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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL
PATIALA
CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
SESSION: 2023-2024
A PROJECT REPORT ON
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
SUBMITTED BY - VANSH SHISHODIA
SUBMITTED TO – MR. RAJEEV KUMAR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VANSH SHISHODIA of

class 12 A has successfully completed the
project work on chemistry titled
"ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL" for class 12
Investigatory project of the Central Board of
Secondary Education in the year 2023-2024.It
is further certified that this project is the
individual work of the candidate.
INDEX
TOPIC-
• INTRODUCTION
• EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• SALT BRIDGE AND IT FUNCTION
• STANDARD EMF OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
• SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
• ELECTRO CHEMICAL CELL
Whenever a redox reaction is allowed to take
place directly in a single beaker, it is found that
the solution becomes hot. For example – when
zinc is placed in a copper solution, the solution
is found to be warmer as the reaction proceeds.
Thus, we conclude that whenever a redox takes
place directly in a single beaker, chemical energy
in the form of heat is produced. By suitable
means it is possible to bring out the redox
reaction indirectly so as to convert the chemical
energy into the electrical energy.
• REPRESENTATION OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
An electrochemical cell is represented in a manner
an illustrated below.
Zn/Zn2+||Cu2+/Cu
i.e. by convention, the electrode on which oxidation
takes place is written on the left-hand side and the
other electrode on which reduction takes place is
written on the right-hand side. The electrode of the
left-hand side is written by writing the symbol of the
metal first followed by the symbol of the ion with its
conc. in brackets. The electrode on the right-hand
side is written by first writing the ion
along with its concentration in brackets followed by
the symbol of the metal.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A zinc rod is placed in the zinc sulphate solution
taken in a beaker. A copper rod is placed in the
copper sulphate solution taken in another
beaker. The two rods are connected by a wire
and two solutions are connected by a salt bridge.
SALT BRIDGE AND ITS FUNCTION

A salt-bridge is a U-shaped tube containing
concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte like
KCL, KNO3, K2SO4 etc. An inert electrolyte is one
whose ions do not take part in the redox reaction
and also do not react with electrolyte used. The
function of the salt bridges is to allow the
movement of the ions from one solution to the
other without mixing of the two solutions. Thus,
whereas the electrons flow in the outer circuit in
the wire, the inner circuit is completed by the
flow of ions from one solution to the other
through the salt bridge moreover, it helps to
maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution
of the two half cells.
Thus, the main functions of the salt bridge are:

1. To complete the electrical circuit by allowing
the ions to flow from one solution to the other
without mixing of the two solutions.
2. To maintain the electrical neutrality of the solutions in
the two half cells.
Let us see what would happen if the salt bridge

were not used in the cells show in the following
diagram. Electrons are given out by the zinc
electrode where they will neutralize some of the
Cu2+ ions of the solution. Thus SO42- ions will
not leave and the solution will acquire a negative
charge. At the same time, Zn2+ ions produced
from zinc plate will enter ZnSo4 solution. After
some time, the flow of electrons will stop and
hence the current stops flowing.
STANDARD EMF OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

An electrochemical cell is based on reaction which can be
split into the two halves
reactions:
• Oxidation half reaction
• Reduction half reaction
Standard EMF of the cell:
Were,
Cell = Electrode Potential of the cell
Cathode = Electrode Potential of the oxidation half
reaction
Anode = Electrode Potential of the oxidation half
reaction
According to Nerst Equation, the relation between
concentration of electrode and the
standard electrode potential can be given us:
Cell = Cathode – Anode

E = E0 – 0.059/n Log[M]/[Mn+]
Were,
E = Electrode Potential at non-standard conditions
E0 = Electrode Potential at standard conditions
n = Number of electrons transferred in the equation
[M] = concentration of the metal
[Mn+] = concentration of metal ion
SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES
• The electrode at which oxidation takes place is
called the anode. The
electrodes at which the reduction takes place is
called the cathode.
• Since electrons are produced at the zinc
electrodes, this electrode is rich in
electrons, which pushes the electrons into
the external circuit and hence it is
designed as the negative pole. The other
electrode, i.e. the copper electrode is in
the need of electrons for the reduction of
Cu2+ ions into the Cu.
• The electrons flow from the negative
pole to the positive pole in the external
circuit. However, conventionally, this
current is set to flow in the opposite
direction.
• The oxidation of Zn into ions produces
excess of Zn2+ ions in the left beaker. This
creates an unbalanced positive charge in
the solution. To maintain electrical
neutrality of the solution in the two
beakers, the cations and anions move
through the salt bridge.
• As copper from copper sulphate solution
iO deposited on the copper electrode and
sulphate ions migrate to the other side,
the concentration of the copper sulphate
solution decreases. As the cell operates
consequently, the current falls.
Evidently, the weight of copper rod will increase
while that of zinc rod will decrease as the cell works.
Procedure
• Take two clean beakers.
• In one beaker take 0.5M copper
sulphate solution and in other take
0.5M zinc sulphate solution.
• Take a copper strip and clean it using a
sandpaper.
• Dip the copper strip into the beaker
containing the 1M copper sulphate
solution.
• Similarly, take a zinc strip and clean it using a
sandpaper.
• Then dip into the beaker containing 1M zinc
sulphate solution.
• Take a salt bridge and connect the two
solutions using the salt bridge.
• Take a voltmeter and connect the copper
strip to the positive terminal and the zinc
strip to the negative terminal using
connecting wires.
• Note the positive of the pointer in the
voltmeter and record the reading.
• Repeat the experiment by taking
different concentration of zinc sulphate
and the copper sulphate solutions.
Observations
S.NO. MCUSO4 MZNSO4 EMF
1 0.5 0.5 0.98V
2 0.5 0.25 0.81V
3 0.25 0.25 0.90V
Conclusion
With these observations, we conclude that EMF of
the cell increases with decreases in the
concentration of the electrolyte around the anode
and the increase in the concentration of the
electrolyte around the cathode.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://www.chemistryexp
lained.com/Difa/Elec
trochemistry.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Daniell_cell
3. http://chemcollective.org
/chem/electrochem/
step2_cell

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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL

SUBMITTED TO – MR. RAJEEV KUMAR

This is to certify that VANSH SHISHODIA of

SALT BRIDGE AND ITS FUNCTION

Thus, the main functions of the salt bridge are:

Let us see what would happen if the salt bridge

STANDARD EMF OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

Cell = Cathode – Anode

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