LIFE SCIENCE

Maya Sujith Krishnan

Subject Expert
HORMONE DISCUSSION

Maya Sujith Krishnan

Subject Expert
 INTRODUCTION
GLANDS: These are organs that produce and secrete substances for specific function
in the body

● First Hormone to be discovered: Secretin by Starling and Bayliss (1902)

● Term Hormone was coined by Starling (1905)- Greek work

2 Types of glands

a. Exocrine gland: Ducted glands: Secrete enzymes

b. Endocrine gland: Ductless glands: Secrete Hormones which are carried by
blood
 GLANDS
EXOCRINE GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

a. Liver: Bile a. Hypothalamus

b. Lacrimal glands: Tears b. Pituitary gland
c. Salivary glands: Saliva c. Pineal
d. Thyroid gland
d. Sweat glands: Sweat
e. Parathyroid gland
e. Digestive glands: f. Thymus
Digestive juices containing g. Adrenal gland
h. Pancreas
enzymes
i. Gonads: Ovaries and
Testes
 QUESTION 1
Name the gland that controls the functioning of other endocrine glands

A. Pancreas
B. Adrenal Glands
C. Pituitary Gland
D. Pineal Gland
 Answer 1
Answer: Option C Pituitary

● Other name: Master gland or Hypophysis

Hormones of Anterior Pituitary- Adenohypophysis

1. Growth Hormone (GH/STH)

● Excess: Gigantism (childhood) and Acromegaly (adults)
● Deficiency: Dwarfism- Midgets
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4. Gonadotropic Hormone (GTH)- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing
Hormone (LH), Prolactin (Development of breast during pregnancy, Secretion of
milk
 PITUITARY GLAND
Hormones of Intermediate Pituitary- Pars Intermedia

● Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Stimulates the synthesis of Melanin

by skin and hair
● Secretion increases on exposure to sunlight
 PITUITARY GLAND
● Hormones of Posterior Pituitary- Neurohypophysis
1. Vasopressin (ADH- antidiuretic Hormone)
● Released in response to Stress and Dehydration
● Antidiuretic- Enhances the reabsorption of water
● Deficiency : Diabetes insipidus: reduced reabsorption of water in the nephrons

2. Oxytocin- Milk ejection hormone, Birth Hormone, Love Hormone

● Contraction of mammary alveoli
● Contraction of uterine muscles during delivery
 QUESTION 2
Which of the glands regulate body temperature or thermoregulation and
homeostasis?

A. Pineal gland
B. Pituitary
C. Hypothalamus
D. Pancreas
 Answer 2
Answer: Option C Hypothalamus

1. Hypothalamus stimulates or inhibits many of the body’s activities in order to

maintain the body’s internal balance- homeostasis.
2. It is involved in many essential functions of the body, including:
● Childbirth.
● Emotions.
● Thermoregulation
● Balancing body fluids.
● Appetite and thirst control.
● Blood pressure and heart rate.
 HYPOTHALAMUS
● Portion of the forebrain

Releasing Hormone:

1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone- TSH from anterior pituitary

2. Corticotropin releasing hormone- ACTH from anterior pituitary
3. Growth hormone releasing hormone- GH from anterior pituitary
4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone- FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
5. Prolactin releasing hormone- Prolactin from the anterior pituitary
 HYPOTHALAMUS
● Portion of the forebrain

Inhibitory Hormone:

1. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone- Inhibits GH

2. Prolactin inhibiting hormone- Inhibits prolactin release
3. Melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone- MSH from the pituitary

Synthesis of Vasopressin and Oxytocin and stored in Posterior Pituitary

 QUESTION 3
Tears in the eyes are produced by which of the following glands

A. Lacrimal
B. Thyroid
C. Pituitary
D. Hypothalamus
 Answer 3
Answer: Option A Lacrimal

● Lacrimal gland- Eyes- Tears

● Thyroid- Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin
● Pituitary- Anterior, Intermediate and Posterior Pituitary
releasing several hormones
● Hypothalamus: Several releasing and inhibiting
hormones and oxytocin and vasopressin
 QUESTION 4
Which among the following is not a Endocrine gland

A. Salivary gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Thyroid gland
D. Parathyroid gland
 GLANDS
EXOCRINE GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

a. Liver: Bile a. Hypothalamus

b. Lacrimal glands: Tears b. Pituitary gland
c. Salivary glands: Saliva c. Pineal
d. Thyroid gland
d. Sweat glands: Sweat
e. Parathyroid gland
e. Digestive glands: f. Thymus
Digestive juices containing g. Adrenal gland
h. Pancreas
enzymes
i. Gonads: Ovaries and
Testes
 Answer 4
Answer: Option A Salivary gland

