FUNDAMENTALS

OF
LUBE & SEAL OIL SYSTEM

GAS SEAL SYSTEM

 FUNDAMENTALS
OF
LUBE & SEAL OIL SYSTEM

MHI Turbo-Techno Co.

TRAINING CENTER

Data No. TR-513

REV 3 2004.03.06
 ＩＮ Ｄ Ｅ Ｘ

page

Part 1. General explanation of system ３

Part 2. Construction of Major equipments for oil system 31

Part 3. Typical Lube and Seal Oil Diagram and Safety Device 71

Part 4. Typical Dry Gas Seal Diagram and Safety Device 77

Part5. Lubricant Oil Checking Criterion 81

− １ −
 -2-

OIL System

General Purpose Oil System

Application for the equipment
•that is usually spared equipment
•in non-critical service

Special Purpose Oil System

Application for the equipment

•uninterrupted, continuous operation in service

•that is usually no spare equipment

Part 1. General explanation of system

1. General:

The lubrication, shaft sealing and control oil system (hereinafter, LO or SO or LSO system) is designed in accordance with API 614 (American

Petroleum Institute) with some modification by customer’s request and/or contract specification. Therefore, the basic LO or SO or LSO system is

described in this textbook. For particular contract, please refer to the system description in the particular instruction manual.

2. Kinds of oil system:

There are two (2) kind of system specified in API 614.

1) General Purpose Oil System:

This system is the application for the equipment that is usually spared or in non-critical service.

The basic oil system has minimum components to supply sufficient quantities of clean, filtered oil at proper pressure and temperature for

start up and all operating conditions.

2) Special Purpose Oil System:

This system is the application for which the equipment is designed for uninterrupted, continuous operation in critical service and for which

there is usually no spare equipment. The system is designed as a separate console or integral base-plate if approved by the Client. This

design allows for smooth transfer between and the shutdown of main and spare components of the system for maintenance without any

interrupting the operation of the system or the equipment the system services.

− ３ −
 -4-

Application for General Purpose Oil System ------

Process Pumps, Fans, Blowers which have stand-by equipment

Pressure
Control Orifice
Option
Control valve

SINGLE
FILTER Option ROTATING EQUIPMENT
Dual Filters

SINGLE
COOLER SHAFT DRIVEN OIL PUMP

OIL RESERVOIR

Electric motor driven

Start up oil pump

Minimum Requirement for General Purpose Oil System

Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −
3． General Purpose Oil system:
This system is normally applied for process pumps, funs, blowers and their drivers, for which forced lubrication system is
required.
The basic oil system contain as a minimum the following equipments:
(1) Single pump which will be, normally, shaft driven
(2) Motor driven start-up pump
(3) Reservoir of stainless steel with 3 minutes retention time (or combined equipment base-plate)
(4) Single cooler
(5) Single filter with 25 micron nominal
(6) Single regulator for control of delivered oil pressure

− ５−
 - 6-

LUBE OIL
RUN DOWN TANK
TO LUBE OIL
LUBE OIL PCV RESERVOIR

ACCUMULATOR LUBE OIL

LUBE OIL FILTER

COMP.
GOV. OIL

VENT
COOLING WATER TURBINE

LUBE OIL COOLER

STEAM N2

LUBE OIL

MOTOR

TURBINE

STEAM

LUBE OIL PUMP LUBE OIL RESERVOIR

Typical Oil System (LO) for Special Purpose Application

Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

4． Special Purpose Oil system:

This system is normal application to the centrifugal compressors, gears if any and their drivers. The design is suitable for
continuous operation without any interrupted operation of the system and equipment.

The typical oil system (LO) for special purpose application is shown. In this case, the system consist of
(1) Main lube oil pump which will be, normally, driven by steam turbine
(2) Stand by lube oil pump which will be driven by electric motor
(3) Stainless steel oil reservoir with 8 minutes retention time
(4) Dual oil coolers with a continuous flow transfer valve
(5) Dual oil filters with a continuous flow transfer valve (10 micron nominal)
(6) Single control valve of delivered lube oil pressure
Normally, above equipments are mounted in the separate oil console.
(7) Stainless steel accumulator for governor oil line covers oil at transient condition of steam turbine governing system
(8) Lube oil run down tank of stainless steel with min. 3 minutes covers oil quantities during coast down time

− ７−
 - 8-

Seal System---------Labyrinth Seal or Dry Gas Seal Application

Basic Oil System for Lubricant & Control Oil System

ROTARY PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

LUBE OIL
PCV

GOV.
LUBE OIL OIL
TURB. COMP.
TURB. COMP.
GOV. OIL
DRAIN
LUBE OIL DRAIN
PCV

FILTER

COOLER

FILTER COOLER PCV

LO RES-
ERVOIR LO RES-
PUMP
PUMP ERVOIR
Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued:

5. Variation of lube oil system:

In case of dry gas seal or labyrinth seal application for compressors as seal system, separate LO system is supplied per API and the Client’s

requirement

There are two (2) types of LO system configuration as shown depending upon the type of applicable oil pump.

1) Centrifugal pump:

The discharge pressure of oil pump is determined based on the required pressure of governor oil to the steam turbine including various

pressure drops and head difference between the main equipment and oil console. Governor oil is directly supplied from the down steam of

oil filter. The lube oil to the equipment is supplied through lube oil pressure control valve.

2) Rotary pump:

The set pressure of pressure control valve from the downstream of oil pump is determined based on the required pressure of governor oil

to the steam turbine including various pressure drops and head difference. Lube oil is supplied through pressure control valve, and

governor oil is supplied directly from the downstream of oil filter.

− ９ −
 - 10 -
LUBE OIL
GOV. OIL

Seal System---Oil Film or Contact Seal

TURB. COMP.

DRAIN

SEAL OIL LCV

Combined LSO System
SEAL OIL FILTER SOUR DRAIN

PCV
SEAL OIL PUMP

LUBE OIL
PCV FILTER COOLER LUBE OIL PUMP
OIL RES-
Boost Up Type
ERVOIR

BOOST UP TYPE
High seal oil pressure
LUBE OIL

TURB. COMP.
GOV. OIL Reduced Type
DRAIN
SOUR DRAIN
LUBE OIL Low and medium seal oil pressure
PCV

SEAL OIL LCV

GOV. OIL PCV

PCV FILTER COOLER

OIL RES-
PUMP ERVOIR

REDUCED TYPE

BASIC OIL SYSTEM FOR COMBINED LSO

Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued:

6. Variation of combined lube oil and seal oil system:

In case of the application of oil film seals or contact seal, combined LSO or separate LO and SO systems are designed per API and Client

requirements. In this system, Oil reservoir for lube oil and seal oil is common

There are two (2) types of combined LSO system configuration.

1) Reduced type:

This type system is normally applied in case that sealing pressure is low or medium level. The rotary pump covering lube and seal oil

quantities is utilized for this system. The set pressure of pressure control valve located downstream of oil pump is determined based on

the required pressure of seal oil to compressors or governor oil to the turbine including various pressure drops and head difference.

Lube oil and governor oil to the equipments are supplied through pressure control valves respectively. Seal oil is supplied to the

equipments from the down stream of oil filter through seal oil level control valve (oil film case) or differential pressure control valve

(contact mechanical seal).

