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 Question 1Skipped
You are working as a Solutions Architect in a top software development company

in Silicon Valley. The company has multiple applications hosted in their VPC.
While you are monitoring the system, you noticed that multiple port scans are
coming in from a specific IP address block which are trying to connect to several
AWS resources inside your VPC. The internal security team has requested that all
offending IP addresses be denied for the next 24 hours for security purposes.
Which of the following is the best method to quickly and temporarily deny access
from the specified IP addresses?
In CloudWatch, which of the following item requires a custom metric to monitor?
You are working for a software company that has moved a legacy application from
an on-premise data center to the cloud. The legacy application requires a static IP
address hard-coded into the backend, which blocks you from using an Application
Load Balancer. Which steps would you take to apply high availability and fault
tolerance to this application without ELB? (Choose 2)
For the user session management of your web application, you are tasked to
implement a technical solution to consistently route the user's request to the
same EC2 instance using sticky sessions. What are the two requirements to
configure sticky sessions for your Classic Load Balancer?
You have triggered the creation of a snapshot of your EBS volume and is currently
on-going. At this point, what are the things that the EBS volume can or cannot do?
A startup company based in Australia is deploying a new two-tier web application
in AWS. The Australian company wants to store their most frequently used data to
AWS to improve the retrieval and response time of its web application. Which AWS
service provides a solution for the requirement?
You are designing a multi-tier web application architecture that consists of a fleet
of EC2 instances and an Oracle relational database server. It is required that the
database is highly available and that you have full control over its underlying
operation system. Which AWS Service will you use for your database tier?
You have a new e-commerce web application written in Angular framework which
is deployed to a fleet of EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. You
configured the load balancer to perform health checks on these EC2 instances.
What will happen if one of these EC2 instances failed the health checks?
Your team is planning to migrate a web application from your on-premise

infrastructure to AWS cloud. Your team lead wants to ensure that even though the
application will be in AWS, you can still manage the service and implement
ongoing maintenance of packages. Which of the following AWS services can you
use, which allows access to its underlying infrastructure? (Choose 2)
Your IT director assigned you the task of providing a single sign-on feature to all
of your existing users who are using on-premise web applications.How will you
implement this feature?
You've been instructed to create a duplicate environment in another region for

your company's disaster recovery plan. Part of your environment relies on EC2
instances with pre-configured software. What step would you take to configure
the instances in another region?
You had launched a travel photo sharing website using Amazon S3 to serve high-
quality photos to visitors of your website. After a few days, you found out that
there are other travel websites linking and using your photos. This resulted to a
loss for your business. What is an effective method to mitigate this issue?
A media company has a workflow that sends video files from their on-premise
system to AWS for transcoding. They use a fleet of EC2 instances that pull
transcoding jobs from SQS. Why is SQS an appropriate service for this scenario?
You are using a combination of API Gateway and Lambda for the web services of
your online web portal that is being accessed by hundreds of thousands of clients
each day. Your company will be announcing a new revolutionary product and it is
expected that your web portal will receive a massive amount of visitors all around
the globe. How can you protect your backend systems and applications from
traffic spikes?
Which of the below AWS services allows you to run code without the need to host
it in an Elastic Compute Cloud instance?
You are a Solutions Architect in your company working with 3 DevOps Engineers
under you. One of the engineers accidentally deleted a file hosted in Amazon S3
which has caused disruption of service. What can you do to prevent this from
happening again?
There are a lot of outages in the Availability Zone of your RDS database instance
to the point that you have lost access to the database. What could you do to
prevent losing access to your database in case that this event happens again?
You are working for a large financial company as an IT consultant. Your role is to
help their development team to build a highly available web application using
stateless web servers. In this scenario, which AWS services are suitable for
storing session state data? (Choose 2)
Which of the following AWS Services can you use to build and run serverless
applications? (Choose 3)
You have a new joiner in your orgranization. You had provisioned an IAM user for
the new employee in AWS however, the user is not able to perform any actions.
What could be the reason for this?
Which of the following are characteristics of a standard Reserved EC2 instance?

(Choose 3)
Amazon CloudTrail can log API calls from _______.
Which of the following does not happen when you stop a running EBS-backed EC2
instance?
Which service can help you manage the budgets for all your AWS resources?
You are trying establish an SSH connection to a newly created Amazon EC2
instance using the PuTTY tool. However, you are getting the following error
message: Error: No supported authentication methods availableWhat steps should
you take to fix this issue? (Choose 2)
In monitoring your EC2 instance, what is the time period of data that Amazon
CloudWatch receives and aggregates from EC2 by default?
You are a Solutions Architect of a bank, designing various CloudFormation

templates for a new online trading platform that your department will build.How
much does it cost to use CloudFormation templates?
Which of the following statements are correct regarding EBS volumes and
snapshots? (Choose 3)
Which of the following launches a number of Amazon EC2 instances as part of its
service and then allows the customer to retain full admin privileges of those
underlying EC2 instances?
You have one security group associated with 10 On-Demand EC2 instances. You
configured the security group to allow all inbound SSH traffic and then right after
that, you created two new EC2 instances in the same security group. When will be
the changes be applied to the EC2 instances?
The company that you are working for has a highly available architecture,
consisting of an elastic load balancer and several EC2 instances configured with
auto-scaling in three Availability Zones. You want to monitor your EC2 instances
based on a particular metric, which is not readily available in CloudWatch. Which
of the following is a custom metric in CloudWatch which you have to manually
setup?
In IAM, what are the two types of policy?
In your AWS VPC, you need to add a new subnet that will allow you to host a total
of 20 EC2 instances. Which of the following IPv4 CIDR block can you use for this
scenario?
In Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose, which service can you load streaming data into?
What is the difference between an Instance store-backed and an EBS-backed EC2

instance?
What combination of the following options will protect the S3 objects in your
bucket from both accidental deletion and accidental overwriting? (Choose 2)
You have a web application deployed in AWS which is currently running in the eu-
central-1 region. Your EC2 instances are using pre-built AMIs. Your manager
instructed you to implement a disaster recovery of your system so in the event
that the application goes down in the eu-central-1 region, a new instance can be
started in the us-west-2 region.As part of your disaster recovery plan, which of the
following should you take into consideration?
Which AWS service is is a fully managed, highly available, in-memory cache that
can reduce Amazon DynamoDB response times from milliseconds to
microseconds?
You have launched a new enterprise application with a web server and a
database. You are using an EC2 Instance with one 500 GB EBS volume to host a
relational database. Upon checking the performance, it shows that write
throughput to the database needs to be increased. Which of the following
approaches can help you achieve this? (Choose 2)
In a government agency that you are working for, you have been assigned a task
to put confidential tax documents on AWS cloud. However, there is a concern
from a security perspective on what can be put on AWS. What are the features in
AWS that can ensure data security to your confidential documents? (Choose 3)
You are working for a large pharmaceutical company that has resources hosted
on both their on-premise network and in AWS cloud. They want all of their
Software Architects to access resources on both environments using their on-
premise credentials, which is stored in Active Directory. In this scenario, which of
the following can be used to fulfill this requirement?
You are a Solutions Architect working for a major telecommunications company in

Europe. You deployed an On-Demand EC2 instance that is transferring large
amounts of data to an Amazon S3 bucket in the same region. Your manager is
worried about infrastructure cost considering the vast amounts of data being
transferred to the bucket. What will you say to justify this architecture?
You are working as a Solution Architect in a new startup that provides storage for
high-quality photos. You developed a cloud service that uses RRS storage type on
Amazon S3 for free users and S3 standard storage type for premium users. When
you manager found out about this, he asked you the trade-offs of using RRS
instead of the Standard storage type. What will you say to your manager?
A telecommunications company is planning to give AWS Console access to

developers. Company policy mandates the use of identity federation and role-
based access control. Currently, the roles are already assigned using groups in
the corporate Active Directory. In this scenario, what combination of the following
services can provide developers access to the AWS console? (Choose 2)
You have a new VPC with private and public subnets. You will be creating a new
mySQL database server. In which subnet should you launch the new database
server into?
Which is a correct example of a synchronous data replication?
You have created an EBS-Backed EC2 instance with ephemeral0 and ephemeral1
instance store volumes attached. If that instance is stopped, what will happen to
the data of the ephemeral store volumes?
You are building the development, testing, UAT, and production enviroment of
your company's new cloud infrastructure. All of the environments will only be
under one VPC. In this scenario, how can you categorize your EC2 resources in
different ways such as by purpose, owner, or environment?
In Amazon SNS, what are the different delivery formats or transports available for
receiving notifications? (Choose 3)
Which of the following AWS services allow you to access the underlying operating
system for the resource? (Choose 2)
In the VPC that you are managing, it has one EC2 instance that have its data
stored in an instance store. The instance was shut down by a 2nd level support
staff over the weekend to save costs. When you arrived in the office the next
Monday, you noticed that all data is lost and is no longer available on the EC2
instance. What might be the cause of this?
You have a requirement to make sure that an On-Demand EC2 instance can only
be accessed from this IP address (110.238.98.71) via an SSH connection. Which
configuration below will satisfy this requirement?
What services are automatically available in the Default VPC? (Choose 3)
What happens when an EC2 instance behind an ELB fails a health check?
What is the AWS Lambda resource limit for the amount of ephemeral disk capacity
allocated per invocation?
A tech company that you are working for has undertaken a Total Cost Of
Ownership (TCO) analysis evaluating the use of Amazon S3 versus acquiring more
storage hardware. The result was that all 1200 employees would be granted
access to use Amazon S3 for storage of their personal documents. Which of the
following will you need to consider so you can set up a solution that incorporates
single sign-on feature from your corporate AD or LDAP directory and also restricts
access for each individual user to a designated user folder in an S3 bucket?
(Choose 3)
You have a web application hosted in EC2 that consumes messages from an SQS
queue and is integrated with SNS to send out an email to you once the process is
complete. You received 5 orders but after a few hours, you saw more than 20
email notifcations in your inbox. Which of the following could be the possible
culprit for this issue?
Which AWS service is used as a global content delivery network (CDN)?
A web application that you developed stores sensitive information on a non-boot,

unencrypted Amazon EBS data volume attached to an Amazon EC2 instance.
Which of the following ways could provide protection to the sensitive data of your
Amazon EBS volume?
A leading telecommunications company wants to create standard templates of

their infrastructure for AWS deployment. Which AWS service can be used in this
scenario?
How many types of block devices does Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud service
support?
You are an AWS Solution Architect designing an application environment on AWS

cloud. Which service will allow you to monitor all API calls of your AWS resources
and can also provide secured data for auditing and compliance purposes?
What are the available programming languages supported by AWS Lamda?

