1 EC431MW Compressed
1 EC431MW Compressed
1 EC431MW Compressed
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
2021
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Cycle
3. Measurement of VSWR
4. Verification of the relation between guide wavelength cut off wavelength and free space
wavelength
8. Unknown load impedance measurement using smith chart and verification using
transmission line equation.
MICROWAVE EXPERIMENTS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB
INDEX
SL.No Experiments Page No.
3 15
Measurement of VSWR
4 18
Verification of the relation between guide wavelength cut off
wavelength and free space wavelength
5 Antenna Pattern Measurement. 21
INTRODUCTION
A dielectric employs a solid dielectric rod rather than a hollow pipe. An optical fiber is a
dielectric guide designed to work at optical frequencies. Transmission lines such as
microstrip, coplanar waveguide, stripline or coaxial may also be considered to be
waveguides
ISOLATOR
FREQUENCY METER
Transmission type, these pass the signal to which they are tuned.
Transmission and absorption types should be used with matched systems with
suitable isolation such as directional couplers. The desirable features of frequency meters
are high Q low loss and immunity from all spurious resonance.
ATTENUATOR
End tapered resistive cards are placed parallel to the electric field to attenuate it in
case of fixed attenuators while in variable attenuator, either the pad coca is reduced or
orientation of the card is changed.
MATCHED TERMINATION
E PLANE TEE
H PLANE TEE
MAGIC TEE
E - H Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series and shunt wave guide
arms, mounted at the exact midpoint of main arm. Both ends of the section of wave guide
and both arms are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers,
AFC circuits and impedance measurement circuits etc. This becomes a four terminal
device where one terminal is isolated from the input terminal.
A typical regulated klystron power supply has a conventional bridge full wave
rectifier followed by a low-pass filter, which serves as the supply for an electronic
voltage regulator. Variable autotransformer in the primary of the high potential supply
transformer adjusts the output voltage of the unregulated supply. Electronic regulation is
achieved by vacuum triode 812 screwing, as regulator and tube 2C53 is a specially
developed high voltage regulator tube and current. Two OD3 voltage regulator tubes in
seriesunder proper operating conditions it draws 1m provide focus and repeller
potentials. Diode 6 x 4 in the reflector circuit prevents the reflector from becoming
positive with respect to cathode. Since reflector and focus voltages are highly negative
with respect to ground, high degree of insulation is provided there in. The modulation is
provided through input capacitor to reflector having an insulation rating of 5000v.
Filament transformer supplying the klystron and tubes 2C 53 and 6 x 4 has an insulation
rating 7000v which is must.
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
GUNN OSCILLATORS
Gunn Oscillators are solid state microwave energy generators. These consist of
waveguide cavity flanged on one end and micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other
end. A Gunn-diode is mounted inside the Wave guide with BNC (F) connector for DC
bias. Each Gunn oscillator is supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency vs
micrometer reading.
PIN MODULATORS
Pin modulators are designed to modulate the continuous wave output of Gunn
Oscillators. It is operated by the square pulses derived from the UHF (F) connector of the
Gunn power supply. These consist of a pin diode mounted inside a section of Wave guide
flanged on its both end. A fixed attenuation vane is mounted inside at the input to protect
the oscillator.
Waveguide
Directional coupler
E plane Tee
Matched termination
Gunn Oscillator
Pin Modulator
Circulator
Klystron Mount
AIM:
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Gunn Power Supply, Gunn Oscillator, PIN Modulator, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,
Frequency Meter, Detector Mount, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and
Accessories.
THEORY:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Model Graph
PROCEDURE:
2. Before switching ON the power supply keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply
as below.
9. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled by
Gunn bias
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of voltage Vs current are drawn and the threshold voltage is
found.
AIM:
To study the Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron with mount, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable
Attenuator, Slotted section with Probe carriage, CRO, Movable Short.
THEORY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
Before switching ON the power supply keep the control knobs of Klystron power supply
as below.
Mode 2
Mode 3
Model graph
RESULT:
3. MEASUREMENT OF VSWR
AIM:
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube with Klystron Mount, Isolator, Variable
Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, S.S.Tuner, Matched
Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
AIM:
To verify relation between Guide Wavelength, free space Wavelength and cut off
wave length for .rectangular wave-guide working on TE10 mode.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
g / 2 = (d1 – d2)
Where, d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima / maxima. It is having
highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
1 1 1
= +
λ20 λ2g λ2c
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
10. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get a square wave in
CRO.
11. Move the tunable probe to a minimum amplitude position and record the
probe position as d1.
12. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position
again as d2.
13. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two
successive minimum positions obtained as above.
14. The measured wave-guide inner broad dimension ‘a’ is around 22.86 mm
for X- band.
15. Measure the frequency.
16. Verify the obtained frequency with frequency meter
RESULT:
Frequency:………………….
