Interview Questions OOPS, DBMS, OS, CN & HR
Interview Questions OOPS, DBMS, OS, CN & HR
Interview Questions OOPS, DBMS, OS, CN & HR
In this PDF, you will find basic interview questions that are
asked in almost every technical interview, covering topics
such as OOPS, DBMS, OS, CN, and HR interview questions.
Nowadays tech giants demanding and hiring who has expertise in object- oriented
approaches and patterns and conducting interviews for the same. The advantage of
hiring such candidates is that they can also learn other OOP languages easily as per
organization requirements. Since, going through the section, you can increase your
chance to get hire by companies if you have well prepared for OOPs interview
questions.
In this section, we have collected some commonly asked OOPs interview questions
for both fresher and experienced. It can help you to crack the interview to get your
dream job.
o Python
o Java
o Go
o Dart
o C++
o C#
o Ruby
o Inheritance
o Encapsulation
o Polymorphism
o Data Abstraction
5) Why OOP is so popular?
OOPs, programming paradigm is considered as a better style of programming. Not
only it helps in writing a complex piece of code easily, but it also allows users to handle
and maintain them easily as well. Not only that, the main pillar of OOPs - Data
Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism, makes it easy for
programmers to solve complex scenarios. As a result of these, OOPs is so popular.
Disadvantages of OOP
It is based on objects rather than functions It provides a logical structure to a program in which the
and procedures. program is divided into functions.
It provides more security as it has a data It provides less security as it does not support the data
hiding feature. hiding feature.
o Encapsulation
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o All predefined types are objects
o All user-defined types are objects
o All operations performed on objects must be only through methods exposed
to the objects.
Object: An object is a real-world entity that has attributes, behavior, and properties. It
is referred to as an instance of the class. It contains member functions, variables that
we have defined in the class. It occupies space in the memory. Different objects have
different states or attributes, and behaviors.
It is conceptual. It is real.
It binds data and methods together into a single It is just like a variable of a class.
unit.
It does not occupy space in the memory. It occupies space in the memory.
It uses the keyword class when declared. It uses the new keyword to create an object.
A class can exist without any object. Objects cannot exist without a class.
12) What are the key differences between class and structure?
Class Structure
Class is a group of common objects that shares common The structure is a collection of different data
properties. types.
It deals with data members and member functions. It deals with data members only.
Member variables cannot be initialized directly. Member variables can be initialized directly.
It's members are private by default. It's members are public by default.
The keyword class defines a class. The keyword struct defines a structure.
The example of manipulators that do not have arguments is endl, ws, flush, etc.
Manipulators with arguments are setw(val), setfill(c), setbase(val), setiosflags(flag).
Some other manipulators are showpos, fixed, scientific, hex, dec, oct, etc.
15) What are the rules for creating a constructor?
16) What are the differences between the constructor and the
method in Java?
Constructor Method
Constructor has the same name as the class name. The method name and class name are not the
same.
It is a special type of method that is used to initialize It is a set of instructions that can be invoked at
an object of its class. any point in a program.
It is invoked implicitly when we create an object of It gets executed when we explicitly called it.
the class.
It does not have any return type. It must have a return type.
Java compiler automatically provides a default Java compiler does not provide any method by
constructor. default.
17) How does procedural programming be different from OOP
Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming
It is less secure because there is no proper way to hide It provides more security.
data.
Modification and extension of code are not easy. We can easily modify and extend code.
Examples of POP are C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal, etc. Examples of OOPs are C++, Java, C#, .NET,
etc.
differ?
Recoverable/ Exception can be recovered by using the try-catch An error cannot be recovered.
Irrecoverable block.
Type It can be classified into two categories i.e. checked All errors in Java are unchecked.
and unchecked.
Known or Only checked exceptions are known to the Errors will not be known to the
unknown compiler. compiler.
Causes It is mainly caused by the application itself. It is mostly caused by the
environment in which the
application is running.
The purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of the base class
that multiple derived classes can share.
Runtime Polymorphism
22) What is composition?
Composition is one of the vital concepts in OOP. It describes a class that references
one or more objects of other classes in instance variables. It allows us to model a has-
a association between objects. We can find such relationships in the real world. For
example, a car has an engine. the following figure depicts the same
It creates a new object as a copy of an It assigns the value of one object to another object both
existing object. of which already exist.
The copy constructor is used when a new It is used when we want to assign an existing object to a
object is created with some existing object. new object.
Both the objects use separate memory Both objects share the same memory but use the two
locations. different reference variables that point to the same
location.
If no copy constructor is defined in the class, If the assignment operator is not overloaded then the
the compiler provides one. bitwise copy will be made.
o The main disadvantage of using inheritance is two classes get tightly coupled.
That means one cannot be used independently of the other. If a method or
aggregate is deleted in the Super Class, we have to refactor using that method
in SubClass.
o Inherited functions work slower compared to normal functions.
o Need careful implementation otherwise leads to improper solutions.
Inheritance is one in which a derived class Polymorphism is one that you can define in different forms.
inherits the already existing class's
features.
It refers to using the structure and It refers to changing the behavior of a superclass in the
behavior of a superclass in a subclass. subclass.
It can be single, hybrid, multiple, There are two types of polymorphism compile time and run
hierarchical, multipath, and multilevel time.
inheritance.
It supports code reusability and reduces It allows the object to decide which form of the function to
lines of code. be invoked at run-time (overriding) and compile-time
(overloading).