(Choose 3)
You have acquired a new EC2 Spot Instance at a bid of $0.03/hr. However, the
Spot price increases to $0.05/hr after 40 minutes. What was the total EC2
compute cost of running your Spot Instance for that hour?
Which AWS service provides an easy and cost-effective way to distribute content
across all parts of the globe with low latency and high data transfer speeds?
AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate Practice Test 1 - Results
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Correct92.3%
Attempt 2
All Knowledge Areas
All Questions
Question 1: Correct
You are working as a Solutions Architect in a top software development

company in Silicon Valley. The company has multiple applications hosted
in their VPC. While you are monitoring the system, you noticed that
multiple port scans are coming in from a specific IP address block which
are trying to connect to several AWS resources inside your VPC. The
internal security team has requested that all offending IP addresses be
denied for the next 24 hours for security purposes.
Which of the following is the best method to quickly and temporarily deny
access from the specified IP addresses?
Create a policy in IAM to deny access from the IP Address block.
Modify the Network Access Control List associated with all public
subnets in the VPC to deny access from the IP Address block.
(Correct)
Add a rule in the Security Group of the EC2 instances to deny access from
the IP Address block.

Configure the firewall in the operating system of the EC2 instances to

deny access from the IP address block.
Explanation
To control the traffic coming in and out of your VPC network, you can use
the network access control list (ACL). It is an optional layer of security
for your VPC that acts as a firewall for controlling traffic in and out of one
or more subnets. This is the best solution among other options as you can
easily add and remove the restriction in a matter of minutes.
Option 1 is incorrect as an IAM policy does not control the inbound and
outbound traffic of your VPC.
Option 3 is incorrect as although a Security Group acts as a firewall, it

will only control both inbound and outbound traffic at the instance level
and not on the whole VPC.
Option 4 is incorrect because adding a firewall in the underlying operating

system of the EC2 instance is not enough; the attacker can just connect
to other AWS resources since the network access control list still allows
them to do so.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/VPC_ACLs.html
Question 2: Correct
In CloudWatch, which of the following item requires a custom metric to

monitor?
Memory utilization

disk swap utilization
disk space utilization
page file utilization
All of the above
(Correct)
Explanation
CloudWatch has available Amazon EC2 Metrics for you to use for
monitoring CPU utilization, Network utilization, Disk performance and
Disk Reads/Writes. In case that you need to monitor the below items, you
need to prepare a custom metric using a Perl or other shell script, as
there are no ready to use metrics for these:
 Memory utilization
 disk swap utilization
 disk space utilization
 page file utilization
 log collection
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/
monitoring_ec2.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/mon-
scripts.html#using_put_script
Question 3: Correct
You are working for a software company that has moved a legacy
application from an on-premise data center to the cloud. The legacy
application requires a static IP address hard-coded into the backend,
which blocks you from using an Application Load Balancer.
Which steps would you take to apply high availability and fault tolerance
to this application without ELB? (Choose 2)
Write a script that checks the health of the EC2 instance. If the instance
stops responding, the script will switch the elastic IP address to a
standby EC2 instance.
(Correct)
Assign an Elastic IP address to the instance.
(Correct)
Postpone the deployment until you have fully converted the application to
work with the ELB and Auto Scaling.
Launch the instance using Auto Scaling which will deploy the instance
again if it becomes unhealthy.
Use Cloudfront with a custom origin pointed to your on-premise network

where the web application is deployed.
Explanation
For this scenario, it is best to setup a self-monitoring EC2 instance with a
virtual IP Address. You can use an Elastic IP and then write a custom
script that checks the health of the EC2 instance and if the instance
stops responding, the script will switch the Elastic IP address to a
standby EC2 instance.
A custom script enables one Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

instance to monitor another Amazon EC2 instance and take over a private
"virtual" IP address on instance failure. When used with two instances,
the script enables a High Availability scenario where instances monitor
each other and take over a shared virtual IP address if the other instance
fails. It could easily be modified to run on a third-party monitoring or
witness server to perform the VIP swapping on behalf of the two
monitored nodes.
Option 3 is incorrect because you don't have to postpone your

deployment as you have the option to setup a self-monitoring EC2
instance with an EIP address.
Option 4 is incorrect as even though the Auto Scaling group provides high
availability and scalability, it still depends on ELB which is not available
in this scenario.
Option 5 is incorrect because although this option is feasible, the goal of

the company is to move the application to the cloud and not to continue
using its on-premise resources.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/articles/leveraging-multiple-ip-addresses-for-
virtual-ip-address-fail-over-in-6-simple-steps/
Question 4: Correct
For the user session management of your web application, you are tasked
to implement a technical solution to consistently route the user's request
to the same EC2 instance using sticky sessions. What are the two
requirements to configure sticky sessions for your Classic Load
Balancer?

An HTTP/HTTPS load balancer and at least one healthy instance in each
Availability Zone.
(Correct)
A Network Load Balancer and at least one healthy instance in each

Availability Zone.
An HTTP/HTTPS load balancer and EC2 instance with a RAID volume
A Network Load Balancer and at least two healthy instances in each

Availability Zone.
A Network Load Balancer and an EC2 instance with a RAID volume

Explanation
By default, a Classic Load Balancer routes each request independently to
the registered instance with the smallest load. However, you can use
the sticky session feature (also known as session affinity), which
enables the load balancer to bind a user's session to a specific instance.
This ensures that all requests from the user during the session are sent to
the same instance.
To implement the stick session feature, you need to have 2 things:
 An HTTP/HTTPS load balancer.

 At least one healthy instance in each Availability Zone.
The key to managing sticky sessions is to determine how long your load
balancer should consistently route the user's request to the same
instance. If your application has its own session cookie, then you can
configure Elastic Load Balancing so that the session cookie follows the
duration specified. If your application does not have its own session
cookie, then you can configure Elastic Load Balancing to create a session
cookie by specifying your own stickiness duration.
Take note that these 2 types of EC2 instances are NOT required when you
want to implement the sticky session. They are mainly used to improve
the performance of the your EC2 instances but not necessarily helpful for
the aformentioned feature.
 EC2 instance with Enhanced Networking

 An EC2 instance with a RAID volume
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/elb-
sticky-sessions.html
Question 5: Correct
You have triggered the creation of a snapshot of your EBS volume and is
currently on-going. At this point, what are the things that the EBS volume
can or cannot do?
The volume can be used as normal while the snapshot is in progress.
(Correct)
The volume can be used in write-only mode while the snapshot is in

progress.

The volume can be used in read-only mode while the snapshot is in
progress.
The volume cannot be used until the snapshot completes.
Explanation
Snapshots occur asynchronously which means that the point-in-time
snapshot is created immediately, but the status of the snapshot
is pending until the snapshot is complete (when all of the modified blocks
have been transferred to Amazon S3), which can take several hours for
large initial snapshots or subsequent snapshots where many blocks have
changed. While it is completing, an in-progress snapshot is not affected
by ongoing reads and writes to the volume hence, you can still use the
volume.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-creating-
snapshot.html
Question 6: Correct
A startup company based in Australia is deploying a new two-tier web

application in AWS. The Australian company wants to store their most
frequently used data to AWS to improve the retrieval and response time of
its web application.
Which AWS service provides a solution for the requirement?
Oracle database installed on two On-demand EC2 Instances in a single

Availability Zone

Amazon RDS for MySQL with Multi-AZ
Amazon ElastiCache
(Correct)
Amazon Kinesis
Amazon Redshift
Explanation
Amazon ElastiCache is a web service that makes it easy to deploy,
operate, and scale an in-memory data store or cache in the cloud. The
service improves the performance of web applications by allowing you to
retrieve information from fast, managed, in-memory data stores, instead
of relying entirely on slower disk-based databases
Option 1 is incorrect because even if the database is installed on multiple

systems, it will not help serve the most recently used data.
Option 2 is incorrect because the Multi-AZ option for RDS is mainly used
to set up applications with high availability and not for data storage of
frequently used data.
Options 4 and 5 are wrong because Kinesis is a fully managed service

used mainly for real-time processing of streaming data and Redshift is a
data warehouse service.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/elasticache/
Question 7: Incorrect
You are designing a multi-tier web application architecture that consists

of a fleet of EC2 instances and an Oracle relational database server. It is
required that the database is highly available and that you have full
control over its underlying operation system.
Which AWS Service will you use for your database tier?
Amazon RDS
Amazon RDS with Multi-AZ deployments
(Incorrect)
Amazon EC2 instances with data replication in one Availability Zone
Amazon EC2 instances with data replication between two different

Availability Zones
(Correct)
Explanation
To achieve this requirement, you can deploy your Oracle database to
Amazon EC2 instances with data replication between two different
Availability Zones. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer. The deployment
of this architecture can easily be achieved by using Cloudformation and
Quick Start. Please refer to the reference link for information.
The Quick Start deploys the Oracle primary database (using the
preconfigured, general-purpose starter database from Oracle) on an
Amazon EC2 instance in the first Availability Zone. It then sets up a
second EC2 instance in a second Availability Zone, copies the primary
database to the second instance by using the DUPLICATE command, and
configures Oracle Data Guard.
Options 1 and 2 are incorrect because the scenario requires you to have
access to the underlying operating system of the database server.
Remember that Amazon RDS is a managed database service, which
means that Amazon is the one that manages the underlying operating
system of the database instance and not you.
Option 3 is incorrect since deploying to just one Availability Zone (AZ) will
not make the database tier highly available. If that AZ went down, your
database will be unavailable.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/quickstart/
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/quickstart/latest/oracle-database/
architecture.html
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/dms/latest/userguide/
CHAP_Introduction.ReplicationInstance.html
Question 8: Correct
You have a new e-commerce web application written in Angular

framework which is deployed to a fleet of EC2 instances behind an
Application Load Balancer. You configured the load balancer to perform
health checks on these EC2 instances.
What will happen if one of these EC2 instances failed the health checks?
The EC2 instance gets terminated automatically by the Application Load

Balancer.