2) Boost up type:

If the sealing pressure to the compressor is high, suitable rotary pumps for reduced type application will not be available in the market. In

such cases, the boost up system as shown is applied as LSO system. From the down stream of lube oil filter, seal oil is extracted and

pressurized to the required pressure by rotary seal oil pump and supplied to the equipment through seal oil filter and level control valve

or differential pressure control valve.

− １１ −
 - 12 -
LUBE OIL
Seal System---Oil Film or Contact Seal PCV
GOV.
OIL TURB. COMP. COMP.
L.P. SEAL
OIL LCV
Separate LSO System DRAIN

SOUR DRAIN H.P. SEAL OIL

FILTER
FILTER
No contamination of Lubricant Oil and Seal Oil H.P. SEAL
H.P. SEAL
OIL PUMP
OIL PCV H.P. SEAL
COOLER OIL LCV

LUBE OIL
PUMP COOLER L.P. SEAL
Lubricant Oil System LO RES-
ERVOIR
SO RES-
ERVOIR
L.P. SEAL OIL
PUMP
OIL FILTER

SEPARATE BOOST UP
Plus
GOV.
OIL
TURB. COMP.
LUBE OIL
Seal Oil System PCV
SEAL OIL LCV

DRAIN

SEAL OIL FILTER

High Pressure Application------Boost Up SOUR DRAIN

FILTER
SEAL OIL PCV
Low Pressure and medium pressure application
COOLER

LUBE OIL SEAL OIL PUMP COOLER

PUMP
LO RES- SO RES-
ERVOIR ERVOIR

SEPARATE

Basic Oil System for Separate LSO

Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued:

7. Variation of Separate lube oil and seal oil system:

In this system, Oil reservoirs for lube oil and seal oil is completely separated to avoid the mixing of lube and seal oil

There are two (2) types of separate LSO system configuration as shown.

1) Separate type:

This type system is normally applied in case that sealing pressure is low or medium level. The lube system configuration is same as

separate lube oil system.

The rotary pump covering only seal oil quantities is utilized for seal system. The set pressure of pressure control valve located

downstream of seal oil pump is determined based on the required pressure of seal oil to the compressors including various pressure drops

and head difference.

2) Separate Boost up type:

If the sealing pressure of the compressor is high, suitable rotary pumps will not be available in the market. In such cases, the boost up

system as shown is applied as SO system. In this case L.P seal oil pumps and H.P. seal oil pumps are required.

− １３ −
 - 14 -
SEAL OIL HEAD TANK
SEAL OIL FILTER

SEAL OIL LCV

SEAL OIL
SEAL OIL PCV
LUBE OIL

COMP.

VENT

TURBINE

DEGASSING TANK

N2
STEAM

MOTOR STEAM

SEAL OIL TRAP

TURBINE

STEAM

SEAL OIL PUMP SEAL OIL TANK

Basic Seal Oil System

Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued:

8. Basic seal oil system:

In case of gas turbine driven compressors, the lube oil will be supplied from the system of gas turbine side.

Compressor vender supplies the separate seal oil system as shown if seal type is oil film or contact seal.

(Note: This is very rare case because dry gas seal is common application for the gas market.)

SO system consists of the following equipments:

(1) Main seal oil pump which will be, normally, driven by steam turbine
(2) Stand by seal oil pump which will be driven by electric motor
(3) Stainless steel oil reservoir with 8 minutes retention time
(4) Dual oil coolers with a continuous flow transfer valve
(5) Dual oil filters with a continuous flow transfer valve (10 micron nominal)
(6) Pressure control valve to maintain pump discharge pressure
(7) Level control valve(s) of delivered seal oil to the compressor
(8) Stainless steel degassing tank
Normally, above equipments are mounted in the separate oil console.
(9) Stainless steel seal oil head tank with retention time per API 614
(10)Sour oil drain traps

− １５ −
 - 16 -

INJECTION SUPPLY (DRY PLANT AIR)

BLEED TO
LP COMP.
GAS VENT VENT
BALANCE

VENT TO ATMOSPHERE

GAS BALANCE GAS BALANCE

BALANCE BALANCE
CONNECTOR CONNECTOR

SUCTION DISCHARGE 1ST SECTION 2ND SECTION

ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC

DRAIN DRAIN DRAIN DRAIN

LP COMPRESSOR HP COMPRESSOR

SEALING DIAGRAM FOR AIR COMPRESSOR

Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued:

9. Seal System:
The selection of shaft seal is referred to as the heart of centrifugal compressors. The basic knowledge and principle of sealing is important to
facilitate the understanding the various seal system. Labyrinth Seal, Oil film Seal, Contact Seal and Dry Gas Seal systems are illustrated in following
pages.
9-1 Labyrinth Seal

Labyrinth seals are used in compressor where some amount of gas leakage to atmosphere is acceptable for process, such as
air compressor. An example of air compressors in ammonia plant is illustrated. External system consists of piping for the
seal pressure balancing of compressor (Gas Balance), and venting to atmosphere. For HP compressor, bleed line to the
Gas Balance of LP compressor is provided in order to minimize the leakage rate to the atmosphere. Dry air injection piping
is provided in outside labyrinth pockets in order to avoid the possibility of water condensation in bearing chamber.

− １７ −
 - 18 -
EJECTOR

1D 1S INJECTION SUPPLY
(DRY PLANT AIR)

BLEED OFF BLEED OFF

TO 1S TO 1S

BLEED TO LP

BALANCE
CONNECTOR

ATMOSPHERIC
DRAIN

4S 4D 3D 3S
2S 2D 1D 1S GAS BALANCE
LP COMPRESSOR HP COMPRESSOR

SEALING DIAGRAM FOR CO2 COMPRESSOR

Part 1. General explanation of system--------Continued：

9-2 Labyrinth Seal with ejector system

The Labyrinth seals are also used in compressor, which cannot tolerate any gas leakage to atmosphere. This is available by applying external system

for evacuating gas from the seals and injecting gas into the seals.

An example of CO2 compressors in Urea plant is illustrated.

The ejector system shown utilizes for labyrinth seal. The ejector is powered by motive gas from 1st discharge gas. The motive gas and the gas

evacuated from seals are discharged to the 1st suction. Therefore, there is no leakage of gas to the atmosphere. The evaluated gas includes dry

air from injection supply line, however the process is acceptable for the contamination of air to the process gas in case of Urea Plant.

− １９ −
 - 20 -
- 20
SEAL OIL
HEAD TANK SEAL OIL
HEAD TANK
LIC Pdl
△P=0.35 kgf/cm2 g LIC Pdl
LCV SEAL △P=0.35 kgf/cm2 g
DIFFERENTIAL LCV SEAL
PRESS. DIFFERENTIAL
PRESS.