● Salivary gland is an exocrine gland in the mouth

● Produces saliva which mainly contains amylase
● Viral Infection of Salivary gland (parotid gland)- Mumps
 QUESTION 5
Which among the following is the largest gland in the body

A. Thyroid Gland
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Pancreas
 Answer 5
Answer: Option B Liver

● Largest gland- Liver

● Largest internal organ- Liver
● Primarily an exocrine gland which secretes bile
● Bile is stored in the gallbladder
● Pigments in bile- Bilirubin (yellow/orange) and Biliverdin (Green colour)
● Jaundice- Bilirubin increases
 QUESTION 6
Which is the mixed gland in the human body

A. Pituitary gland
B. Pineal
C. Thorax
D. Pancreas
 Answer 6
Answer: Option D Pancreas

Endocrine and Exocrine Organ

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

● Function: Regulating glucose level in the body

● Hormones:
1. Glucagon: Alpha cells: Increases the level of glucose in blood
2. Insulin: Beta cells: Decreases the level of glucose in the blood

Deficiency: Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin deficiency: hyperglycemia

Excess: Hypoglycemia: Increase in Insulin: fall in blood glucose levels

 QUESTION 7
Which hormone released by the corpus luteum helps in easy birth by relaxing the
uterus and the ligaments of the pelvic girdle

A. Oestrogen
B. Estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. Relaxin
 Answer 7
Answer: Option D Relaxin

OVARY: Hormone: Estrogen, Progesterone and Relaxin

1. Estrogen: Helps in the development of the reproductive organs

2. Progesterone: Stimulates the thickening of the uterine wall during ovarian cycle
3. Relaxin: Found in Uterus and Placenta during pregnancy. Helps in delivery

Oxytocin:

Contraction of uterus and release of milk from mammary glands.

Secreted by the Hypothalamus

 QUESTION 8
What is the name of the hormone produced by the thymus gland?

A. Thyroxin
B. Auxin
C. Cytokinin
D. Thymosin
 Answer 8
Answer: Option D Thymosin

● Location: Anterior part of thorax behind the sternum

● Plays an important role in immunity from birth till puberty. Starts disintegrating in
adults
● Hormone :Thymosin
● Function: Increases the production of T lymphocytes (WBC) in circulation
 QUESTION 9
Which is the largest endocrine gland in the human body

A. Parathyroid
B. Thyroid
C. Pituitary
D. Adrenal Gland
 Answer 9
Answer: Option B Thyroid gland

Hormones: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin

● Iodine is required for the formation of T3 and T4.

Increases metabolic rate, Necessary for normal growth and development, Normal
function of reproductive organs

● CALCITONIN: Antagonistic to Parathyroid hormone

Function: Lowers the level of calcium in the blood

 THYROID GLAND
THYROXINE (T4) and TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3):

Deficiency:Hypothyroidism

1. Cretinism: Children. Mental and physical retardness

2. Myxoedema: Adults. Low body temperature. Low BMR, Low heart rate, fatigue,
edema, puffiness of eyes and face
3. Simple Goitre: Enlargement of thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine.

Excess: Hyperthyroidism: Exophthalmic Goitre/ Grave’s Disease

1. Exophthalmic Goitre: Eyes bulging out of the eye socket with increased BMR
 QUESTION 10
In adults insufficient thyroxine can lead to ------?

A. Goitre
B. Tetany
C. Cretinism
D. Myxedema
 Answer 10
Answer: Option D Myxedema

Deficiency:Hypothyroidism

1. Cretinism: Children.Mental and physical retardness

2. Myxoedema: Adults. Low body temperature. Low BMR, Low heart rate, fatigue,
edema, puffiness of eyes and face
3. Simple Goitre: Enlargement of thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine.

Excess: Hyperthyroidism

1. Exophthalmic Goitre: Eyes bulging out of the eye socket with increased BMR
 QUESTION 11
Blood pressure is controlled by which gland?

