Essentials of Modern Business Statistics With Microsoft Office Excel 7th Edition Anderson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Essentials of Modern Business
Statistics with Microsoft Office Excel

7th Edition Anderson Test Bank
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Chapter 07 - Sampling and Sampling Distributions
1. The expected value of equals the mean of the population from which the sample is drawn _____.
a. only if the sample size is 30 or greater
b. only if the sample size is 50 or greater
c. only if the sample size is 100 or greater
d. for any sample size
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: MBST.ASWC.18.07.05 - 7.5
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - Business Program.1: - Reflective Thinking
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Communication
2. The basis for using a normal probability distribution to approximate the sampling distribution of and is _____.
a. Chebyshev’s theorem
b. the empirical rule
c. the central limit theorem
d. Bayes’ theorem
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Knowledge
3. The standard deviation of is referred to as the _____.

a. standard proportion
b. sample proportion
c. average proportion
d. standard error of the proportion
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion
4. The standard deviation of is referred to as the _____.

a. standard x
b. standard error of the mean
c. sample standard mean
d. sample mean deviation
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
5. The value of the ___________ is used to estimate the value of the population parameter.
a. population statistic
b. sample parameter
c. population estimate
d. sample statistic
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Selecting a Sample
6. The population being studied is usually considered ______ if it involves an ongoing process that makes listing or
counting every element in the population impossible.
a. finite
b. infinite
c. skewed
d. symmetric
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
7. A probability sampling method in which we randomly select one of the first k elements and then select every kth
element thereafter is _____.
a. stratified random sampling
b. cluster sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. convenience sampling
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

REFERENCES: Other Sampling Methods
8. The standard deviation of a point estimator is the _____.

a. standard error
b. sample statistic
c. point estimate
d. sampling error
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
9. The finite correction factor should be used in the computation of when n/N is greater than _____.
a. .01
b. .025
c. .05
d. .10
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
10. The set of all elements of interest in a study is _____.

a. set notation
b. a set of interest
c. a sample
d. a population
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Point Estimation

11. A subset of a population selected to represent the population is a _____.
a. subset
b. sample
c. small population
d. None of the answers is correct.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
12. The purpose of statistical inference is to provide information about the _____.
a. sample based upon information contained in the population
b. population based upon information contained in the sample
c. population based upon information contained in the population
d. mean of the sample based upon the mean of the population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
13. A simple random sample of size n from a finite population of size N is a sample selected such that each possible
sample of size _____.
a. N has the same probability of being selected
b. n has a probability of .5 of being selected
c. n has a probability of .1 of being selected
d. n has the same probability of being selected
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
14. The number of random samples (without replacement) of size 3 that can be drawn from a population of size 5 is
_____.
a. 15
b. 10

c. 20
d. 125
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
15. There are 6 children in a family. The number of children defines a population. The number of simple random samples
of size 2 (without replacement) that are possible equals _____.
a. 12
b. 15
c. 3
d. 16
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
16. How many different samples of size 3 (without replacement) can be taken from a finite population of size 10?
a. 30
b. 1,000
c. 720
d. 120
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
17. A population consists of 8 items. The number of different simple random samples of size 3 (without replacement) that
can be selected from this population is _____.
a. 24
b. 56
c. 512
d. 128
ANSWER: b

POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
18. A population consists of 500 elements. We want to draw a simple random sample of 50 elements from this population.
On the first selection, the probability of an element being selected is _____.
a. .100
b. .010
c. .001
d. .002
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
19. Excel's RAND function _____.

a. determines sample size
b. selects a simple random sample
c. randomizes a population
d. generates random numbers
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Application
20. A simple random sample of size n from a finite population of size N is to be selected. Each possible sample should
have _____.
a. the same probability of being selected
b. a probability of 1/n of being selected
c. a probability of 1/N of being selected
d. a probability of N/n of being selected
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

21. A simple random sample from a process (an infinite population) is a sample selected such that _____.
a. each element selected comes from the same population
b. each element is selected independently
c. each element selected comes from the same population and each element is selected independently
d. the probability of being selected changes
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
22. A numerical measure from a population, such as a population mean, is called _____.
a. a statistic
b. a parameter
c. a sample
d. the mean deviation
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
23. A numerical measure from a sample, such as a sample mean, is known as _____.
a. a statistic
b. a parameter
c. the mean deviation
d. the central limit theorem
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
24. A sample statistic, such as , that estimates the value of the corresponding population parameter is known as a _____.
a. point estimator
b. parameter
c. population parameter
d. parameter and a population parameter
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
25. A single numerical value used as an estimate of a population parameter is known as a_____.
a. parameter
b. population parameter
c. parameter or a population parameter
d. point estimate
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
26. In point estimation, data from the _____.

a. population are used to estimate the population parameter
b. sample are used to estimate the population parameter
c. sample are used to estimate the sample statistic
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
27. The sample mean is the point estimator of _____.

a. μ
b. σ
c.
d.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
28. The sample statistic s is the point estimator of _____.

a. μ
b. σ
c.
d.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
29. Which of the following is a point estimator?

a. σ
b. 4
c. s
d.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
30. A simple random sample of 5 observations from a population containing 400 elements was taken, and the following
values were obtained.
12 18 19 20 21
A point estimate of the population mean is _____.
a. 5
b. 18
c. 19
d. 20
ANSWER: b

POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
31. A probability distribution for all possible values of a sample statistic is known as a _____.
a. sample statistic
b. parameter
c. simple random sample
d. sampling distribution
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Introduction to Sampling Distributions
32. A simple random sample of 28 observations was taken from a large population. The sample mean equaled 50. Fifty is
a _____.
a. population parameter
b. point estimator
c. sample parameter
d. point estimate
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
33. If we consider the simple random sampling process as an experiment, the sample mean is _____.
a. always zero
b. always smaller than the population mean
c. a random variable
d. exactly equal to the population mean
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
34. The probability distribution of all possible values of the sample mean is called the ____.
a. central probability distribution
b. sampling distribution of the sample mean
c. random variation
d. standard error
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
35. The sampling distribution of the sample mean _____.

a. is the probability distribution showing all possible values of the sample mean
b. is used as a point estimator of the population mean μ
c. is an unbiased estimator
d. shows the distribution of all possible values of μ
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
36. The difference between the value of the sample statistic and the value of the corresponding population parameter is
called the _____.
a. statistical error
b. standard error
c. proportion error
d. sampling error
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Practical Advice: Big Data and Errors in Sampling
37. The expected value of the random variable is

a. σ
b. the standard error
c. the sample size
d. μ
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
38. The standard deviation of all possible values is called the _____.
a. standard error of proportion
b. standard error of the mean
c. mean deviation
d. central variation
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
39. In computing the standard error of the mean, the finite population correction factor is NOT used when _____.
a. n/N > 0.05
b. N/n ≤ 0.05
c. n/N ≤ 0.05
d. n ≥ 30
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
40. A finite population correction factor is needed in computing the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
sample means _____.
a. whenever the population is infinite
b. whenever the sample size is more than 5% of the population size
c. whenever the sample size is less than 5% of the population size
d. The correction factor is not necessary if the population has a normal distribution.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
41. From a population of 200 elements, the standard deviation is known to be 14. A sample of 49 elements is selected. It is
determined that the sample mean is 56. The standard error of the mean is _____.
a. 3
b. 2
c. greater than 2
d. less than 2
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Comprehension
42. From a population of 500 elements, a sample of 225 elements is selected. It is known that the variance of the
population is 900. The standard error of the mean is approximately _____.
a. 1.1022
b. 2
c. 30
d. 1.4847
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
43. A simple random sample of 64 observations was taken from a large population. The population standard deviation is
120. The sample mean was determined to be 320. The standard error of the mean is _____.
a. 1.875
b. 40
c. 5
d. 15
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

DIFFICULTY: Easy
44. As the sample size increases, the _____.

a. standard deviation of the population decreases
b. population mean increases
c. standard error of the mean decreases
d. standard error of the mean increases
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
45. As the sample size increases, the variability among the sample means _____.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains the same
d. depends upon the specific population being sampled
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
46. Doubling the size of the sample will _____.

