PDF Felder Solucionario - Compress
PDF Felder Solucionario - Compress
PDF Felder Solucionario - Compress
SEVEN
0.8 0 L 3.5 × 1 0 k J
4
0.30 kJ work 1h 1 kW
7.1 = 2.33 kW
kW ⇒ 2.3 kW
h L 1 kJ heat 3600 s 1 k J s
−3
2.33 kW 1 0 W 1.341 × 10
3
hp
3.1 2 hp
hp 3. 1 h p
1 kW
kW 1W = ⇒
7.2 All kinetic energy dissipated by friction
mu 2
(a) E k =
2
5500 lbm 552 miles2 52802 ft 2 12 h2 1 l bf 9 .486 × 10 − 4 Btu
=
2 h2 1 2 mile 2 36002 s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft / s2 0.7376 ft ⋅ lb
lb f
= 715 Btu
(b)
8
3 ×1 0 br
brakings 715 Btu 1 day 1h 1 W−4 1M 6W = 2617 MW
day braking 24 h 3600 s 9.486 × 1 0 Btu/s 1 0 W
⇒ 3000 MW
7- 1
7.3 (cont’d)
Emissions:
400 sacks 0.0510 oz 1 lb m 1000 sacks 0.0516 oz 1 lb m
Paper ⇒ + = 4.5 lb m
s ac k 1 6 o z sack 16 oz
30% reduction
⇒
800 sacks 0.0045 oz 1 lb m 2000 sacks 0.0146 oz 1 lb m
Plastic ⇒ + = 2.05 lb m
sack 16 oz s a ck 16 oz
⇒ 14% reduction
Energy:
400 sacks 724 Btu 1000 sacks 905 Btu
Paper ⇒ + = 1.19 × 10 6 Btu; 27% reduction
reduction
sack sack
800 sacks 185 Btu 2000 sacks 464 Btu
Plastic ⇒ + = 1.08 × 106 Btu; 17% reduction
reduction
sack sack
(c) . 3 × 1 0 pe
8 persons 1 sack 1 da y 1h 649 Btu 1J 1 MW
9.486 × 10 Btu 10 J / s
-4 6
person
person - day 24 h 3600 s 1 sack
= 2 ,375 MW
375
Savings for recycling: 0.17
17 (2 ,37 5 MW) = 404 MW
3
3.00 gal 1 ft (0.792)(62.43) lb m 1 min
7.4 (a & =
(a)) Mass flow rate: m = 0330
. lb m s
3
mi n 7.4805 gal 1 ft 60 s
Kinetic energy: E k =
mu
2
=
0.330 lb m
Π2
1.225 ft2 1 bg 1 lb f
70 × 10 −3
= 7.70
ft ⋅ lb f
2 s s2 2 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s2 s
7- 2
7.5 (a) Mass flow rate:
2
42.0 m π ( 0.07 m ) 1 03 L 673 K 130 kPa 1 mol 29 g
m& = 3
= 127.9 g s
s 4 1m 273 K 101.3 kPa 22.4 L (STP ) m ol
2 2
&
mu
& 127.9 g 1 kg 42.0 m 2 1N 1J
Ek = = = 113 J s
1 k g ⋅ m / s2 N ⋅m
2
2 2 s 1000 g s
(b)
127.9 g 1 mol 22.4 L (STP ) 673 K 101.3 kPa 1 m3 4
= 49.3
49.32
2 ms
s 29 g 1 m ol 273 K 1 30 kP a 10 3 L π (0.07)2 m2
2
&
&
mu 127.9 g 1 kg 49.32 2 m 2 1N 1J
Ek = = = 1558
. J/s
2 2 s 1000 g s2 1 k g ⋅ m / s2 N⋅ m
∆E& k = E& k (400 C) - E& k (300 C) = (1
o
- 113) J / s = 42.8 J / s ⇒ 43 J / s
( 155.8 -1 o
(c) Some of the heat added goes to raise T (and hence U) of the air
NH s K Q s10 ftg
P = 2 5.4
ft ft
2
(c) False
7.7 (a) ∆E& k ⇒ positive When the pressure decreases, the volumetric flow rate increases, and
hence the velocity increases.
∆E& p ⇒ negative
negative The gas exits at
at a level below
below the entrance
entrance level.
2
5m π 1.5 cm2 1 m3 273 K 10 bars 1 kmol 16.0 kg CH 4
(b) & =
m
s 10 4 ccm
m2 303 K 101325
. bars 22.4 m 3 ST
STP bg 1 kmol
= 0.0225
0225 kg s
PoutV&out &
⇒ uout (m/s) ⋅ A(m)2 = Pin
&
= nRT ⇒ V&out = Pi n 2
PinV&in &
nRT Vin Pout uin (m /s)) ⋅ A ( m ) Pout
(m/s
Pin 10 bar
⇒ u out = uin = 5( m s ) = 5.555 m s
Pout 9 bar
1 0.5(0.0225) kg ( 5. 555
2
− 5. 000 2 ) m 2 1N 1W
∆E&k = m& (u
2
−u ) =
2
1 k g ⋅ m/ 1 N ⋅ m/
out in 2 2
2 s s m/s m /s
= 0.0659 W
0.0225 kg 9. 8066 m -200 m 1N 1W
∆E& p = mg
& ( z out − z in ) =
s s kg ⋅ m/s
2
1 N ⋅ m/ s
= − 44.1 W
7- 3
7.8 105 m3 103 L 1 kg H2O 9.81 m −75 m 1N 1J 2.778 × 10−7 kW ⋅ h
∆E& p = m& g∆z =
h 1 m3 1L s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s2 1 N⋅ m 1J
= −2.04 × 104 kW⋅ h h
kW
The maximum energy to be gained equals the potential energy lost by the water, or
2. 04 × 10 k W ⋅ h
4
24 h 7 days
= 3.43 × 10 6 kW ⋅ h wee
eek
k (mor
(moree tha
than suffi
uffici
cient
ent))
h 1 da y 1 w e e k
7.9 (b) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
∆E k = 0 system is stationary
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
Q − W = ∆U , Q < 0,W > 0
(c) Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
Q = 0 ad
adiabatic
iabatic , W = 0 no movin
moving
g parts
parts or generated
generated currents
∆E k = 0 bsystem is stationary
stationary g
∆E p = 0 bno height change
chang eg
∆U = 0
(d). Q − W = ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p
W= 0 no moving
moving parts oror generated
generated c urrents
b
∆E k = 0 system is stationary g
b
∆E p = 0 no height change g
Q = ∆U , Q < 0 Even though the system is isothermal, the occurrence of a chemical
reaction assures that ∆U ≠ 0 in a n non-adiab
on-adiabatic
atic reactor. If the
temperature went up in the adiabatic reactor, heat must be transferred
from the system to keep T constant, hence Q < 0 .