A. Thyroid gland
B. Parathyroid gland
C. Adrenal gland
D. Corpus Luteum
 Answer 11
Answer: Option C Adrenal

Location: Above the kidneys hence Suprarenal Gland. Divided into 2 parts:

1. Outer cortex
a. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone
b. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
c. Sex corticoids

2. Inner Medulla

a. Epinephrine or adrenaline
b. Norepinephrine or noradrenaline
 ADRENAL GLANDS
FUNCTION of Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Controlled by ACTH

1. Glucocorticoid: Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone: Adaptation to severe stress

2. Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone and Deoxycorticosterone
3. Sex Corticoid: Androgen in males and Progesterone and Estrogen in females

Disorders

1. Addison’s Disease: Deficiency of Cortisol and Aldosterone

2. Cushing’s Syndrome:Increased of Cortisol. Leads to hyperglycemia:Adrenal
diabetes.
3. Virilism: Increased Androgen in females. Development of male characters
 ADRENAL GLANDS
FUNCTIONS of Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

● Fight, flight and fright hormones. (3F hormone)

● Emergency Hormone
● Adrenaline increases during stress
● Increases heart rate, sweating, cellular respiration, blood pressure
● In case of sudden stopping of heart beat epinephrine is helpful to restating
the heart beat.
 QUESTION 12
Which gland regulates calcium in blood and bone?

A. Parathyroid gland
B. Pancreas
C. Thyroid gland
D. Adrenal glands
 Answer 12
Answer: Option A Parathyroid glands

Location: Behind the thyroid gland

Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone

Antagonistic to Calcitonin

Function: Increase the level of calcium in the blood

Deficiency: Hypocalcemia- Tetany

Excess: Hypercalcemia: Softening of bones

 QUESTION 13
In males the sex hormone that maintains sexual organs and secondary sex
characters

A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. Testosterone
D. Relaxin
 Answer 13
Answer: Option C Testosterone

Reproductive glands are called Gonads. There are 2 gonads

1. Males: Testes.
2. Females: Ovary.

TESTES

Hormone: Testosterone

Function: Development of Sexual behaviour and secondary sexual characters

 QUESTION 14
Which hormone is known as Birth Hormone?

A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. ADH
D. FSH
 Answer 14
Answer: Option B Oxytocin

Hormones of Posterior Pituitary- Neurohypophysis

1. Oxytocin- Milk ejection hormone, Birth Hormone, Love hormone

● Contraction of mammary alveoli
● Contraction of uterine muscles during delivery
2. Vasopressin (ADH- antidiuretic Hormone)
● Released in response to Stress and Dehydration
● Antidiuretic Function- Enhances the reabsorption of water
● Deficiency : Diabetes insipidus: reduced reabsorption of water in the nephrons
 QUESTION 15
Which hormone is known as Sleep Hormone?

A. Prolactin
B. Melatonin
C. ADH
D. FSH
 Answer 15
Answer: Option B Melatonin

● Pineal gland Location: in the Brain

● Gland known as third eye- Pineal gland
● Gland known as biological clock- Pineal gland
● Smallest endocrine gland- Pineal gland
● Hormones: Melatonin
1. Hormone that regulates sleep wake clock, circadian rhythm
2. Hormone called Biological clock- Melatonine
REVISION

Maya Sujith Krishnan

Subject Expert
 GLAND HORMONE

HYPOTHALAMUS Inhibiting and Releasing Hormone

PITUITARY GLAND GH, TSH, ACTH, GTH, Vasopressin, Oxytocin

PINEAL Melatonin

THYROID T3, T4, Calcitonin

THYMUS Thymosin

PANCREAS Insulin, Glucagon

 GLAND HORMONE

ADRENAL GLAND Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Sex corticoid

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline

TESTES Testosterone

OVARY Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin

Oxytocin and Vasopressin synthesised in the hypothalamus and stored

in the pituitary from where it is released into the bloodstream
 QUESTION 1
Which of the following is not a gland

A. Liver
B. Thyroid
C. Pancreas
D. Gastrin
 QUESTION 2
Which of the following gland disappears with age?

A. Thymus
B. Parathyroid
C. Thyroid gland
D. Pituitary
 QUESTION 3
Acromegaly is caused by ?

A. Excess of STH
B. Excess of Thyroxine
C. Excess of Adrenaline
D. Deficiency of Thyroxine
 QUESTION 4
Somatotropin is another name for

A. Digestive Juice
B. Laughing Gas
C. Tear Gas
D. Growth Hormone
 QUESTION 5
Which of the following is known as Emergency Hormone?

A. Adrenaline
B. Thyroxine
C. Vasopressin
D. Insulin
THANK YOU

Maya Sujith Krishnan

Subject Expert