Objects that are independent of one another and do not directly modify the state of
other objects is called loosely coupled. Loose coupling makes the code more flexible,
changeable, and easier to work with.
Objects that depend on other objects and can modify the states of other objects are
called tightly coupled. It creates conditions where modifying the code of one object
also requires changing the code of other objects. The reuse of code is difficult in tight
coupling because we cannot separate the code.
new: Hides the original method (which doesn't have to be virtual), providing different
functionality. This should only be used where it is absolutely necessary.
When you hide a method, you can still access the original method by upcasting to the
base class. This is useful in some scenarios, but dangerous.
Overloading is a concept in OOP when two or more methods in a class with the same
name but the method signature is different. It is also known as compile-time
polymorphism. For example, in the following code snippet, the method add() is an
overloaded method.
If a method with the same method signature is presented in both child and parent
class is known as method overriding. The methods must have the same number of
parameters and the same type of parameter. It overrides the value of the parent class
method. It is also known as runtime polymorphism. For example, consider the
following program.
1. class Dog
2. {
3. public void bark()
4. {
5. System.out.println("woof ");
6. }
7. }
8. class Hound extends Dog
9. {
10. public void sniff()
11. {
12. System.out.println("sniff ");
13. }
14. //overrides the method bark() of the Dog class
15. public void bark()
16. {
17. System.out.println("bowl");
18. }
19. }
20. public class OverridingExample
21. {
22. public static void main(String args[])
23. {
24. Dog dog = new Hound();
25. //invokes the bark() method of the Hound class
26. dog.bark();
27. }
28. }
It focuses on a how single module or class is intended. Higher the cohesiveness of the
module or class, better is the object-oriented design.
There are two types of cohesion, i.e. High and Low.
High cohesion often associates with loose coupling and vice versa.
o At home a person can play the role of father, husband, and son.
o At the office the same person plays the role of boss or employee.
o In public transport, he plays the role of passenger.
o In the hospital, he can play the role of doctor or patient.
o At the shop, he plays the role of customer.
Hence, the same person possesses different behavior in different situations. It is called
polymorphism.
o Abstract class
o Abstract method
o Physical Level: It is the lowest level of data abstraction. It shows how the data
is actually stored in memory.
o Logical Level: It includes the information that is actually stored in the database
in the form of tables. It also stores the relationship among the data entities in
relatively simple structures. At this level, the information available to the user at
the view level is unknown.
o View Level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. The actual database is
visible to the user. It exists to ease the availability of the database by an
individual user.
1. class OverloadMain
2. {
3. public static void main(int a) //overloaded main method
4. {
5. System.out.println(a);
6. }
7. public static void main(String args[])
8. {
9. System.out.println("main method invoked");
10. main(6);
11. }
12. }
JVM first executes the static block on a priority basis. It means JVM
first goes to static block even before it looks for the main() method
in the program. After that main() method will be executed.
1. class Demo
2. {
3. static //static block
4. {
5. System.out.println("Static block");
6. }
7. public static void main(String args[]) //static method
8. {
9. System.out.println("Static method");
10. }
11. }
DBMS Interview Questions
A list of top frequently asked DBMS interview questions and answers are given below.
1) What is DBMS?
DBMS is a collection of programs that facilitates users to create and maintain a
database. In other words, DBMS provides us an interface or tool for performing
different operations such as the creation of a database, inserting data into it, deleting
data from it, updating the data, etc. DBMS is a software in which data is stored in a
more secure way as compared to the file-based system. Using DBMS, we can overcome
many problems such as- data redundancy, data inconsistency, easy access, more
organized and understandable, and so on. There is the name of some popularDatabase
Management System- MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, Amazon simple DB(Cloud-based),
etc.
2) What is a database?
A Database is a logical, consistent and organized collection of data that it can easily
be accessed, managed and updated. Databases, also known as electronic databases
are structured to provide the facility of creation, insertion, updating of the data
efficiently and are stored in the form of a file or set of files, on the magnetic disk, tapes
and another sort of secondary devices. Database mostly consists of the objects (tables),
and tables include of the records and fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage,
which contain the information about a particular aspect or attribute of the entity
described by the database. DBMS is used for extraction of data from the database in
the form of the queries.
3) What is a database system?
The collection of database and DBMS software together is known as a database
system. Through the database system, we can perform many activities such as-
The data can be stored in the database with ease, and there are no issues of data
redundancy and data inconsistency.
The data will be extracted from the database using DBMS software whenever required.
So, the combination of database and DBMS software enables one to store, retrieve and
access data with considerate accuracy and security.
o Redundancy control
o Restriction for unauthorized access
o Provides multiple user interfaces
o Provides backup and recovery
o Enforces integrity constraints
o Ensure data consistency
o Easy accessibility
o Easy data extraction and data processing due to the use of queries
There are two ways which can help the DBMS in recovering and maintaining the ACID
properties, and they are- maintaining the log of each transaction and maintaining
shadow pages. So, when it comes to log based recovery system, checkpoints come
into existence. Checkpoints are those points to which the database engine can recover
after a crash as a specified minimal point from where the transaction log record can
be used to recover all the committed data up to the point of the crash.
6) When does checkpoint occur in DBMS?
A checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. Using checkpoints, the DBMS can
reduce the amount of work to be done during a restart in the event of subsequent
crashes. Checkpoints are used for the recovery of the database after the system crash.