7- 4
2
3 cm 2 1 m2
7.11 A=
π
4 2
= 2.83 × 10 −3 m
2
10 cm
(a)) Downward force on piston:
(a
Fd = Patm A + mpiston+weight g
−3
1 atm 1.01325 × 10 N / m2 2.83 × 10
5 2
m 24.50 kg 9.81 m 1N
= + 2 2
= 527
527 N
atm s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
Upward force on piston: Fu = APgas = 2.8 3 × 10
−3
m
2
iP g N m
2
i
Equilibrium condition:
−3
Fu = Fd ⇒ 2.83 × 10
10 m2 ⋅ P0 = 527 ⇒ P0 = 1.86 × 10
10
5
N m
2
= 1.86 × 10 5
10 Pa
Step 1: Q ≈ 0 ⇒ ∆U = −W
Step 2: ∆U = Q − W As the gas temperature changes, the pressure
pressure remains cons
constant,
tant, so
that V = nRT Pg must vary. This implies that the piston moves, so that W is not zero.
A 2 .83 × 10− 3 m 2
P0
b L 1.86 × 1 05 P
g
5 Pa
a
Since T0 = T f = 30° C , Pf V f = P0V0 ⇒ V f = V0 = 0677
. = 10
108
. 8L
Pf 1.1 6 × 1 0 Pa
1.08 − 0677
3
Distance traversed by piston =
∆V = . L 1 m
= 0142
. m
A 103 L 2.83 × 10 −3 m2
⇒ W = Fd = = 4 7 N ⋅ m = 47 J
331 N 0.142 m
Since work is done by the gas on its surroundings, W = +47 J ⇒ Q = +47 J
Q −W = 0
7- 5
7.13 (a) Ref state U$ = 0 ⇒ li
liqu
quid
id Br
Brom
omiine @ 30
300
0 K, 0.310 bar
V$ ch
chaanges wi
with pr
pressure
ure. At constant
ant te
temperature $ = P' V
ture ⇒ PV $ ' ⇒ V'=
$ $ / P'
PV
$ ' (T = 300K
(0
(0.31
.310
0 bar)(79
bar)(79.94
.94 L / mol)
mol)
V 300K,, P = 0.20
.205 bar)
bar) = = 120
120.88 L / mol
0.20
205
5 bar
bar
5.00 L 1 mol
n= = 00414
. mol
120.88 L
∆U = n∆U$ = 0.0414 mol 1.38 k J / mo
mo l = 0.0571 kJ
∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ⇒ Q = 0.0571
0571 kJ
0 0 0
(d) Some heat is lost to the surroundings; the energy needed to heat the wall of the container is
being
being neglected;
neglected; in
interna
ternall energ
energy
y is not complete
completely
ly inde
independ
pendent
ent of pressur
pressure.
e.
7.15 ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − Ws
∆ E k = 0 no change in m and u
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
b
Ws = P∆V since energy is transferred from the
the system
system to the surroundings
surroundin gs g
∆U = Q − W ⇒ ∆U = Q − P∆V ⇒ Q = ∆U + P∆V = ∆(U + PV ) = ∆H
7- 6
7.16. (a
(a)) ∆ E k = 0 u1 = u 2 = 0
b
∆ E p = 0 no elevation change g
∆P = 0 (the pressure
pressure is constant since restraining force
force is constant, and area is constrant)
b
Ws = P∆V the only work done is expansion
expansio n work g
. H$ = 34980 + 3 5.5T ( J / mol), V1 = 785 cm3, T 1 = 400 K, P = 1 12
25 kP
kPa, Q = 883
3. 8 J
PV 125 × 1 0 Pa
3
Pa 785 cm3 1 m3
.
n = RT = 8314 m3 ⋅ Pa / mo
mol ⋅ K 400 K 10 6 ccm m3 = 0.0295
0295 mol
$ $
Q = ∆H = n ((HH 2 - H 1 ) = 0 .0
.0295 mol 34980 + 35.5T2 - 34980 - 35.5(400K) (J / mol)
83.8 J = 0.
0.0295 3535.5T2 - 35.5(400) ⇒ T = 480 K 2
nRT
nRT 0.0295 mol 8.3 14 m 3 ⋅ Pa 10 6 cm3 480 K
i) V = = = 941 cm3
P 12 5 × 105 Pa mol ⋅ K 1 m3
125 × 1 05 N (941 - 785)cm3 1 m3
ii ) W = P∆V = = 19.5 J
m2 106 cm3
iii ) Q = ∆U + P ∆V ⇒ ∆U = Q − ∆PV = 83.8 J − 19.5 J = 64.3 J
(b) ∆Ep = 0
U$ =U = 1.26t (J)
= 14.67t
n 0.0859 mol
Thermocouple calibration: T = aE + b T ° C = 1 8.1 E mV + 4.5 1
T = 0, E =− 0.249
T =1 00 , E =5 .27
7- 7
7.18 (b) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the liquid
liquid stream.)
∆ E& k =0 no change in m and u
∆ E& p =0 cno elevati on changeh
W& s = 0 c
no moving parts or g enerated currentsh
generated
(c) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the water)
&
∆ H =0 T a nd P ~ constant
∆ E& k =0 cno change in m and uh
Q& = 0 cno ∆ T between surroundingss h
between system and surrounding
(d) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the oil)
∆ E& k =0 no velocity change
∆H& + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s Q& < 0 (friction loss); W& s <0 (pump work).
(e) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s (The system is the reaction mixture)
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 given
∆W& s = 0 cno moving parts or ggenerated
enerated currenth
7- 8
7.20 (a) H
$
= 1.04 T ° C − 25 H$ in kJ kg
P=
H$ out = 1.04 34.0 − 25 = 9.9.36
36 kJ kg
11
H$ in = 1.0 4 30.0 − 2 5 = 5.20 k J k
30 kg
g n& 0
(m kP 34
∆ H$ = 9.36 − 5.2 0 = 4.16 kJ kg kg ol/ a o
C
∆ H& + ∆ E& k + ∆ E& p = Q& − W& s s)
N2 Q&
∆ E& k = ∆ E& p =0 cassumed h 30 =1
W& = 0 c no moving partsh
o
s
C .25
k
Q& = ∆ H& = n& ∆ H$
W
Q&
3
1 .2 5 k W kg 1 kJ / s 10 g 1 mol
⇒ n& = = = 10.7 m
mo
ol s
∆ H& 4 .1 6 k J kW 1 kg 28. 02 g
H$ 2
− H$ 1 129.8 − 25.8
$
7.21 (a) H = aT + b a =
T2 − T1
=
50 − 30
= 5.2
⇒ H$ |V bkJ kgg= 5.2Tb° Cg− 130.2
$ − aT = 2 5.8 − 5.2 30 = −1 30.2
b=H 1 1 b gbg |
H$ = 0 ⇒ Tref = 1302
.