The EC2 instance gets quarantined by the Application Load Balancer for
root cause analysis.
The EC2 instance is replaced automatically by the Application Load

Balancer.
The Application Load Balancer stops sending traffic to the instance that
failed its health check.
(Correct)
Explanation
In case that one of the EC2 instances failed a health check, the
Application Load Balancer stops sending traffic to that instance.
Your Application Load Balancer periodically sends requests to its

registered targets to test their status. These tests are called health
checks. Each load balancer node routes requests only to the healthy
targets in the enabled Availability Zones for the load balancer. Each load
balancer node checks the health of each target, using the health check
settings for the target group with which the target is registered. After
your target is registered, it must pass one health check to be considered
healthy. After each health check is completed, the load balancer node
closes the connection that was established for the health check.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/elb-
healthchecks.html
Question 9: Correct
Your team is planning to migrate a web application from your on-premise

infrastructure to AWS cloud. Your team lead wants to ensure that even
though the application will be in AWS, you can still manage the service
and implement ongoing maintenance of packages.
Which of the following AWS services can you use, which allows access to
its underlying infrastructure? (Choose 2)
Elastic Beanstalk
(Correct)
EC2
(Correct)
DynamoDB
RDS
Explanation
You can connect and manage the EC2 instance so Option 2 is correct.
You can install new packages and perform changes on the underlying
infrastructure of the EC2 instance such as Enhanced Networking,
Encryption, and so forth.
Elastic Beanstalk is a service that allows you to quickly deploy and

manage your application in AWS. What it does is it automatically creates
EC2 instances for your application, which you can also manage just like a
regular instance. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
Resources:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticbeanstalk/latest/dg/Welcome.html
Your IT director assigned you the task of providing a single sign-on

feature to all of your existing users who are using on-premise web
applications.
How will you implement this feature?
Use IAM with SAML.
(Incorrect)
Use the company's LDAP directory with IAM.
Use the AWS Secure Token service (STS) and SAML
(Correct)
Use IAM and OAuth.
Explanation
You can authenticate users in your organization's network and then
provide those users access to AWS without creating new AWS identities
for them and requiring them to sign in with a separate user name and
password.
This is known as the single sign-on (SSO) approach to temporary access.

AWS STS supports open standards like Security Assertion Markup
Language (SAML) 2.0, with which you can use Microsoft AD FS to
leverage your Microsoft Active Directory.
You can also use SAML 2.0 to manage your own solution for federating
user identities.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/
id_credentials_temp.html
Question 11: Correct
You've been instructed to create a duplicate environment in another

region for your company's disaster recovery plan. Part of your
environment relies on EC2 instances with pre-configured software.
What step would you take to configure the instances in another region?
Create an AMI of the EC2 instance
Create an AMI of the EC2 instance and copy the AMI to the desired region
(Correct)
Use IAM permissions to make the EC2 instance shareable among other
regions
None of the above
Explanation
You can copy an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) within or across an AWS
region using the AWS Management Console, the AWS command line tools
or SDKs, or the Amazon EC2 API, all of which support
the CopyImage action. You can copy both Amazon EBS-backed AMIs and
instance store-backed AMIs. You can copy encrypted AMIs and AMIs with
encrypted snapshots.
Copying a source AMI results in an identical but distinct target AMI with
its own unique identifier. In the case of an Amazon EBS-backed AMI, each
of its backing snapshots is, by default, copied to an identical but distinct
target snapshot. (The one exception is when you choose to encrypt the
snapshot.) You can change or deregister the source AMI with no effect on
the target AMI. The reverse is also true.
There are no charges for copying an AMI. However, standard storage and
data transfer rates apply.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/CopyingAMIs.html
You had launched a travel photo sharing website using Amazon S3 to

serve high-quality photos to visitors of your website. After a few days, you
found out that there are other travel websites linking and using your
photos. This resulted to a loss for your business.
What is an effective method to mitigate this issue?
Configure your S3 bucket to remove public read access and use pre-
signed URLs with expiry dates.
(Correct)
Use Cloud Front distributions for your photos.


Block the IP addresses of the offending websites using NACL.
Store photos on an Amazon EBS volume of the web server.
Explanation
In Amazon S3, all objects by default are private. Only the object owner
has permission to access these objects. However, the object owner can
optionally share objects with others by creating a pre-signed URL, using
their own security credentials, to grant time-limited permission to
download the objects.
When you create a pre-signed URL for your object, you must provide your
security credentials, specify a bucket name, an object key, specify the
HTTP method (GET to download the object) and expiration date and time.
The pre-signed URLs are valid only for the specified duration.
Anyone who receives the pre-signed URL can then access the object. For
example, if you have a video in your bucket and both the bucket and the
object are private, you can share the video with others by generating a
pre-signed URL.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/
private-content-signed-urls.html
A media company has a workflow that sends video files from their on-
premise system to AWS for transcoding. They use a fleet of EC2 instances
that pull transcoding jobs from SQS.
Why is SQS an appropriate service for this scenario?


SQS guarantees the order of the messages.
SQS synchronously provides transcoding output.
(Incorrect)
SQS checks the health of the worker instances.
SQS helps to facilitate horizontal scaling of encoding tasks.
(Correct)
Explanation
Option 4 is correct. Horizontal scaling means increasing the number of
your message producers (making SendMessage requests) and consumers
(making ReceiveMessage and DeleteMessage requests) in order to
increase your overall queue throughput. You can scale horizontally by
increasing the number of threads on a client, adding clients, or both. You
should achieve essentially linear gains in queue throughput as you add
more clients. For example, if you double the number of clients, you can
get twice the throughput.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/
SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-throughput-horizontal-scaling-and-batching.html

You are using a combination of API Gateway and Lambda for the web
services of your online web portal that is being accessed by hundreds of
thousands of clients each day. Your company will be announcing a new
revolutionary product and it is expected that your web portal will receive
a massive amount of visitors all around the globe. How can you protect
your backend systems and applications from traffic spikes?
Use throttling limits in API Gateway
(Correct)
API Gateway will automatically scale and handle massive traffic spikes
so you do not have to do anything.
Manually upgrade the EC2 instances being used by API Gateway
Deploy Multi-AZ in API Gateway with Read Replica

Explanation
Amazon API Gateway provides throttling at multiple levels including
global and by a service call. Throttling limits can be set for standard rates
and bursts. For example, API owners can set a rate limit of 1,000 requests
per second for a specific method in their REST APIs, and also configure
Amazon API Gateway to handle a burst of 2,000 requests per second for a
few seconds.
Amazon API Gateway tracks the number of requests per second. Any
requests over the limit will receive a 429 HTTP response. The client SDKs
generated by Amazon API Gateway retry calls automatically when met
with this response.
 Option 2 is incorrect because although it can scale using AWS Edge
locations, you still need to configure the throttling to further manage the
bursts of your APIs.
 Option 3 is incorrect because API Gateway is a fully managed service and
hence, you do not have access to its underlying resources.
 Option 4 is incorrect because RDS has Multi-AZ and Read Replica
capabilities, and not API Gateway
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/api-gateway/faqs/#Throttling_and_Caching
Which of the below AWS services allows you to run code without the need
to host it in an Elastic Compute Cloud instance?
AWS Lambda
(Correct)
AWS IoT
AWS SQS
AWS SES
Explanation
AWS Lambda lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers.
You pay only for the compute time you consume - there is no charge when
your code is not running.
With Lambda, you can run code for virtually any type of application or
backend service - all with zero administration. Just upload your code and
Lambda takes care of everything required to run and scale your code with
high availability. You can set up your code to automatically trigger from
other AWS services or call it directly from any web or mobile app.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/
You are a Solutions Architect in your company working with 3 DevOps

Engineers under you. One of the engineers accidentally deleted a file
hosted in Amazon S3 which has caused disruption of service.
What can you do to prevent this from happening again?
Use S3 Infrequently Accessed storage to store the data on.
Enable S3 Versioning and Multi-Factor Authentication Delete on the

bucket.
(Correct)
Setup a signed URL to all users.