Checkpoints are used in the log-based recovery system. When due to a system crash
we need to restart the system then at that point we use checkpoints. So that, we don't
have to perform the transactions from the very starting.
9) What is RDBMS?
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management Systems. It is used to maintain
the data records and indices in tables. RDBMS is the form of DBMS which uses the
structure to identify and access data concerning the other piece of data in the
database. RDBMS is the system that enables you to perform different operations such
as- update, insert, delete, manipulate and administer a relational database withminimal
difficulties. Most of the time RDBMS use SQL language because it is easily
understandable and is used for often.
Database language implies the queries that are used for the update, modify and
manipulate the data.
Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered
list of n-values t=(v1,v2, ....., vn).
One-To-One: Here one record of any object can be related to one record of another
object.
One-To-Many (many-to-one): Here one record of any object can be related to many
records of other object and vice versa.
Many-to-many: Here more than one records of an object can be related to n number
of records of another object.
o Inconsistent
o Not secure
o Data redundancy
o Difficult in accessing data
o Data isolation
o Data integrity
o Concurrent access is not possible
o Limited data sharing
o Atomicity problem
For example: We know that most of the users prefer those systems which have a
simple GUI that means no complex processing. So, to keep the user tuned and for
making the access to the data easy, it is necessary to do data abstraction. In addition
to it, data abstraction divides the system in different layers to make the work specified
and well defined.
Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data are stored.
Logical level: It is the next higher level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored
in the database and what the relationship among those data is.
View level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. It describes only part of the entire
database.
For example- User interacts with the system using the GUI and fill the required details,
but the user doesn't have any idea how the data is being used. So, the abstraction level
is entirely high in VIEW LEVEL.
Then, the next level is for PROGRAMMERS as in this level the fields and records are
visible and the programmers have the knowledge of this layer. So, the level of
abstraction here is a little low in VIEW LEVEL.
Procedural DML or Low level DML: It requires a user to specify what data are needed
and how to get those data.
Non-Procedural DML or High level DML: It requires a user to specify what data are
needed without specifying how to get those data.
For example: In the employee database of a company, the employee, department, and
the designation can be considered as the entities. These entities have some
characteristics which will be the attributes of the corresponding entity.
For example, a student has student_id, department, and course as its characteristics.
For example: If a student is an entity in the table then age will be the attribute of that
student.
Referential Integrity: It specifies that "Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or
should be the Primary Key value of other relation
Intension: Intension is also known as Data Schema and defined as the description of
the database, which is specified during database design and is expected to remain
unchanged. The Intension is a constant value that gives the name, structure of tables
and the constraints laid on it.
o Research Storage
o System Relational Data System
Physical Data Independence: Physical data is the data stored in the database. It is in
the bit-format. Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.
For example: If we want to manipulate the data inside any table that should not change
the format of the table.
Logical Data Independence: Logical data in the data about the database. It basically
defines the structure. Such as tables stored in the database. Modification in logical
level should not affect the view level.
For example: If we need to modify the format of any table, that modification should
not affect the data inside it.
Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data are stored.
Logical level: It is the next higher level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored
in the database and what relationship among those data.
View level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. It describes only part of the entire
database.
For example- User interact with the system using the GUI and fill the required details,
but the user doesn't have any idea how the data is being used. So, the abstraction level
is absolutely high in VIEW LEVEL.
Then, the next level is for PROGRAMMERS as in this level the fields and records are
visible and the programmer has the knowledge of this layer. So, the level of abstraction
here is a little low in VIEW LEVEL.
o The table is in 1NF, i.e., firstly it is necessary that the table should follow the
rules of 1NF.
o Every non-prime attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key,
i.e., every non-key attribute should be dependent on the primary key in such a
way that if any key element is deleted, then even the non_key element will still
be saved in the database.
Where:
X->Y
Y does not -> X
Y->Z so, X->Z
o It is in 3NF.
o For every functional dependency X->Y, X should be the super key of the table.
It merely means that X cannot be a non-prime attribute if Y is a prime attribute.
CONSISTENCY: This property refers to the uniformity of the data. Consistency implies
that the database is consistent before and after the transaction.
ISOLATION: This property states that the number of the transaction can be executed
concurrently without leading to the inconsistency of the database state.
DURABILITY: This property ensures that once the transaction is committed it will be
stored in the non-volatile memory and system crash can also not affect it anymore.
o DELETE command delete only those rows which are specified with the WHERE
clause.
o DELETE command can be rolled back.
o DELETE command maintain a log, that's why it is slow.
o DELETE use row lock while performing DELETE function.
o The TRUNCATE command removes all the rows from the table.
o The TRUNCATE command cannot be rolled back.
o The TRUNCATE command doesn't maintain a log. That's why it is fast.
o TRUNCATE use table log while performing the TRUNCATE function.
Exclusive lock: When any transaction is about to perform the write operation, then
the lock on the data item is an exclusive lock. Because, if we allow more than one
transaction then that will lead to the inconsistency in the database.
52) Describe the types of keys?
There are following types of keys:
Primary key: The Primary key is an attribute in a table that can uniquely identify each
record in a table. It is compulsory for every table.
Candidate key: The Candidate key is an attribute or set of an attribute which can
uniquely identify a tuple. The Primary key can be selected from these attributes.
Super key: The Super key is a set of attributes which can uniquely identify a tuple.
Super key is a superset of the candidate key.