a. reduce the standard error of the mean to one-half its current value
b. reduce the standard error of the mean to approximately 70% of its current value
c. have no effect on the standard error of the mean
d. double the standard error of the mean
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
47. Random samples of size 49 are taken from a population that has 200 elements, a mean of 180, and a variance of 196.
The distribution of the population is unknown. The mean and the standard error of the distribution of sample means are
_____.
a. 180 and 24.39
b. 180 and 28
c. 180 and 1.74
d. 180 and 2
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
48. Random samples of size 81 are taken from a process (an infinite population) whose mean and standard deviation are
200 and 18, respectively. The distribution of the population is unknown. The mean and the standard error of the
distribution of sample means are _____.
a. 200 and 18
b. 81 and 18
c. 9 and 2
d. 200 and 2
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
49. Random samples of size 36 are taken from a process (an infinite population) whose mean and standard deviation are
20 and 15, respectively. The distribution of the population is unknown. The mean and the standard error of the distribution
of sample mean are _____.
a. 36 and 15
b. 20 and 15
c. 20 and 0.417
d. 20 and 2.5
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
50. A theorem that allows us to use the normal probability distribution to approximate the sampling distribution of sample
means and sample proportions whenever the sample size is large is known as the _____.
a. approximation theorem
b. normal probability theorem
c. central limit theorem
d. central normality theorem
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
51. The fact that the sampling distribution of the sample mean can be approximated by a normal probability distribution
whenever the sample size is large is based on the _____.
a. central limit theorem
b. fact that there are tables of areas for the normal distribution
c. assumption that the population has a normal distribution
d. normal probability theorem
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
52. As the sample size becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a _____.
a. binomial distribution
b. Poisson distribution
c. hypergeometric distribution
d. normal probability distribution
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
53. Whenever the population has a normal probability distribution, the sampling distribution of is a normal probability
distribution for _____.
a. only large sample sizes
b. only small sample sizes
c. any sample size
d. only samples of size 30 or greater
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
54. For a population with an unknown distribution, the form of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is _____.
a. approximately normal for all sample sizes
b. exactly normal for large sample sizes
c. exactly normal for all sample sizes
d. approximately normal for large sample sizes
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
55. A sample of 24 observations is taken from a population that has 150 elements. The sampling distribution of is _____.
a. approximately normal because is always approximately normally distributed
b. approximately normal because the sample size is large in comparison to the population size
c. approximately normal because of the central limit theorem
d. normal if the population is normally distributed
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
56. A sample of 92 observations is taken from a process (an infinite population). The sampling distribution of is
approximately normal because _____.
a. is always approximately normally distributed
b. the sample size is small in comparison to the population size
c. of the central limit theorem
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
57. A population has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 7. A sample of 49 observations will be taken. The
probability that the mean from that sample will be larger than 82 is _____.
a. .5228
b. .9772
c. .4772
d. .0228
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
probability that the mean from that sample will be between 183 and 186 is _____.
a. 0.1359
b. 0.8185
c. 0.3413
d. 0.4772
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
probability that the sample mean will be between 80.54 and 88.9 is _____.
a. .0347
b. .7200
c. .9511
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

probability that the sample mean will be greater than 57.95 is _____.
a. 0
b. .0495
c. .4505
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 7-1
The following data were collected from a simple random sample from a process (an infinite population).
13 15 14 16 12
61. Refer to Exhibit 7-1. The point estimate of the population mean _____.
a. is 5
b. is 14
c. is 4
d. cannot be determined because the population is infinite
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
62. Refer to Exhibit 7-1. The point estimate of the population standard deviation is _____.
a. 2.500
b. 1.581
c. 2.000
d. 1.414
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

63. Refer to Exhibit 7-1. The mean of the population _____.

a. is 14
b. is 15
c. is 15.1581
d. could be any value
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 7-2
Four hundred registered voters were randomly selected and asked whether gun laws should be changed. Three hundred
said "yes," and 100 said "no."
64. Refer to Exhibit 7-2. The point estimate of the proportion in the population who will respond "yes" is _____.
a. 300
b. approximately 300
c. .75
d. .25
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
65. Refer to Exhibit 7-2. The point estimate of the proportion in the population who will respond "no" is _____.
a. 75
b. .25
c. .75
d. .50
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 7-3
The following information was collected from a simple random sample of a population.
16 19 18 17 20 18
66. Refer to Exhibit 7-3. The point estimate of the mean of the population is _____.
a. 18.0
b. 19.6
c. 108
d. 16, since 16 is the smallest value in the sample
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
67. Refer to Exhibit 7-3. The point estimate of the population standard deviation is _____.
a. 2.000
b. 1.291
c. 1.414
d. 1.667
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 7-4
A random sample of 121 bottles of cologne showed an average content of 4 ounces. It is known that the standard
deviation of the contents (i.e., of the population) is 0.22 ounces.
68. Refer to Exhibit 7-4. The standard error of the mean equals _____.
a. .3636
b. .0331
c. .0200
d. 4.000
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

69. Refer to Exhibit 7-4. The point estimate of the mean content of all bottles is _____.
a. .22
b. 4
c. 121
d. .02
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
70. Refer to Exhibit 7-4. In this problem, the .22 is _____.

a. a parameter
b. a statistic
c. the standard error of the mean
d. the average content of colognes in the long run
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 7-5
Random samples of size 17 are taken from a population that has 200 elements, a mean of 36, and a standard deviation of
8.
71. Refer to Exhibit 7-5. The mean and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means are _____.
a. 8.7 and 1.94
b. 36 and 1.94
c. 36 and 1.86
d. 36 and 8
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
72. Refer to Exhibit 7-5. Which of the following best describes the form of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
for this situation?
a. Approximately normal because the sample size is small relative to the population size
b. Approximately normal because of the central limit theorem
c. Exactly normal
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
73. The probability distribution of all possible values of the sample proportion is the _____.
a. probability density function of
b. sampling distribution of
c. same as , since it considers all possible values of the sample proportion
d. sampling distribution of
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
74. Random samples of size 525 are taken from a process (an infinite population) whose population proportion is .3. The
standard deviation of the sample proportions (i.e., the standard error of the proportion) is _____.
a. .0004
b. .2100
c. .3000
d. .0200
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

75. A random sample of 150 people was taken from a very large population. Ninety of the people in the sample were
females. The standard error of the proportion of females is _____.
a. .0016
b. .2400
c. .1600
d. .0400
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
76. A population of size 1,000 has a proportion of .5. Therefore, the proportion and the standard deviation of the sample
proportion for samples of size 100 are _____.
a. 500 and .047
b. 500 and .050
c. .5 and .047
d. .5 and .050
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
77. Random samples of size 100 are taken from a process (an infinite population) whose population proportion is .2. The
mean and standard deviation of the distribution of sample proportions are _____.
a. .2 and .04
b. .2 and .2
c. 20 and .04
d. None of the alternative answers is correct.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
78. As a general rule, the sampling distribution of the sample proportions can be approximated by a normal probability
distribution whenever _____.
a. np ≥ 5
b. n(1 − p) ≥ 5
c. n ≥ 30
d. np ≥ 5 and n(1 − p) ≥ 5
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
79. A sample of 25 observations is taken from a process (an infinite population). The sampling distribution of is _____.
a. not normal since n < 30
b. approximately normal because is always normally distributed
c. approximately normal if np ≥ 5 and n(1 – p) ≥ 5
d. approximately normal if np > 30 and n(1 – p) > 30
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
80. A sample of 400 observations will be taken from a process (an infinite population). The population proportion equals
.8. The probability that the sample proportion will be greater than 0.83 is _____.
a. .4332
b. .9332
c. .0668
d. .5668
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
.12. The probability that the sample proportion will be less than .1768 is _____.
a. .0568
b. .0778
c. .4222
d. .9222
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
.85. The probability that the sample proportion will be between .9115 and .946 is _____.
a. .8633
b. .6900
c. .0819
d. .0345
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
83. Stratified random sampling is a method of selecting a sample in which _____.

a. the sample is first divided into groups, and then random samples are taken from each group
b. various strata are selected from the sample
c. the population is first divided into groups, and then random samples are drawn from each group
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
84. Cluster sampling is _____.

a. a nonprobability sampling method
b. the same as convenience sampling
c. a probability sampling method
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
85. Convenience sampling is an example of _____.

a. probabilistic sampling
b. stratified sampling
c. a nonprobability sampling technique
d. cluster sampling
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
86. Which of the following is an example of a nonprobability sampling technique?

a. simple random sampling
b. stratified random sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. judgment sampling
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
87. Which of the following sampling methods does NOT lead to probability samples?
a. stratified sampling
b. cluster sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. convenience sampling
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
88. The population we want to make inferences about is the _____.

a. sampled population
b. frame
c. target population
d. finite population
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
89. When the population has a normal distribution, the sampling distribution of is normally distributed _____.
a. for any sample size
b. for any sample size of 30 or more
c. for any sample size of 50 or more
d. for any sample from a finite population
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
90. It is impossible to construct a frame for a(n) _____.