= 25° C
5.2
3
Table B.1 ⇒ bS. G.g bg= 0659
C 6 H 14 l
. ⇒V =
659 kg
$
1m
= 1.52 × 10 −3 m
3
kg
7- 9
7.22 & (kg/s)
m & (kg/s)
m
260°C, 7 bars 200°C, 4 bars
H$ = 2974 kJ/kg H$ = 2860 kJ/kg
u0 = 0 u (m/s)
mu
∆E& k = − ∆H& ⇒ & 2
2 d i
=− m& H$ out − H$ in
u 2
=2dH $
in
$
− Hout i= (2)b
2974 − 2860g
kg
kJ 10 3 N ⋅ m 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
1 kJ 1N
= 2.28 × 1100 5 m2
s2
⇒ u = 477 m / s
Qin Qout
Since there is only one inlet stream and one outlet stream,
stream, and m& in = m& out ≡ m& ,
Eq. (7.4-12
( 7.4-12)) may be written
m& ∆U$ + m
& ∆ PV$ +
m
&
2
di di
∆ u 2 + m& g∆z = Q& − W& s
∆U$ = 0 (given )
& ∆PV$ = m
m & V$ P a
out
f
− Pin = V&∆P
∆ u 2 = 0 (assume for incompre ssible fluid )
incompressible
∆z = 0
W& s = 0 (all energy other than flow work included in heat terms)
&
Q = Q& in − Q& out
V&∆P = Q
&
in − Q& out
7.24 (a) ∆H& + ∆E& k + ∆E& p = Q& − W&s ; ∆E& k , ∆E& p , W& s = 0 ⇒ ∆H& = Q&
H$ 400° C , 1 atm = 3278 kJ kg (Table B.7)
H$ 100° C, sat' d ⇒ 1 atm = 2676 kJ kg (Table B.5)
7- 10
7.24 (cont’d)
100 kg H 2 O(v) / s 100 kg H 2 O
O((v) / s
o o
100 C, satur
aturaated
ted 400 C, 1 atm
atm
Q& (kW)
3
Q = 100 kg
& 3278 − 2676.0 k J 1
10
0 J = 6.02 × 10 7 J s
s kg 1 kJ
(b) ∆U + ∆E k + ∆E p = Q − W ; ∆E k , ∆E p , W = 0 ⇒ ∆U = Q
3
kJ m
Table B.5 ⇒ Uˆ (100 °C, 1 atm ) = 2507 , Vˆ(100 °C, 1 atm ) = 1.673 = Vˆ ( 400°C, Pinal )
kg kg
Vˆ =1.673 at 400oC, and then interpolate again to
Interpolate in Table B.7 to find P at which V̂
Ûˆ at 400oC and that pressure:
find U
Vˆ
3.11 − 1.673 = 3.3 bar , Uˆ (400 C, 3.3 bar) = 2966 kJ/kg
= 1.673 m3 /g ⇒ Pfinal = 1.0 + 4.0 o
3.11 − 0.617
⇒ Q = ∆U = m ∆Uˆ = 100 kg [( 2966 − 2507 ) k J kg ] (10 J kJ ) = 4.59 × 10 J 3 7
The difference is the net energy needed to move the fluid through the system (flow work). (The
energy change associated with the
the pressure change in Part (b) is insignif
insignificant.)
icant.)
$
7.25 H H 2 O l , 2 0° C = 83.9 kJ kg (Table B.5)
H$ steam, 20 bars, sat' d = 2797.2 kJ k g (Table B.6)
& & & & & & & & & &
(a
(a)) ∆H +∆H∆ = m∆+H∆
Ek Ep =Q− Ws ; ∆Ek , ∆ Ep , Ws = 0 ⇒ ∆H = Q
& & $
Q& 528 kW
kW kg 1 kJ / s 3600 s
m& = = = 701
∆ H$ b2797.2 − 83.9gkJ 1 kW 1 h
kg h
&
nRT 701 kg
kg / h k g 485.4 K 0.08314 L ⋅ bar
10 3 g / kg 1 m3
(c) V& = = = 78.5 m3 / h
P 18.02 g / mol 20 bar mol ⋅ K L 103
The calculation in (b) is more accurate because the steam tables account for the effect of
pressure
pressure on specific
specific enthalpy
enthalpy (nonideal
(nonideal gas
gas behavior
behavior).
).
(d)
(d) Most energy released goes to raise the temperature of the combustion products, some iiss transferred
to the boiler tubes and walls, and some is lost to the surroundings.
7- 11
$
H 2 O l , 24° C, 10 bar = 100.6 g (Table B.5 for saturated liquid at 24 C; assume H$
o
7.26 H kJ k
kg
independent of P).
& [kg
m [kg H2O(l)
O(l)/h]
/h] & [kg
m [kg HO(v)/h]
HO(v)/h ]
2
o 3
24 C, 10 bar 15,00
15,000
0 m /h @10 bar (sat'd
d))
&
Q (kW)
15000 m 3 kg
m& = h .
01943 m3 = 7.7 2 × 10 4 kg h
A
bTable 8.6g
mu
& f
2 7.72 × 10 kg
4
15,000 m h
3
2
i
2
1 1 h
3
1J
&
∆E k = 2 = h 0.15 2 π 4 m2
A
2 3600 3 s3 1 kg ⋅ m 2 / s2
A=π D2 4
= 5.96 × 105 J / s
7.72 × 10 k g 5.96 × 10 J
4 5
& $ &
2675.6 kJ 1h 1 kJ
Q=m
& ∆H + ∆E k = + 3
h kg 3600 s s 10 J
= 57973 kJ s = 5.80 × 1 0 4 kW
&
Q( kW) =0
228 g 1 min ( H$ out − H$ in) J
Energy balance: Q& = ∆H& ⇒ Q& W =
∆ E& x , ∆E& p , W&s =0 min 60 s g
⇒ H$ out J g = 0.263Q& W
T °C 2 5 2 6.4 27.8 29.0 32.4
H$ J g b g= 0.263QbW g 0 & 4.47 9.28 1 3.4 24 .8
$
(b) H b g
= b T − 25
Fit to data by least squares (App. A.1)
b= ∑ H bT − 25g∑ bT − 25g= 3.34
i
$
i i i i
2
⇒ H$ J g = 3.34 T ° C − 2 5
7.27 (cont’d)
7- 12
40 − 20 J kW ⋅ s
3
& &
350 kg 1 0 g 1 min 3.34 40
(c) Q = ∆ H = 3
= 390 kW heat input to liquid
mi n kg 60 s g 10 J
(d) Heat is absorbed by the pipe, lost through the insulation, lost in the electrical leads.
7.28
& w [ kg H 2 O(v) / min]
m m& w [ kg H 2 O(l) / min]
Q& ( kW)
3 bar
bar, sat' d 27 o C
m
& [ kg C H / mi
e 2 6
m in ] m
& [ kg C H / m
e 2 6
miin]
o o
16 C, 2.5 bar 93 C, 2.
2.5
5 bar
bar
3 3
(a) C H mass fl 795 m 10 L 2.50 bar 1 K - m ol 30.01 g 1 kg
2 6 flow: m& e = 3
min m 289 K 0.08314 L - bar mo l 1000 g
= 2.48
487 × 103 k
kg
g min
H$ ei = 941 kJ k g , H$ ef
= 1073 kJ kg
En
Ener
ergy
gy Balancee on C 2 H 6 : ∆E& p , W& s = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0 ⇒
Balanc Q& = ∆H&
&
Q = 2.487 × 103
kg
min L
b
M
N 1073 − 941
kg
= O
gP
2.487 × 1 03 k
kJ
Q
kJJ 1 min
min 60 s
= 5.47 × 103 kW
$
(b) H s1 3.00 bar, sat' d vapor = 2724.7 kJ kg (Table B.6)
H$ s2 liquid, 2 7° C = 1131
. kJ kg (Table B.5)
Assume that heat losses to the surroundings are negligible, so that the heat given up by the
condensing steam equals the heat transferred to the ethane 5.47 × 1 0 3 kW
Energy
Ener balancee on H 2O: Q& = ∆H&
gy balanc = m& H$ s2 − H$ s 1 i
Q& −5.4 7 × 10 3 kJ kg
⇒ m= &
$ $
= = 2.09 kg s st
stea
eam
m
Hs2 H s1 s
⇒ V&s =
−
2.0 9 kg / s 0.606 m
3 b113.1 − 2724.7 kJ
kg = 1.27 m s
g 3
A
Table B.6
(c) Countercurrent flow Cocurrent (as depicted on the flowchart) would not work, since it
would require heat flow from the ethane to the steam over some portion of the exchanger.