Foreign key: The Foreign key is a primary key from one table, which has a relationship
with another table. It acts as a cross-reference between tables.
Operating System Interview Question
A list of top frequently asked Operating System interview questions and answers are
given below.
4) What is a socket?
A socket is used to make connection between two applications. Endpoints of the
connection are called socket.
5) What is a real-time system?
Real-time system is used in the case when rigid-time requirements have been
placed on theoperation of a processor. It contains a well defined and fixed time
constraints.
6) What is kernel?
Kernel is the core and most important part of a computer operating system which
providesbasic services for all parts of the OS.
o New Process
o Running Process
o Waiting Process
o Ready Process
o Terminated Process
10) What is the difference between micro kernel and macro
kernel?
Micro kernel: micro kernel is the kernel which runs minimal performance affecting
servicesfor operating system. In micro kernel operating system all other operations are
performed by processor.
1) Mutual Exclusion Condition: It specifies that the resources involved are non-sharable.
2) Hold and Wait Condition: It specifies that there must be a process that is holding a
resource already allocated to it while waiting for additional resource that are currently being
held by other processes.
3) No-Preemptive Condition: Resources cannot be taken away while they are being used
by processes.
Note: This condition implies the hold-and-wait condition, but it is easier to deal with the
conditions if the four are considered separately.
o Internal fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with the systems that have
fixed size allocation units.
o External fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with systems that have
variable-size allocation units.
o Binary semaphores
o Counting semaphores
After fragmentation
38) What are overlays?
Overlays makes a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it.
It ensuresthat only important instructions and data at any given time are kept in
memory.
39) When does trashing occur?
Thrashing specifies an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it isspending more time paging
instead of executing.
Networking Interview Questions
A list of top frequently asked networking interview questions and answers are given
below
o A network is a set of devices that are connected with a physical media link. In a network,
two or more nodes are connected by a physical link or two or more networks are
connected by one or more nodes.
o A network is a collection of devices connected to each other to allow the sharing of
data.
o Example of a network is an internet. An internet connects the millions of people across
the world.
Bus:
o Bus topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a single
cable known as a central cable or bus.
o It acts as a shared communication medium, i.e., if any device wants to send the data to
other devices, then it will send the data over the bus which in turn sends the data to all
the attached devices.
o Bus topology is useful for a small number of devices. As if the bus is damaged then the
whole network fails.
Star:
o Star topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a single
device known as a central device.
o Star topology requires more cable compared to other topologies. Therefore, it is more
robust as a failure in one cable will only disconnect a specific computer connected to
this cable.
o If the central device is damaged, then the whole network fails.
o Star topology is very easy to install, manage and troubleshoot.
o Star topology is commonly used in office and home networks.
Ring
o Ring topology is a network topology in which nodes are exactly connected to two or
more nodes and thus, forming a single continuous path for the transmission.
o It does not need any central server to control the connectivity among the nodes.
o If the single node is damaged, then the whole network fails.
o Ring topology is very rarely used as it is expensive, difficult to install and manage.
o Examples of Ring topology are SONET network, SDH network, etc.
Mesh
o Mesh topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are individually connected
to other nodes.
o It does not need any central switch or hub to control the connectivity among the nodes.
o Mesh topology is categorized into two parts:
o Fully connected mesh topology: In this topology, all the nodes are connected
to each other.
o Partially connected mesh topology: In this topology, all the nodes are not
connected to each other.
o It is a robust as a failure in one cable will only disconnect the specified computer
connected to this cable.
o Mesh topology is rarely used as installation and configuration are difficult when
connectivity gets more.
o Cabling cost is high as it requires bulk wiring.
Tree
o Tree topology is a combination of star and bus topology. It is also known as the
expanded star topology.
o In tree topology, all the star networks are connected to a single bus.
o Ethernet protocol is used in this topology.
o In this, the whole network is divided into segments known as star networks which can
be easily maintained. If one segment is damaged, but there is no effect on other
segments.
o Tree topology depends on the "main bus," and if it breaks, then the whole network
gets damaged.
Hybrid
o Secure
o Support Encapsulation
o Distributed database
o Faster Problem solving
o Security through redundancy
o Collaborative Processing
Network reliability plays a significant role in the network functionality. The network
monitoring systems and devices are the essential requirements for making the network
reliable.The network monitoring system identifies the problems that are occurred in
the network while the network devices ensure that data should reach the appropriate
destination.
o Unauthorized Access
o Viruses
o Performance: : performance can be measured in many ways like transmit time and
response time.
o Reliability: reliability is measured by frequency of failure.
o Robustness: robustness specifies the quality or condition of being strong and in good
condition.
o Security: It specifies how to protect data from unauthorized access and viruses.
9) What is bandwidth?
Every signal has a limit of upper range frequency and lower range frequency. The range
of limit of network between its upper and lower frequency is called bandwidth.
A router sends the data between two similar networks while gateway sends the data
between two dissimilar networks.
