Ceg 503 Lecture 1
Ceg 503 Lecture 1
Ceg 503 Lecture 1
LECTURE NOTES OF
PROF. O. S. AWOKOLA
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
(i) Understand water distribution networks, analysis and design;
(ii) Explain steady uniform flow and steady gradually varied flow
and
(iii) Understand how to classify and compute water surface
profiles, hydraulic jump,
Stilling basins, unsteady flow in Closed conduits, water hammer, surge and surge
control, hydraulic models.
References:
• (1) Fluid Mechanics: J.F. Douglas, J.M. Gasiorek & J.A. Swaffield
• (2) Fluid Mechanics, Victor L. Streeter, E. Benjamin
• (3) Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications, Robert L. Daugherty &
Joseph B. Franzini
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WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
What is water network analysis?
The analysis of water distribution network
the estimation of discharges,
hydraulic gradient levels (HGL),
nodal concentrations etc.
to fulfill the requirements of population.
In the conventional approach of analysis, unique value of pipe discharges and
hydraulic heads are obtained.
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What are the three major components of a water distribution system?
Fundamentally, a water supply system may be described as consisting of
three basic components: the source of supply, the treatment of the
water, and the distribution of water to the users.
BRIEF REVISION
Fluid mechanics may be divided into three branches:
1. Fluid Static is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest
2. Kinematics deals with velocities and streamlines without considering
forces or energy
3. Hydrodynamics is concerned with the relations between velocities and
accelerations and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion.
FLUID FLOW
The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex.
(i) Uniform flow: If the velocity at a given instant is the same in
magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid.
(ii) If at the given instant the velocity changes from point to point
the flow is described as Non-Uniform.
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(iii) Steady flow is one in which the velocity, pressure and cross-
section of the stream may vary from point to point but do not
change with time.
(iv) If at a given point conditions do change with time the flow is
described as unsteady.
There are therefore 4 possible types of flow.
(a) Steady Uniform Flow: Conditions do not change with position and
time
(b) Steady Non-uniform flow: Conditions change from point to point
but not with time
(c) Unsteady Uniform: At a given instant of time the velocity at every
point is the same, but this velocity will change with time.
(d) Unsteady-Non-uniform flow: The cross-sectional area and
velocity vary from point to point and also change with time.
Force=mass x acceleration
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Observation shows that two entirely different types of flow exist. This was
demonstrated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883.
When Flow is Laminar, but when the flow is Turbulent in pipes.
CONTINUITY OF FLOW
Except in nuclear processes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. This
principle of conservation of mass can be applied to a flowing fluid.
CONTINUITY EQUATION
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION states that for steady flow of a frictionless fluid along
a streamline, the total energy per unit weight remains constant.
P= Pressure
V=Velocity
mg= Weight
Potential energy due to height= zmg
MOODY’S CHART
Friction factor f’
Reynolds Number Re
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Relative Roughness=
Laminar Zone
Transition zone
Complete Turbulent zone
Laminar flow
FRICTION FACTOR
Referring to Moody’s Chart for friction factor for pipe, the chart shows that there
are four zones.
2. A critical range where the values are uncertain because the flow might be
either laminar or turbulent
3. Transition zone, where f’ is a function of both Reynolds number and
Relative pipe roughness
4. A zone of complete turbulence where the value of f’ is independent of
Reynolds Number and depends SOLELY upon Relative Roughness
There is no sharp line of demarcation between the transition zone and the zone
of complete turbulence.
(a) For smooth pipes Blasius suggests for Re between 3,000 and 10,000
Prandtl is
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(c) For all pipes the Hydraulic Institute and many engineers consider the
(i) For smooth pipes where the value of is very small, the first
MINOR LOSSES
Those losses which occur in pipelines due to bends, elbows, joints, valves, inlet,
outlet, expansion, contraction etc are called minor losses. This is a misnomer
because in many cases/situations they are more important than the losses due to
pipe friction.
In general when >2000, velocity head and minor losses should be neglected in
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The 3 simple pipe flow cases that are basic to solutions of the more complex
problems are:
(i) Given: Discharge, Diameter, Length, Coefficient of
dynamic/absolute of Kinematics’ Viscosity, and absolute rough
ness and required to find Head loss due to friction. (i.e. given
Q, D, L, and required to find hf)
(ii) Given: required to find Q
(iii) Given: required to find D
CASE 1: EXAMPLE 1
(i) Calculate the loss head due to friction and the power required to
maintain flow in a horizontal circular pipe 40mm diameter and
750m long when water with coefficient of dynamic viscosity equals
CASE 2 EXAMPE 2
2. Water at 150C flows through a 30cm diameter riveted steel pipe, absolute
roughness of 3mm, with head loss of 6m in 300m. Determine the flow.
CASE 3 EXAMPLE 3
In the third case with Diameter unknown:
(i) There are 2 unknowns in the Darcy-Weisbsch equation f’, V and
D. , unknown
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Using the continuity equation to eliminate the velocity in darcy-Weisbach
equation and in the expression for Re the problem will be simplified.
EXAMPLE 3
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4. Determine the size of clean wrought iron pipe required to convey 260L/s of
oil of kinematic viscosity of 9.26x10 -6m2/s, and 3048m length, with head
loss of 22.8m. Absolute roughness is 0.046mm.