a. finite population
b. infinite population
c. target population
d. sampled population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
91. The standard error of the proportion will become larger as _____.
a. n increases
b. p approaches 0
c. p approaches .5
d. p approaches 1
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
92. All of the following are true about the standard error of the mean EXCEPT _____.
a. it is larger than the standard deviation of the population
b. it decreases as the sample size increases
c. its value is influenced by the standard deviation of the population
d. it measures the variability in sample means
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
93. A simple random sample of 8 employees of a corporation provided the following information:
Employee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Age 25 32 26 40 50 54 22 23
Gender M M M M F M M F
a. Determine the point estimate for the average age of all employees.
b. What is the point estimate for the standard deviation of the population?
c. Determine a point estimate for the proportion of all employees who are female.
ANSWER: a. 34
b. 12.57
c. .25
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
94. Starting salaries of a sample of 5 management majors along with their genders are shown below.
Employee Salary ($1000s) Gender
1 30 F
2 28 M
3 22 F
4 26 F
5 19 M

a. What is the point estimate for the starting salaries of all management majors?
b. Determine the point estimate for the variance of the population.
c. Determine the point estimate for the proportion of male employees.
ANSWER: a. 25 ($1000s)
b. 20 ($1000s)
c. .4
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
95. A sample of 8 new models of automobiles provides the following data on highway miles per gallon. Use Excel to
answer the questions that follow the data.
Highway Miles
Model per Gallon
1 33.6
2 26.8
3 20.2
4 38.7
5 35.1
6 28.0
7 26.2
8 27.6
What is the point estimate for the average highway miles per gallon for all new models of
a.
autos?
b. Determine the point estimate for the standard deviation of the population.
ANSWER:
A B C D E
1 Model Hwy mpg
2 1 33.6
3 2 26.8
4 3 20.2
5 4 38.7
6 5 35.1
7 6 28.0
8 7 26.2
9 8 27.6
10 a. Average 29.53 =AVERAGE(C2:C9)
11 b. Std. Dev. 5.9 =STDEV.S(C2:C9)
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
96. A sample of 10 members of a video club provides the following data on number of videos they own. Use Excel to
answer the questions that follow the data.
Member Number Owned
1 200
2 26
3 158
4 75
5 52
6 352
7 17
8 276
9 488
10 129
a. What is the point estimate for the mean number of videos owned by all video club members?
b. Determine the point estimate for the standard deviation of the population.
ANSWER:
A B C D
1 Member Number Owned
2 1 200
3 2 26
4 3 158
5 4 75
6 5 52
7 6 352
8 7 17
9 8 276
10 9 488
11 10 129
12 a. Average 177.3 =AVERAGE(C2:C11)
13 b. Std. Dev. 154.5 =STDEV.S(C2:C11)
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
97. Consider a population of 5 weights identical in appearance but weighing 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 ounces.
a. Determine the mean and the variance of the population.
Sampling without replacement from the above population with a sample size of 2 produces 10
b. possible samples. Using the 10 sample mean values, determine the mean of the population and
the variance of .
c. Compute the standard error of the mean.
ANSWER: a. 5 and 8
b. 5 and 3
c. 1.732
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
98. Consider a population of 5 families with the following data representing the number of pets in each family.
Family Number of Pets
A 2
B 6
C 4
D 3
E 1
a. There are 10 possible samples of size 2 (sampling without replacement). List the 10 possible
samples of size 2, and determine the mean of each sample.
b. Determine the mean and the variance of the population.
c. Using the 10 sample mean values, compute the mean and the standard error of the mean.
ANSWER: a. Possible Samples Sample Means

AB 4
AC 3
AD 2.5
AE 1.5
BC 5
BD 4.5
BE 3.5
CD 3.5
CE 2.5
DE 2
b. 3.2 and 2.96

c. 3.2 and 1.11
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
99. The following information gives the number of days absent from work for a population of 5 workers at a small
factory.
Number of
Worker Days Absent
A 5
B 7
C 1
D 4
E 8
a. Find the mean and the standard deviation for the population.
b. Samples of size 2 will be drawn from the population. Use the answers in Part a. to calculate
the expected value and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
c. Find all the samples of 2 workers that can be extracted from this population. Choose the
samples without replacement.
d. Compute the sample mean for each of the samples in Part c.
ANSWER: a. 5; 2.449
b. 5; 1.5
c. AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE
d. 6, 3, 4.5, 6.5, 4, 5.5, 7.5, 2.5, 4.5, 6
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
100. The average weekly earnings of bus drivers in a city are $950 (that is μ) with a standard deviation of $45 (that is σ).
Assume that we select a random sample of 81 bus drivers.
a. Assume the number of bus drivers in the city is large compared to the sample size. Compute
the standard error of the mean.
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than $960?
If the population of bus drivers consisted of 400 drivers, what would be the standard error of
c.
the mean?
ANSWER: a. 5
b. .0228
c. 4.47
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
101. An automotive repair shop has determined that the average service time on an automobile is 2 hours with a standard
deviation of 32 minutes. A random sample of 64 services is selected.
a. What is the probability that the sample of 64 will have a mean service time greater than 114
minutes?
b. Assume the population consists of 400 services. Determine the standard error of the mean.
ANSWER: a. .9332
b. 3.67
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
102. A population of 1,000 students spends an average of $10.50 a day on dinner. The standard deviation of the
expenditure is $3. A simple random sample of 64 students is taken.
a. What are the expected value, standard deviation, and shape of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean?
b. What is the probability that these 64 students will spend a combined total of more than
$715.21?
c. What is the probability that these 64 students will spend a combined total between $703.59 and
$728.45?
ANSWER: a. 10.5; .363; normal

b. .0314
c. .0794
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
103. There are 8,000 students at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. The average age of all the students is 24
years with a standard deviation of 9 years. A random sample of 36 students is selected.
a. Determine the standard error of the mean.
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 19.5?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 25.5 and 27 years?
ANSWER: a. 1.5
b. 0.9986
c. 0.1359
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
104. The life expectancy in the United States is 75 with a standard deviation of 7 years. A random sample of 49
individuals is selected.
a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 77 years?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 72.7 years?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 73.5 and 76 years?
d. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 72 and 74 years?
e. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 73.46 years?
ANSWER: a. .0228
b. .0107
c. .7745
d. .1573
e. .9382
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
105. SAT scores have an average of 1200 with a standard deviation of 60. A sample of 36 scores is selected.
a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 1224?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 1230?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 1200 and 1214?
d. What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than 1200?
e. What is the probability that the sample mean will be larger than 73.46?
ANSWER: a. .0082
b. .9986
c. .4192
d. .5
e. 1.0
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
106. A bank has kept records of the checking balances of its customers and determined that the average daily balance of
its customers is $300 with a standard deviation of $48. A random sample of 144 checking accounts is selected.
a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be more than $306.60?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than $308?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between $302 and $308?
d. What is the probability that the sample mean will be at least $296?
ANSWER: a. .0495
b. .9772
c. .2857
d. .8413
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
107. Students of a large university spend an average of $5 a day on lunch. The standard deviation of the expenditure is $3.
A simple random sample of 36 students is taken.
a. What are the expected value, standard deviation, and shape of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be at least $4?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be at least $5.90?
ANSWER: a. 5.0; .5; normal

b. .9772
c. .0359
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
108. The average lifetime of a light bulb is 3,000 hours with a standard deviation of 696 hours. A simple random sample
of 36 bulbs is taken.
a. What are the expected value, standard deviation, and shape of the sampling distribution of ?
b. What is the random variable in this problem? Define it in words.
c. What is the probability that the average life in the sample will be between 2,670.56 and
2,809.76 hours?
d. What is the probability that the average life in the sample will be greater than 3,219.24 hours?
e. What is the probability that the average life in the sample will be less than 3,180.96 hours?
ANSWER: a. 3,000; 116; normal