Wavelength:…………………
Relation between Guide wave length, free space wave length and cut off wave
length for rectangular wave-guide working on TE10 mode was verified experimently.
To determine the radiation pattern of an antenna and to measure the Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW).
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a
mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if the
open wave-guide is a horn shape. The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field
strength or more often the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant
distance from the radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three-dimensional
but for practical reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or
several planes. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and
the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep
the power in the side lobes and back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at
maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary
omni-directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same power fed to
the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure. Keeping the axis of both
antennas in same axis line.
2. Switch on the power supply, and switch on the current source for exciting test
antenna.
3. Adjust the Test antenna (Dipole) such that maximum reading is observed on micro
ammeter. Note the maximum output current.
4. Test antenna is rotated in a step of 10 degrees anticlockwise and clockwise direction.
Record the output current in each case.
5. Plot the power patten (Output current/power vs Angle) in polar plot and find the Half
Power Beam Width (HPBW) of Antenna by marking half power point in plot.
TABULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the radiation pattern is determined and the Half Power Beam Width are
measured.
AIM:
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply, Klystron with mount, isolator, variable attenuator, slotted
section, Magic Tee, Matched termination, detector mount, CRO.
THEORY:
H Plane Tee
E Plane Tee
E plane tee is an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened to the broader wall of the
main guide. Thus it is also a three port device in which the auxiliary arm axis in parallel
to the plane of the electric fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main guide
to the auxiliary guide is by means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E plane
tee. It is clear that it causes load connected to its branches to appear in series. So it is
often referred to as a series tee. As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are
symmetrical with respect to the auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the
auxiliary arm, it is equally distributed in the two arms 1 and 2 when they are terminated
in equal loads. However as depicted in the field configuration, the power flowing out in
arm 1 is 180 out of phase to the one in arm 2. As such tee is known as `subtracter’ or
`differencer’.
Magic tee:
Isolation
The isolation of a T junction is the ratio of power supplied from a matched generator to
one of the arms, to the power coupled to a matched detector in any other arm when the
remaining arm is terminated in a matched load.
Coupling coefficient:
Where is the attenuation in db between the input and detector arm when the
third arm is terminated in a matched load.
Isolations
The isolation between E-and H-arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the matched generator connected to E-arms (port-4), to the power detected in
H-arm (port-3) by a matched detector when collinear arms (1&2) are terminated
in matched loads. It is expressed in db.
Magic tee
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
1. Remove the slotted line and Magic Tee/E/H Tee and connect the detector
mount.
2. Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
3. Note down the input voltage as Vi (mv) or Input power (Pi dBm) (should not
alter the setting)
4. Now connect the magic tee/E-Plane/H-Plane Tee.
5. Determine the corresponding voltages Vj (mv)/ Power (Pj dBm) for each pair
of ports by connecting one port to the source and measuring the output at other
port while the remaining ports are connected to matched termination.
6. Determine the isolation and coupling coefficients for the given Tee.
Generator to port i
Detector mount to port j
All other port is terminated using match termination.
Iij = 20 log Vi/Vj
−I ij
Cij = 10 20
Where is the attenuation in db when i is the input and j the output arm. Thus
(db) = 10 log Pi / Pj where Pi is the power delivered to i arm by a matched generator and
Pj is the power detected by a matched detector in arm j. In the case of magic tee, there are
12 coupling constants, one for each of the arms as an input to each of the other three arms
as an output. However, if we have a perfectly matched detector and generator, C ij = Cji
and also the reciprocity desires C12 = C21, C32 = C31 and C41 = C42.
RESULT:
AIM:
THEORY:
Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main line input terminal
when the matched loads are placed at all other ports. Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR
measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal when the matched loads
are placed on other terminals. Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the
transmission line by insertion of coupler, it is defined as:
1] Without connecting the directional coupler measure input power using the power
meter.
2] Without changing the gunn bias or any other setting connect the directional coupler.
PROCEDURE:
3] Without connecting the directional coupler measure input power using power meter.
4] Without changing the Gunn bias or any other setting connect the directional coupler.
Measurement of directivity
RESULT:
Thus the coupling coefficient and directivity of a given directional coupler was
measured.
AIM:
To determine the unknown load impedance using smith chart and transmission
line equation.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron tube with mount, isolator, variable
attenuator, slotted section with probe, matched termination, SWR meter.
THEORY:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
10. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the SWR scale, and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter. Now you can detune the meter from dip
position.
11. Measure the guide wavelength λg as previous experiment λg = 2 (d1- d2)
12. . Keep the depth of pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
13. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading.
14. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the meter
indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scale.
15. Move the probe to next minima point.
16. Select SWR/dB switch to SWR position. Record the SWR reading.
17. At this maximum position of the meter record the probe position from slotted line as
X1.