Working of DNS:
If you want to visit the website of "javaTpoint", then the user will type
"https://www.javatpoint.com
" into the address bar of the web browser. Once the domain name is entered, then the
domain name system will translate the domain name into the IP address which can be
easily interpreted by the computer. Using the IP address, the computer can locate the web
page requested by the user.
o NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is a peripheral card attached to the PC to
connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the
network.
o It provides a wireless connection to a local area network.
o NICs were mainly used in desktop computers.
o NOS stands for Network Operating System. It is specialized software which is used to
provide network connectivity to a computer to make communication possible with
other computers and connected devices.
o NOS is the software which allows the device to communicate, share files with other
devices.
o The first network operating system was Novel NetWare released in 1983. Some other
examples of NOS are Windows 2000, Windows XP, Linux, etc.
o PAN (Personal Area Network): Its range limit is up to 10 meters. It is created for
personal use. Generally, personal devices are connected to this network. For example
computers, telephones, fax, printers, etc.
o LAN (Local Area Network): It is used for a small geographical location like office,
hospital, school, etc.
o HAN (House Area Network): It is actually a LAN that is used within a house and used
to connect homely devices like personal computers, phones, printers, etc.
o CAN (Campus Area Network): It is a connection of devices within a campus area
which links to other departments of the organization within the same campus.
o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): It is used to connect the devices which span to
large cities like metropolitan cities over a wide geographical area.
o WAN (Wide Area Network): It is used over a wide geographical location that may
range to connect cities and countries.
o GAN (Global Area Network): It uses satellites to connect devices over global are.
o Syntax: It specifies the structure or format of the data. It also specifies the order in
which they are presented.
o Semantics: It specifies the meaning of each section of bits.
o Timing: Timing specifies two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast
it can be sent.
o Network layer: Layer 1, Layer 2 and layer 3 are the network layers.
o Transport layer: Layer 4 is a transport layer.
o Application layer. Layer 5, Layer 6 and Layer 7 are the application layers.
1. Physical Layer
2. DataLink Layer
o It is used for transferring the data from one node to another node.
o It receives the data from the network layer and converts the data into data frames and
then attach the physical address to these frames which are sent to the physical layer.
o It enables the error-free transfer of data from one node to another node.
Functions of Data-link layer:
o Frame synchronization: Data-link layer converts the data into frames, and it ensures
that the destination must recognize the starting and ending of each frame.
o Flow control: Data-link layer controls the data flow within the network.
o Error control: It detects and corrects the error occurred during the transmission from
source to destination.
o Addressing: Data-link layer attach the physical address with the data frames so that
the individual machines can be easily identified.
o Link management: Data-link layer manages the initiation, maintenance and,
termination of the link between the source and destination for the effective exchange
of data.
3. Network Layer
o Network layer converts the logical address into the physical address.
o It provides the routing concept means it determines the best route for the packet to
travel from source to the destination.
Functions of network layer:
o Routing: The network layer determines the best route from source to destination. This
function is known as routing.
o Logical addressing: The network layer defines the addressing scheme to identify each
device uniquely.
o Packetizing: The network layer receives the data from the upper layer and converts
the data into packets. This process is known as packetizing.
o Internetworking: The network layer provides the logical connection between the
different types of networks for forming a bigger network.
o Fragmentation: It is a process of dividing the packets into the fragments.
4. Transport Layer
o It delivers the message through the network and provides error checking so that no
error occurs during the transfer of data.
o It provides two kinds of services:
o Connection-oriented transmission: In this transmission, the receiver sends
the acknowledgement to the sender after the packet has been received.
o Connectionless transmission: In this transmission, the receiver does not send
the acknowledgement to the sender.
5. Session Layer
o The main responsibility of the session layer is beginning, maintaining and ending the
communication between the devices.
o Session layer also reports the error coming from the upper layers.
o Session layer establishes and maintains the session between the two users.
6. Presentation Layer
o The presentation layer is also known as a Translation layer as it translates the data from
one format to another format.
o At the sender side, this layer translates the data format used by the application layer
to the common format and at the receiver side, this layer translates the common format
into a format used by the application layer.
Functions of presentation layer:
o Character code translation
o Data conversion
o Data compression
o Data encryption
7. Application Layer
o RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol. It is accessed by the routers to send data
from one network to another.
o RIP is a dynamic protocol which is used to find the best route from source to the
destination over a network by using the hop count algorithm.
o Routers use this protocol to exchange the network topology information.
o This protocol can be used by small or medium-sized networks.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Layer
46) What is the difference between TCP/IP model and the OSI
model?
Following are the differences between the TCP/IP model and OSI model:
Full form of TCP is transmission control Full form of OSI is Open System Interconnection.
protocol.
TCP/IP is more reliable than the OSI model. OSI model is less reliable as compared to the TCP/IP model.
TCP/IP model uses horizontal approach. OSI model uses vertical approach.
TCP/IP model uses both session and OSI Reference model uses separate session and presentation
presentation layer in the application layer. layers.
TCP/IP model developed the protocols first and OSI model developed the model first and then protocols.
then model.
In Network layer, TCP/IP model supports only In the Network layer, the OSI model supports both connection-
connectionless communication. oriented and connectionless communication.
Every user can manage the resources individually There is one administrator to administer the domain an
on their PCs. resources.
All the computers must be on the same local area The computer can be on any network or anywhere in
network. world.
Each computer must be changed manually. Any change made to the computer will reflect the chang
all the computers.
HR Interview Questions | Common
InterviewQuestions
A list of frequently asked HR interview questions or Common interview
questions or Job interview questions and answers are given below.
You should alert enough to answer this question. You should start with an easy and
confident tone and answer in a proper manner. It should not be scripted. Always
remember, you are not giving the interview to a robot so your articulation, your
pronunciation of each word should be clear and confident.
A good way:
Possible Answer 1
First of all, thank you for giving me this opportunity to introduce myself.