b. , the average life in a sample of 36 bulbs
c. .0482
d. .0294
e. .9406
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
109. MNM Corporation gives each of its employees an aptitude test. The scores on the test are normally distributed with a
mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 15. A simple random sample of 25 is taken from a population of 500.
a. What are the expected value, the standard deviation, and the shape of the sampling distribution
of ?
c. What is the probability that the average aptitude test score in the sample will be between 70.14
and 82.14?
d. What is the probability that the average aptitude test score in the sample will be greater than
82.68?
e. What is the probability that the average aptitude test score in the sample will be less than
78.69?
f. Find a value, C, such that P( ) = .015.
ANSWER: a. 75; 3; normal
b. , the average aptitude test score in a sample of 25 employees
c. .9387
d. .0052
e. .8907
f. 81.51
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
110. The price of a particular brand of jeans has a mean of $37.99 and a standard deviation of $7. A sample of 49 pairs of
jeans is selected. Use Excel to answer the following questions:
a. What is the probability that the sample of jeans will have a mean price less than $40?
b. What is the probability that the sample of jeans will have a mean price between $38 and $39?
c. What is the probability that the sample of jeans will have a mean price within $3 of the
population mean?
ANSWER: a. .97778
=NORM.DIST(40,37.99,1,TRUE)
b. .339763
=NORM.DIST(39,37.99,1,TRUE) – NORM.DIST(38,37,99,1,TRUE)
c. .9973
=NORM.DIST(40.99,37.99,1,TRUE) – NORM.DIST(34.99,37.99,1,TRUE)
POINTS: 1
111. The mean diameter of a ball bearing produced by a certain manufacturer is 0.80 cm with a standard deviation of 0.03
cm. A sample of 36 ball bearings is randomly selected from a production run. Use Excel to answer the following
questions:
a. What is the probability that the sample of ball bearings will have a mean less than 0.798 cm?
b. What is the probability that the sample of ball bearings will have a mean of at least 0.815 cm?
c. What is the probability that the sample of ball bearings will have a mean between 0.798 and
0.815 cm?
d. For samples of size 36, 15% of all sample means are at most what diameter?
ANSWER: a. .344578
=NORM.DIST(0.798,0.8,0.005,TRUE)
b. .00135
=1 – NORM.DIST(0.815,0.8,0.005,TRUE)
c. .654072
=NORM.DIST(0.815,0.8,0.005,TRUE) –
NORM.DIST(0.798,0.8,0.005,TRUE)
d. .794818
=NORM.INV(0.15,0.8,0.005)
POINTS: 1
112. There are 500 employees in a firm, and 45% are female. A sample of 60 employees is selected randomly.
a. Determine the standard error of the proportion.
b. What is the probability that the sample proportion of females is between .40 and .55?
ANSWER: a. .0603
b. .7482
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
113. Ten percent of the items produced by a machine are defective. A random sample of 100 items is selected and
checked for defects.
a. Determine the standard error of the proportion.
b. What is the probability that the sample will contain more than 2.5% defective units?
c. What is the probability that the sample will contain more than 13% defective units?
ANSWER: a. .03
b. .9938
c. .1587
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
114. A new soft drink is being market tested. It is estimated that 60% of consumers will like the new drink. A sample of
96 taste-tested the new drink.
a. Determine the standard error of the proportion
b. What is the probability that more than 70.4% of consumers will indicate they like the drink?
c. What is the probability that more than 30% of consumers will indicate they do NOT like the
drink?
ANSWER: a. .05
b. .0188
c. .9772
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
115. In a large university, 20% of the students are Business majors. A random sample of 100 students is selected, and their
majors are recorded.
a. Compute the standard error of the proportion.
b. What is the probability that the sample contains at least 12 Business majors?
c. What is the probability that the sample contains less than 15 Business majors?
d. What is the probability that the sample contains between 12 and 14 Business majors?
ANSWER: a. .04
b. .9772
c. .1056
d. .044
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
116. In a local university, 10% of the students live in the dormitories. A random sample of 100 students is selected for a
study.
a. What is the probability that the sample proportion of students living in the dormitories is
between .172 and .178?
b. What is the probability that the sample proportion of students living in the dormitories is
greater than .025?
ANSWER: a. .0035
b. .9938
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
117. A department store has determined that 25% of all its sales are credit sales. A random sample of 75 sales is selected.
a What is the probability that the sample proportion will be greater than .34?
b. What is the probability that the sample proportion will be between .196 and .354?
c. What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than .25?
d. What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than .10?
ANSWER: a. .0359
b. .8411
c. .5
d. .0014
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
118. Candidate A is running for president of the student government at a large university. The proportion of voters who
favor the candidate is .8. A simple random sample of 100 voters is taken.
b. What is the probability that the number of voters in the sample who will not favor Candidate A
will be between 26 and 30?
c. What is the probability that the number of voters in the sample who will NOT favor Candidate
A will be more than 16?
ANSWER: a. .8; .04; normal

b. .0606
c. .8413
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
119. In a restaurant, the proportion of people who order coffee with their dinner is .9. A simple random sample of 144
patrons of the restaurant is taken.
c. What is the probability that the proportion of people who will order coffee with their meal is
d. What is the probability that the proportion of people who will order coffee with their meal is at
least .945?
ANSWER: a. .9; .025; normal

b. the sample proportion of people who order coffee with their dinners out of 144 patrons
c. .1359
d. .0359
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

120. Thirty percent of a magazine's subscribers are female. A random sample of 50 subscribers is taken. Answer the
following questions using Excel:
a. What is the probability that the proportion of females from this sample is at most .25?
b. What is the probability that the proportion of females from this sample is between .22 and .28?
c. What is the probability that the proportion of females from this sample is within .03 of the
population proportion?
ANSWER: a. .220
=NORM.DIST(0.25,0.3,0.0648,TRUE)
b. .270
=NORM.DIST(0.28,0.3,0.0648,TRUE) – NORM.DIST(0.22,0.3,0.0648,TRUE)
c. .357
POINTS: 1
121. The proportion of Americans who support the death penalty is .53. A sample of 1000 randomly selected Americans
is surveyed by telephone interview. Use Excel to answer the following questions:
a. What is the probability that the sample proportion of those supporting the death penalty will be
less than .50?
b. What is the probability that the sample proportion of those supporting the death penalty will be
at least .55?
c. What is the probability that the sample proportion of those supporting the death penalty will be
d. For samples of size 1000, 15% of all sample proportions are at most what value?
ANSWER: a. .028
=NORM.DIST(0.5,0.53,0.0157,TRUE)
b. .101
=1-NORM.DIST(0.55,0.53,0.0157,TRUE)
c. .871
d. .514
=NORM.INV(0.15,0.53,0.0157)
POINTS: 1
122. A random sample of 9 telephone calls in an office provided the following information:
Call Number Duration (minutes) Type of Call
1 3 local
2 8 long distance
3 4 local
4 3 local
5 5 long distance
6 6 local
7 3 local
8 5 local
9 8 local
a. Determine the point estimate for the average duration of all calls.
c. What is the point estimate for the proportion of all calls that were long distance?
ANSWER: a. 5
b. 1.97
c. .222
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
123. A random sample of 10 examination papers in a course that was given on a pass or fail basis showed the following
scores:
Paper Number Grade Status
1 65 pass
2 87 pass
3 92 pass
4 35 fail
5 79 pass
6 100 pass
7 48 fail
8 74 pass
9 79 pass
10 91 pass
a. What is the point estimate for the mean of the population?
c. What is the point estimate for the proportion of all students who passed the course?
ANSWER: a. 75
b. 20.48
c. .8
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
124. Roger, who oversees 6 Ford dealerships, believes that the colors chosen by customers who special-order their cars
best reflect most customers’ true color preferences. For that reason, he has tabulated the color requests specified in a
sample of 56 Mustang coupe special orders placed this year. The sample data are listed below.
Black Red White Blue Blue Green Red Black
Red White Blue White Red Red Black Black
Green Black Red Black Blue Black White Green
Blue Red Black White Black Red Black Blue
Blue Black Green White Black Red Red White
Red Red Blue Black Red Black Green Black
Green Red Black White Black Red Black White
a. What is the point estimate of the proportion of all Mustang coupe special orders that specify a color preference of
black?
b. Describe the sampling distribution of , where is the proportion of Mustang coupe special orders that specify a color
preference of black. Assume that the proportion of all Mustang coupe special orders having a color preference of black is
.36.
c. What is the probability that a simple random sample of 56 special orders will provide an estimate of the population
proportion of special orders specifying the color black that is within plus or minus .05 of the actual population
proportion, assuming p = .36? In other words, what is the probability that will be between .31 and .41?
ANSWER: a. .32143
b. normally distributed with = .36 and = .064
c. .5646
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
125. Lily owns a mail-order business specializing in baby clothes. Lily is confident the dollar amounts of ALL her orders
are normally distributed or nearly so. Assume she knows the mean and standard deviation are $249 and $46, respectively,
for ALL orders she receives.
a. Describe the sampling distribution of , where is the mean dollar amount of an order for a sample of 10 orders.
b. What is the probability that a simple random sample of 30 orders will provide an estimate of the population mean dollar
amount of an order that is within plus or minus $10 of the actual population mean?
c. What happens to the sampling distribution of when the sample size is increased from 30 to 90? With a sample size of
90, what is the probability that will be between $239 and $259?
ANSWER: a. normally distributed with E(x) = $249 and = $14.5465
b. .7660
c. the sampling distribution is narrower; .9606
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Considerable railway construction is talked of, but the only
immediate probability is of a road from the port of Castilletes on the
Gulf of Venezuela to a coal property near Lake Maracaibo, belonging
to the Caribbean Coal Company. A port is to be constructed
admitting vessels of 35 feet draft, the present depth being 16 feet.
The railway 93 miles long of standard gauge is to have a one way
capacity of 10,000 tons daily, with maximum freight charges lower
than any at this time on existing lines. As no port charges of any kind
are to be collected, if the construction and mining development are
carried out as expected, it will be a most important industrial
development for Venezuela which may affect the trade of Curaçao
and Maracaibo. As this port will be but 595 miles from Colon, and as
the coal is said to be of the best quality, it is important for ships
making use of the Canal.
The Venezuelan Government now gives generous concessions to
foreign companies or individuals, undertaking railway construction.
Other Methods of Communication
Roads. Aside from the railways, a meagre supply for a country of