18. Replace the load by fixed short/movable short & measure the new standing wave
positions i.e. shift in minima. Record it as X2.
19. Calculate X2-X1, it will be positive if the minima shift is towards load & negative if it
has shifted towards generator.
20. Calculate shift in wavelength (d) = X2 – X1
21. Use normalized chart (Smith Chart) & draw a circle with radius = 1/VSWR & take
center of circle = 0.00 on the smith chart.
22. Locate a point at a distance d (shift in minima) from the 0.0 moving in clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction (depends on getting minima towards generator or load).
23. Join the above point to the centre of smith chart. The intersection of VSWR circle &
this line gives load, reactive component or reactive circle & resistive component on
real circle.
24. Normalized impedance a+ib where a & b are the real and reactive components.
25. The multiplication with characteristic impedance will give you the load impedance.
RESULT:
AIM:
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
The impedance are equal so Z0 and ZC are respectively the characteristic impedance of
empty and dielectric filled waveguide β and βc are respectively the propagation constant.
PROCEDURE:
εr =
(( ) ( ) )
a 2 β e Le
π Le
+1 ÷ (
2a 2
λg( )+1)
Take the appropriate value for the dielectric constant by knowing the
material in advance.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
RESULT:
AIM:
To get familiarized with the principle and usage of vector network analyzer
(VNA). To use VNA for measuring the network parameters of an RF low pass filter and
center fed dipole antenna.
THEORY:
An n-port VNA can determine the complete S-matrix (i.e., all S parameters) of a
device, which the complex reflection coefficients on all ports, as well as the complex
transmission coefficients between all ports. If only one port is available, the Scattering
matrix reduces to S11. For a two port VNA, the scattering matrix consists of four
elements:
b1 = S11a1 + S12a2
b2 = S21a1 + S22a2
S11 and S22 are the complex reflection coefficients of both ports and S21 and S12 are the
complex transmission factors between the ports. a12 and b12 are the amplitudes of the
outgoing and incoming waves, respectively. Determining the elements of the matrix
requires four measurements in total. First a signal is produced at port 1 (a2 = 0) and b1
and b2 are measured. Hence S11 and S21 are obtained. Then a1 is set to zero and the signal
is connected to port 2. Measuring b1 and b2 now yields S12 and S22. In each case, the
applied signal is sinusoidal, and the measurement is repeated at many different
frequencies. An n-port VNA proceeds accordingly with more ports, with power being
applied to only one port at a time. Of course, it is not always necessary to measure all the
components of the S-matrix. Remember that the elements of the scattering matrix are
always referred to specific line impedance.
Components of VNA:
Signal generator.
Components to separate the incoming and reflected wave. Key elements are
directional couplers.
The receiver groups that down-converts and demodulates the received signal.
Digital signal processing and a display of the measured data.
A tunable signal generator is used as signal source. The separation of the incoming
and the reflected wave is achieved with directional couplers, explained in section. The
measured signal is then down-converted in several stages to DC using mixers, so that
both the in-phase and out-of phase components (i.e. real and imaginary part) can be
extracted and digitized. Between the two mixing stages used for down conversion, the
signal is filtered to a narrowband, which provides the desired frequency selectivity and
sets the so called intermediate frequency bandwidth (IFBW). By adjusting it, a tradeoff
between sensitivity and speed can be made. Modern network analyzers can present the
data in various formats. Among these are a logarithmic plot of the amplitude of the
scattering parameter, its phase, and it’s trajectory in the complex plane.
The network analyzer needs a test signal, and a signal generator or signal source will
provide one. Older network analyses did not have their own signal generator, but had the
ability to control a standalone signal generator using, for example, a GPIB connection.
Nearly all modern network analyzers have a built in signal generator. High performance
network analyzers have two built in sources.
The test set takes the signal generator output and routes it to the device under test, and
it routes the signal to be measured to the receivers. It often splits off a reference channel
for the incident wave. In a SNA, the reference channel may go to a diode detector whose
output is set to the signal generators output and better measurement accuracy. In a VNA
the reference channel goes to the receivers; it is needed to serve as a phase reference.
Some microwave test sets include the front end mixers for the receivers (test set for
HP 8510).The receivers make the measurements. A network analyzer will have one or
more receivers connected to its test ports. The reference test port is usually labeled as r
and the primary test ports are A B C.... Some analyzers will dedicate a separate receiver
to each test port, but others share one or two receiver among the ports. For the SNA the
receiver only measures the magnitude of the signal. A receiver can be a detector diode
that operates at the test frequency.
For the VNA the receiver measures both the magnitude and the phase of the signal. It
needs a reference channel (R) to determine the phase, so a VNA needs at least two
receivers. The usual method down converts the reference and test channels to make the
measurements at a lower frequency. The phase may be measured with a quadrature
detector.
RESULTS:
Measured S11 and S21 of a low pass filter and Input impedance of Dipole antenna