LOW PRESSURE REFERENCE

LOW PRESSURE REFERENCE

PIC

HEIGHT +4,572 mm
SEAL OIL SUPPLY

HEIGHT +4,572 mm
SEAL OIL SUPPLY
TO OIL
RESERVOIR TO OIL
LCV RESERVOIR
PCV

FILTER
FILTER

BALANCE
BALANCE
CONNECTOR
CONNECTOR

a. SPLIT RANGE CONTROL b. BACK PRESSURE CONTROL

SO SUPPLY SYSTEM-OIL FILM SEAL

Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

10．Oil Film Seal:

The oil film seal consists of two rings, which are free to float radically to follow shaft movement. Seal oil is introduced between rings, flows
across these rings to the internal and external drains as shown.

By keeping the oil level in a seal oil head tank with 4572±300 mm higher than the center line of a compressor, the supply seal oil
pressure is controlled to 0.35 kgf/cm2 higher than the seal pressure. A level control valve (LCV) corresponding to the seal oil head tank
level controls this deferential pressure of 0.35 kgf/cm2.

10-1) Oil film seal control

There are two variations of level control system.

1) Back Pressure Control (b):

The primary pressure control is provided by backpressure control valve. It is set to maintain the seal oil supply to the level control valve
at a pressure greater than the highest sealing pressure required. The secondary of final control is by level control valve. This is basic
level control system.

− ２１−
 - 22 -

LT

100
LCV-B CONTROL, LCV-A FULL OPEN

FLOAT
SEAL OIL LCV-B OPEN
HEAD TANK LCV-A OPEN 50
LCV-A CONTROL,
LCV-B FULL OPEN
0
LT OUTPUT 0.2 1.0
AIR SIGNAL
LCV-B TO COMPRESSOR kgf/cm2g
0.2 0.6 1.0 kgf/cm2g
LCV-B OPEN
kgf/cm2g OPEN CLOSE kgf/cm2g LIC INPUT
1.0 1.0

LCV-B ACTION LI

LIC OUTPUT
LCV INPUT
FILTER LEVEL INDICATOR
0.6 0.6

LCV-A ACTION

0.2 0.2
OPEN CLOSE
LCV-A
LCV-A OPEN SPLIT RANGE
CONTROL SYSTEM
Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

10-1) Continued:

2) Split Range Control (a):

A seal oil header pressure of this system is not constant but is controlled by the required sealing pressure. In this system, a seal oil
pressure is minimized. As results, the power of a seal oil pump driver can be saved. This type is used for comparatively a high-pressure
service. The air signal from LT (Level transmitter) of a seal oil head tank is transmitted to LIC (Level indicator/controller). As shown on
the schematic drawing, level control valves (LCV-A and LCV-B) are open and/or close by the air signal pressure of 0.2 to 1.0 kgf/cm2
from LIC. When a train has two or three compressors, Low Signal Selector (LY selector) selects the lowest one among two or three
signals from LT of each head tank and this lowest signal is sent to LCV-A and control the seal oil header pressure． Each LCV-B is
controlled individually by the signals from each seal oil head tank.

− ２３−
 - 24 -

LIC

SEAL OIL

LCV

TO OIL TANK
NC

TO TRAP TO TRAP

FLOW THROUGH SYSTEM

Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

10-1) Continued:

3) Flow Through System:

The flow through system illustrated is another variation of oil film seal control system.

For the recycle gas compressors for such as oil refinery and methanol plant, seal rings have small clearances because the clearances are
designed based on the high sealing pressure for normal operation.

Normally, these recycle gas compressors are subject of a catalysis generation operation periodically. At this operation, the sealing
pressure becomes considerably lower than normal sealing pressure. So, sufficient seal oil for cooling down of seal rings cannot be supplied.
At that time, the by-pass valve opens by the low-pressure signal of reference line, and the additional cooling oil is supplied to the outside
of seal rings to avoid the over heating of rings.

− ２５−
 - 26 -

SEAL OIL
PDT SUPPLY

TO
TANK

PDCV
△P = 1.75 kgf/cm2g

SEAL PRESS.

b. CONTACT SEAL
Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

11．Contact Seal:
The contact seal consists of two seal rings and mating flange.
This seal is a kind of mechanical seal, and normally applied to the compressor handling sweet gas.
Two (2) seal rings contact with mating flange to seal the gas. The mating flange is fixed to the rotor and rotating. The seal rings is fixed to
the housing and spring loaded to the mating flange to maintain required surface pressure.
Seal oil pressure to the contact seal is controlled by differential pressure control valve by which pressure is 1.75∼2.1 Kgf/cm2 higher
than seal gas pressure. A seal oil form oil film between rings to seal and also cools the rings.

− ２７−
 - 28 -

Filtered Secondary
To Safe Area Leakage Out Separation gas
Seal Gas Supply
Primary Vent Out
Supply

Casing
Inside
Part 1. General explanation of system − − − Continued − − −

12．Dry Gas Seal:

John Crane tandem dry gas seals are applied for MAC compressors and are now common application to the compressors.
The dry gas seal consists of the rotating parts (Mating Ring) and stationary parts (Primary Ring).
The mating ring between these two faces has thin grooves provided which develop a fluid dynamic pressure between the mating ring face
and the primary ring, thereby preventing the stationary and rotating surface from coming into contact.
Concerning gas seal flow of dry gas seal, please refer to textbook of “
Fundamental of Centrifugal Compressor”.

− ２９−
 - 30-

OIL RESERVOIR CONFIGULATION

Purge Connection Pressure Oil Filter-Breather or
(N2 Gas) Return (Individual) High Vent
Man-ways

Sloped Degasification Tray Non Pressure Oil

Rundown Level
Return (Individual)
Max. Oil Level
LG LS
Min. 50mm
Min. Oil Level

Working Capacity Option

Baffle
Min 5 Minutes of Siphon Breaker
normal Flow

Retention Capacity
Min 8 Minutes of Suction Loss Level
normal Flow
Option
Conditioner Suction
Pump Suction Level

Drain
Pump Suction
Steam Heater
Part 2. Construction of Major equipments for oil system

Following major equipments for oil system are hereinafter illustrated.

(1) Oil reservoir (7) 6-way valve
(2) Oil pumps (8) Accumulators
(3) Pump drive steam turbine (9) Seal Oil Head Tank
(4) Pump drive electric motor (10) Lube oil run down tank
(5) Oil coolers (11) Seal Oil Trap
(6) Oil filters (12) Degassing Tank
(1) Oil Reservoir
Oil reservoir is designed in accordance with the requirement specified by API 614 and/or Client’s specification.
(a) The working capacity between minimum oil level and suction-loss level is minimum 5 minutes of normal flow, and retention capacity from
minimum oil level should be minimum 8 minutes of normal flow.
(b) Rundown capacity should allow for all of the oil contaminated in the equipments, bearing and seal housings, control elements and piping
that drain back to the reservoir and has 10% allowance to the above mentioned returned oil flow.
(c) All oil drain connections are located hydraulically as far away from pump suction connections to avoid disturbing the
oil flow at pumps inlets. All atmospheric oil return connections are to be located above maximum oil level and
transport oil via degassing tray. All pressurized oil return connections are separate and discharge oil via internal
piping below the pump suction loss level.
(d) The bottom of oil reservoir slope continuously to a low point for complete drainage. Normally, steam heater is provided external to the oil
reservoir. (Electric heater is option)
(e) The reservoir has several features and appendages such as purge connection, man-way, fill opening, filter-
breather, blind vent connection, and etc in accordance with API requirement.