its size, other means of transportation are inadequate. Street
railways exist in the chief cities: Caracas, Valencia, La Guaira,
Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, Bolívar, Barquisimeto, Carúpano, and
Cumaná. The great water power available for electric traction and for
other purposes should be largely developed in future. Some
automobile and cart roads exist, 1636 miles at the end of 1919, but
to a large extent transportation is over bridle paths or caminos.
An excellent automobile road leads from La Guaira to Caracas.
From the capital such roads branch in several directions. One goes
east to Guatire, two south to Ocumare del Tuy, one of these with a
branch south from Cua. A good road leads through Maracay to
Valencia; from midway, a branch leads south through Villa de Cura to
Ortiz in Guárico, from which point construction is being continued to
Calabozo, the capital, and thence to San Fernando, capital of Apure.
Another road leads from Ocumare de la Costa to Maracay.
From Puerto Cabello one may go by auto to Valencia and to
Guigüe, south of the lake; also from the port to San Felipe and
Barquisimeto.
From the city of Maracaibo a road goes north to San Rafael near
the mouth of the Channel, and one southwest to Perija, west of the
centre of the Lake, passing two petroleum sites.
From the terminus of the Táchira Railway, Uracá, a road leads to
San Cristóbal, and one to Cúcuta in Colombia. From Motatán a good
wagon road goes to Trujillo. Pack animals serve from El Vigia to
Mérida. In the east there is the long road from San Felix on the
Orinoco to El Callao and Tumeremo.
Other roads are in construction or planned for the immediate
future. From Coro a road is to go south and southwest to Trujillo and
beyond, and one near the coast to Altagracia on the Maracaibo
Channel, northeast of that city. Several roads will branch from
Barquisimeto and from Valencia, the most important, one from
Valencia southwest to San Carlos, Guanare, Barinas, and San
Cristóbal. Shorter local roads will serve Cumaná and Carúpano.
Considerable activity has recently been manifested in road
building; and bridges, long sadly lacking over mountain torrents,
have been constructed. Some deeper streams have ferries.
River communication and lake service are important in many
sections. Of Venezuela’s nearly 500 rivers, 74 are said to be
navigable a distance of 6000 miles, 4000 in the Orinoco Basin.
Especially in Bolívar and Amazonas communication is by river, but in
other States also it is important. The Orinoco is a natural highway
600 miles to Pericos and the Atures Rapids. There is regular weekly
service to San Fernando de Apure. There is traffic along the Apure,
Arauca, and Meta Rivers, the last two in Colombia; but the affluents
on the north side of the Orinoco are too variable in depth to permit
regular service, and those on the south are too broken by cataracts.
On Maracaibo Lake are plenty of craft, both steam and sailing
vessels, two main lines of the former running from Maracaibo, one
along the west side of the Lake and up the Catatumbo to
Encontrados and the Táchira Railway, the other to La Ceiba and the
Motatán Railway going towards Trujillo on the east side; a smaller
boat runs around the south side of the Lake and up the Escalante to
Santa Bárbara. From Encontrados a line of small steamers runs up
the Zulia to Villamizar.
CHAPTER XI
VENEZUELA: RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES
Agriculture
The Agricultural Zone, according to late statistics, covers the

greater part of that section of the Republic which lies between the
sea and the Orinoco Plains: about 100,000 square miles, only one
third of which is tilled. The section has great fertility of soil, and with
its varying elevation and climate it is adapted to the production of
everything needful for man or beast. Twenty per cent of the
population is employed in agricultural pursuits. With the introduction
of new methods and modern machinery a vast development and
great wealth should ensue. At present the chief products are coffee,
cacao, and sugar, with tobacco, cotton, corn, wheat, vanilla, etc., and
a great variety of fruits and vegetables.
Coffee, as in Colombia, is called a product of the temperate clime,
growing at an altitude of 1500-6500 feet but best at 3000. A tree is
said to live 50 years and to produce a quarter to a half a pound
annually. About $16,000,000 are invested in the industry; there are
approximately 260,000,000 trees. Venezuela claims to be second in
coffee production, exporting over 100,000,000 pounds in 1919.
Cacao needs a warmer climate than coffee, and moist air; hence it
grows well on slopes near the sea having a temperature of 80°. But it
is found and cultivated in other parts, growing wild in Guayana and
near the upper Orinoco. Where cultivated, 80 trees to the acre are
approved, of course at first shaded. After five years two crops a year,
in June and December, are expected. Trees average a life of 40
years, with an annual production of 220-250 pounds an acre. About
16 seeds are enclosed in a long red and yellow pod, which turns
purple when ripe. After being gathered, they are heaped in piles on
the ground, left a few days to ferment and burst, when the seeds are
shelled, washed, and housed. There are two grades here, the criollo
or native, of very high grade, growing in valleys near the sea, and
the trinitario, imported from Trinidad. The Chuao Plantation is said to
produce cacao of a particularly sweet and fine quality, which is
generally exported to France. Over $12,000,000 are invested in the
business. In production Venezuela is third. There are more than
5000 plantations.
Sugar. The sugar industry is rapidly developing. New mills with
modern machinery have been erected and more acres are planted.
A mill at Maracay can crush nearly 1800 tons of cane daily, with an
output of sugar of 80 tons. Four species of cane are cultivated, the
indigenous, the criolla, most largely, as being sweeter and otherwise
giving good results. The reaping is arranged so that the grinding may
be constant throughout the year. The canes near Lake Valencia are
longer and thicker, with more juice but less sweetness. The best
quality of sugar is produced near Guatire, three hours by motor from
Caracas; the largest quantity on two plantations near Lake
Maracaibo, each having a daily output of 800 tons.
There are four varieties of products: sugar, brown sugar, alcohol,
and rum, all of which many large plantations are equipped to
produce. Of the two near Bobures, Zulia, one has 5000 acres under
cultivation, the other nearly as much. The total capital invested is
above $10,000,000. An increasing foreign market is expected.
Tobacco is grown in many sections, thriving in humid fertile soil. It
develops in six months, but requires great care. There is much
variety in the quality, some being strong and heavy, some delicate
with fine flavor and aroma. A little is exported to Havana and there
mixed for making cigarettes. The annual production, above 3000
tons, might be increased.
Cotton grows wild in many parts of the country, and is cultivated in
a number of States. The average crop is about 4,000,000 pounds of
seeded cotton, half of which is raised in Aragua and Carabobo. Zulia
produces the best cotton, with longer fibre, nearly one-fifth of the
crop. Lara, Portuguesa, and the States of the East supply the rest.
The cotton is sown in June or July and harvested in the dry season,
December to March. It is freshly planted every year in connection
with vegetables, the receipts from which cover the cost except for
that of gathering; so that the industry furnishes a desirable
opportunity for immigrants with small or no capital. About $200,000
are invested in cotton growing.
Coconuts are indigenous in Venezuela; and in the regions of
Zulia, Carabobo, Bolívar, Barcelona, and Cumaná, there are broad
plantations. Over $1,000,000 is invested.
Wheat is grown to some extent and fine crops are produced; but
much more land is available in the high table-lands and valleys of
Western Venezuela so that home consumption could easily be
supplied. With improved methods, machinery, etc., it might even
become a staple export.
Corn is cultivated everywhere in all kinds of soil from sea level up
to 9000 feet, but it grows best between 1500 and 3000 feet. About
75,000 acres are devoted to its production; 150,000 tons are raised,
some being exported. It is the real bread plant of the country
especially in the interior.
Beans in large variety are produced, black beans being greatly in
demand and some exported.
Indigo was once cultivated and in 1802 was exported to the value
of $2,500,000, but its production was abandoned owing to higher
returns from coffee.
Vanilla grows well in the rich lands of Falcón, Lara, Bolívar,
Zamora, and Anzoátegui. Its cultivation might be developed.
Forestry
The forest resources are inexhaustible but hardly touched, the