Create an IAM bucket policy that disables delete operation.
Explanation
To avoid accidental deletion in Amazon S3 bucket, you can:
 Enable Versioning
 Enable MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication) Delete
Versioning is a means of keeping multiple variants of an object in the

same bucket. You can use versioning to preserve, retrieve, and restore
every version of every object stored in your Amazon S3 bucket. With
versioning, you can easily recover from both unintended user actions and
application failures.
If the MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication) Delete is enabled, it requires

additional authentication for either of the following operations.
 -Change the versioning state of your bucket

 -Permanently delete an object version
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/Versioning.html
There are a lot of outages in the Availability Zone of your RDS database
instance to the point that you have lost access to the database. What
could you do to prevent losing access to your database in case that this
event happens again?
Make a snapshot of the database

Enabled Multi-AZ failover
(Correct)
Increase the database instance size
Create a read replica
Explanation
Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployments provide enhanced availability and
durability for Database (DB) Instances, making them a natural fit for
production database workloads. When you provision a Multi-AZ DB
Instance, Amazon RDS automatically creates a primary DB Instance and
synchronously replicates the data to a standby instance in a different
Availability Zone (AZ). Each AZ runs on its own physically distinct,
independent infrastructure, and is engineered to be highly reliable.
In case of an infrastructure failure, Amazon RDS performs an automatic

failover to the standby (or to a read replica in the case of Amazon Aurora),
so that you can resume database operations as soon as the failover is
complete.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/rds/details/multi-az/
You are working for a large financial company as an IT consultant. Your

role is to help their development team to build a highly available web
application using stateless web servers. In this scenario, which AWS
services are suitable for storing session state data? (Choose 2)

EC2
DynamoDB
(Correct)
S3
ElastiCache
(Correct)
Glacier
Redshift
Explanation
You can store session state data on both DynamoDB and ElastiCache.
These AWS services provide high performance storage of key-value pairs
which can be used to build a highly available web application.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/caching/database-caching/
https://aws.amazon.com/caching/session-management/
Which of the following AWS Services can you use to build and run
serverless applications? (Choose 3)
AWS API Gateway
(Correct)
AWS Lambda
(Correct)
AWS DynamoDB
(Correct)
AWS EC2
Explanation
AWS provides a set of fully managed services such as Lambda, API
Gateway, DynamoDB and many others that you can use to build and run
serverless applications. Serverless applications don’t require
provisioning, maintaining, and administering servers for backend
components such as compute, databases, storage, stream processing,
message queueing, and more.
You also no longer need to worry about ensuring application fault
tolerance and availability. Instead, AWS handles all of these capabilities
for you. This allows you to focus on product innovation while enjoying
faster time-to-market.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/serverless/
You have a new joiner in your orgranization. You had provisioned an IAM
user for the new employee in AWS however, the user is not able to
perform any actions. What could be the reason for this?
IAM users are created by default with partial permissions
IAM users are created by default with full permissions
IAM users are created by default with no permissions
(Correct)
You need to wait for 24 hours for the new IAM user to have access.
Explanation
The reason for this issue is that IAM users are created with no
permissions by default. That means that when you created the new IAM
user, you might not provisioned any permissions to the user. Hence,
option 3 is correct and conversely, options 1 and 2 are wrong.
Option 4 is incorrect because provisions are applied immediately, and not
after 24 hours.
The IAM user might need to make API calls or use the AWS CLI or the
Tools for Windows PowerShell. In that case, create an access key (an
access key ID and a secret access key) for that user. This is called
Programmatic access.
If the user needs to access AWS resources from the AWS Management
Console, create a password and provide it to the user.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/iam/details/manage-users/
Which of the following are characteristics of a standard Reserved EC2

instance? (Choose 3)
You can sell a standard Reserved instance on the Reserved Instance

Marketplace.
(Correct)
You cannot modify the Availability Zone, scope, network platform or

instance size.
It can be applied to instances launched by Auto Scaling.
(Correct)

It runs in a VPC on hardware that's dedicated to a single customer.
It provides you with a significant discount compared to On-Demand

instance pricing
(Correct)
Explanation
RIs provide you with a significant discount (up to 75%) compared to On-
Demand instance pricing. You have the flexibility to change families, OS
types, and tenancies while benefitting from RI pricing when you use
Convertible RIs. One important thing to remember here is that Reserved
Instances are not physical instances, but rather a billing discount
applied to the use of On-Demand Instances in your account.
When your computing needs change, you can modify your Standard or
Convertible Reserved Instances and continue to take advantage of the
billing benefit. You can modify the Availability Zone, scope, network
platform, or instance size (within the same instance type) of your
Reserved Instance. You can also sell your unused instance on the
Reserved Instance Marketplace.
Option 1 is correct because you can sell your unused instances in the
Reserved Instance Marketplace.
Option 2 is wrong because you can indeed modify the Availability Zone,
scope, network platform, or instance size of your Reserved Instance as
long as it is within the same instance type.
Option 3 is correct because you can definitely use Auto Scaling on

Reserved Instances. Remember that it is basically just a billing concept
hence, you can use features like Auto Scaling with your Reserved
Instances, same as with your Spot and On-Demand instances. Keep in
mind that Reserved Instances are not physical servers/instances, but
rather a billing discount applied to the use of On-Demand Instances in
your account.
Option 4 is wrong because that is the description of a Dedicated instance

and not a Reserved Instance. A Dedicated instance runs in a VPC on
hardware that's dedicated to a single customer.
Option 5 is correct, because reserved instances can be used to lower
costs. Reserved Instances provide you with a discount on usage of EC2
instances, and a capacity reservation when they are applied to a specific
Availability Zone, giving you additional confidence that you will be able to
launch the instances you have reserved when you need them.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ri-modifying.html
https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/reserved-instances/
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-reserved-
instances.html
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30873849/use-reserved-instance-and-
autoscaling-group
Amazon CloudTrail can log API calls from _______.
The command line
The SDK
The Console
All of the above

(Correct)
Explanation
AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance,
operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. With
CloudTrail, you can log, continuously monitor, and retain account activity
related to actions across your AWS infrastructure.
CloudTrail provides event history of your AWS account activity, including

actions taken through the AWS Management Console, AWS SDKs,
command line tools, and other AWS services. This event history simplifies
security analysis, resource change tracking, and troubleshooting.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudtrail/
Which of the following does not happen when you stop a running EBS-
backed EC2 instance?
Any Amazon EBS volumes remain attached to the instance, and their data
persists.
In most cases, the instance is migrated to a new underlying host

computer when it's started.
Any data stored in the RAM of the host computer or the instance store
volumes of the host computer are gone.

If it is in the EC2-Classic platform, the instance retains its associated

Elastic IP addresses.
(Correct)
Explanation
All of the options are correct except for option 4. The instance retains its
associated Elastic IP addresses if it is in the EC2-VPC platform and not
on EC2-Classic.
When you stop a running instance, the following happens:
 -The instance performs a normal shutdown and stops running; its status
changes to stopping and then stopped .
 -Any Amazon EBS volumes remain attached to the instance, and their
data persists.
 -Any data stored in the RAM of the host computer or the instance store
volumes of the host computer are gone.
 -In most cases, the instance is migrated to a new underlying host
computer when it's started.
 -EC2-Classic: AWS releases the public and private IPv4 addresses for the
instance when you stop the instance, and assign new ones when you
restart it.
 -EC2-VPC: The instance retains its private IPv4 addresses and any IPv6
addresses when stopped and restarted. AWS releases the public IPv4
address and assign a new one when you restart it.
 -EC2-Classic: AWS disassociates any Elastic IP address that's associated
with the instance. You're charged for Elastic IP addresses that aren't
associated with an instance. When you restart the instance, you must
associate the Elastic IP address with the instance; AWS doesn't do this
automatically.
 -EC2-VPC: The instance retains its associated Elastic IP addresses.
You're charged for any Elastic IP addresses associated with a stopped
instance
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Stop_Start.html
Which service can help you manage the budgets for all your AWS
resources?
Cost Explorer
Cost Allocation Tags
AWS Budgets
(Correct)
Payment History
Explanation
AWS Budgets gives you the ability to set custom budgets that alert you
when your costs or usage exceed (or are forecasted to exceed) your
budgeted amount.
Budgets can be tracked at the monthly, quarterly, or yearly level, and you
can customize the start and end dates. You can further refine your budget
to track costs associated with multiple dimensions, such as AWS service,
linked account, tag, and others. Budget alerts can be sent via email
and/or Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) topic.
You can also use AWS Budgets to set a custom reservation utilization
target and receive alerts when your utilization drops below the threshold
you define. RI utilization alerts support Amazon EC2, Amazon RDS,
Amazon Redshift, and Amazon ElastiCache reservations.
Budgets can be created and tracked from the AWS Budgets dashboard or
via the Budgets API.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/aws-cost-management/aws-budgets/
You are trying establish an SSH connection to a newly created Amazon

EC2 instance using the PuTTY tool. However, you are getting the
following error message:
Error: No supported authentication methods available
What steps should you take to fix this issue? (Choose 2)
Verify if your private key (.pem) file has been correctly converted to the
format recognized by PuTTY (.ppk).
(Correct)
Verify that your IAM user policy has permission to launch Amazon EC2
instances.
Verify that you are connecting with the appropriate user name for your
AMI such as ec2-user for Linux AMI, centos for Centos AMI or admin for
Debian AMI
(Correct)

Verify that the Amazon EC2 Instance was launched with the proper IAM
role.
Verify that you had waited at least 1 hour after the EC2 instance was
created before connecting via SSH.
Verify that the Enable SSH Connection feature is enabled in EC2 instance.
Explanation
If you use PuTTY to connect to your instance via SSH and get either of
the following errors, Error: Server refused our key or Error: No supported
authentication methods available , verify that you are connecting with the
appropriate user name for your AMI. Enter the user name in the User
name box in the PuTTY Configuration window.
The appropriate user names are as follows:
 For an Amazon Linux AMI, the user name is ec2-user .

 For a RHEL AMI, the user name is ec2-user or root .
 For an Ubuntu AMI, the user name is ubuntu or root .
 For a Centos AMI, the user name is centos .
 For a Debian AMI, the user name is admin or root .
 For a Fedora AMI, the user name is ec2-user .
 For a SUSE AMI, the user name is ec2-user or root .
 Otherwise, if ec2-user and root don't work, check with the AMI provider.
You should also verify that your private key (.pem) file has been correctly
converted to the format recognized by PuTTY (.ppk).
Options 2 and 4 are incorrect because both an IAM user and IAM role
policy have nothing to do with this issue.
Option 5 is incorrect because you don't need to wait an hour in order to
connect to a new EC2 instance as you can immediately connect to it once
it is created.
Option 6 is incorrect because there is no <code>Enable SSH

Connection</code> feature in EC2 service.
Resources:
TroubleshootingInstancesConnecting.html#TroubleshootingInstancesCon
nectingPuTTY
In monitoring your EC2 instance, what is the time period of data that
Amazon CloudWatch receives and aggregates from EC2 by default?
One second
Five seconds
One minute
Three minutes

Five minutes
(Correct)
Explanation
By default, your instance is enabled for basic monitoring. You can
optionally enable detailed monitoring. After you enable detailed
monitoring, the Amazon EC2 console displays monitoring graphs with a 1-
minute period for the instance. The following table describes basic and
detailed monitoring for instances.
 Basic - Data is available automatically in 5-minute periods at no charge.