I am good in programming languages C, C++, and Java and very much interested in
HTML, CSS, ASP. Net and SQL.
While coming to my family members, there are 4 members including me. My father is
a doctor, and any mother is a teacher. My younger sister will appear her 12th CBSE
board exam this year.
Now coming to me, I am sweet smart, confident, and hardworking person. I am a cool
hearted person, so usually see every difficulty with a positive side and keep myself
always smiling which makes me stronger even more.
My hobbies are dancing, Internet surfing, playing Chess, listening to music, watching
the news channel. In my spare time, I like to read news on my phone and traveling to
my hometown.
Possible Answer 3
"Good morning/afternoon/evening" sir/mam, it's my pleasure to introduce myself. I
am Anshika Bansal. I belong to Meerut. I have done my B.Tech in CSE from Lovely
Professional University.
Before answering this question, take your own time an answer in the way that
convinces the interviewer. Explain your qualities according to the above-stated points.
Possible Answer 1
I have applied for this vacancy because it is an excellent match for my skills and
experience. This role is exactly the sort of role I am currently targeting, and I am
Sir, it's a great privilege to work in a reputed company like yours. When I read about
your requirement, I found that my skills are matching with them. Through this role, I
can show my technical skills to contribute to the company growth.
3) Would you like to work overtime or odd hours?
You should become very honest to answer this question. Don't tell a lie or compromise
to get the job only. If you don't have any problem, you can answer like this:
I know that in the company being asked to work for an extended number of hours
comes with a good reason, so I am ok with it. It an extra effort means I am doing
something for the company, I'll be happy to do it.
Possible Answer 1
"Money is always important, but the work is most important for me."
Possible Answer 2
"I would say that work is more important. If we work and achieve Company goals then
"Work is more important for me. Working just for money may not be fulfilled if I don't
feel satisfied with my job. My work makes me stay productive, and money would
"I think money probably matters to me about as much as it does to anyone. It's vital and
necessary for us to live and prosper but, at the same time, it's not my single most
important driving force. I believe that money is rewarded for work."
Possible Answer 1
We all know that it is one of the fastest growing infrastructure company in India. The
facilities provided to the employee is best. People feel proud to be the part of your
front. The working environment of this company is decent. It has crossed the branches
We all know that this company is India's no.1 company for development. I was
delighted to see on your company website that your employees are talking about how
great it is to work for your company. Now these days, so many people seem to hate
the company where they work for one reason or another. It's great to see that your
employees are proud to talk about how much they love their company and jobs.
Sir, it's a career move. I have learned a lot from my last job, but now I am
looking for new challenges to broaden my horizons and to gain a new skill-set.
Possible Answer 1
"I believe that everyone starts with a beginning, I need a platform to prove my abilities
and skills. I think your company is the right place to explore my abilities. I need to be a
"As a fresher, I need a platform to prove my ability. If I will be a part of your company,
I'll put my effort and strength to uplift your company. None is born with experience, and
if you hire me, I will get professional experience through your company."
Possible Answer 3
"Sir, as I am a fresher, I have theoretical knowledge, but I need a platform where I can
implement my knowledge in the practical field. I am ensuring you that I will put all my
efforts for the good progress of the organization. As a fresher, I have no preset mind
regarding work culture in an organization, and this will help me to adapt the working
culture of your company very easily. Being punctual and regular, I can finish the work
giving to Answer
Possible me on time
4 and try my best to fulfill all the needs of the company."
"I have a good experience in that particular field (field of your specialization), and I
think my talents will be a big contribution to the continuing pursuit of excellence of
your company."
Possible Answer 1
I am more interested in the role than the pay, and I expect to be paid appropriate
money for this role based on my experience. As you also know that the high cost of
Possible
living hereAnswer 2
in Delhi.
As I am fresher, Salary is not an issue for me. Learning and gaining experience is my
major priority. As your company is one of the most reputed company, I just accept the
As of now, I haven't thought much about it. I am more focused on learning the
requirements for this position that I am applying for.
9) Assume you are hired, then how long would you expect to
work for us?
Possible Answer 1
"I will do my best for the growth of your company as long as I have the career
growth, job satisfaction, respect and a healthy environment, then I don't need to
Possiblemy
change Answer 2
company."
"I will work with the company as long as my presence benefits the company and I
get ample opportunity to grow and develop both professionally and monetarily."
Possible Answer 3
"Everyone looks for a bright future, healthy work environment, good salary, job
satisfaction and I am pretty sure that your company gives such things, so I don't need
Possible
to changeAnswer 4
the company."
"I will work with the company as long as my presence benefits both the company
and mine in parallel. So your company gains good results, and I can be in a good
position to improve my skills."
a room left for putting in more efforts. That thought will create an interest in learning
the things. Thank you very much for giving me this wonderful opportunity.
Possible Answer 2
I will answer this question based on some parameters. As far as hard work is concerned,
I will rate myself as 8 because there should always be a scope to increase our skills
which will create an interest in learning the things. When it comes to creativity, I would
like to rate myself as 9. In the past, I have designed banners and brochures which were
appreciated by the clients. To talk about patience, I will tag myself with 6 because I am
an entry-level professional. Same as personal life, even professional life needs more
experience for more patience. That is probably why in most companies, senior
11) What are
management looksyour
moreachievements in life?
patient than entry level or even middle level. Overall, I would
rate
This myself as may
question 8 on also
a scale
be of 1 to that
asked 10. what are your biggest achievements? Or what
are you most proud of?