zone comprising about half of Venezuela of which 98 per cent is
virgin territory. Nearly three-quarters of this area is public land, over
100,000 square miles. With more capital and labor, better means of
transport, and modern implements and machinery a great
development will result. The chief forest products are rubber, balatá,
tonka beans, divi-divi, and various medicinal plants. There are many
dyeing and tanning plants, and gums and resins abound. In the
forests a great amount of timber exists including the finest varieties;
but as usual these are scattered, and with present facilities, difficult
to get out with a profit. Of the 600 species of wood 5-10 per cent are
marketable. 145 varieties used for ornamental purposes and 20
kinds of woods and barks suitable for dyeing and tanning were
exhibited at the Chicago Exposition in 1893. The great mora tree,
three feet in diameter, is excellent for ship building; mahogany,
rosewood, and other trees of hard wood abound.
Rubber, chiefly of the hevea variety, is found and exported both
from the Casiquiare-Amazon section and more from Yuruary in East
Bolívar. It is cultivated near Ocumare del Tuy, each tree there giving
460 grams of juice, 95 per cent pure rubber. Several million people
are needed to exploit the industry, in which $1,200,000 has been
invested.
Balatá, procured from forest trees in a manner similar to rubber, is
allied to gutta percha, and is employed with this for many purposes.
Divi-divi, one of the best and cheapest plants for tannin, grows
wild throughout the country, chiefly along the coast and on the edge
of the llanos at the foot of the south slope of the Coast Mountains.
Hot lowlands with a minimum average of rain suit it best. It grows to
a height of 20-30 feet. The brown pods three inches long contain 30-
40 per cent of tannin, sometimes even 50. The seeds have little. In
wet weather the tannin is liable to sudden fermentation especially in
electrical storms, when the tanning is impeded, and the leather may
be stained. Some trees 90 years old still produce a full crop. Near
Cumaná, a tree may yield 275 pounds a year, but in the west, 25-50
pounds only. It is an extremely cheap source of tannin though not
largely used. Venezuela probably has more frequent stands of this
tree than any other country. 5000 men are said to leave Ciudad
Bolívar yearly for its collection in the interior. As cultivated in
Curaçao plantations, the pods have 20 per cent more tannin and
bring 25 per cent higher price.
The Mangrove bark is another important source of tannin; the tree
growing in swampy ground is useful in reclaiming land at the ocean’s
edge. The bark has 22-33 per cent tannin, the leaves nearly 20, the
wood some. The stands are unlimited in number.
The Tonka Bean, a black almond with delicious perfume, is the
fruit of the serrapia tree. The beans are used in the preparation of
chewing tobacco and in making perfumes. The price varies from 50
cents to $5 a pound. This is a staple of great value in the Orinoco
forests, but many gatherers die of fever or starve. A few concessions
have been granted for the cultivation of tonka trees, in the public
lands of the Caura district. In one year over $700,000 worth of the
beans were exported.
Chicle, used to make chewing gum, comes from the sap of a tree
called pendare which has a delicious fruit, sapodilla. The tree may
be tapped continuously 8-15 years. The sap is boiled in the forest.
The Caoba or mahogany tree grows from sea level to about 3000
feet. It may be seen along the streets of Valencia. It grows to a
height of 130 feet with a diameter of four feet at the base. It is
exported to Europe and to the United States.
The Moriche Palm grows in clumps on the llanos. From the sap
the Indians make wine, vinegar, oil, soap, starch; and from the
leaves, hats, clothes, hammocks, baskets, mats, etc.
Fibre plants of superior quality exist in great variety and quantity.
Among these are the cocuiza sisal called equal or superior to the
sisal (hemp) of Yucatan; ramie, jipijapa, flax, and other varieties.
Plants for making paper grow in profusion, desirable for use rather
than wood to save the destruction of forests. The most abundant and
desirable is bamboo, but many other plants are serviceable including
the residue from sugar cane. The by-product of three tons of sugar
would be roughly two tons of fibre, worth about $120. Bitter cane and
other rushes might be so used, either exported as pulp, or in some
localities made into paper.
Cattle Industry
Goats have been spoken of as raised with great profit on the well
adapted lands near Barquisimeto, comparatively high, and on
lowlands in the regions of Coro and Maracaibo.
Cattle. The cattle industry has still greater possibilities. The
pastoral zone extends from Barrancas to Colombia and from the
Vichada River to the mountains in Carabobo. While a portion of the
llanos like those in Colombia suffers from severe drought in the
summer, and though in places the grass is thin, in this immense
region there is room for an enormous number of cattle where the
grasses are rich. Hence stock raising can be carried on to great
advantage. There is some difficulty in transportation, but this is
gradually improving, and with the erection of more packing and
slaughter houses, and with improvements in breeding, the industry
has a sure future. Some stock raisers, especially General Gomez,
have made great efforts for improvement, importing full blooded
cattle of different breeds to produce a better kind, perfectly adapted
to the climate of Venezuela. Modern methods are being employed,
and in the valley of Maracay a large number of live stock is fattened
ready to supply the 500 cattle daily killed at Puerto Cabello by the
Refrigerating Company which exports them. A new packing house is
to be erected at Turiamo. It is reported that a contract has been
made for 200,000 acres to be colonized by Germans, who wish to
control the meat packing industry. The number of cattle in Venezuela
is estimated at 3,000,000.
Sheep, horses, hogs are also raised in the valley of Maracay;
acclimated specimens of special breeds have been obtained for
reproduction in other parts of the country. At present horses and
mules are raised in comparatively small numbers.
Mining
There is hardly a precious metal or valuable mineral which does