− ３１−
 - 32 -

5.4 6.5

30
DANGEROUS ZONE
If strong sparks generate by static
electrocity, there is possibilities of ignition EXPLOSION ZONE
and explosion.
20

O2
11.5
10

(Vol %)
SAFETY CAUTION
ZONE
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FLAMABLE GAS CONTENT

(EQUIVALENT TO METHANE = CH4) Vol %
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(1) Oil Reservoir----Continued:

N2 gas is purged to the top space of the oil reservoir to prevent air (O2) entrance into tank so as to avoid the possibility of explosion by
static electricity.
(Normal charging pressure is 20 mm Aq inside the oil reservoir)
The illustration shows the map of safety, dangerous and explosion zone in case of mixing O2 and methane gas contents. The key point to
avoid the possibility of explosion is to eliminate O2 contents by purging and spark by grounding device.

− ３３−
 - 34 -

Pump Arrangement
To Oil Coolers Option

Application in case of
Rotary Oil Pump

Start
Stand-by Pump

PSL

Individual drains
To Oil Reservoir
Pump Running Alarm Pump Running Alarm

PSH PSH
PI PI PI

Main Pump Stand-By Pump Emergency Pump

Individual suction
From Oil Reservoir

Driver for Oil Pump (Normal Application)

Main Pump ------------Steam Turbine
Stand-By Pump-------Motor
Emergency Pump-----Motor
Part 2. Construction of Major equipments of oil system − − − Continued − − −

3. Oil Pumps:

3-1) Pump Arrangement

Basic pump arrangement is illustrated. The oil system includes a main oil pump and a stand-by pump which are identical and suitable for
continuous operation. Type of pump whether centrifugal or rotary pump will be specified by Client.

As shown, system around pump is different depending upon the type of pump.

If specified by Client, emergency pump is provided to allow safe shutdown without damage to the equipment in the event of both the main and
standby pumps fail. Pump capacity of emergency pump covers minimum requirement for safe shutdown in the event of both pumps fail.

Client specifies drivers for pumps. Normal application of driver is as follows;

Main Pump: Steam Turbine

Stand-by Pump: Motor

Emergency Pump: Motor

− ３５−
 - 36-

Typical Centrifugal Pump

Pump Capacity (l/mi)
1) Normal flow×1.2
2) Normal Flow + 40 l/min
3) Max. Allowance for normal wear
Highest Flow------Pump Capacity

Pump Required Pressure(Kg/cm2g)

System Max.Pressure and
(+) Required head to Center line of shaft
(+) Pressure drop in piping and valves
(+) Pressure drop in coolers, filters
Pump Design Pressure(Kg/cm2g)
(1) Shut-off pressure at nor speed
(2) Discharge pressure at normal flow
and trip speed
Highest pressure----Pump Design Pressure

Pump Nor. Required Power (kW)

(Pump Required Pressure)×(Pump Capacity)
612 × Efficiency
=
(Efficiency level---around 55∼60%)
Motor Require Power
＝Pump Nor. Required Power×1.25 Min.
(Check end of curve power rating of pump)
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipments of oil system − − − Continued − − −

3-2) Centrifugal pumps:

Pump capacity of centrifugal oil pump is based on the API requirement.

Highest flow of following conditions should be applied for pump capacity (Q l/min);
(1) Normal oil flow plus 20% of normal flow
(2) Normal flow plus 40 l/min
(3) Maximum flow for normal wear
Note) In case of booster system, pump capacity covers the amount required to supply both main and stand-by booster pumps.

Pump required pressure (P kg/cm2G) is determined based on the system maximum pressure plus pressure drop in equipment, instruments,
piping and valves plus head difference between centerline of shaft of main equipments and pumps.

Pump design pressure should be highest one of following conditions;

(1) Shut-off pressure at normal speed of pump

(2) Discharge pressure at normal flow and trip speed

− ３７ −
 - 38 -

CE
AN
HEAD RISE N2 (RPM) HEAD RISE (PARARELL RUN)

ST
SI
HEAD RISE N1 (RPM) HEAD RISE (SOLO RUN)

RE
HEAD

HEAD
EM
SYSTEM

ST
SY
RESISTANCE
b N2 d
N1 e
a △H
L2
BREAK c
HORSE POWER BREAK
L1 HORSE
BHP

BHP
POWER △Q

0 FLOW 0 FLOW
(A) (B)

CHARACTRISTIC CURVES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

− Continued − − −

3-2) Centrifugal pump--- Continued:

Characteristic of centrifugal pump:

If revolution of pump is increased from N1 to N2 as shown on left side characteristic curve, Head and flow increase along to the system
resistance line from “a”to “b”, and power also increase from “L1”to “L2”.

If the deviation of pump R.P.M. is within 20%, the following relation is estimated.

2 3
FLOW ∞ R.P.M. HEAD ∞ R.P.M. BHP ∞ R.P.M.

The power is calculated by the following formula.

Q : Flow ( l /min.)
Q×P
BHP ＝ (kW) P : Differential pressure (kgf/cm2)
612×η
η : Efficiency (0.55 ∼0.6)

In case of parallel operation as shown on right side curve, the operation point changes from point “c”to “d”along to resistance line.
The operation points of each pumps become “e”
.
Head of shut-off operation for both single and parallel are the same position.

− ３９−
 - 40 -

Typical Rotary Pump

Pump Capacity (l/mi)
1) Normal flow×1.2
2) Normal Flow + 40 l/min
3) Max. Allowance for normal wear
Highest Flow------Pump Capacity

Pump Required Pressure(Kg/cm2g)

System Max. Pressure and
(+) Required head ro center line of shaft
(+) Pressure drop in piping and valves
(+) Pressure drop in coolers, filters
System Design Pressure(Kg/cm2g)
Relief Valve Setting Pressure
=Pump Required Pressure×1.5
System Design Pressure
=Relief Valve Setting Pressure×1.12

Pump Nor. Required Power (kW)

(Pump Required Pressure)×(Pump Capacity)
= 612 × Efficiency
Pump Max. Required Power (kW)
(System Design Pressure)×(Pump Capacity)
612 × Efficiency
(Efficiency level---around 65%)
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipments of oil system − − − Continued − − −

3-3) Rotary pumps:

Pump capacity of rotary oil pump is based on the API requirement.

Rotary pump shall be capable of passing highest flow of following conditions at relief valve setting pressure while not
exceeding 90 % of pump manufacturer’s maximum differential pressure rating at the minimum operating viscosity.
(1) Normal oil flow plus 20% of normal flow
(2) Normal flow plus 40 l/min
(3) Maximum flow for normal wear
Note) In case of booster system, pump capacity covers the amount required to supply both main and stand-by booster pumps.

Pump required pressure (P kg/cm2G) is determined based on the system maximum pressure plus pressure drop in equipment, instruments,
piping and valves plus head difference between centerline of shaft of main equipments and pumps.

Pump system design pressure should be determined as follows:

(1) Relief valve setting pressure = Pump required pressure×1.5

(2) Pump system design pressure =Relief valve setting pressure×1.12

− ４１ −
- 42 -
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment of oil system − − − Continued − − −

(3) Pump drive steam turbine:

In general, steam turbine is used as driver of main oil pump.