 Detailed - Data is available in 1-minute periods for an additional cost. To
get this level of data, you must specifically enable it for the instance. For
the instances where you've enabled detailed monitoring, you can also get
aggregated data across groups of similar instances.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/faqs/
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-
cloudwatch-new.html
You are a Solutions Architect of a bank, designing various

CloudFormation templates for a new online trading platform that your
department will build.
How much does it cost to use CloudFormation templates?
There is no additional charge for AWS CloudFormation. You only pay for
the AWS resources that are created.
(Correct)

The cost is based on the file size of the template.
It is charged per hour.
The cost is based on the size of the template.
Explanation
There is no additional charge for AWS CloudFormation. You only pay for
the AWS resources that are created (e.g. Amazon EC2 instances, Elastic
Load Balancing load balancers, etc.)
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudformation/faqs/
Which of the following statements are correct regarding EBS volumes and
snapshots? (Choose 3)
EBS volumes are resizable.
(Correct)
Snapshots of encrypted volumes are not automatically encrypted.

You can change the size of the volume even when it is attached to an
instance.
(Correct)
You can only change the size of the volume if it is not attached to an
instance.
Volumes that are created from encrypted snapshots are automatically

encrypted.
(Correct)
Explanation
If your current-generation Amazon EBS volume is attached to a current-
generation EC2 instance type, you can increase its size, change its
volume type, or (for an io1 volume) adjust its IOPS performance, all
without detaching it from the instance. You can apply these changes to
detached volumes as well.
EBS snapshots broadly support EBS encryption for these scenarios:
 -Snapshots of encrypted volumes are automatically encrypted.

 -Volumes that are created from encrypted snapshots are automatically
encrypted.
 -When you copy an unencrypted snapshot that you own, you can encrypt
it during the copy process.
 -When you copy an encrypted snapshot that you own, you can reencrypt it
with a different key during the copy process.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-modify-
volume.html
EBSSnapshots.html
Which of the following launches a number of Amazon EC2 instances as

part of its service and then allows the customer to retain full admin
privileges of those underlying EC2 instances?
Amazon Relational Database Service
Amazon Elastic Map Reduce
(Correct)
Amazon ElastiCache
Amazon DynamoDB
Explanation
Amazon EMR is a web service that enables businesses, researchers, data
analysts, and developers to easily and cost-effectively process vast
amounts of data. It utilizes a hosted Hadoop framework running on the
web-scale infrastructure of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3).
This means that Amazon EMR launches a number of EC2 instances for its
Hadoop data processing engine. These created EC2 instances are
accessible and manageable by the customer, including full administrative
privileges.
Amazon ElastiCache and Amazon DynamoDB are incorrect because both

of them are fully managed services. Remember that the term fully
managed means that it is AWS that fully manages all of the required
resources of that service, including the needed server, OS patching,
scaling and many others. Hence, the customer does not have access to
the underlying EC2 instances and other resources of that service.
Amazon Relational Database Service is a managed database service,

which means that you have partial control of the underlying database
server, unlike a fully managed service which AWS totally controls.
However, customers do not have full admin privileges to the underlying
resources of RDS which renders this option incorrect.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/emr/faqs/
You have one security group associated with 10 On-Demand EC2

instances. You configured the security group to allow all inbound SSH
traffic and then right after that, you created two new EC2 instances in the
same security group.
When will be the changes be applied to the EC2 instances?
Immediately to all 12 instances in the security group.
(Correct)
Immediately to the new instances only.
(Incorrect)

Immediately to the new instances, but not for the old ones which must be
restarted before the changes take effect.
The changes will apply to all 12 instances after an hour when the
propagation is complete.
Explanation
Changes made in a Security Group is immediately implemented to all
associated EC2 instances.
A security group acts as a virtual firewall for your instance to control

inbound and outbound traffic. When you launch an instance in a VPC, you
can assign up to five security groups to the instance. Security groups act
at the instance level, not the subnet level. Therefore, each instance in a
subnet in your VPC could be assigned to a different set of security groups.
If you don't specify a particular group at launch time, the instance is
automatically assigned to the default security group for the VPC.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/
VPC_SecurityGroups.html
The company that you are working for has a highly available architecture,
consisting of an elastic load balancer and several EC2 instances
configured with auto-scaling in three Availability Zones. You want to
monitor your EC2 instances based on a particular metric, which is not
readily available in CloudWatch. Which of the following is a custom metric
in CloudWatch which you have to manually setup?
Memory Utilization of an EC2 instance

(Correct)
CPU Utilization of an EC2 instance
Disk Reads activity of an EC2 instance
Networks packets out of an EC2 instance
Explanation
CloudWatch has available Amazon EC2 Metrics for you to use for
monitoring CPU utilization, Network utilization, Disk performance and
Disk Reads/Writes. In case that you need to monitor the below items, you
need to prepare a custom metric using a Perl or other shell script, as
there are no ready to use metrics for these:
 Memory utilization
 disk swap utilization
 disk space utilization
 page file utilization
 log collection
References:
monitoring_ec2.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/mon-
scripts.html#using_put_script
In IAM, what are the two types of policy?


Resource-based and Product-based
Product-based and Service-based
Service-based
User-based and Resource-based
Identity-Based and Resource-Based Policies
(Correct)
Explanation
There are 2 types of policies in IAM:
1. Identity-Based Policies
2. Resource-Based Policies
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html

In your AWS VPC, you need to add a new subnet that will allow you to
host a total of 20 EC2 instances.
Which of the following IPv4 CIDR block can you use for this scenario?
172.0.0.0/27
(Correct)
172.0.0.0/28
172.0.0.0/29
172.0.0.0/30
Explanation
 Option 1 is the correct answer. The CIDR Block of 172.0.0.0/27 with a

netmask of /27, has an equivalent of 27 IP addresses. To help you in your
exam, you can always associate a netmask of /27 which also has the
same number of IP addresses (27).
 Option 2 is wrong as a netmask of /28 only supports 16 IP Addresses.
 Options 3 and 4 are incorrect as the only allowed block size is between a
/28 netmask and /16 netmask.
To add a CIDR block to your VPC, the following rules apply:
 The allowed block size is between a /28 netmask and /16 netmask.
 The CIDR block must not overlap with any existing CIDR block that's
associated with the VPC.
 You cannot increase or decrease the size of an existing CIDR block.
 You have a limit on the number of CIDR blocks you can associate with a
VPC and the number of routes you can add to a route table. You cannot
associate a CIDR block if this results in you exceeding your limits.
 The CIDR block must not be the same or larger than the CIDR range of a
route in any of the VPC route tables. For example, if you have a route with
a destination of 10.0.0.0/24 to a virtual private gateway, you cannot
associate a CIDR block of the same range or larger. However, you can
associate a CIDR block of 10.0.0.0/25 or smaller.
 The first four IP addresses and the last IP address in each subnet CIDR
block are not available for you to use, and cannot be assigned to an
instance.
References:
VPC_Subnets.html
In Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose, which service can you load streaming
data into?
Amazon S3
Amazon Redshift

Amazon Elasticsearch Service
Splunk
All of the above
(Correct)
All of the above except for Splunk
Explanation
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose is the easiest way to load streaming data
into data stores and analytics tools. It can capture, transform, and load
streaming data into Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch
Service, and Splunk, enabling near real-time analytics with existing
business intelligence tools and dashboards you’re already using today.
It is a fully managed service that automatically scales to match the

throughput of your data and requires no ongoing administration. It can
also batch, compress, and encrypt the data before loading it, minimizing
the amount of storage used at the destination and increasing security.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/kinesis/data-firehose/
What is the difference between an Instance store-backed and an EBS-

backed EC2 instance?

Amazon EBS-backed instances can be stopped and restarted.
(Correct)
Instance-store backed instances can be stopped and restarted.
Auto Scaling is only applicable for EBS-backed instances.
Virtual Private Cloud only supports EBS backed instances.
Explanation
Amazon EBS-backed instances can be stopped and restarted unlike
Amazon Instance Store-Backed instances which cannot be stopped. An
Instance Store-Backed instance is either running or terminated. Hence,
option 1 is correct and conversely, option 2 is incorrect.
Option 3 is incorrect because Auto Scaling can be done on both types of

instances.
Option 4 is incorrect because VPC supports both types of instances.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/
ComponentsAMIs.html

What combination of the following options will protect the S3 objects in
your bucket from both accidental deletion and accidental overwriting?
(Choose 2)
Enable Versioning
(Correct)
Provide access S3 data strictly through pre-signed URL only
Disallow S3 Delete using an IAM bucket policy
Enable S3 RRS
Enable Multi-Factor Authentication Delete
(Correct)
Explanation
By using Versioning and enabling MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication)
Delete, you can secure and recover your S3 objects from accidental
deletion or overwrite.
Versioning is a means of keeping multiple variants of an object in the

same bucket. Versioning-enabled buckets enable you to recover objects
from accidental deletion or overwrite. You can use versioning to preserve,
retrieve, and restore every version of every object stored in your Amazon
S3 bucket. With versioning, you can easily recover from both unintended
user actions and application failures.
You can also optionally add another layer of security by configuring a

bucket to enable MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication) Delete, which
requires additional authentication for either of the following operations.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/Versioning.html
You have a web application deployed in AWS which is currently running in

the eu-central-1 region. Your EC2 instances are using pre-built AMIs. Your
manager instructed you to implement a disaster recovery of your system
so in the event that the application goes down in the eu-central-1 region,
a new instance can be started in the us-west-2 region.
As part of your disaster recovery plan, which of the following should you
take into consideration?
In the AMI dashboard, add the us-west-2 region to the Network Access
Control List which contains the regions that are allowed to use the AMI.
Copy the AMI from the eu-central-1 region to the us-west-2 region.
Afterwards, change the Auto Scaling groups in the us-west-2 region to
use this new AMI ID.
(Correct)
Share the AMI to the us-west-2 region.


