RCD2 - Reinforced Concrete & Signly Reinforced Beams
RCD2 - Reinforced Concrete & Signly Reinforced Beams
RCD2 - Reinforced Concrete & Signly Reinforced Beams
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Concrete is a mixture of
portland cement or any
other hydraulic cement,
fine aggregate, course
aggregate and water,
with or without
admixtures.
Types of Concrete
1. Plain Concrete – is structure concrete with no reinforcement or
with less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for
reinforcement.
…
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
Beta factor ß shall be known as:
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
BEAMS REINFORCED
FOR TENSION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
a - depth of equivalent rectangular stress blocks
a = βc
c - distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
β – beta factor
dt - distance from extreme compression fiber from the centroid of outmost tension reinforcement
d – effective depth from extreme compression fiber from the centroid of tension reinforcement
b – width of non-prestressed tension reinforcement.
As – area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement
As min – minimum amount of flexural reinforcement
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
Ec – modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ec = 4700 𝑓𝑐 for normal weight concrete
.
Ec = 𝑊𝑐 0.043 𝑓𝑐 for values between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3
Es – modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
Es = 200,000MPa
fc’ – specified compressive strength of concrete
fy – specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement
fs – calculated stress in reinforcement in service load
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
ρ – ratio of non prestressed tension reinforcement
ρ=
ρb – reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
.
ρb =
( )
ρmax - maximum steel ratio
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
ω – tension reinforcement index
ω=ρ
ρmin - minimum steel ratio
.
ρmin =
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
.
As min = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 but not less than where bw = web width, for rectangular section b=bw
Ø - strength reduction factor
Nominal moment:
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
Mn = 0.85fc’ ab (d –a/2)
Ultimate moment:
Mu = ø Asfy (d –a/2)
Mu = ø fc’bd2 ω (1 – 0.59 ω)
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
WHITNEY RECTANGULAR STRESS DIAGRAM
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Strain distribution is assumed to be linear.
- Bernoullis hypothesis that plane sections before bending remain plane and
perpendicular to the neutral axis after bending.
2. Strain in the steel and surrounding concrete is the same prior o the cracking of concrete
or yielding steel.
3. Concrete is weak in tension.
- Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
- Tensile reinforcement is assumed to take all the total tensile force
4. The maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed to
be cu = 0.003
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
ASSUMPTIONS
Maximum usable strain, 𝒄𝒖
ASSUMPTIONS
5. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade reinforcement used
shall be taken as Es times steel strain
fs = Es
for > fy, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and
equal to fy.
6. Concrete stress of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by the edges of the cross section and a straight line located
parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a =βc from the fiber maximum compressive
strain
7. Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in a
direction perpendicular to the axis.
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
ASSUMPTIONS
8. Based on NSCP Specifications, factor β shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strength fc’
= 17MPa to and including 28MPa.
For strength 28 to 55 MPA
. ( )
β = 0.85 - but not less than 0.65
NOTE: ACI 381 M-2005 Code:
For fc’ between 17MPa to 28MPa, β = 0.85
. ( )
β = 0.85 - but not less than 0.65
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
ASSUMPTIONS
cu = 0.003
d – a/2
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
Es = 200000Mpa
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏) = 𝟑
As = Asb
𝟒
600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏) = 𝑐𝑏 fy
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
a=β𝒄
y = Mn = Asfy (d –a/2)
Mu = øMn
0.003 s
= Check:
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝑨𝒔
𝝆= − 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝒃𝒅
. ( )
s =
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟔𝟎𝟎
ρb =
𝒇𝒚(𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚)
When, s > y steel yields
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
𝟏.𝟒
ρmin =
𝒇𝒚
y = T=C
Asfs = 0.85fc’ ab
0.003 s
= a=β𝑐
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
. ( ) . ( )
s = (As) (Es) = 0.85fc’ (β 𝑐)b
𝑨𝒔
𝝆= − 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝒃𝒅
ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
C = 0.85 fc’ ab (compressive force of concrete)
T = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (tensile force of steel reinforcement)
Fh = 0
T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 fc’ ab
Asfy
a = .
Mu = øC (d – a/2)
Mu = ø 0.85fc’ab (d-a/2)
ø 0.85fc’ b (d−a/2)
Mu = d−
.
𝐴𝑠 =ρbd
Fh = 0
ρ
Mu = øfc’ω bd 𝑑 −
.
T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 fc’ ab ρ
Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 − .
Asfy
a = . ω
Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 −
.
Mu = øC (d – a/2)
ω
Mu = ø 0.85fc’ab (d-a/2) Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 1 −
.
ø 0.85fc’ b (d−a/2)
Mu = d−
.
Mu = = øfc’ω 𝒃𝒅𝟐(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 ω)
𝐴𝑠 =ρbd
Rn = fc’ ω (1 – 0.59 ω )
Rn – coefficient of resistance
Mu = ø 𝑏𝑑2 Rn
𝑴𝒖
Rn =ø
𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
ρ= 𝟏−
𝒇𝒚 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄
Mu = øAsfy (d-a/2)
Mu = øMn
Mn = Asfy (d-a/2)
ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
𝐀 𝐬 𝐟𝐲
1. Locate the neutral axis by assuming that the steel reinforcement yields. 𝐚 = 𝜷𝐜 =
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝐟𝐜 𝐛
4. If the tension steel yields, the nominal strength is now calculated using
𝐚 𝐚
𝐌𝐧 = 𝐀 𝐬 𝐟𝐬 𝐝 − = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃 𝐝 −
𝟐 𝟐
5. If the tension steel does not yield, the nominal strength is recalculated after
locating the neutral axis. 𝒅−𝒄
𝐀𝐬 𝜺𝒄𝒖 𝑬𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝒄𝒃
𝒄
6. . Take note that the steel reinforcements should have a total area not less than
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒄
𝐀 𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the nominal strength of the beam shown if
and
Solution:
Given:
fc’ =28MPa , ß = 0.85
fy = 420 Mpa
As = 1530 mm2
d = 430mm
b = 300mm
T=C
Asfy = 0.85fc’ ab
(1530)(420) = 0.85 (28) (a) (b)
a = 90 mm
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
0.003 𝜀
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
0.003 𝜀
=
105.88 430 − 105.88
ε = 0.00918
εy = (fy/ES)
εy = (420/200000)
a = 90mm εy = 0.0021 < 0.00918
therefore steel yields
a = ßc
a = 0.85 c Mn = Asfy ( d – a/2)
Mn = 1520(420)(430 – 90/2)
c = 105.88mm Mn = 247.01 kN-m