The steam turbine is designed in accordance with API 611 requirement with sub-vendor’s minor exceptions.

The turbine has overload valve to cover rated power at minimum inlet steam condition (pressure, temperature) and maximum exhaust pressure.
Main configurations are as follows:

Governor : Wood ward governor (SG type)

Bearings : Ball bearings, Sleeve type bearings

Seals : Carbon packing or screwed labyrinth

Revolution : 3,550 rpm or 2,950 rpm (1,775 rpm or 1,475 rpm)

Over speed trip : Normal R.P.M. × 1.05 ×1.1 ＝ 115.3%

− ４３−
 - 44 -

CONFIGURATION OF EXPLANATION OF
INDUCTION MOTOR ROTATION MAGNET COIL OF
(CAGE TYPE) 3 PHASES MOTOR
Part 3. Lube oil system − − − Continued − − −

(4) Driving motor for pump:

Usually, electric motor is used as driver of stand-by pump.

Induction cage motor is common application for pump driver.

Ex-proof class, insulation class, protection class, enclosure and hazard class are based on the Client’s requirement.

− ４５−
 - 46-

COOLING
WATER
LUBE OIL COOLER
OIL

LUBE TO
OIL BEARING

TIC

OIL
COOLING
TCV WATER

Heat load of oil cooler

Heat load of equipment +
Heat load at oil pump +
Heat load at control valve COOLING
WATER
OIL

Shell and Tube Type

(Removable Bundle Type)
Shell side--------Oil
Tube Side--------Cooling Water

OIL
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(5) Oil cooler:

Oil coolers are shell and tube type with removable bundle design.

Twin oil coolers, each of which has full capacity, are provided. Oil is cooled down to 40℃ to 50℃ at oil cooler outlet during normal operation.
Oil flows in the shell side and cooling water flows in the tubes.
Unless otherwise specified, an oil bypass line around cooler with temperature control valve is provided to regulate the oil supply temperature.

Typical material of oil cooler

Shell, shell cover and shell flange: Carbon steel

Channel, channel cover: Carbon steel

Tube: Stainless steel or inhibited admiralty or others

Tube sheet: Stainless steel or naval brass or others

− ４７−
 - 48-

Cover Lifter

Weighing >15Kg

Valved Vent

Cartridges
1) Element----Paper
2) Filtration---10micron
3) Diff. Pressure
Clean. 0.35 Kg/cm2
Max. 1.75 Kg/cm2
4) Max. No of element
2 per stack

OIL INLET OIL INLET

OIL OUTLET OIL OUTLET

Valved Draines

OIL Filter
Part 3. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(6) Oil filters:

Twin full flow oil filters with replaceable elements or cartridge are provided.
Filters provide a minimum particle removable efficiency of 90 % for 10-micron particles and a minimum particle removable efficiency of 99.5 %
for 15-micron particles per ISO 4572.

Oil flows from the outside inward toward to the center of the filter elements. Filter elements are made from paper (standard application) or
acrylic fiber. The maximum number of filter cartridge in one stack is 2.
Filter elements made from acrylic fiber particularly generate static electricity so that grounding should surely be done to eliminate spark
problem in oil line.

Filters are equipped with valved vent and valved drain for clean and dirty side. Dirty side drain connection is located lower in the housing than
the element or cartridge support base. Cover lifter is provided if weighing more than 15 Kg.

Differential pressure across filter at clean condition is 0.35 kg/cm2g.

Allowable differential pressure across filter is maximum 1.75 kg/cm2g.

Minimum collapsing differential pressure is 4.9 kg/cm2g.

− ４９ −
 - 50 -

② SWITCH OVER HANDLE

① LOCK HANDLE

OIL INLET NEUTRAL POSITION

HANDLE HANDLE
POSITION OUTLET OUTLET OUTLET POSITION

IN- IN- IN-

LET LET LET
A UNIT B UNIT

OIL OUTLET

OUTLET OUTLET OUTLET

INLET INLET INLET

OIL OUTLET

OUT- OUT- OUT-

LET LET LET
OIL INLET

PIPING CIRCUIT
INLET INLET INLET

6-WAYS VALVE CONFIGURATION

Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(7) 6-ways valve:

Individual transfer valves are provided independently serving each cooler and filter set unless otherwise specified.

This valve is equipped at enterance/exit of oil coolers and oil filters to switch over the equipment from main working one to stand-by one
without any oil clogging during switch over as shown on the illustration.
Valve body has carbon steel with stainless steel of valve stems, plugs or balls.

The valve is locked during operation. Loose of lock is required when switch over action is taken.

− ５１ −
 - 52-

P P1
GOV. OIL LUBE OIL N2 SUPPLY

N2

TO OIL RESERVOIR

FROM OIL PUMP

MAIN PUMP STOP

8.0

OIL
6.5

PUMP DELIVERY
WITHOUT ACCUMULATOR
WITH ACCUMULATOR

2.5

(kgf/cm2 g)

4 SECONDS

STAND-BY PUMP START

Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system-----Continued:

(8) Accumulators:

Several accumulators are provided to maintain lube-oil pressure while the stand-by pump accelerates from an idle condition to operating speed.
The system delivery pressure shall be maintained above the shutdown pressure during standby pump acceleration or for at least４ seconds for
motor-driven pumps.

N2 supply pressure and effective volume calculation are as follows.

〔Effective volume per cylinder〕
1
P1
Vw ＝ ( ) × V1× ( P3 ) n
-1
P3 P2
P1 : Initial N2 charge pressure (90% of minimum working pressure P2) kg/cm2A
P2 : Minimum working pressure (Trip pressure) kg/cm2 A
P3 : Maximum working pressure (Auto start pressure of stand-by pump) kg/cm2 A
V1 : Nominal capacity of accumulator (usually 35 litter or 147 litter per cylinder)
Vw : Effective volume of accumulator
n : Politropic exponent -----use 1.3 for nitrogen

Governor oil accumulator to cover transient oil is provided near the steam turbine (normally base-plate mounted)

− ５３ −
 - 54-

SEAL OIL
HEAD TANK CAPACITY

Vapor Volume
Equivalent to 1 minutes supply of normal seal flow
High Level Alarm
Equal to 2 minutes supply of normal seal flow

Low Level Alarm

Emergency Operating Range

10 minutes supply of normal seal flow

Low Level Shutdown

Coast Down and Block In
Min. 3 minutes supply of normal seal flow

Material
300 Series Stainless Steel
Part 2 Construction of Major Equipment for oil system− − − Continued − − −

(9) Seal oil overhead tank:

For an oil film seal, a seal oil overhead tank is provided for each compressor case. Tank shall be made of stainless steel.
Seal oil overhead tank is a cylindrical pressure vessel, and is installed so that normal oil level is maintained about 4.57 m in height from the
shaft center of the compressor. The gas pressure to be sealed is led to the top of the seal oil overhead tank.
A seal oil overhead tank has the function of an accumlator. So, accumlated seal oil in the seal oil overhead tank is continuously supplied to the
seals of the compressor for several minutes, if the seal oil supply to seals are stopped due to trouble on the seal oil pumps.