not exist in Venezuela, though little has been done to exploit them.
Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, antimony, tin, quicksilver, asphalt,
petroleum, coal, sulphur, asbestos, platinum, diamonds, and other
precious stones are found; 25 years ago 226 deposits had been
located: 62 gold, 29 coal, 14 copper, 10 iron, etc.
Gold, the most exported metal, while found in every State, has
been chiefly sought and profitably worked in Guayana, where in the
Yuruary region considerable mining has been done. True alluvial
belts are found, zones of shale, and quartz veins. The alluvial
deposits known are mainly near the British Guiana border in the
Cuyuni and El Dorado districts. Placer gold exists along the Caroni
River and in smaller tributaries of the Orinoco above Ciudad Bolívar.
The rock formation shows the gold to be in stingers and crystalline
grains of arsenical pyrite, from which the placers and pockets have
been formed.
The quartz veins are more northerly near El Callao, where
$50,000,000 are said to have been produced in thirty odd years. One
mine in the Yuruari district has yielded 35,000 ounces. Metal is found
in pockets 50-100 feet deep about 150 miles from the Orinoco. An
English company has mining claims west of El Callao, where the ore
is treated with quicksilver and cyanide, yielding 1-4 ounces per ton.
Another company is working on the La Paz Bonanza, where 10,000
ounces were taken out by crude methods from rich veinlets and
pockets almost at the surface. Several other companies are
engaged, French and Venezuelan, one along the Cicapra River, a
branch of the upper Yuruari. It is estimated that several million cubic
yards with an average yield of $1.00 each are here available at a
cost of 50 cents per yard. With better transportation and other
facilities this section may come into the front rank of gold mining
districts in South America. At present it is said to be better adapted
to individual operators than to large companies. The climate is not
unhealthful if suitable precautions are taken. The country is well
wooded except near Callao. The average yearly production of gold is
900,000 grams.
Copper is known to exist in several States: Falcón, Carabobo,
Mérida, Lara, a rich deposit in the northern part of Cojedes; but the
only one vigorously and very profitably operated is that of Aroa in
Yaracuy, where dividends have been 75-350 per cent. Near Nirgua
in the same State other copper mines have been worked.
Coal is found in various sections. Where outcroppings occur in
Táchira, Mérida, and Trujillo small operations have been carried on.
There are other deposits but the principal mines worked are in Sucre
and Falcón. Naricual, 16 miles from Barcelona, has produced the
most coal, but not of a very good quality. It is used on local steamers
and railways, and some, with pitch from Trinidad, is made into
briquettes. A little west, another mine with coal of better quality has
been opened within five miles of tide water on the bank of a river.
The mines of Falcón near Coro have been developed further and
production is increasing. Coke ovens have been established. Coal is
found in several places near Lake Maracaibo. In the deposit 60 miles
northwest of Maracaibo the coal is of high grade, better than Middle
West coal and equal to the Pocahontas; hard, bright, black, excellent
for steaming. Some veins are 8-20 feet thick, and when the railway
to Castilletes is completed the annual export is expected to reach
500,000 tons. Lignite, bituminous, and semi-anthracite varieties are
found.
Iron ore deposits occur in the eastern hills or mountains south of
the Delta, but in the Delta Territory at Imataca. It is 67 per cent pure
and almost free from sulphur and phosphorus. In 1914 some
Americans secured options. Iron is also found near Coro, Barinas,
Barcelona, and Cumaná.
Salt is found on the island of Coche, on the peninsula of Araya
near Cumaná, in the vicinity of Barcelona and of Maracaibo, and
elsewhere.
Sulphur appears to exist in commercial quantities about 11 miles
inland from Corúpano; and other minerals have been observed in
various States.
Diamonds and Pearls. There are said to be diamond mines in the
Orinoco region. Pearl fishing is carried on among the islands, about
1600 persons being so engaged. Rakes are now used as diving is
prohibited. Recently $600,000 worth were exported within a few
months.
Asphalt, found in the Bermudez Pitch Lake five miles from
Guanoco in the State of Sucre, is an important source of wealth. This
lake, the largest known deposit in the world (1100 acres), has more
than ten times the area of the famous Trinidad Lake, though it is not
so deep. It is regarded as the residue of evaporated petroleum, the
asphalt here representing the outflow of 80,000,000 barrels of oil.
The flow continues, the oil spreading over the lake and replenishing
it. This with active seepages near indicates enormous oil bearing
formations below.
The General Asphalt Company and its subsidiaries have a 30 year
lease of nearly 12,000 acres including the lake. The structure of the
lake includes faulting, folding, and fracturing of strata, with
formations of black shale, sandstone, and fossiliferous limestone, the
last supposed to be the source of the oil, and the sandstone its
reservoir, whence from pressure of gas it escapes to the surface. A
narrow gauge railway is in use. From lack of transport hardly 20,000
tons of asphalt were shipped from Bermudez Lake in 1920
compared with over 40,000 in 1919; from Trinidad Lake, about
70,000 in 1919 and over 108,000 in 1920. In the Bermudez
concession is a large asphalt deposit 100-200 yards across, on the
Island of Capure in the Orinoco Delta.
In the Maracaibo Basin are other beds. One near the Lake at
Inciarte, 27 miles from navigable water, is 94 per cent pure; but
transportation is difficult.
The Petroleum prospects of Venezuela are excellent. The chief
work accomplished is in the Maracaibo Basin, which is regarded as
one of petroleum as well as of water. Many companies are engaged
in development work. After two years of preliminary examination by
35 experienced geologists, the Caribbean Petroleum Company
selected 1000 areas averaging 1250 acres each for further
investigation. Of these they now retain 250, covering 312,500 acres.
With a lease concession for 30 years, a tax of eight cents an acre is
paid annually and a royalty equal to about ten per cent on oil shipped
from the country. On one section, the Mene Grande Field, ten miles
east of Lake Maracaibo to which a road through swamps was built,
about a dozen wells have been drilled, in all of which oil has been
found. The first were capped, but with present facilities flow is
permitted. The character of the oil improves with depth. Three
55,000-barrel steel tanks have been erected, and pumping stations
on the field and at the port. A pipe line was laid 11 miles to the shore
at San Lorenzo, where, 70 miles southeast of Maracaibo, storage
tanks and a refinery were built. The latter, now in operation, will
refine every grade of oil except lubricants. The capacity is 2000
barrels daily (42 gallons each). One well is said to rank in output with
some of the Mexican. Much of the oil is now used by some
Venezuelan railways, and by industries of the country. Part of the
crude oil is carried by three barges and eight converted monitors of
450-500 tons each to a refinery at Curaçao, which has larger storage
tanks, pumping station, etc. The refinery has been running 1000 tons
of crude oil daily, but can take care of 4000 tons. The swift current of
the Maracaibo Channel makes management of the monitors difficult.
This Company has other wells at Perija, 50 miles west of the Lake.
The first, which struck oil at 1227 feet, was shut in. One in the Limón
Field, drilled to 2752 feet, was abandoned.
Other companies have concessions for work near the Lake, at the
east, south, and southwest. One was hampered by wild Indians,
compelling the employment of armed guards, another by extremely
unhealthful conditions; but both after some unsuccessful work have
found promising wells. The Colon Developing Company, with a large
property 100 miles west of Encontrados and near the Colombian
border, has struck oil at less than 1300 feet, close to the Rio de Oro.
Two thousand barrels of high grade oil were produced within 24
hours, but as no facilities for transport existed the well was capped.
This oil is said to be of quality superior to that east of the Lake, which
is better than the Mexican.
East of the Lake, another field, north of the Mene Grande, is
owned by the Venezuelan Oil Concessions. Wells drilled here have
passed through three oil bearing sands; the deeper, the better and
lighter the oil. One has spouted 80 feet high; another over the top of
the derrick. An area of several square miles is proved. This
Company has 3000 square miles of oil bearing land near the Lake
for 50 years. In Mexico wells producing 100,000 barrels a day are
seen. The general manager of this Company believes the
Venezuelan wells will be bigger.
The Venezuelan Falcón Oil Syndicate, which has a 50 year
concession of over 2000 square miles in Falcón, expects to open up
many fields. Pipe lines could converge and refineries be installed
within 50 miles of the farthest point. The first well drilled is 37 miles
from the seaboard. Motor tractors are employed. The British
Controlled Oilfields has taken over the Bolívar Concessions, which
has the right to bore in 7,000,000 acres in Falcón.
On the Island of Trinidad 362,800 barrels of crude petroleum were
produced in 1920. Near this Island, corresponding to the oil region at
the northwest of Venezuela, is one at the northeast around the Gulf
of Paria, especially at the south, and comprising the Orinoco Delta.
Here is found the heavier form of petroleum in large quantities.
Some wells have been drilled on the Peninsula of Paria with no good
result. The Guanoco Field, south, is believed to cover the axis and
flanks of the Guanoco anticlines, of which the southern is thought to
be responsible for the great oil seepages of the Asphalt Lake. The
field is believed to extend 60 miles southwest, to and beyond the
San Juan River. The first well was drilled (1912) in the Lake. Heavy
oil, specific gravity 1.02, was found under enormous gas pressure,
making operations difficult. Production of 1000 barrels a day was
secured at 615 feet, but the well was closed to avoid waste. Later it
produced in three months 50,000 barrels. Other wells have been
drilled in the vicinity, also on Pedernales Island in the Delta; the oil
from the latter of lighter gravity. For some purposes the heavy oil is
of special value. It is too heavy to pump, but the strong gas pressure
makes it available. The areas are swampy, difficult to work, and
unhealthful.
Manufactures
As might be expected, the manufacturing industries of Venezuela

are few in number and rely in the main on a protective tariff for
existence. The principal articles made are cotton goods, paper,
glass, cement, cordage, soap, candles, shoes, alpargatas, leather
goods, cigars, cigarettes, etc. The five cotton factories produce 80
per cent of the ordinary cloth consumed in the country. In Mérida are
woolen and hat factories. In Caracas good furniture is made,
macaroni, paper, etc. There is a paper factory also at Maracay. Ten
miles from Caracas the waterfall of Naiguatá, over 3000 feet, makes
available 30,000 horse power, of which 9000 is used.
Investments
Among the various opportunities for the investment of foreign

capital, including all of the industries mentioned, the safest are
agriculture and stock raising; perhaps also small factories. Land is so
cheap that little capital is needed for the agriculturist unless
engaging on a very large scale. Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, castor
beans, and many other articles may be raised with profit. Factories
large or small may be operated to advantage. Cumaná and Puerto
Cabello are good places for canning tropical fruits. Oil may be
extracted for edible or industrial purposes from coconuts, peanuts,
and other fruits or vegetables. Chocolate may be made, cotton mills
established. A mill is suggested for Margarita, where fine cotton is
grown. Rope and bag factories might employ Venezuelan cocuiza or
henequen to make the 2,000,000 bags needed annually in the
country. Saw mills at Cumaná, Maracaibo, La Ceiba, Tucacas, etc.,
would be extremely useful.
Large capitalists may find opportunities for the construction of
public utilities such as street railways, electric light and power plants,
water works, sewers; also in bridge building, railway construction,
etc. Some might be interested in mining, especially of iron, which is
found favorably located for transportation within half a mile of a
navigable river about 50 miles from the mouth of the Orinoco. To
individuals with small capital the gold region would be more
attractive. An important development of the large deposits of bauxite
is attracting much attention.
CHAPTER XII
GUIANA AS A WHOLE: BRITISH GUIANA
The name Guiana has been applied to the entire country between
the Orinoco and the Amazon. We have observed that in Venezuela
the region south of the Orinoco is called the Guiana Highlands. We
shall notice later that the section south of the dividing mountain
range and north of the Amazon as far west as the Rio Negro is called
Brazilian Guiana; but the country which is more strictly Guiana is
east and north of these, though here, too, adjectives are applied as
there are three divisions: British, Dutch, and French Guiana, the
British on the west, the French farthest east.
Area
The area of them all is about 170,000 square miles, of which

