ENERGY CRISIS
1.Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result
of many different strains on our natural
resources, not just one. There is a strain on fossil
fuels due to overconsumption – which then in
turn can put a strain on our water and oxygen
resources by causing pollution.
2. Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis
has been the steady increase in the world’s
population and its demands for fuel and products.
3. Poor Infrastructure: Most of the energy
producing firms keep on using outdated
equipment that restricts the production of
energy. It is the responsibility of utilities to keep
on upgrading the infrastructure and set a high 30

standard of performance.
4. Unexplored Renewable Energy Options:
Most of the energy comes from non-renewable
sources like coal. It still remains the top choice to
produce energy.
5. Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants: In
few countries, there is a significant delay in
commissioning of new power plants that can fill
the gap between demand and supply of energy.
6. Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world,
people do not realize the importance of
conserving energy. It is only limited to books,
internet, newspaper ads, lip service and
seminars.
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2.5 GROUTH OF REVERSIBLE SOURCES IN
INDIA
 Total Renewable Energy
Installed Capacity (31 Dec
2014)

Total Installed
Source1`
Capacity (MW)

Total 33,791.74
Wind Power 22,465.03
Small Hydro
3,990.83
Power
Solar Power
3,062.68
(SPV)
Biogases
2,800.35
Cogeneration
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Biomass Power 1,365.20

Waste to Power 107.58

2.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT

 The term usually relates to all kinds of waste, whether

generated during the extraction of raw materials, the
processing of raw materials into intermediate and final
products, the consumption of final products, or other
human activities, including municipal (residential,
institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special
(health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage
sludge).[Waste management is intended to reduce
adverse effects of waste on health, the
environment or aesthetics.

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ACTIVITIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT:

 collection, transport, treatment and disposal

of waste;
 control, monitoring and regulation of the
production, collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste; and
 prevention of waste production through in-
process modification, reuse and recycling.

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 RECYCLING

 Recycling is a process to change waste materials

into new products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh
raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air
pollution and water pollution by reducing the need
for "conventional" 35waste disposal, and lower
greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic
production.
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" waste hierarchy.

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FIG: WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
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