The required capacity of seal oil head tank is determined in accordance with API requirement as shown on the illustration.

− ５５ −
 - 56-

LOW PRESSURE REFERENCE

LEVEL
GAUGE
LEVEL
GAUGE
LEVEL
TRANSMITTER

A. INTERNAL DISPLACER B. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

TYPE TRANSMITTER TYPE
Part 2 Construction of Major Equipment for oil system− − − Continued − − −

(9) Continued:

9-1) Level Control of Seal Oil Head Tank

Two (2) type of level control system are available for seal oil head tank.

1) Internal Displacement Type

By float (displacer), level is controlled. However, oil level is suspected to change because of gravity change when a lot of gas dissolves in
oil.

2) Differential Transmitter Type

By detecting differential pressure between gas and oil at the certain level, level is controlled.

3) Seal oil head tank level has following safety device:

High level (Alarm)

Low level (Alarm and stand-by pump start)

Low-Low level (Shutdown)

− ５７ −
 - 58 -

HIGH ALARM
LEVEL

TRIP
LEVEL

SEAL OIL SUPPLY LINE SEAL OIL SUPPLY LINE

Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

9-2) Transfer barriers :

On sour gas services, several transfer barriers are installed in order to completely isolate the oil combined with the gas in the seal oil overhead
tank from the seal oil to be supplied.

− ５９ −
 - 60-

OVER FLOW
STOP VALVE
CONFIGURATION AND MECHANISM
※ SAFETY VALVE DURING ABNORMALITY
NORMAL OPERATION (OIL LEVEL WENT UP)
S. O.
HEAD TANK

TRANSFER
BARRIER OIL

FLOAT
SEAL OIL
SUPPLY

TRANSMISSION
OF GAS PRESSURE

COMPRESSOR
※ DRAIN POT

TO AND FROM FROM

HEAD TANK (GAS) HEAD TANK (OIL)
S. O. TRAP

※ IF DESIGN PRESS, OF HEAD TANK IS LOWER THAN

PUMP DELIVERY PRESS, THESE SHOULD BE EQUIPPED.

OVERFLOW STOP VALVE

Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

9-3) Overflow stop valve:

〔
Purpose〕
Transfer barrier is basically required to isolate supply seal oil from oil in seal oil head tank, which exposed to sour gas. No transfer barrier
is required for sweet gas service compressors. However, some plants have it to prevent over flow of seal oil into compressor through the
S.O. head tank if abnormalities on level control system occurs.
(Transfer barrier is not normally provided even though sour gas application because of buffer gas system application.)
By providing the over flow stop valve as shown below, over flow of seal oil into compressor casing through S.O. head tank can be also
avoided.

〔
Installation〕
This valve can be easily installed (during turnaround period if Client has maintenance problems for transfer barrier).

〔Merits〕 1) To prevent overflow of seal oil to compressor casing.

Overflow 2) Elimination of transfer barrier, or elimination of bladder (no more replacement)
stop valve
3) When eliminating bladder only from existing system, cylinder capacity of
transfer barriers act as extra retention time for coast down.

〔Maintenance〕
Easy overhaul and cleaning due to simplified configuration by eliminating transfer barriers.

− ６１ −
 - 62 -

VENT
LUBE OIL OVERHEAD TANK

LEVEL GAUGE

FG

LEVEL
GAUGE
TO LUBE OIL TO OIL RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
2φ ORIFICE BY-PASS VALVE
(INSIDE OF (NORMAL CLOSE)
VALVE)

TO BEARING
LUBE OIL PRESSURE CHECK
CONTROL VALVE VALVE
TO LUBE
OIL LINE
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(10) Lube oil rundown tank:

A lube oil rundown tank is provided to supply oil to the bearings for the coast down period in the event that both the main oil pump & standby
oil pumps fail. Lube oil head tank is made of stainless steel.

Sight flow glass is provided on overflow line.

The capacity of the tank shall be larger than 3 minutes of normal oil flow.

The static head shall be larger than 30kPa (0.306kg/cm2) at the beginning of coast-down.

− ６３ −
 - 64 -

VENT

VENT

GAS

IN

INLET
OIL

OUT
OUTLET

B. SEAL OIL TRAP FOR

LOW PRESSURE SERVICE (FLOAT TYPE)
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(11) Seal oil traps:

11-1). Low pressure type :
If the pressure in the seal oil trap is lower than 70 kgf/cm2g, a ball float and snap level action type is applied.
The needle valve opens by ball float, when oil level in the trap is increased. If, for some reason, sour drain increases sharply during
operation, check the maximum permissible limit of sour drain quantity by the following criteria.

Processing capacity limit

2gP ×１０３ 602 × 24

Q ＝ × A × × α ( l /day)
γ 103

P : Trap internal gas pressure (kgf /cm2g)

g : 980 cm/sec2
γ : 0.87 g/cm3
πd2
A : Port area ＝ ＝ 7.854 × 10-3 d2 (cm2)
4 × 102
d : Port diameter (mm)
α : Correction factor (0.6 ∼ 0.8)

If the measured sour drain quantity per one trap exceeds above value, there is a possibility of oil entrance into the casing.

− ６５−
 - 66-
ORIFICE
1.8φ×N

VENT

GAS

IN

LT

OIL

I.A

OUT LV

A. SEAL OIL TRAP FOR

HIGH PRESSURE SERVICE (LEVEL CONTROL TYPE)
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(11) Seal oil traps------Continued:

11-2). High pressure type:

Gas and sour oil drain is led to the seal oil trap. One trap is provided for each seal. In the seal oil trap, oil level is maintained at adequate
level with a level control valve. If the pressure in the seal oil trap is higher than 70 kgf/cm2g (1000 psi), an external level control system is
applied.

11-3) Vent Gas for low pressure and high pressure type of traps

Vent gas from the seal oil trap is released to a flare system, suction drum or the atmosphere.

A mist eliminator is supplied when vent gas return to compressor suction line.

− ６７−
 - 68-

[NH3 GAS] OIL HEATED TO 80℃

700
VENT
600
80℃ HEATING & 100ml/min. N2 BUBBLING
500

NH³ (PPM)
N2 ONLY HEATING
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4
DEGASS NH3 HOURS (Hr)
TO OIL
RESERVOIR
[n-PENTANE] OIL HEATED TO 75℃

5000

PENTANE GAS IN OIL

ONLY HEATED TO 75℃
4000
75℃ HEATING & 200ml/min. N2 BUBBLING

(PPM)
3000
100 ml/min. N2 BUBBLING
2000
NORMAL TEMP. (20∼25℃)
500 ml/min. N2 BUBBLING
1000

ST 0
E 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 42 44 46 48
ST AM
EA I DEGASS HOURS (Hr)
M NLE
OU T
TL
ET ＊ SHOWS AMOUNT OF N2 CHARGING TO 1λ OIL
Part 2. Construction of Major Equipment for oil system − − − Continued − − −

(12) Degassing tank:

When specified by Client, seal oil degassing facilities is provided. The tank and internals are made of stainless steel.