You should discuss only work-related achievements. Try to pick a recent achievement.
Possible Answer 1
"My greatest achievement so far in my career would probably be winning the Manager
Possible Answer 1
"My short-term goal is to work in a reputed organization like yours where I can
enhance my technical skills and knowledge.
"My goal is to become a successful person and make my family proud of me."
Possible Answer 1
always proactive at what I do, and that keeps my mind stimulated and focused.
Possible Answer 2
every work environment you need to process every step and be detailed in your work.
Possible Answer 3
My time management skills are excellent, and I'm organized, efficient, and take pride
in excelling at my work.
Possible Answer 4
I always understand the value of time, and I am always able to innovate. I listen to
My greatest strength is my ability to focus on my work. I'm not easily distracted, and
Possible Answer 1
You can say, "I used to be very disorganized, always forgetting assignments and
birthdays. But I managed to work out a computerized system of to-do lists and
"I am a straightforward person, and I cannot say no when someone asks me for help."
For Example:
My hobbies are dancing, Internet surfing, playing Chess, listening to music, watching
the news channel. In my spare time, I like to read news on my phone and traveling to
my hometown. Thank you for giving this opportunity to introduce myself.
Possible Answer 1
"To become an asset for an organization, we have to punctual, dedicated, quickly adapt
of the environment and positive working attitude I have all of these qualities so I will
"As I'm a fresher, I'll be passionate about my work, and if given a chance I'll be ready
to expose myself into different sectors of work into the industry, and would be faithful
"My skill in XYZ company is outstanding. I have earned a lot of certificates and awards
from my past employers. As an employee, I can handle pressure with ease and can
work with minimal supervision."
Possible Answer 1
"It depends on the situation if my lie creates a positive impact on the company and It
"Probably I would say no for a lie. But if condition persists that my lie will help
thousands of persons and it is not giving any impact to other persons, then I will agree
with the lie. My one lie results lot of success and happiness without hurting others
rights then I expect to do this."
You should never claim that you did not apply to other company. Despite this, you can
say that -
As you know, I would like to work as a software developer. Beyond your company, I
have also applied to XYZ company and ABC company. This answer is more specific.
For Example
If I put a smile on someone face and make him happy, it is a success for me.
21) Describe yourself in one word?
This question is asked to the candidate to judge how spontaneous and explaining he
is. If he uses a word, he must be able to explain that word and also represent himself
according to that word.
These are some positive words. You can use it but be sure that you are judging with
the word.
Or you can say that: confidence is an internal belief that I am a right person for this job
and overconfidence is thought that I am only the right person for this job.
23) What is the difference between smart work and hard work?
The difference between smart work and hard work are as follows:
Smart work and hard work are related to each other. Without being a hard worker, we
can't be a smart worker. Smart work comes from the hard work. That means everyone
has to specialize in his work to become a smart worker. So, all of us have to do hard
work to achieve smart work.
So hard work increases your accuracy, and smart work increases accuracy as well as
efficiency.
24) Just imagine that you have enough money to retire right now.
Would you?
If your answer is YES, you are surely get FAILED.
You can say that:
"No sir, I don't think so. I am a professional, and I love my work, so there is no
question to leave my work. Yes, it may be that I would take a break to spend quality
time with my family."
25) Don't you think that you are overqualified for this position?
This is trick of the interviewer to trap you and judge how boasting you are?
So, be alert to answer this question and don't even hint to the interviewer that you are
overqualified although you are.
"I think I am qualified for this post because I am just a beginner and have lots more to
learn. I think qualification is not only a matter of theoretical knowledge or results; it
also depends on practical knowledge and learning. When I get practical knowledge, I
will consider myself just a well-qualified not overqualified. Because learning never
ends."
For example:
"I would say everyone has blind spots and I would too that's why I believe in teamwork
because when you are a team, you can point out the blind spots of other people, and
they will also do the same for you."
Note: "don't admit failure as a blind spot. Failure is not a blind spot."
Possible Answer 1
I believe in working in a planned way and finishing my work regularly. I always react to
situations, rather than to stress. In this way, I handle the situation and don't take the
Possible Answer 2
stress.
I go to the gym regularly and do work out. In this way, I remove my stress. I believe
that physical exercise is a great stress reducer.
Possible Answer 1:
"The greatest disappointment in my life so far as when my laptop had stolen, and I had
lost all my important data. I remember that I had to work hard for the next 10 days to
"Sir, I am not a short-tempered person, but I feel a bit of annoyance when someone
disturbs me
in my work without a genuine reason. Although I am an even-tempered person, when
I get angry, I try to channel my negative feeling in my work."
30) What was the most difficult decision you have made in your
past life?
This question is asked to judge your decision-making capabilities. The interviewer
wants to know, how you take a decision in tough times.
Possible Answer 1
studies or do a job. Then I chose the job because getting trained is better than educated
family, and my father was not in favor of taking admission, but I convinced him, and
Possible
today he Answer 3
is very happy.
Before some time when I had to choose between joining a group of employees
protesting some issue, and staying away from the issue. I ended up being a mediator
between our immediate supervisor and employees, and I am glad I made that decision
because it all ended well and without further conflicts in the company.
I have carefully studied both the job description and the person specification, so I am
fully aware of the duties and responsibilities of this role.