British Guiana has 90,000, Dutch 46,000, and French 33,000 square
miles.
As these countries are colonies instead of republics their
governments are naturally different.
Although sighted by Columbus in 1498 and visited not long
afterward by traders, as there was a large Indian population, the
country was settled later than Venezuela and Colombia. After
various vicissitudes the earliest colonies were abandoned. The
difficulties of the later settlements, the changes, insurrections,
massacres, wars, and troubles of various kinds following are too
numerous to recount, and we come immediately to conditions of the
present time.
Physical Characteristics
The three divisions of Guiana are similar, having first a low marshy
coast land, rising at the back very slightly for a distance of 10 to 40
miles. A broader, more elevated tract of sandy or clayey soil follows
with a still higher region in the rear. Of the southern section the
eastern part is almost all forest, the central and southwest portions
have more grass clad savannas, which might support thousands of
cattle if there were any way to get them out. There is a vast network
of water ways, many rivers in their lower sections near the coast
being connected by caños. The forest varies, being dense in river
bottoms and thin on sandy soils. The longest river, the Essequibo, is
about 600 miles, others a little less. At from 50 to 100 miles inland,
all the rivers are blocked by rapids, but some are accessible to large
vessels as far as these. There are various hills and mountains, the
highest, the Pacaraima Range, marking in part the boundary with
Venezuela, the Acarai Mountains with Brazil; the two form the water
shed between the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the Essequibo rivers.
Mt. Roraima, altitude 8635 feet, rising as a red rock 1500 feet above
the forest, is said to have as its top a tableland of 12 square miles.
Several other mountains are from 7000 to 8000 feet high. Ranges of
hills and mountains from 2000 to 3000 feet traverse the country
elsewhere. In Dutch and French Guiana are almost impenetrable
forests, less explored than those of British Guiana, especially
towards the south. A splendid waterfall is the Kaieteur, nearly five
times as high as Niagara, 741 feet, with 81 feet of cataracts just
below, in the midst of lovely tropical vegetation. Many other beautiful
falls of less height, and cascades provide an immense amount of
water power.
The climate is considered good in most places though there is
large rain-fall, at Georgetown averaging 93 inches a year, in some
places 100; but there is no yellow fever, and other diseases except in
certain localities may be guarded against.
British Guiana
Area. This colony has an area of 90,000 square miles, exceeding

that of Great Britain, a sea coast of 270 miles, and a depth varying
from 300 to 535 miles.
The Population according to the official report of 1919 is 310,000.
Boundary. British Guiana has the Atlantic Ocean on the
northeast, Dutch Guiana east, the Corentyn River serving most of
the way as the boundary line; Brazil is on the south, and Brazil and
Venezuela are west.
The Government is practically that of a Crown Colony with a
Governor who has almost absolute power. He is assisted by a
legislative council which has no great influence.
The Population is mixed, East Indians and negroes forming by far
the greater proportion of the total, some mestizos, Chinese, Indians,
and 10,000 whites. The large majority of the people live in the
coastal belt. Many negroes were brought from Africa as slaves, who,
after their emancipation, in large numbers refused to work on the
plantations as before. East Indians were then brought in, who though
not so strong are more industrious and have better health than those
of other races; for one reason because they dress to suit the climate,
draping themselves with a few yards of cotton cloth in a really artistic
manner. The native Indian is useful to the traveler as boatman,
wood-cutter, or huntsman, also to gold diggers, and seekers of
balatá. Some of the half civilized are fairly reliable. If they become
friends they are of great value. The wild Indians are disappearing,
perhaps going farther back.
Education is mainly carried on by religious denominations, with
missions in outlying districts; 224 schools receive government
assistance; there is one government free school in Georgetown
where students may be prepared for English universities or for
ordinary fields of labor. Of course there is full religious liberty, but the
government subsidizes the principal churches, especially the English
and Scotch, in the country the parishes alternating. The Roman
Catholic and the Methodist churches also receive annual grants.
Other denominations are represented, but receive no assistance
except in some cases for schools.
The Post Office is up to date with telephone (1800 miles of wire),
telegraph (575 miles), and savings bank attachments, the last having
over a million dollars on deposit. There is cable communication with
the West Indies and wireless. British money is not in general use;
dollars and cents according to the decimal system of America are
the common currency. The weights and measures are naturally
British like our own.
The Capital of British Guiana, Georgetown, population 54,000,
located at the mouth of the Demerara River, is a tropical garden city
with broad streets, interesting stores, a club, a museum, a curious
market. On account of dampness the houses are all built on pillars.
The city has 50 miles of paved streets with good tramways, etc.
Ports and Transportation
The chief ports of the Guianas are the three capitals, which are
connected with the outside world by the West Indies Mail Services of
the three mother countries, while other steamship lines run regularly
to London, Liverpool, and Glasgow. There is mail service with
Canada and regular steamers from New York. Coast and river
steamers ply regularly along the coast of British Guiana from the
northwest extremity to the Berbice River, at the mouth of which is the
city of New Amsterdam, called a smaller Georgetown, not very far
from the boundary of Dutch Guiana. The country has 95 miles of
railway, 450 of navigable rivers, 39 miles of canals, and 322 of good
roads.
A railway 60 miles long connects Georgetown with New
Amsterdam, i.e., it reaches a point on the Berbice River opposite the
latter city. Five miles of this road from Georgetown to Plaisance,
completed and opened for traffic in 1848, is actually the oldest
railway in South America. Another 19 mile line goes from Vreeden
Hook opposite Georgetown on the Demerara River to Greenwich
Park on the Atlantic at the mouth of the Essequibo. Another short
line running through primeval forest has been laid from Wismar on
the Demerara, 65 miles from its mouth, to Rockstone on the
Essequibo to give access to the upper part of the latter river above
extensive and dangerous rapids, and further to the Potaro and other
gold fields. The Road, besides passenger and tourist traffic handles
a variety of timber. Its owners, (Sprostons Ltd.), who employ over
1000 men, maintain a coast and river service, and own a foundry,
lumber yard, etc. A railway to the Brazil boundary, long planned,
would open up the interior and its valuable resources. From
Rockstone, launches run 90 miles up the river to Potaro Landing. A
service was to be organized to the Kaieteur Falls on the Potaro
River.
Ferries cross the mouths of the three principal rivers, the
Essequibo, the Demerara, and the Berbice. The estuary of the
Essequibo River is 15 miles wide. It contains several large islands,
on some of which are plantations. Vessels drawing less than 20 feet
can enter the river and go up 50 miles. The mouth of the Demerara
River, two miles wide, has a sand bar prohibiting the entrance of
vessels drawing more than 19 feet. To such as enter, the river is
navigable for 70 miles. The Berbice River, two miles wide at its
mouth, is navigable 105 miles for vessels drawing 12 feet and 175
miles for boats drawing 7 feet. The Corentyn River with an estuary
14 miles wide is navigable for 150 miles; this river is the boundary
between British and Dutch Guiana. Roads good enough for
automobiles and carriages, which use them, extend from the
Corentyn River along the coast some miles beyond the mouth of the
Essequibo and a few miles up the rivers.
Resources
At present agriculture and mining are the leading industries.
Agriculture
Sugar, the chief source of revenue for the colony, in slavery days
brought great wealth to the planters; but after the emancipation
some estates were divided, the negroes refused to work steadily if at
all, and production greatly declined. At length East Indians who were
imported helped to revive the industry. Of 105,000 agricultural
laborers 73,000 are East Indians. The plantations are mostly in the
coastal lowlands where 77,000 acres are cultivated. Attention to the
dams needed to keep out the sea in front and water from the morass
at the side, also to the drainage ditches, necessary on account of the

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Essentials of Modern Business

Statistics with Microsoft Office Excel

3. The standard deviation of is referred to as the _____.

4. The standard deviation of is referred to as the _____.

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8. The standard deviation of a point estimator is the _____.

10. The set of all elements of interest in a study is _____.

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19. Excel's RAND function _____.

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26. In point estimation, data from the _____.

27. The sample mean is the point estimator of _____.

28. The sample statistic s is the point estimator of _____.

29. Which of the following is a point estimator?

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35. The sampling distribution of the sample mean _____.

37. The expected value of the random variable is

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44. As the sample size increases, the _____.

46. Doubling the size of the sample will _____.

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63. Refer to Exhibit 7-1. The mean of the population _____.

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70. Refer to Exhibit 7-4. In this problem, the .22 is _____.

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83. Stratified random sampling is a method of selecting a sample in which _____.

84. Cluster sampling is _____.

85. Convenience sampling is an example of _____.

86. Which of the following is an example of a nonprobability sampling technique?

88. The population we want to make inferences about is the _____.

90. It is impossible to construct a frame for a(n) _____.

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ANSWER: a. Possible Samples Sample Means

b. 3.2 and 2.96

ANSWER: a. 10.5; .363; normal

ANSWER: a. 5.0; .5; normal

ANSWER: a. 3,000; 116; normal

ANSWER: a. .8; .04; normal

ANSWER: a. .9; .025; normal

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Other Methods of Communication

Roads. Aside from the railways, a meagre supply for a country of

The Agricultural Zone, according to late statistics, covers the

The forest resources are inexhaustible but hardly touched, the

There is hardly a precious metal or valuable mineral which does

As might be expected, the manufacturing industries of Venezuela

Among the various opportunities for the investment of foreign

The area of them all is about 170,000 square miles, of which

Area. This colony has an area of 90,000 square miles, exceeding

Ports and Transportation

At present agriculture and mining are the leading industries.

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