Sour oil drain can be re-used after degassing unless the heavy hydrocarbon compounds (> C5) or fine dust are contained in the gas. In a
degassing tank, a baffle plate is fitted to restore the oil flow in the tank.
Steam or an electric heater is applied to heat up the oil to about 70 ∼ 80℃ and N2 bubbling is done.
The degassed oil returns to the oil reservoir through an overflow pipe.
The graphs shown in page 68 shows test results of required degassing time in our laboratory.

− ６９−
 - 70-

LI LI
LIC
LCV HIGH LEVEL HIGH LEVEL
SEAL OIL PS ALARM PS ALARM

LIC LG LG
LCV LOW LEVEL LOW LEVEL
PS ALARM PS ALARM
PG SEAL OIL
LOW LEVEL LOW LEVEL
PS PUMP AUTO PS PUMP AUTO
PCV START START

PIC PS LOW LEVEL

PS LOW LEVEL
LUBE OIL TRIP TRIP
PDI PDI
pdi PG
SEAL OIL SEAL OIL PG
G.O. PRESS LO PRESS
PS LOW ALARM PS LOW ALARM
FILTER FILTER
PS G.O. PRESS LO PRESS
PDI PS LOW PUMP PS LOW PUMP
LUBE OIL LUBE OIL AUTO START AUTO START
PS LO PRESS
FILTER FILTER LOW TRIP
N2 #1 #2
PS
6-WAYS OIL VALVE
TE

6-WAYS OIL VALVE

TG

ACCUMULATOR TURB. COMP. COMP.

COOLING WATER
L.O. DRAIN

LUBE OIL COOLER LUBE OIL COOLER #1 #2

PCV

VENT

N2 GAS

STEAM INLET STEAM INLET

PG SOUR OIL DRAIN LG LG LG LG

TURBINE PG TURBINE PG PG TG LG DEGASSING TANK
MOTOR MOTOR

SI SI
SEAL OIL SEAL OIL
OIL LEVEL TRAP TRAP
PG PG TG LG LS
LOW ALARM LCV LCV LCV LCV
STEAM OUTLET STEAM OUTLET

MAIN S.O. PUMP STAND BY S.O. PUMP MAIN L.O. PUMP STAND BY L.O. PUMP
OIL RESERVOIR

P&I OIL FILM SEAL( Typical)

Part 3. Typical Lube and Seal Oil Diagram and Safety Device

(1) Typical P& I Diagram for Oil Film Seal:

The typical diagram for combined lube and boost-up seal oil system for oil film seal is illustrated.
For actual P&I diagram which are designed by Client’s requirement, please refer to the diagram attached to the instruction manual.

In this diagram, oil leaves the oil reservoir and pressurized by main lube oil pump driven by steam turbine. It flows first through lube oil cooler
and lube oil filter. Dual, 100% capacity coolers and filters are applied. An auxiliary, 100 capacity lube oil pump driven by electric motor will
start automatically to supply the system in the event of a main pump failure.
After leaving oil filter, one line oil flows to a pressure regulating valve which reduce the pressure to 1.4 Kg/cm2g required for bearings of main
equipment. Another line flows into governor oil control line at the pressure level around 9 kg/cm2G. A system designed to supply governor oil
uses an accumulator to supply oil during short duration, high flow demand imposed by turbine governor.

Seal oil is boost up from the down stream of lube oil filter. Seal oil pressurized by main seal oil pump driven by steam turbine. It flows into seal
oil filter. The pressure level at the down stream of seal oil filter is controlled at constant by pressure control valve. Dual, 100% capacity seal oil
filters are provided. An auxiliary, 100% capacity seal oil pump driven by electric motor will start automatically to supply system in the event of
low-low level of seal oil head tank.
Level of seal oil head tank is controlled at 4.57 m in height from the shaft centerline of compressor. The gas pressure to be sealed is led to the
top of the seal oil head tank.
Sweet seal oil drain is combined with lube oil drain from bearing and return to oil reservoir. Sour oil drain flows into seal oil trap, and then gas
and oil are separated in the trap. Vent gas from seal oil trap is connected normally to the compressor suction line via mist eliminator. Oil from
each trap is accumulated in degassing tank. In degassing tank, dissolved gas in oil is separated by the help of heat and nitrogen bubbling. The
generated oil returns to the oil reservoir.
− ７１−
 - 72 -

PDCV SEAL OIL SUPPLY

GAS BALANCE

PDI

PDIC PDT
COMPRESSOR

PT

PDI PI PIC

PCV

BALANCE CONNECTOR

TO FLARE
FG

SEAL OIL FILTER

TO OIL RESERVOIR

FROM SEAL OIL PUMP TO DEGASSING TANK

SEAL OIL CONSOLE SEAL OIL TRAP SET

P&I CONTACT SEAL

Part 3. Typical Lube and Seal Diagram and Safety Device

(2) Typical P&I for Contact Seal

Typical diagram is illustrated for MHI contact seal.

Please refer to the P&I diagram attached to the instruction manual concerning actual diagram that is designed in accordance with Client’s
requirement.

System up to the down stream of seal oil filters is same as oil film seal. The pressure at down stream of seal oil filters is controlled at constant
value by pressure control valve.

Differential pressure control method between seal pressure and seal gas pressure is different depend upon the compressor vendor.

In this case, differential pressure between sweet seal drain and sour oil drain is maintained around 1.75 to 2.1 kg/cm2. Sweet oil drain returns to
the oil reservoir. Sour oil drain flows into seal oil traps respectively, and then gas and oil are separated in the trap. Gas is vented to flare or
compressor suction line via mist eliminator. Oil flows into degassing tank, at where the dissolved gas was separated by the help of heating and
nitrogen bubbling.

− ７３−
 - 74 -

Safety Device for Lube and Seal Oil System

Item Abnormalｌ Instruments Checking values Check or Action Countermeasure
Oil reservoir oil temp. Low TG > 30℃ Atｐump start Visual Heater in
Oil reservoir oil level Low LS (LT) Job by job Alarm Oil charge
Oil reservoir N2 press. Low PG 10∼25 mm H2O ｈhigher Visual Increase N2 charge,
than Atoms. minimize leak
GO pressure Low PS (PT) > 6.5 K Stand-by pump auto
start
GO pressure Low-Low Oil cylinder of main > 2.5K Main turbine trip
turbine
SO pump pressure Low PIC (PG) Max. sealing press. +7K Visual PIC setting increase
Seal head tank level Low LT + PS (PT) Normal - mm Stand-by pump auto
start
Seal head tank level Low-Low LT+PS(PT) or LS Normal - mm Main turbine trip
(LT)
Seal head tank level high LT+PS (PT) Normal + mm Alarm
Pump turbine speed Increase Over-speed trip Nor. speed × 115.3% Pump turbine trip
device
Oil cooler oil out temp. High & low TG, TI, TR High < 52℃ Visual Adjust cooling water
Low: LO>33℃，SO>43℃ outlet valve
LO/SO filter △P High PDS (PDT) < 1.75 kgf/cm2g Alarm Switch over of filter
LO drain temperature High TI Temp increase < 28℃ Visual
LO pressure Low PS (PT) 0.85 kgf/cm2g Stand-by pump auto
start
LO pressure Low-Low PS (PT) 0.56 kgf/cm2g Main turbine trip
Pump driving motor Over Ampere meter Pump drive motor trip Close disch, valve at start
Load current up
Pump turbine. RPM High or low SI Normal speed Visual Adjust speed knob
Pump turbine. LO Low LG Normal oil level Visual Charge oil in oil cup
level
Pump turbine Bearing High TG Maker standard Visual
temp.
Seal oil trap oil level High LG (LT+PS or PT)) Visual Check trap
Seal oil trap oil level Low LG (LG+PS or PT)) Visual Close disch valve, check
trap
Degassing tank oil High or low TG Normal : 65∼80℃ Visual Adjust heater
temp.
Part 3. Typical Lube and Seal Diagram and Safety Device

(3) Safety Device:

Typical safety functions for lube and seal oil system is illustrated in the Table. Concerning actual safety device and setting values for alarm
and shut down for the project, please refer to the diagrams and safety functions attached to the instruction manual.