Substitute
But
or
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Pipes in parallel: Head loss is a constant i.e. hf=constant
The diagram and illustration as discussed in the class
The head loss in each pipe between junctions where parallel pipes part and join
again must be equal. . The total flow rate will equal the s um of
or
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Find the head loss across the system shown and discharges in each pipe.
EXERCISES
1) Two water reservoirs are connected by a pipe 610m of 0.3m diameter,
460m is laid from the highest reservoir parallel to the old line and
connected to the old line 460m from its inlet. Determine the total discharge
for the improved system, f’=0.019 for the new pipe. Neglect secondary
losses.
these reservoirs 10m below their water surface levels. To increase the
capacity of the line a 300mm diameter line 2.5km long is laid parallel to
and from the original lines mid-point to the lower reservoir. What increase
in flow rate is gained by installing the new line? Assume the friction factor
3) A three pipe system is such that the total pressure drop is 1.5bar and the
elevation drop is 5m. The length L, diameter d and friction factorf’ for the
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2 200 7.5 0.0245
3 75 5.0 0.0315
Calculate the ratio of the total flow rates for the case in which the pipes are
connected in series compare to the case in which the pipes are in parallel.
4) Two long pipes are used to convey water between two reservoirs whose
water surfaces are at different elevations. One pipe has a diameter twice
that of the other. If both pipes have the same value of friction factor and if
minor losses are neglected, what is the ratio of the flow rates through the
two pipes
reservoirs?
6) For the diagram below and the information in the table below.
7) (a) For laminar flow in pipes . Using this information, develop the
expression for the velocity in terms of lost head due to friction, diameter and
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(b) How much power is lost per meter of pipe length when oil with a viscosity
of 0.20N.s/m2 flows in a 20cm diameter pipe at 0.5L/s. The oil has a density of
840kg/m3.
(c) Oil of absolute viscosity 0.1Pa.s and relative density 0.85 flows through
3048m of 305mm cast iron pipe at the rate of 44.4x10 -3m3/s. What is the lost
concrete and has an absolute roughness of 0.9mm. If the flow is 109L/s and
pumping station efficiency is 80%, what will be the monthly power bill if
located at elevation 270m. The suction pipe is 0.6m in diameter and very
short so head losses may be neglected. The pipeline from the pump to the
upper tank is 123m long and is 0.5m in diameter. Consider the minor losses
in the line to equal 0.75m if water. Find the maximum lift of the pump and the
power required for pumping if the pump efficiency is 76%. The maximum
depth of water in the tank is 11.4m and the supply lines are cast iron,
f’=0.017.
BRANCHING PIPES
The three interconnected reservoirs as shown above;
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1) Flow through each pipe is wanted
2) Reservoir elevations are given with the sizes and types of pipes
each pipe.
5) The flow into the junction (J) must be equal to the flow out of the
junction
the junction
If the flow into the junction is too great (more), a higher grade-line elevation
which will reduce the inflow and increase the outflow is assumed.
ANALYSIS
NOTE: It is supposed that all pipes are sufficiently long, so that minor losses and
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Equation of continuity or
Sign convection must be adopted and maintained (signs of flow are dictated by
If Z is first estimated and sum of Q calculated, it will result in a value that sum of
Q will not equal to zero i.e. . Where dQ is a function of the error in the estimated
value of Z is .
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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
recalculate.
EXAMPLES
(1) A reservoir A with its surface 60m above datum supplies water to a
level is 15m above datum. Calculate the volume rate of flow to each
(2) Given the information below on the diagram for four reservoirs. The
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(3) Three open reservoirs A,B and C have constant water surface
(4) Find the discharges for the system tree reservoirs with the following
PIPE NETWORKS
An extension of compound pipes in parallel is a case frequently encountered in
municipal distribution systems, in which the pipes are interconnected so that the
flow to a given outlet may come by several paths.
PIPE NETWORK
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Flow in a water distribution network however complicated must satisfy the basic
relations of continuity and energy.
CRITERIA
(i) Sum of discharges at a node is zero, i.e. the flow into any junction or node must
equal the flow out of it (continuity equation)
(ii) Sum of all head losses around a closed circuit must be zero
(iii) The flow in each pipe must satisfy the pipe friction laws (Darcy Weisbach or
equivalent exponential friction formula) for flow in a single pipe
Since it is complicated to solve network problems analytically, methods of
successive approximation are utilized.
From Figure:
(c) Sub-Circuit 2
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(i) Assume an initial (trial) value for each discharge (Qa) bearing in mind
criteria 1 i.e.
SIGN CONVECTION
clockwise direction given all flows in a clockwise direction positive sign (+ve) and
when present, by inspection, it can be seen that when the flow direction is
changed.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12.33 PAGE 398 Douglas
Water enters the four sided ring min shown below at A at the rate of 0.4m 3/s and
is delivered at B, C and D at the rate of 0.15, 0.10 and 0.15 m 3/s. All pipes are
0.6m in diameter with a friction coefficient of 0.0132 and their lengths are AB and
CD 150m, BC 300m and DA 240m. Determine the flow through each pipe and
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