None. AMIs can be used in any region hence, there is no problem using it
in the us-west-2 region.
Explanation
In this scenario, the EC2 instances you are currently using depends on a
pre-built AMI. This AMI is not accessible to another region hence, you
have to copy it to the us-west-2 region to properly establish your disaster
recovery instance.
You can copy an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) within or across an AWS
region using the AWS Management Console, the AWS command line tools
or SDKs, or the Amazon EC2 API, all of which support
the CopyImage action. You can copy both Amazon EBS-backed AMIs and
instance store-backed AMIs. You can copy encrypted AMIs and AMIs with
encrypted snapshots.
Options 1 and 3 are incorrect because the AMI does not have a Network
Access Control nor a Share functionality.
Option 4 is incorrect as you can use a unique or pre-built AMI to a specific

region only.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/CopyingAMIs.html
Which AWS service is is a fully managed, highly available, in-memory

cache that can reduce Amazon DynamoDB response times from
milliseconds to microseconds?
AWS ElastiCache Memcached


Amazon Simple Storage Service
Amazon EC2 Instance Storage
Amazon DynamoDB NextGen
Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)
(Correct)
Explanation
Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) is a fully managed, highly available,
in-memory cache that can reduce Amazon DynamoDB response times
from milliseconds to microseconds, even at millions of requests per
second.
Option 4 is incorrect as there is no such thing as Amazon DynamoDB

NextGen.
Options 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect because they cannot reduce Amazon

DynamoDB response times.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/

You have launched a new enterprise application with a web server and a
database. You are using an EC2 Instance with one 500 GB EBS volume to
host a relational database. Upon checking the performance, it shows that
write throughput to the database needs to be increased.
Which of the following approaches can help you achieve this? (Choose 2)
Use a standard RAID configuration
(Correct)
Enable Multi-AZ mode
Place the instance that hosts the database in an Auto Scaling Group
Add an EBS volume and place into RAID 5
Increase the size of the EC2 Instance
(Correct)
Put the database behind an Network Load Balancer
Explanation
The goal here is to increase the write performance of the database
hosted in an EC2 instance. You can achieve this by either setting up a
standard RAID configuration or simply by increasing the size of the EC2
instance.
Some EC2 instance types can drive more I/O throughput than what you
can provision for a single EBS volume. You can join
multiple gp2 , io1 , st1 , or sc1 volumes together in a RAID 0
configuration to use the available bandwidth for these instances.
With Amazon EBS, you can use any of the standard RAID configurations
that you can use with a traditional bare metal server, as long as that
particular RAID configuration is supported by the operating system for
your instance. This is because all RAID is accomplished at the software
level. For greater I/O performance than you can achieve with a single
volume, RAID 0 can stripe multiple volumes together; for on-instance
redundancy, RAID 1 can mirror two volumes together.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/raid-config.html
EBSPerformance.html
In a government agency that you are working for, you have been assigned
a task to put confidential tax documents on AWS cloud. However, there is
a concern from a security perspective on what can be put on AWS.
What are the features in AWS that can ensure data security to your
confidential documents? (Choose 3)
EBS Encyption
(Correct)

S3 Server-Side Encryption
(Correct)
S3 Client-Side Encryption
(Correct)
Public Data Set Volume Encryption
S3 On-Premise Data Encryption
EBS On-Premise Data Encryption
Explanation
You can secure the privacy of your data in AWS, both at rest and in-
transit, through encryption. If your data is stored in EBS Volumes, you can
enable EBS Encryption and if it is stored on Amazon S3, you can enable
client-side and server-side encryption.
Option 4 is incorrect as public data sets are designed to be publicly

accessible.
Options 5 and 6 are incorrect as there is no such thing as On-Premise

Data Encryption for S3 and EBS - these services are in the AWS cloud and
not on your on-premise network.
Resources:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/UsingEncryption.html
EBSEncryption.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-public-data-
sets.html
You are working for a large pharmaceutical company that has resources
hosted on both their on-premise network and in AWS cloud. They want all
of their Software Architects to access resources on both environments
using their on-premise credentials, which is stored in Active Directory.
In this scenario, which of the following can be used to fulfill this

requirement?
Use Web Identity Federation
Use SAML Federation
(Correct)
Use IAM users
Use AWS VPC
Use S3
Explanation
Since the company is using Microsoft Active Directory which
implements Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), you can set
up a SAML-Based Federation for API Access to your AWS cloud. In this
way, you can easily connect to AWS using the login credentials of your
on-premise network.
AWS supports identity federation with SAML 2.0, an open standard that
many identity providers (IdPs) use. This feature enables federated single
sign-on (SSO), so users can log into the AWS Management Console or call
the AWS APIs without you having to create an IAM user for everyone in
your organization. By using SAML, you can simplify the process of
configuring federation with AWS, because you can use the IdP's service
instead of writing custom identity proxy code.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/
id_roles_providers_saml.html
You are a Solutions Architect working for a major telecommunications

company in Europe. You deployed an On-Demand EC2 instance that is
transferring large amounts of data to an Amazon S3 bucket in the same
region. Your manager is worried about infrastructure cost considering the
vast amounts of data being transferred to the bucket.
What will you say to justify this architecture?
You are only using an On-Demand EC2 instance which is exactly the same
price as Spot instance.

Transferring data from an EC2 instance to an S3 bucket in the same
region has no cost at all.
(Correct)
Transferring data from an EC2 instance to an S3 bucket in the same

region has a 50% discount based on the AWS Pricing.
You are only using an On-Demand EC2 instance so the cost will be lower
than a Spot instance.
Explanation
Transferring data from an EC2 instance to Amazon S3, Amazon Glacier,
Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon SES, Amazon SQS, or Amazon SimpleDB in
the same AWS Region has no cost at all. Refer to the Amazon EC2 Pricing
on the link below for reference.
Options 1 and 4 are incorrect since an On-Demand instance costs more

than a Spot instance.
Option 3 is incorrect as there is no such thing as 50% discount when

transferring data from an EC2 instance to an S3 bucket in the same
region.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/#Data_Transfer
You are working as a Solution Architect in a new startup that provides

storage for high-quality photos. You developed a cloud service that uses
RRS storage type on Amazon S3 for free users and S3 standard storage
type for premium users. When you manager found out about this, he asked
you the trade-offs of using RRS instead of the Standard storage type.
What will you say to your manager?
RRS only has 99.999999999% availability compared to Standard storage.
RRS only has 99.9% availability compared to Standard storage.
RRS has 99.999999999% durability compared to Standard storage.
RRS only has 99.99% durability compared to Standard storage.
(Correct)
Explanation
Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS) is an Amazon S3 storage option that
enables customers to store noncritical, reproducible data at lower levels
of redundancy than Amazon S3’s standard storage. It provides a highly
available solution for distributing or sharing content that is durably stored
elsewhere, or for storing thumbnails, transcoded media, or other
processed data that can be easily reproduced. The RRS option stores
objects on multiple devices across multiple facilities, providing 400 times
the durability of a typical disk drive, but does not replicate objects as
many times as standard Amazon S3 storage.
It is designed to provide 99.99% durability and 99.99% availability of

objects over a given year. This durability level corresponds to an average
annual expected loss of 0.01% of objects.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/s3/reduced-redundancy/

A telecommunications company is planning to give AWS Console access
to developers. Company policy mandates the use of identity federation
and role-based access control. Currently, the roles are already assigned
using groups in the corporate Active Directory.
In this scenario, what combination of the following services can provide

developers access to the AWS console? (Choose 2)
AWS Directory Service AD Connector
(Correct)
AWS Directory Service Simple AD
IAM Groups
IAM Roles
(Correct)
IAM Users
Explanation
Considering the company is using a corporate Active Directory, it is best
to use AWS Directory Service AD Connector for easier integration. In
addition, since the roles are already assigned using groups in the
corporate Active Directory, it would be better to also use IAM Roles.
AWS Directory Service provides multiple ways to use Amazon Cloud

Directory and Microsoft Active Directory (AD) with other AWS services.
Directories store information about users, groups, and devices, and
administrators use them to manage access to information and resources.
AWS Directory Service provides multiple directory choices for customers
who want to use existing Microsoft AD or Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP)–aware applications in the cloud. It also offers those same
choices to developers who need a directory to manage users, groups,
devices, and access.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/how-to-connect-your-on-premises-
active-directory-to-aws-using-ad-connector/
You have a new VPC with private and public subnets. You will be creating
a new mySQL database server. In which subnet should you launch the
new database server into?
The public subnet
The private subnet
(Correct)
Either public or private subnet


Ideally be launched outside the Amazon VPC
Explanation
In an ideal and secure VPC architecture, you launch the web servers or
elastic load balancers in the public subnet and the database servers in
the private subnet. If you launch your database server in the public
subnet, it will be publicly accessible all over the Internet which has a
higher security risk. Hence, it is better to launch your database in the
private subnet.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/
VPC_Scenario2.html
Which is a correct example of a synchronous data replication?
RDS DB instance running as a Multi-AZ deployment
(Correct)
RDS Read Replica in Oracle Database
DynamoDB Read Replica


Cloudfront running as a Multi-AZ deployment
Explanation
When you create or modify your DB instance to run as a Multi-AZ
deployment, Amazon RDS automatically provisions and maintains a
synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone. Updates to
your DB Instance are synchronously replicated across Availability Zones
to the standby in order to keep both in sync and protect your latest
database updates against DB instance failure.
Option 2 is incorrect as a Read Replica provides an asynchronous

replication instead of synchronous. In addition, a Read Replica is only
available in MySQL, MariaDB, and PostgreSQL database engines.
Options 3 and 4 are wrong answers as both DynamoDB and Cloudfront do

not have a Read Replica feature.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/rds/details/multi-az/
You have created an EBS-Backed EC2 instance with ephemeral0 and

ephemeral1 instance store volumes attached. If that instance is stopped,
what will happen to the data of the ephemeral store volumes?
Data is automatically saved in an EBS volume.
Data is unavailable until the instance is restarted.