(Observe the two outlet temperatures)
7- 13
7.29
250 kg H2 O( v )/min 250 kg/min Heat 250 kg/min
Turbine
40 bar, 500°C 5 bar, T 2 (°C), H$ 2(kJ/kg) exchanger 5 bar, 500°C
H$ 1 (kJ/kg) H$3 (kJ/kg)
W s =1500 kW Q (kW)
H2O v , 5 bar, 50 0° C : H 3
= 3484 kJ k g (Table B.7)
(a) Energy balance on turbine: ∆E& p = 0, Q& = 0, ∆E& k ≅ 0
250 kg
kg 3484 − 34
3 445 kJ 1 min 1 kW 1500 kJ
kJ 1 kW
Q& = ∆H& + ∆W& s = +
min kg 60 s 1 kJ / s s 1 kJ / s
= 1663 kW √
7- 14
7.30 (a) ∆E& p , ∆E& k , W& s = 0 ⇒ Q& = ∆H& ⇒ −hA Ts − To = −300 b g kJ h ⇒ 1.8h Ts b − T g= 300 kJh
o
Nude,
Nud immersed: h = 64 ⇒ To
e, immersed: = 316
31.6° C (Assuming Ts remains 34.2°C)
Ts = 34.2
(c) The wind raises the effective heat transfer coefficient. (Stagnant air acts as a thermal
insulatorr —i.e.,
insulato — i.e., in the absence of wind, h is low.) For a given To , the skin temperature
energy balance equation: when Ts drops, you feel cold.
must drop to satisfy the energy
7.31 Basis: 1 kg of
of 30°C stream
stream
1 kg H2 O(l)@30o C
o
3 kg H2O(l)@
O(l)@T
Tf( C)
o
2 kg H2 O(l)@90 C
(a)) T f
(a =
1
3
b
30 Cg
+ b
2
o
3
90 Cg
= 70 C o o
⇒ 3U$ f − (1 kg
kg) 125.7 kJ / k g − (2 kg) 376.9 kJ / kg = 0
⇒ U$ f = 293.2 kJ kg ⇒ T f = 70.05° C (Table B.5)
70.05 − 7 0.0
05 00
0
Diff. = × 100% = 0.0077% (Any answer of this magnitude is acceptable).
70.05
7.32 .
m (kg/h) 52.5 m3 H O(O(vv)/h
. kg H2 O( v)/kg
0.85 .
m(kg/h)
2
P = 5 bars
(a) Table B.6 T = 1518
. °C , H$ L = 640.1 kJ kg , H$ V = 2747.5 k
kJJ kg
3
$ 52 .5 m 1 kg
V d) = 0.375 m 3 / k
(5 bar, sat' d) kgg⇒m
& = = 140 kg h
h 0.375 m 3
(b)
(b) H2 O evaporated = 0.15 140 kg h = 21 kg h ( Q = energy needed to vaporize this much water)
7- 15
Table B.6
(a)) P = 5 bar
7.33 (a Tsaturation = 1518
. o C . At 75°C the discharge is all liquid
1200 g 1s 1 kg
Time between discharges: 3 = 13 s di
disc
scha
harg
rgee
discharge 0.091 kg 1 0 g
7-16
7.35 Basis: Given feed rate
200 kg H2 O(v)/h
10 bar, sat’d, H$ = 2776.2 k
kJJ / kg n& 3 [kg H 2 O(v) / h ]
10 bar, 250oC, H$ = 2943 kJ / kg
n& 2 [ kg H 2 O(v ) / h]
10 bar, 300 C, H$ = 3052 kJ / kg
o
Q& (kJ / h )
& =0 (1), (2 )
(b) Q n&2 = 306 kg h , n& 3 = 506 kg h
o
(a)) Tsaturation @ 1.0 bar = 99.6 °C ⇒ T f = 99.6 C
7.36 (a
d) ⇒ H$ l = 417.5 kJ / kg, H$ v = 2675.4 k J / kg
H 2 O (1.0 bar, sat' d)
o
H 2 O (60 bar, 25 0 C) = 10858
. kJ / k
kg
g
bala nce: mv + ml = 1 00 kg
Mass balance: (1)
Energy balance: ∆H& = 0
∆E& K , Q& , ∆E& p , W& = 0
(b) T is unchanged. The temperature will still be the saturation temperature at the given final
(c) Pf = 39.8 bar (pressure at which the water is still liquid, but has the same enthalpy as the
feed)
7-17
7.36 (cont’d)
(d) Since enthalpy does not change, then when Pf ≥ 39.8 bar the temperature cannot increase,
because a higher temperature
temperat ure would increase
increas e the en thalpy. Also, when Pf
enthalpy. ≥ 39.8 bar , the product
is only liquid ⇒ no evaporation occurs.
0.4 300
250
0.3
) 200
C
(
y 0.2 150
f
T
100
0.1
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 36 3
39
9.8 60
Pf (bar) Pf (bar)
3 3
7.37 10 m , n moles of steam( v), 275°C, 15 bar ⇒ 10 m , n moles of water (v+l), 1.2 bar
Table B.6 o
(a) P=1.2 bar, saturated, T2 = 104.8 C
10 m3 1 kg
(b) Total mass of water: min = = 55 kg
0.1818 m 3
Bala nce: m v + m l = 55.0
Mass Balan
3 3 3
Volume add itivity: Vv + Vl = 10.0 m = m v (1.428 m / kg) + m l (0.001048 m / k g )
= [( 7.0)(2512.1 kJ / kg
kg) + (48.0)(439.2 ) - 55
55 kg (2739. 2)] kJ
= −1.12 × 10 5 kJ
1 kg H 2 O ( v ) / s
1 5 b a r , Tsat + 1 5 0 o C & [ k g H O (l ) / s
m l 2 s]]
m& v [ kg H 2 O ( v ) / s
s]]
1.0 bar, saturated
7-18
7.38 (cont’d)
(b) Table B.6 ⇒ Tsat'n (15 bar) = 198.3o C ⇒ Tin = 34 8.3 o C
Table B.7 ⇒ H$ in = H$ ( 348.3 C, 15 bar) ≈ 3149 kJ / kg
o
Table B.6 ⇒ H$ l (1.0 bar, sat'd)= 417.5 kJ / kg; H$ v (1.0 bar, sat'd
'd)) = 2675.4 kJ / kg
balance: ∆H& = 0 ⇒ m
Energy balance: & H
l
$ +m
l
& H
v
$ −m
v
& H
in
$
in = 0
∆ E& p ,∆E& k ,Q& , W& s = 0
&v + m
m &l
⇒ m& in H$ in = m& l H$ l + m& v H$ v 3149 kJ / kg = m& l (417.5) + (1 − m& l )(2675.4 )
There is no value of m& l between 0 and 1 that would satisfy this this equation. (For any value
in this range, the
the right-hand side would be between 417.5 and 2675.4). The two-phase two-phase
assumption is therefore incorrect; the effluent must be pure vapor.
i n = m out = 1
&
m &
$ $
(c) Energy balance ⇒ m & out H out = m
& in H in 3149 kJ / kg = H$ (1 bar, Tout )
31
Table B.7
Tout ≈ 33 7 C o
(This answer is only approximate, since ∆E& k is not zero in this process).