For recent jobs, two (2) out of three (3) logic are normally applied for shutdown function.

− ７５−
 - 76 -

P&I for the typical dry gas seal system

SEAL GAS SOURCE
VENT TO VENT TO VENT TO
FLARE SAFE ATM. SAFE ATM. N2 SOURCE
FROM

HIGH PERMISSIVE
COMP.

START LO PUMP
DISCH
GAS FOR

LOW ALARM
SECONDARY LEAK OFF
START UP
(N2 GAS)

PRIMARY LEAK OFF

HIGH
HIGH

HIGH ALARM
PDT
ALARM PDT
ALARM

PT
LOW PDC
ALARM (FO)
PT PI
#10
PDT
PI
TO TO
OPPOSITE OPPOSITE
SIDE FI SIDE FI
SEPARATION GAS

SEAL GAS
REFERENCE
HIGH PRESS.
SEAL SIDE BEARING

IMPELLER
SIDE

: Located in
LABYRINTH PRIMARY SEAL SECONDARY SEPARATION the panel
SEAL SEAL
Part ４. Typical Dry Gas Seal Diagram and Safety Device
(1) Typical Seal Diagram
Typical P&I diagram for tandem dry gas seal is illustrated. Please refer to the particular system diagram attached to the instruction manual for
actual job.
System is basically designed in accordance with API 614 and Client’s requirement. Several variations of control method are defined in API.
In this typical system, primary seal gas is taken from compressor discharge line for normal operation. Nitrogen gas is introduced as primary
seal gas supply for start-up period. Primary seal gas flows into gas filter with the filtration of 2 micron so as to supply clean gas to the dry gas
seal. Primary seal gas pressure to dry gas seal is controlled by differential pressure control valve. Primary seal gas pressure should be higher
than internal seal gas pressure during any operation including start-up, normal operation and shutdown in order to avoid the possibility the
entrance of non-filtered gas into dry gas seal portion through internal labyrinth. The almost primary seal gas flows out compressor internal
through internal labyrinth. The leaked primary seal gas through primary dry gas seal is vented to the flare normally. In the event of primary
dry gas seal failure, the vent gas pressure or flow increased suddenly. In order to monitor the condition of primary dry gas seal, the pressure
indicator and safety functions of alarm and shutdown are provided on the primary vent line. The rest gas of primary seal gas flows into
secondary dry gas seal. Small amount of gas is vented to atmosphere through secondary vent line with the nitrogen from separation seal
labyrinth.
Separation gas should be supplied to the system before the operation of lube oil system for avoiding oil entrance from separation labyrinth to
the secondary dry gas seal.

− ７７−
 - 78 -

Safety Device for Dry Gas Seal System

Item Abnormal Instruments Checking values Check or Action Countermeasure

Seal Gas Filter △P High PDI (PDT) < 1.75 kgf/cm2g Alarm Switch over gas filter

Seal Gas supply △P Low PDT(PDT) Job by job Alarm Adjust controller

Primary Vent pressure High PS (PT) Job by Job Alarm

Primary Vent pressure High PS (PT) Job by Job Shutdown Check gas seal internal

Separation Gas Filter High PDI (PDT) < 1.75 kgf/cm2g Alarm Switch over gas filter or
△P Manual supply through
bypass valve
Separation Gas pressure Low PS (PT) Job by job Alarm, Check the source of supply
Interlock with oil system gas
Part 4. Typical Dry Gas Seal Diagram and Safety Device

(2) Safety Device

Typical safety functions for dry gas seal system is illustrated in the Table. Concerning actual safety device and setting values for alarm and
shut down for the project, please refer to the diagrams and safety functions list attached to the instruction manual.

For recent jobs, two (2) out of three (3) logic are normally applied for shutdown function.

− ７９−
 - 80 -

LUBE OIL, CHECKING CRITERION

CHECK ALLOWABLE USABLE
No. CHECK ITEMS SUSPECTED TROUBLE COUNTERMEASURE
INTERVAL LIMIT ON DESIGN LIMITATION
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY Large oil flow
1 3 MONTHS 28.8 ~ 35.2 Add new oil ± 10 % ◎
(40℃ cst) High vibration
Sludge and deposit will attack Apply bypass filtration
2 COROR (UNION) 3 MONTHS 2-1 / 2-3 4 - 4 - 1/2 ◎
bearings and seal rings

3 FLUSH POINT (℃) 3 MONTHS > 180 Explosion occurs in oil reservoir Degas from oil ─ ◎
TOTAL ACID VALUE Sludge and deposit will attack Apply bypass filtration
4 3 MONTHS > 0.2 0.2 ~ 0.25
(mgKOH/g) bearings and seal rings
INTERFACIAL TENSION Increase of water contain in oil
5 6 MONTHS 20 ~ 25 ditto 12 ~ 15
(dyne/cm) will affect worse operation
DEFORMING Raise oil temperature by means
6 3 MONTHS 300 - 0 ditto 500 - 0 ◎
TENDENCY AT 23℃ of oil stain
ANTI-EMULSIFICATION 40 - 40 - 0 Bearings and seal rings will be
7 3 MONTHS ditto 40 - 40 - 0
ml (min) (14) attacked by water in oil
RUST PREVENT Rusty particles will attack
8 1 YEAR − Add new oil ─
PROPERTIES bearings and seal rings
ROTARY BOMB Sludge and deposit will attack Apply bypass filtration
9 1 YEAR 150 80 ~ 100
OXIDATION TEST bearings and seal rings
LEAVING OF
10 1 YEAR 50 % ditto ditto 20 %
ANTI-OXIDATION
TRANSISSION %
11 1 YEAR 75 ~ 80 % ditto ditto 60 ~ 65 %
(use 530-550 mμ)

12 WATER CONTENT (ppm) 1 YEAR 100 Increase deterioration of oil ditto 100 ◎
Part 5. Lubricant Oil Checking Criterion

In order to ensure the continuous and successful operation of compressors and steam turbines, periodical check of lubricant oil is very important.
Vendor recommends carrying out characteristics check of lubricant oil periodically whether the characteristics satisfy the limitation as shown on the
attached list. In addition to the allowable limitation, our recommended interval for checking, and countermeasure are indicated for reference.

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