Data will be deleted.
(Correct)
Data is automatically saved as an EBS snapshot.
Explanation
The virtual devices for instance store volumes are named as ephemeral[0-
23] . Instance types that support one instance store volume
have ephemeral0 . Instance types that support two instance store volumes
have ephemeral0 and ephemeral1 , and so on until ephemeral23
The data in an instance store persists only during the lifetime of its
associated instance. If an instance reboots (intentionally or
unintentionally), data in the instance store persists. However, data in the
instance store is lost under the following circumstances:
 -The underlying disk drive fails

 -The instance stops
 -The instance terminates
The word ephemeral means short-lived or temporary in the English

dictionary. Hence, when you see this word in AWS, always consider this
as just a temporary memory or a short-lived storage.
References:
InstanceStorage.html?shortFooter=true#instance-store-lifetime
You are building the development, testing, UAT, and production

enviroment of your company's new cloud infrastructure. All of the
environments will only be under one VPC.
In this scenario, how can you categorize your EC2 resources in different
ways such as by purpose, owner, or environment?
wildcards
pointers
Tags
(Correct)
custom filters
Availability Zone
Explanation
Tags enable you to categorize your AWS resources in different ways, for
example, by purpose, owner, or environment. This is useful when you
have many resources of the same type — you can quickly identify a
specific resource based on the tags you've assigned to it. Each tag
consists of a key and an optional value, both of which you define. For
example, you could define a set of tags for your account's Amazon EC2
instances that helps you track each instance's owner and stack level. We
recommend that you devise a set of tag keys that meets your needs for
each resource type. Using a consistent set of tag keys makes it easier for
you to manage your resources. You can search and filter the resources
based on the tags you add.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Using_Tags.html
In Amazon SNS, what are the different delivery formats or transports

available for receiving notifications? (Choose 3)
Email
(Correct)
CloudFront distribution
File Transfer Protocol
Short Message Service
(Correct)
Simple Network Management Protocol


Simple Queue Service
(Correct)
Explanation
Amazon SNS supports notifications over multiple transport protocols in
order for customers to have broad flexibility of delivery mechanisms.
Customers can select one the following transports as part of the
subscription requests:
 HTTP, HTTPS – Subscribers specify a URL as part of the subscription

registration; notifications will be delivered through an HTTP POST to the
specified URL.
 Email, Email-JSON – Messages are sent to registered addresses as email.
Email-JSON sends notifications as a JSON object, while Email sends text-
based email.
 SQS – Users can specify an SQS standard queue as the endpoint; Amazon
SNS will enqueue a notification message to the specified queue (which
subscribers can then process using SQS APIs such as ReceiveMessage,
DeleteMessage, etc.). Note that FIFO queues are not currently supported.
 SMS – Messages are sent to registered phone numbers as SMS text
messages.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/sns/faqs/
Which of the following AWS services allow you to access the underlying
operating system for the resource? (Choose 2)
Amazon RDS
(Incorrect)

Amazon EMR
(Correct)
Amazon EC2
(Correct)
DynamoDB
Explanation
Amazon EC2 provides you access to the operating system of the instance
that you created.
Amazon EMR provides you a managed Hadoop framework that makes it

easy, fast, and cost-effective to process vast amounts of data across
dynamically scalable Amazon EC2 instances. You can access the
operating system of these EC2 instances that were created by Amazon
EMR.
Options 1 and 4 are incorrect as DynamoDB and RDS are managed

services, which means that AWS manages the underlying operating
system and other server configurations that these databases use.
References:
VPC_SecurityGroups.html
In the VPC that you are managing, it has one EC2 instance that have its
data stored in an instance store. The instance was shut down by a 2nd
level support staff over the weekend to save costs. When you arrived in
the office the next Monday, you noticed that all data is lost and is no
longer available on the EC2 instance.
What might be the cause of this?
The EC2 instance was using an instance store hence, the data is erased
when the instance is terminated.
(Correct)
The EC2 instance was using EBS backed root volumes hence, the data is
erased when the instance is terminated.
AWS automatically erased the data due to a virus found on the EC2
instance.
The EC2 instance has been hacked.
Explanation
Since your are using an EC2 instance with an Instance store, the data is
ephemeral and it is expected to be erased once the instance is
terminated. You may argue that the instance was only shut down but
remember that the Operating system shutdown commands always
terminate an instance store-backed instance. That is why the right
answer is Option 1.
Amazon EC2 provides you with flexible, cost-effective, and easy-to-use

data storage options for your instances. Each option has a unique
combination of performance and durability. These storage options can be
used independently or in combination to suit your requirements. These
storage options include the following:
 -Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)

 -Amazon EC2 Instance Store
 -Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)
 -Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3)
If you used Amazon Elastic Block Store as the storage option of your
instance, the data will exist independently of the life of your instance.
This means that you configure the EBS volume to still exist even if you
terminate your instance. If you are using an Instance Store as a storage
option, the data is ephemeral and as the name implies, your data lasts
for a very short time and would not exist once your EC2 instance is
terminated.
Resources:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-
lifecycle.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Storage.html
You have a requirement to make sure that an On-Demand EC2 instance

can only be accessed from this IP address (110.238.98.71) via an SSH
connection. Which configuration below will satisfy this requirement?
Security Group Inbound Rule: Protocol – TCP. Port Range – 22, Source
110.238.98.71/32
(Correct)

Security Group Inbound Rule: Protocol – UDP, Port Range – 22, Source
110.238.98.71/32
Security Group Inbound Rule: Protocol – TCP. Port Range – 22, Source
110.238.98.71/0
Security Group Inbound Rule: Protocol – UDP, Port Range – 22, Source
110.238.98.71/0
Explanation
The SSH protocol uses TCP and port 22. Hence, Options 2 and 4 are
incorrect as they are using UDP. Options 1 and 3 has one major difference
and that is their CIDR block
The requirement is to only allow the individual IP of the client and not the
entire network. Therefore, the proper CIDR notation should be used.
The /32 denotes one IP address and the /0 refers to the entire network.
That is why Option 4 is incorrect as it allowed the entire network instead
of a single IP.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-
security.html#security-group-rules
What services are automatically available in the Default VPC? (Choose 3)

An Elastic Load Balancer
Default subnet in each Availability Zone
(Correct)
An Internet Gateway attached to the default VPC
(Correct)
An S3 Bucket
An EC2 instance
Create a default network access control list (ACL) and associate it with
your default VPC.
(Correct)
Explanation
In the default VPC, AWS automatically sets up the following for you:
 -Create a VPC with a size /16 IPv4 CIDR block ( 172.31.0.0/16 ). This
provides up to 65,536 private IPv4 addresses.
 -Create a size /20 default subnet in each Availability Zone. This provides
up to 4,096 addresses per subnet, a few of which are reserved for our use.
 -Create an Internet Gateway and connect it to your default VPC.
 -Create a main route table for your default VPC with a rule that sends all
IPv4 traffic destined for the Internet to the Internet gateway.
 -Create a default security group and associate it with your default VPC.
 -Create a default network access control list (ACL) and associate it with
your default VPC.
 -Associate the default DHCP options set for your AWS account with your
default VPC.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/default-
vpc.html
What happens when an EC2 instance behind an ELB fails a health check?
The EC2 instance gets terminated automatically by the ELB.
The EC2 instance gets quarantined by the ELB for root cause analysis.
The EC2 instance is replaced automatically by the ELB.
The ELB stops sending traffic to the EC2 instance
(Correct)
Explanation
The load balancer routes requests only to the healthy instances. When
the load balancer determines that an instance is unhealthy, it stops
routing requests to that instance. The load balancer resumes routing
requests to the instance when it has been restored to a healthy state.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/elb-
healthchecks.html
What is the AWS Lambda resource limit for the amount of ephemeral disk
capacity allocated per invocation?
1 GB
256 MB
2 GiB
512 KB
512 MB
(Correct)
Explanation
The AWS Lambda resource limit for ephemeral disk capacity (/tmp space)
per invocation is 512 MB. The word ephemeral means short-lived or
temporary in the English dictionary. Hence, when you see this word in
AWS, always consider this as just a temporary memory or storage.
 Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect.

 Option 4 is wrong as it has an incorrect unit. It should be 512 Megabytes
(MB) and not 512 Kilobytes.
References:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/limits.html
A tech company that you are working for has undertaken a Total Cost Of
Ownership (TCO) analysis evaluating the use of Amazon S3 versus
acquiring more storage hardware. The result was that all 1200 employees
would be granted access to use Amazon S3 for storage of their personal
documents.
Which of the following will you need to consider so you can set up a
solution that incorporates single sign-on feature from your corporate AD
or LDAP directory and also restricts access for each individual user to a
designated user folder in an S3 bucket? (Choose 3)
Setup a Federation proxy or an Identity provider.
(Correct)
Setup an AWS Security Token Service to generate temporary tokens.
(Correct)

Use a resource tag on each folder in the S3 bucket.
Configure an IAM role.
(Correct)
Setup up a matching IAM user for each 1200 users in your corporate
directory that needs access to a folder in the S3 bucket.
Explanation
The question refers to one of the common scenarios for temporary
credentials in AWS. Temporary credentials are useful in scenarios that
involve identity federation, delegation, cross-account access, and IAM
roles. In this example, it is called enterprise identity
federation considering that you also need to setup a single sign-on (SSO)
capability.
The correct answers are:
 -Setup a Federation proxy or an Identity provider