7.39 Basis: 40 lb
lb m mi
min
n circ
circul
ulat
atio
ion
n
(a) Expansi
Expansion
on valve
R = Refrigerant 12
40 lb m R(l )/min 40 lb
l b m / min
93.3
93.3 ps ig, 86°F x v l b m R (v ) / l b m
$ = 27.8 Btu/lb
H m (1 − xv ) l b m R (l ) / l b m
H$ v = 77 .8 B t u / l b m , H$ l = 9.6 B t u / l b m
X v = 0267
.
b
26.7% evaporates
g
(b) Evaporator coil
= 2000 Bt
Btu mi
min
n
7-19
7.39 (cont’d)
(c) We may analyze the overall process in several
s everal ways, each of which leads to the same
result. Let us first note that the net rate of heat
heat input to the system is
and the compressor work Wc represents the total work done on the system. The system is
closed (no mass flow in or out). Consider a time interval ∆t min . Since the system is at
steady state, the changes ∆U , ∆E k and ∆E p over this time
time interval all equal zero. The
total heat input is Q& ∆t , the work input is W& c ∆t , and (Eq. 8.3-4) yields
−3
−500 Bt
Btu 1 min 1.341 × 10 hp
Q& ∆t − W&c ∆t = 0 ⇒ W&c = Q
& = = 11.8 hp
118
min 60 s 486 × 10 −4 Btu s
9.48
n&1 (m
(mo
ol / h)
n&C 3 H8 ((m
mol C 3 H 8 / h
h))
0.2 C3 H 8
&
nC 4 H10 ((m
mol C 4 H 1 0 / h
h))
0.8 C 4 H 10
o
0o C, 1.1 atatm
m 227 C
n& 2 ((m
mol / h)
&
Q (kJ
(kJ / h) 0 .4 0 C 3 H 8
0.60 C 4 H10
25o C, 1.1 atm atm
−
b0.40 × 9.00gmol C H 3 8
−
b
1.772 kJ 0.60 × 9.00 mol C 4 H10 g 2.394 kJ
= 587 kJ h
h m ol h m ol
7-20
51 0 m 3 273 K 103 L 1 mol 1 kmol
7.41 Basis:
m in 291 K m3 22.4 L ST
STP bg 1 0 3 mol
= 214
21.4 km
kmol
ol mi
min
n
(a)
Q& (kJ/min)
Waterr balance: 0.0634 22.4 = n& 2 + 0.0204 21.4 ⇒ n&2 = 0.98 kmol min
Wate
0.9 8 km
k mol 1 8.0 2 k g
= 18 kg / min
min H 2 O con
conde
dens
nsees
min kmol
$
(b). Enthaphies : H air 3 8° C = 0.0291 38 − 25 = 0.3783 kJ mol
H$ H2 O
bl, 18° Cg= 75.5 kkJg 101 kgg 18.0m2 ogl = 136
. 6 k
13 3kJJ mo l
|
Energy balance:
∆ E& , W& = 0, ∆E& ≅0
gd ib g b
p s k
Q& = ∆H& = ∑n H − ∑ n H
out
&i $ i
in
&i $ i ⇒ Q& = 1 − 0.0204 2 1.4 × 10 3 −0.204
+b
0.0204g
d21.4 × 10 ib45.67g+ d0.98 × 10 ib
3
1.3 6g−b
1 − 0.0634g
d22.4 × 10 ib0.3783g
3 3
−b
0.0634g
d22.4 × 10 ib46.33g= −5.67 × 10 kJ min
3 4
4
⇒ 5.6 7 × 10 kJ 60 min 0.9486 Btu 1 ton cooling = 270 tons of cooling
min h kJ 12000 Btu
7-21
7.42 Basis: 100 mol feed
n2 (mol), 63.0°C
A - Acetone 0.98 A(v )
Qc (cal)
B - Acetic Acid 0.02 B(v )
0.5 n 2 (mol) 0.5 n 2 (mol)
100 mol, 67.5°C
0.98 A(l ) 56.8°C 0.98 A(l )
0.65 A(l )
0.02 B(l ) 0.02 B( l )
0.35 B( l )
n 5 (mol), 98.7°C
98. 7°C
0.544 A(v )
0.456 B(v )
n5 (mol), 98.7°C
0.155 A(l )
0.845 B(l )
Qr (cal)
interpola
interpolate
te in table
table interpola
interpolate
te in table
↓ ↓
⇒ Q = 58.8 (0 ) + 1.2 ( 0 ) + 6.2 (1385 ) + 33.8 (1312 ) − 65 ( 354 ) − 35 ( 335 ) = 1.82 × 10 4 cal
∆E , W = 0 , ∆E ≅ 0
5
Qc = 117 .6 0 − 7322 + 2.4 0 − 6807 = −8.77 × 1 0 cal heat removed from condenser
Assume negligible heat transfer between system & surroundings other than Q c & Q r
( )
Qr = Q −Qc = 1.82× 10 4 − −8.77 ×10 5 = 8.95 × 1 05 cal heat added to reboiler
Q= 0
7-22
7.43 (cont’d)
o
(a)) T2 = T ( P = 7.0 bar, sa t ' d steam) = 16
(a 1 65.0 C
H$ 3 ( H 2 O(v), P = 7.
o
7.0 bar, T = 250 C) = 2954 kJ kg (Table B.7 )
$ 7.0 bar, sat' d ) = 2760 kJ k g ( Table B.6)
H 2 (H 2 O( v ), P = 7.
Energy balance
∆E , Q, W , ∆E ≅0
p s k
U$ l ( P = 20.0 bar, sa
sat'd.) = 906.2 kJ / kg; U$ v ( P = 20.0 bar, sat
t'd.) sat'd.) = 2598.2 kJ / kg
U$ l ( P = 3.0 bar,
bar, sa
sat'd
t'd.)
.) = 561.1 kJ / kg; U$ v ( P = 3.0 bar, sat
561.1 at'd.)