Answer this question according to your sense, your knowledge about the book. Only
named the books you have really read. You should choose something from a reputable
author that your interviewer has probably heard of.
34) As you said, internet surfing is your hobby. Which site do you
surf mostly?
This is your choice that which sites you surf most, but while answering this question
always refers to sites which are relevant to your field of job. Don't take the name of
social networking sites or other irrelevant sites.
Talk about the mistake, but it is also important to convince the interviewer that you
never make the same mistake again.
For example:
I think the worst mistake I ever made at work was in my first ever job - five years ago
now. A more senior member of the team seemed to take an instant dislike to me from
the start, and one day she was particularly unpleasant to me in front of several
colleagues.
Later on, I was talking to one of those colleagues who was, I thought, attempting to
console me. Angry and hurt, I foolishly vented my feelings and told her what I thought
of the lady in question. I was naturally shocked to find out that she went on to tell
everyone what I had said and this certainly didn't help my relationship with the team
member who was causing me problems.
Rather than let the situation carry on, I chose to have a quiet word with this lady to
find out what her problem was with me and to see if we could put it behind us. It
it was nothing personal; she just resented the fact that a friend of hers had also been
interviewed for my position and had been turned down. Once we had got matters out
into the air, her behavior changed, and we got on quite well after that. However, I
certainly learned a lot from experience. I learned that careful communication is vital in
managing interpersonal relationships and that if I have a problem with someone, it's
always best to talk it over with them rather than with someone else.
I would try to find out exactly what the problem was, and evaluate if there was
I would ask the customer to explain his problem and carefully listen to him. After that,
I do my best to solve his problem. If that problem is not regarding my work area, I spoke
to someone who could help him immediately.
I would try to find out exactly what the problem was, and evaluate if there was
Before some time, public speaking has been a challenge for me. I was very nervous
and hesitate while giving any presentation, so I started taking public speaking seminars
to improve it. Now, I still get nervous before pitches, but I have learned how to remain
Possible Answer 2
calm and get the job done right.
As you know that I have never worked in my life and this is my first job, my inexperience
is my weakness. But I beg to differ. I am confident and a fast learner. I assure you that I
will perform my job without carrying any pre-conceived notions regarding how I feel.
There is only one difference between the group and the team. That is unity. Any set of
people who stand together without any purpose or goal can be called as Group.
Whereas, when more than 2 people work towards a common goal, can be called as a
Team. For example: If you assign work to a group, then the work will be divided
between the members and each member will work out their part, without any
coordination with the other members of the group. On the other hand, if you assign a
project to a team, they will collectively take the responsibility and work together with
the goal to achieve the desired result. In a team, the members will cooperate and
coordinate
41) What will you do if you don't get this position?
with each other at all times.
Possible Answer 1
I have high hopes that I will be selected. In case if I will not select, I will continue
to look for another job in the same field that will fit my schedule and goals.
Possible Answer 2
If I don't get this job, I will use this experience to reflect my weakness and try my best
to improve on them for the future opportunities along the way.
Possible Answer 1
feasible. I don't think that I will have any problem with the traveling involved.
Possible Answer 2
Yes, as part of growing up. I used to travel a lot as my father is an ex-serviceman hence
occasionally he used to be posted throughout the country. Though I would prefer my
city as it is my birthplace and all my friends and relatives are there, but at the same
time, I am ok with relocating.
Possible Answer 1
Although, I am not familiar with the others whom you are interviewing for this position.
I am sure many talented people applying for the job. But because of my background
and the problem- solving skills, I considered myself to be a strong candidate for this
Possible Answer 2
position.
I understand that success is not always guaranteed but there is still hope, and I
never lose the faith, whether I succeed or not. I think this power makes me stand alone
Possible
from Answer
all other 3
candidates.
I have exceptional organizational skills. In my last job, I created a project which was
termed as quite creative by the clients. I think my technical skills make me stand
46) Describe the three things that are most important for you in
a job?
Possible Answer 1
According to me, Professionalism, growth and a healthy work-life balance are the three
important things in a job.
For Example
I have always wanted to work with an organization which provides a very comfortable
and home like work environment. I would like to work in the company where I can get
the opportunity to learn and enhance my skill to become a better professional in the
future.
Sir, I'm not in the position to rate you as an interviewer. Anyway, I'm not going to
disappoint you. As an interviewer you've fulfilled your job, So, I can give you 10 out of
10. But I'll give you 9/10 as there should always be a scope to increase our skills which
will create an interest in learning the things. Thank you very much for giving me this
Possible Answer 2
wonderful opportunity.
Thank you for giving me such an opportunity, but for sure I am not the person to rate
you. As it is obvious that your position is highly reputed and you have been chosen to
undergo this process that shows your excellence at this place, but still I have to answer
this question so honestly, it would be 9/10 as no one is perfect and we always leave
room for improvement.
49) Who is your role model? What have you incorporated into
your life from him/her?
You should think of people who embody the qualities that you most admire.
For Example
Possible Answer 1
Thank you for giving me this opportunity. After my overall performance till now if I got
selected what I need to improve and if I'm not selected how can I succeed further. Can
First of all thank you very much, for being so much polite & friendly to me throughout
the session, that I can express myself so easily. Can you please tell me that what are the
qualities you are expecting from fresher like us & I want to know, if am selected, then
what should I improve before I join your company, if I am not selected, your opinion
will help me to the upcoming interview.