 -Setup an AWS Security Token Service to generate temporary tokens
 -Configure an IAM role
In an enterprise identity federation, you can authenticate users in your

organization's network, and then provide those users access to AWS
without creating new AWS identities for them and requiring them to sign
in with a separate user name and password. This is known as the single
sign-on (SSO) approach to temporary access. AWS STS supports open
standards like Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0, with
which you can use Microsoft AD FS to leverage your Microsoft Active
Directory. You can also use SAML 2.0 to manage your own solution for
federating user identities.
Resources:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-
security.html
You have a web application hosted in EC2 that consumes messages from
an SQS queue and is integrated with SNS to send out an email to you
once the process is complete. You received 5 orders but after a few
hours, you saw more than 20 email notifcations in your inbox.
Which of the following could be the possible culprit for this issue?
The web application is set for long polling so the messages are being sent
twice.
The web application is not deleting the messages in the SQS queue after
it has processed them.
(Correct)
The web application is set to short polling so some messages are not
being picked up
The web application does not have permission to consume messages in

the SQS queue.
Explanation
Always remember that the messages in the SQS queue will continue to
exist even after the EC2 instance has processed it, until you delete that
message.
Refer to the third step of the SQS Message Lifecycle:
1. Component 1 sends Message A to a queue, and the message is

distributed across the Amazon SQS servers redundantly.
2. When Component 2 is ready to process a message, it consumes
messages from the queue, and Message A is returned. While
Message A is being processed, it remains in the queue and isn't
returned to subsequent receive requests for the duration of the
visibility timeout.
3. Component 2 deletes Message A from the queue to prevent the
message from being received and processed again once the
visibility timeout expires.
References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/
SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-message-lifecycle.html
Which AWS service is used as a global content delivery network (CDN)?
Amazon SES
Amazon Cloudtrail
Amazon CloudFront
(Correct)

Amazon S3
Explanation
Amazon CloudFront is a global content delivery network (CDN) service
that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to your viewers
with low latency and high transfer speeds. CloudFront is integrated with
AWS – both physical locations that are directly connected to the AWS
global infrastructure, as well as software that works seamlessly with
services including AWS Shield for DDoS mitigation, Amazon S3, Elastic
Load Balancing or Amazon EC2 as origins for your applications, and AWS
Lambda to run custom code close to your viewers.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/
A web application that you developed stores sensitive information on a

non-boot, unencrypted Amazon EBS data volume attached to an Amazon
EC2 instance. Which of the following ways could provide protection to the
sensitive data of your Amazon EBS volume?
Create a new snapshot the current Amazon EBS volume. Restore the
snapshot to a new, encrypted Amazon EBS volume. Mount the Amazon
EBS volume.
Create and mount a new, encrypted Amazon EBS volume. Move the data
to the new volume and finally, delete the old Amazon EBS volume.
(Correct)

Unmount the EBS volume and then set the encryption attribute to true.
Afterwards, re-mount the Amazon EBS volume to the instance.
Associate the Amazon EBS volume with your AWS CloudHSM and then
remount the Amazon EBS volume.
Explanation
Amazon EBS encryption offers a simple encryption solution for your EBS
volumes without the need to build, maintain, and secure your own key
management infrastructure. When you create an encrypted EBS volume
and attach it to a supported instance type, the following types of data are
encrypted:
 Data at rest inside the volume

 All data moving between the volume and the instance
 All snapshots created from the volume
 All volumes created from those snapshots
In this scenario, the EBS volume attached to the instance is already

unencrypted. The best way to encrpyt the data is to create and mount a
new, encrypted Amazon EBS volume. Then move the data to the new
volume and finally, delete the old, unencrypted Amazon EBS volume.
Hence, Option 2 is the correct answer.
Option 1 is incorrect because a missing step is missing for this option to

be a valid answer. You need to copy the snapshot first, while applying
encryption parameters, in order for the resulting target snapshot to be
encrypted before restoring it to a new encrypted EBS volume.
Option 3 is incorrect because you cannot encrypt the volume even if you
unmount the volume. Remember that encryption has to be done during
volume creation.
Option 4 is incorrect because you cannot create an encrypted snapshot of

an unencrypted volume or change existing volume from unencrypted to
encrypted. You have to create new encrypted volume and transfer data to
the new volume.
References:
EBSEncryption.html
A leading telecommunications company wants to create standard

templates of their infrastructure for AWS deployment. Which AWS service
can be used in this scenario?
Amazon Simple Workflow Service
AWS Elastic Beanstalk
AWS CloudFormation
(Correct)
AWS OpsWorks
Explanation
AWS CloudFormation provides a common language for you to describe
and provision all the infrastructure resources in your cloud environment.
CloudFormation allows you to use a simple text file to model and
provision, in an automated and secure manner, all the resources needed
for your applications across all regions and accounts. This file serves as
the single source of truth for your cloud environment. AWS
CloudFormation is available at no additional charge, and you pay only for
the AWS resources needed to run your applications.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudformation/
How many types of block devices does Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
service support?
(Correct)
Explanation
A block device is a storage device that moves data in sequences of
bytes or bits (blocks). These devices support random access and
generally use buffered I/O. Examples include hard disks, CD-ROM drives,
and flash drives. A block device can be physically attached to a computer
or accessed remotely as if it were physically attached to the computer.
Amazon EC2 supports two types of block devices:
 Instance store volumes (virtual devices whose underlying hardware is

physically attached to the host computer for the instance)
 EBS volumes (remote storage devices)
Resources:
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-
security.html
You are an AWS Solution Architect designing an application environment

on AWS cloud. Which service will allow you to monitor all API calls of your
AWS resources and can also provide secured data for auditing and
compliance purposes?
CloudTrail for security logs
(Correct)
Amazon S3
Kinesis

Lambda
CloudWatch
Explanation
AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance,
operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. With
CloudTrail, you can log, continuously monitor, and retain account activity
related to actions across your AWS infrastructure. CloudTrail provides
event history of your AWS account activity, including actions taken
through the AWS Management Console, AWS SDKs, command line tools,
and other AWS services. This event history simplifies security analysis,
resource change tracking, and troubleshooting.
Options B, C, and D are incorrect because these are not monitoring

services.
Option 5 is incorrect because although CloudWatch is a monitoring

service, it does not provide detailed information about all API calls of your
resources which is used for auditing.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudtrail/
What are the available programming languages supported by AWS Lamda?

(Choose 3)
Node.js
(Correct)

AngularJS
Java
(Correct)
Python
(Correct)
COBOL
Explanation
AWS Lambda supports Java, Node.js, C#, and Python with support for
other languages coming in the future.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/features/
You have acquired a new EC2 Spot Instance at a bid of $0.03/hr. However,
the Spot price increases to $0.05/hr after 40 minutes.
What was the total EC2 compute cost of running your Spot Instance for
that hour?

$0.03
$0.05
$0.08
$0.00
(Correct)
Explanation
If your Spot instance is terminated or stopped by Amazon EC2 in the first
instance hour, you will not be charged for that usage. However, if you
terminate the instance yourself, you will be charged to the nearest
second. If the Spot instance is terminated or stopped by Amazon EC2 in
any subsequent hour, you will be charged for your usage to the nearest
second. If you are running on Windows and you terminate the instance
yourself, you will be charged for an entire hour.
References:
https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/faqs/
Which AWS service provides an easy and cost-effective way to distribute

content across all parts of the globe with low latency and high data
transfer speeds?

Amazon SES
Amazon Cloudtrail
Amazon CloudFront
(Correct)
Amazon S3
Explanation
Amazon CloudFront is a global content delivery network (CDN) service
that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to your viewers
with low latency and high transfer speeds. CloudFront is integrated with
AWS – both physical locations that are directly connected to the AWS
global infrastructure, as well as software that works seamlessly with
services including AWS Shield for DDoS mitigation, Amazon S3, Elastic
Load Balancing or Amazon EC2 as origins for your applications, and AWS
Lambda to run custom code close to your viewers.
Resources:
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/
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You are working as a Solutions Architect in a top software development company

In CloudWatch, which of the following item requires a custom metric to monitor?

Your team is planning to migrate a web application from your on-premise

You've been instructed to create a duplicate environment in another region for

Which of the following are characteristics of a standard Reserved EC2 instance?

Amazon CloudTrail can log API calls from _______.

You are a Solutions Architect of a bank, designing various CloudFormation

In IAM, what are the two types of policy?

What is the difference between an Instance store-backed and an EBS-backed EC2

You are a Solutions Architect working for a major telecommunications company in

A telecommunications company is planning to give AWS Console access to

Which is a correct example of a synchronous data replication?

What services are automatically available in the Default VPC? (Choose 3)

Which AWS service is used as a global content delivery network (CDN)?

A web application that you developed stores sensitive information on a non-boot,

A leading telecommunications company wants to create standard templates of

You are an AWS Solution Architect designing an application environment on AWS

What are the available programming languages supported by AWS Lamda?

You are working as a Solutions Architect in a top software development

Create a policy in IAM to deny access from the IP Address block.

Configure the firewall in the operating system of the EC2 instances to

Option 3 is incorrect as although a Security Group acts as a firewall, it

Option 4 is incorrect because adding a firewall in the underlying operating

In CloudWatch, which of the following item requires a custom metric to

disk space utilization

page file utilization

All of the above

Assign an Elastic IP address to the instance.

Use Cloudfront with a custom origin pointed to your on-premise network

A custom script enables one Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

Option 3 is incorrect because you don't have to postpone your

Option 5 is incorrect because although this option is feasible, the goal of

A Network Load Balancer and at least one healthy instance in each

An HTTP/HTTPS load balancer and EC2 instance with a RAID volume

A Network Load Balancer and at least two healthy instances in each

A Network Load Balancer and an EC2 instance with a RAID volume

To implement the stick session feature, you need to have 2 things:

 An HTTP/HTTPS load balancer.

 EC2 instance with Enhanced Networking

The volume can be used as normal while the snapshot is in progress.

The volume can be used in write-only mode while the snapshot is in

The volume cannot be used until the snapshot completes.

A startup company based in Australia is deploying a new two-tier web

Which AWS service provides a solution for the requirement?

Oracle database installed on two On-demand EC2 Instances in a single

Option 1 is incorrect because even if the database is installed on multiple

Options 4 and 5 are wrong because Kinesis is a fully managed service

You are designing a multi-tier web application architecture that consists

Amazon RDS with Multi-AZ deployments

Amazon EC2 instances with data replication in one Availability Zone

Amazon EC2 instances with data replication between two different

You have a new e-commerce web application written in Angular

The EC2 instance gets terminated automatically by the Application Load

The EC2 instance is replaced automatically by the Application Load

Your Application Load Balancer periodically sends requests to its

Your team is planning to migrate a web application from your on-premise

Elastic Beanstalk is a service that allows you to quickly deploy and

Your IT director assigned you the task of providing a single sign-on