'd.) = 2543 kJ / kg
Q = 0.06 kg(25
(2598.2 kJ / kg) +164.9
+164.98
8 kg(9
kg(906
06.2
.2 kJ / kg) - 0.0
.04
4 kg
kg(2
(254
543
3 kJ
kJ / kg
kg))
− 165.0 kg (561.1 kJ / kg) = 5.70 × 10 4 kJ
Heat lost to the surroundings, energy needed to heat the walls of the tank
7-23
7.44 (cont’d)
(d) (i) The specific
specific volume
volume of liquid increases with the temperature, hence the same mass of
liquid water will occupy more
more space; (ii) some liquid water vaporizes,
vaporizes, and the lower
density of vapor leads to a pressure increase; (iii) the head space is smaller as a result of
the changes mentioned
mentioned above.
Table B.7
⇒ H$ 2 = 2740 kJ / kg T ≈ 132 C
o
3
7.46 Basis:
8 oz H 2 O l 1 quart
32 oz 1057 quarts
1m
m
1000 kg
3
= 02365
. k
kg
g H 2O l bg
(For simplicity, we assume the beverage is water)
0.2365 kg H O (l)
18°C 2 (m + 0.2365) (kg H 2O (l))
m (kg H 2O (s)) 4°C
32°F (0°C) Assume P = 1 atm
U$ H 2 O( l )),, 1 8° C = 7 5.5 kJ / kg
kg; U$ H 2 O(l ), 4° C = 16.8 kJ / kg ; U$ H 2 O( s), 0° C = -348 kJ / kg
kg
7-24
$o o
(a)) When T = 0 C, H
7.47 (a = 0, ⇒ Tref = 0 C
System: ∆U = 0
(b) Energy Balance-Closed System:
∆E , ∆E , Q,W = 0
k p
25 g Fe, 175°C
1000 g H 2O(l) 25 g Fe
1000 g H 2O
20°C T f (°C)
U Fe T f + U H2 O T f − U Fe 175° C − U H 2 O 2 0° C, 1 atm = 0 or ∆U Fe + ∆U H2 O = 0
Table B.5 ⇒ ∆U H 2O =
1.0 L 1 0 g
3
i
U$ H2 O T f − 8 3.9 J
e di j
= 1000 U$ H 2 O T f − 83.9 J
1 L g
di
⇒ 432T f + 1000U$ H 2 O T f − 1.60 × 10 5 = f T f = 0 di
Tf ° C 30 40 35 34 Interpolate
⇒ T f = 34.6° C
di
f Tf −2.1 × 10 4 +2 .5 × 1 0 4 1670 −2612
7-25
7.48 I II
H 2O( v) H 2 O( v)
760 mm Hg (760 + 50.1) mm Hg
100°C Tf ⇒ 1.08 bar sat'd
⇒
⇒ Tf = 101.8°C (Table 8.5)
H 2 O( l), 100 °C H2 O( l), Tf
T0 Tf
Energy balance
balance - closed
closed system:
system:
∆E p , ∆ E K , W , Q = 0
v -vapor
mv U$ v ml U$ l mb U$ b mv U$ v ml U$ l mbU$ b
II IIII II IIII II II
II I I I I I I
∆U = 0 = + + − − − l -liquid
b-block
bar, 100° C
I 1.01 ba II 1.08 bar, 101.8° C
b g
V$l L kg 1.044 1.046
b g
V$v L kg 1673 1576
b g
U$ L kg
l 41 9.0 426.6
U$ L kg 2506.5 2508.6
b g
v
50 kg
kg 1L
Initial vapor volume: Vv = 20.0 L − 5.0 L −
I
8.92 kg
= 14.4 L H 2 O v bg
I −3
14.4 L 1673 L k g = 8.61 × 10
Initial vapor mass: mv = 14 kg H 2 O v
I
Initial liquid mass: ml = 5.0 L 1.044 L kg = 4.7 9 kg H 2 O l
(b) U$ bI = 44 .1 + 8.3 50
5.0 = 4 5.8 k
kJJ k g
To = 45.8 0.3 6 = 127.2° C
7-26
weight of piston
7.49 (a cylinder =
(a)) Pressure in cylinder + atmo
atmosphe
spheri
ri c pressure
area of piston
2
30.0 kg 9.807 N 100 cm 1.0 bar 1 aattm 1.013 b
baar
P= + = 108
. bar
400.0 cm
2
kg
2
1 m bg 2 5
10 N m
2
atm
⇒ Tsat = 1018
. °C
Heat required to bring the water and block to the boiling point
Q = ∆U = m w U$ wl 1.08 ba i
bar, s at ' d − U$ wl l , 20° C + m Al U$ Al Tsat − U$ Al 20° C i
=
7.0 kg b426.6 − 839
83.9 g
kJ 3.0 kg
+
94 (101.8 − 20) ]kJ
[0.94
= 2630 kJ
kg kg
2630
2630 k 3310 kJ ⇒ Su
kJJ < 3310 Suff
ffic
icie
ient
nt he
heat
at for
for vap
vapor
oriz
izat
atio
ion
n
mv ( kg H2 O( v ))
7.0 kg H 2 O (l ) T ≡ 101.8°C 1576 L/kg, 2508.6 kJ/kg
H$ = 426.6 kJ/ kg P ≡ 1.08 bars
V$ =1.0
=1.046 L / kg 1.046 L/kg, 426.6 kJ/kg
ml ( kg H 2 O( l) )
Q (kJ) W (kJ)
(Since the Al block stays at the same temperature in this stage of the process, we can
ignoree it - i.e., U$ in = U$ out )
ignor
Water balance: 7.0 = m l + mv (1)
p iston:: W = F∆ z = w piston + Patm A ∆ z
Work done by the piston
=
L
M
w O
PbA∆ z g= P∆V ⇒ W = b 1.0 8 bar g1 576m + 1.046m − b
1.046g
b7.0gL
NA + P Q
atm v l
8 . 3 14 J / m o l ⋅ K 1 kJ
× =b170.2m + 0.113m − 0.7908gkJv l
3
0. 08 31 4 l iter - ba r / m o l ⋅ K 10 J
Energy balance: ∆U = Q − W
∆U444448 Q
6444447 64 4744 8 6444447 W
444448
bg
⇒ 2508.6mv + 426.6mL − 426.6 7 = ( 3310 − 2630 ) − (170.2 mv + 0.113mL − 0.7908)
⇒ 2679mv + 426.7 mL − 3667 = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously yields m v = 0.302
302 kg , m l = 6698
. kg
Liquid volume = 6.698 k g 1.046 L k g = 7.01 L liquid
7-27
7.50 o
1.00 L H 2 O( v ), 2 5 C
m v1 (kg)
m v2 [kg H2 O( v )]
= m v1 + me U
Assume not all the liquid
V
is vaporized.
vaporized. Eq. at
W
T , P . m = kg H O v
f f e vapo
2aporiz
rizeed.
o
4.00 L H 2O (l ), 25 C m L2 [kg H 2O ( l) ]
m L1 (kg) = m L1 + m e
Q=2915 kJ
Table B.5 ⇒ U$ L1
Initial conditions: Ta L1 = 104.8 k J kg , V$LL11 = 1003
104 . L kg P = 00317
. bar
T = 2 5° C, ssaat' d ⇒ U$ v1 = 24
2409 kJJ kg , V$LL11 = 43,400
09.9 k 400 L kg
m v1 = 1.00 l 43400 l kg = 2.30 4 × 10 −5 k g , m LI = 4.00 l 1.003 l k g = 3.988 kg
Energy balance:
∆U = Q ⇒ 2.304 × 10
10 d −5
i di b
+ me U$ v T f + 3.9 88 − m e U$ L T f − 2.304 × 1
10 g di d
0 − 2409.9
5
ib g
− 3.98 8 (1 04.8) = 2915 kJ
d
⇒ 2.304 × 10
−5
i di b
+ me U$ v T f + 3.988 − me U$ v T f g d i= 3333
3333 − 2.304 × 10 −E
5 $
U v − 3.98 8U$ L
⇒ me = (1)
U$ v − U$ L
G J di b
V L + Vv = Vtan k ⇒ 2.304 × 1 0 −5 + m e V$L T f + 3.988 − me V$L T f = 5.00 L
G AJKA
gd i
H kg liters
liters kg
⇒ me =
d
5.00 − 2.304 × 10
−5
iV$ v − 3.988V$L
b2g
V$v − V$L
−5
3333 − 2.304 × 1 0 U$ v T f − 3.988U$ L T f
b
1g
− bg
2 ⇒ fd
T i= f
U$ v − U$ L
− ×
−5 $ − $
− 5.00
d2.304V$ 1−0V$ i V 3.98 8V L = 0
v
v L
d i Find T
Table 8.5
Procedure: Assume T f ⇒ U$ v , U$ L , V$v , V$L ⇒ f T f f such that f T f = 0
Tf U$ v U$ L V$v V$L f
−2
201.4 2593.8 856.7 123.7 1.15 9 − 5.12 × 1 0
198.3 2592.4 842.9 1 31.7 1.15 4 −1.9 3 × 10 −2
−2
195.0 2590.8 828.5 140.7 1.14 9 1.3 4 × 10
196.4 2591.5 834. 6 136.9 1.151 −4.0 3 × 10 − 4 ⇒ T f ≅ 196.4° C, Pf = 14.4 bars
Eq 1
−3
me = 2.6 × 10 kg ⇒ 2.6 g evaporated
kg
bg
orEq 2
7-28
7.51. Basis: 1 mol feed
B = benzene
nV (mol vapor)
T = toluene
B(mol B(v
B(v)/mol)
(1 – B ) (mol T(v
T(v)/mol)
1 mol
mol @ 130 130°C in equilibrium
z B (mol B(l
B(l)/mol) at T (°C), P(mm Hg)
(1 – z B )(mol T(l
T(l)/mol) nL (mol liquid)
x B(mol B(l
B(l)/mol)
(1 – x B ) (mol T(l
T(l )/mol)
(a
(a)) 7 variables: ( nV , y B , nL , x B , Q , T , P)
–2 equi
equili
librium
brium equati
equations
ons
–2 material
material balances
balances
–1 energy balance
balance
2 degrees of freedom. If T and P are fixed, we can calcul
calculate
ate nV , y B , n L , x B , and Q .
$ $ $
C6H6
C6H 6
i i
l : T = 0, H = 0 , T = 80, H = 10.8 5 ⇒ H BL = 0.1356 T
i i
v : T = 8 0, H$ = 41.61 , T = 120, H$ = 45.79 ⇒ H$ BV = 0.1045T + 33.25
(3)
(4)
7-29
7.51 (cont’d)
Substituting (3), (4), (5), and (6) in (7) ⇒
Q = 0.446(0.62
625)[ 0.1045(9 0) + 33.25] + 0.44
44 6(1 − 0.625)[0.1304( 90) + 37.5
57
7]
+ 0.554 (0.399 )[0.1356(90))]] + 0.554 (1 − 0.399 )[0.1674( 90)] − 0.5[0.1356(1
39 13
30)]
− 0.5[0.1674 (13
130)] ⇒ Q = 8.14 kJ / mol
(c). If P<P min, all the output is vapor. If P>Pmax , all the output is liquid.
(d) At P=652 mmHg it is necessary to add heat to achieve the equilibrium and at P=714
mmHg, it is necessary to release heat
heat to achieve the equilibrium
equilibrium.. The higher the pressure,
pressure,
there is more liquid than vapor, and the liquid has a lower enthalpy than the equilibrium
vapor: enthalpy out
out < enthalpy in.
zB T P pB pT xB yB nV nL Q
0.
0.55 90 652 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.399 0.625 0.446 0.554 8.14
0.5 90 714 1021 406.7 0.500 0.715 -0.001 1.001 -6.09
0.
0.55 90 582 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.285 0.500 0.998 0.002 26.20
0.
0.55 90 590 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.298 0.516 0.925 0.075 23.8
23. 8
0.
0.55 90 600 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.315 0.535 0.840 0.160 21.0
21. 0
0.
0.55 90 610 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.331 0.554 0.758 0.242 18.3
18. 3
0.
0.55 90 620 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.347 0.572 0.680 0.320 15.8
15. 8
0.
0.55 90 630 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.364 0.589 0.605 0.395 13.3
13. 3
0.
0.55 90 640 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.380 0.606 0.532 0.468 10.9
10. 9
0.
0.55 90 650 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.396 0.622 0.460 0.540 8.60
0.
0.55 90 660 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.412 0.638 0.389 0.611 6.31
0.
0.55 90 670 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.429 0.653 0.318 0.682 4.04
0.
0.55 90 680 1021 406.7
406. 7 0.445 0.668 0.247
0. 247 0.753 1.78
0.5 90 690 1021
1021 406.7 0.461 0.682 0.176 0.824 -0.50
0.5 90 700 1021
1021 406.7 0.477 0.696 0.103 0.897 -2.80
0.5 90 710 1021
1021 406.7 0.494 0.710 0.029 0.971 -5.14
(e). Pmax = 71
714 mmHg, Pmin = 58
58 2 m m Hg
nV vs. P
0.8
V
0.6
n
0.4
0.2
0
58 2 632 682 732
P (mm Hg)
nV = 0.5 @ P ≅ 640 m
mm
m Hg
7-30
∆P ∆u 2
7.52 (a). Bernoulli equation: + + g∆z = 0
ρ 2
∆P 0.977 × 1 0 −5 − 1.5 × 10 5 Pa 1 N / m 2 m3 m
2
= = −46.7
ρ Pa 1.12 × 1 0 3 k g s2
g∆z = (9.8066 m / s2 ) 6 m = 5 8.8 m 2 / s 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 5.00 m / s − (2)(12.1) m / s = 0.8 00 m / s ⇒ u 2 = 0.894 m / s
⇒ d1 = d 2
u2
u1
b g0894
.
= 6 cm
ms
5.00 m s
= 2 .54 cm
d i di b g di b g A A1 =4 A2
(a)). V& m 3 s = A1 m 2 u 1 m s = A2 m2 u 2 m s ⇒ u 2 = u1 1
7.53 (a u2 = 4u 1
A2
(b). Bernoulli equation ( ∆z = 0)
∆P ∆u
2 ρ u 22 − u 12
+ = 0 ⇒ ∆ P = P2 − P1 = −
ρ 2 2
Multiply both sides by − 1
2 2
Substitute u 2 = 16u1
2
Multip
Multiply
ly top and bottom of right - hand side by A1
bottom
note V& = A1 u1
2 2 2
15ρV&
2
P1 − P2 = 2
2 A1
15ρ H 2 OV&
2
2 A12 gh ρ Hg
P −P = ρ −ρ gh = ⇒ V& 2 = −1
2 A12 15
d i G
H K
J
(c) 1 2 Hg H2 O ρH O
2
2
2 6
2 π 7.5 c m4 1 m4 9.8066 m 38 cm 1m 13.6 − 1 −3 m
V& =
2
= 1.955 × 10
15
8
10 cm
4
s
2
10 cm
2 s2
⇒ V& = 0.044 m s = 4 4 L s
3
7-31
(a)). Point 1-
7.54 (a 1 - surface
surface of fluid . bar , z1 = +7 m , u1 = 0 m s
fluid . P1 = 31
Pointt 2 - discharg
Poin outlet . P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 0 m , u 2 = ?
dischargee pipe outlet
b=1.013 bar g
∆ρ 1.013 − 3.1 bar 105 N 1 m3 2 2
= 2 3 = −2635
. m s
ρ m ⋅ bar 0.792 × 10 kg
9.8066 m −7 m 2 2
g∆z = s 2
= −68.6 m s
∆u 2
Bernoulli equation ⇒
2
=−
∆P
ρ
b
− g ∆z = 263.5 + 68.6 m g 2 2
s = 332.1 m
2
s
2
2 2 2
∆u = u 2 − 0
(b) The friction loss term of Eq. (7.7-2), which was dropped
dropped to derive the Bernou
Bernoulli
lli equation,
becomes
becomes increasi
increasingly
ngly signi
significa
ficant
nt as the valve
valve is closed.
closed.
V&
3 2
95 gal 1 ft 1 144 in 1 mi n
u2 = = = 353
35.3 ft s
A min 7.4805 gal π b0.5 × 1.049gin 2 2
1 ft
2
60 s
Pressure drop: ∆ P ρ= 0 P1 = P2
energy: g ∆z =
Potential energy:
3 2.174 ft
ft
s
2
z ft
32174
.
1 lb f
lb m ⋅ ft / s
2 b
= z ft ⋅ lb f lb m g
∆u 2 −W& s
b g
Eq. 7.7 - 2 ⇒
∆P
ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F =
&
m
⇒ 1 9.4 + z + 0.082 z = 333 ⇒ z = 29 0 ft
7-32
7.56 Point 1 - surface reservoir . P1 = 1 atm (assume), u1 = 0 , z1 = 60 m
surface of reservoir
Pointt 2 - discharge
Poin discharge pipe outlet . P2 = 1 atm (assume), u 2 = ? , z2 = 0
pipe outlet
∆P ρ =0
2
V& (m / s )
2 6 2 8 4
∆u
2
u22 V& A 1 10 cm 1 N
= = =
2 2 2 (2) bg
35 cm π
2 2 4
1m
4
1 kg ⋅ m / s
2
. V&
= 3376
2
bN ⋅ m kg
kg g
9.8066 m −65 m 1N
g∆z = 2 2 = −637 N ⋅ m kg
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
W&s 0.8 0 × 1 0 6 W 1 N ⋅ m / s 1 m3
m
&
=
W V& mdi
3
s
10 00 k g
b
= 800 V& N ⋅ m kg g
Mechanical energy
energy balance:
balance: neglec
neglectt F Eq. 7.7 - 2
9.807 m 0− H m 1 J
g∆z = 2 2 2
= −9807
. H ((JJ / k g )
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
2
Bernoulli Equation: ∆P + ∆u + g ∆z = 0 ⇒ H = 3.23 m
ρ 2
(b). Point 1: Fluid in washing machine. P1 = 1 atm , u1 ≈ 0 , z1 = 0
pipe). P2 = 1 atm , u 2 = 7.96 m s , z 2 = 3.23 m
Point 2: Entrance to storage tank (within pipe).
∆u 2
∆P
ρ
=0;
2
= 31.7
J
kg
; g∆z = 9.807 3.23 − 0 = 31.7 b g kg
J
; F = 72
J
kg
2
∆P ∆u
Mechanical energy balance: W& s = −m&
ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F M P
600 L 0.96 kg 1 min 31.7 + 31.7 + 72
72 J 1 kW
⇒ W&s = − 3 = −1.30 kW
min L 60 s k g 10 J s
(work applied to the system)
Rated Power = 1.30 kW 0.75 = 1.7 kW
7-33
Basiss: 1000 liters of 95% solution . Assume volume additivity.
7.58 Basi
1 x 0.95 0.05 l
Density of 95% solution: = ∑ ρi = + = 0.8 04 ⇒ ρ = 1.24 k
kg
g liter
bEq. 6.1-1g ρ i 1.26 1.00 kg
1 0.35 0.65 l
Density
Densit solution:
y of 35% solution = + = 0.9278 ⇒ ρ = 1.08 kg liter
ρ 12
126
. 6 100
10
. 0 kg
1000 liters 1.24 kg
kg
Mass of 95%
95 % solution: = 1240 kg
liter
G = glycerol
W = water
1240 kg (1000 L) m2 (kg)
0.95 G 0.60 G
0.05 W 0.40 W
23 m
m1 (kg)
0.35 G
5 cm I.D.
0.65 W
1 240 + m1 = m2
Mass balance: 1240
V⇒ m = 1740 kg 35% solution 1
Glycerol balance:
b alance: 0.9 5 12
1240 + 0.35 m = 0.6 0 m m = 2980 kg 60% solution
b g
b g b g
b g b g
b g
1 2 2
1740 kg
kg 1L
Volume of 35% solution added = = 1610 L
1.08 kg
⇒ Final solution volume = 1000 + 1610 L = 2610 L
Point 1.
1. Surface of fluid in 35% solution storage tank . P1 = 1 atm , u1 = 0 , z1 = 0
storage tank
Point 2. Exit from
from discharg pipe. P2 = 1 atm , z2 = 23 m
dischargee pipe.
3 4 2
1610 L 1 m 1 mi n 1 10 c m
u2 =
13 m in 103 L 60 s π b2.5gcm
2 2
1 m2
= 1051
. ms
2 2
∆u 2 ∆u 2 1051
.
2
m /s
2
1 N
∆P ρ = 0, = = = 0.552 N ⋅ m kg
2 2 (2 ) 1 kg ⋅ m / s 2
g∆z = 9.8066 m2 23 m 1N
2 = 225.6 N ⋅ m kg , F = 50 J k g = 5 0 N ⋅ m kg
s 1 kg ⋅ m / s
1740 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate: m& = = 2.23 kg s
13 min 60 s
Mechanical energy
energy balance Eq. 7.7
7.7 - 2
∆P ∆u
2 2 .23 kg
kg 0 . 5 52 + 225.6 + 50 N ⋅ m
22 1J 1 kW
M
W& s = −m&
N ρ
+
2
+ g∆z + F = −
s
P
Q kg 1 N ⋅ m 10
3
J s
= −0.62 kW ⇒ 0.62
0.62 kW de
deli
live
vere
red
d to fl
flui
uid
d by pu
pump
mp..
7-34