Transmission Notes
Transmission Notes
Transmission Notes
Genome
genetic material of an organism contained
in the basic (haploid) chromosome group.
Allele
variant of a gene, located at the
same place in a pair of
homologous chromosomes
Locus
location (place) on a chromosome, wherein
allele is located
Dominant
allele which is manifested both in
heterozygotes as well as in homozygotes
Recessive
allele which is manifested only in
homozygotes
Genotype
the total genetic information (a set of genes) of
an organism
Phenotype
a set of characteristics which make up the whole organism
(morphological and functional)
Law of segregation
Every individual contains a pair
of alleles for each particular
trait which segregate or
separate during cell division
for any particular trait and that
each parent passes a
randomly selected allele to its
offspring.
Recessive epistasis
The recessive allele of one gene in the
homozygous state suppresses the expression of
a dominant allele of another.
9:4:3 ratio
-9:7 ratio
Dominant epistasis
The dominant allele of one gene
suppresses the expression of a dominant
allele of another.
Mitochondrial diseases:
-muscle = mitochondrial myopathy
-brain = neuropathy, ataxia
Heteroplasmy - the presence of more than one type of organellar genome, within a cell or
individual.
MERRF syndrome - abnormal mitochondria with crystalline inclusions. Myoclonic jerks,
nervous & skeletal system. RaggedRedFibers
Extrachromosomal inheritance:
-semi autonomous organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts
-inherited only from the mother, ovum has about 100 thousand mitochondrions
-sperm cell contains 50 to 100 mitochondrions which do not enter into the ovum during
fertilisation
G0
- A resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped
dividing.
G1
- Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1
checkpoint control mechanism
ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
S - DNA replication occurs during this phase.
G2
- During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will
continue to grow. The G2
checkpoint control mechanism ensures that
everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide.
M - Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the
orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of
mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division
Prophase I
• Leptotene - individual chromosomes change from the diffuse state
they exist in during the cell's period of growth and gene
expression, and condense into visible strands within the
Nucleus.
Metaphase I
The chromosomes align at the metaphase
plate.
The two centrosomes start pulling the
chromosomes through their attached
centromeres towards the two ends of the cell
Anaphase I
The kinetochore microtubules
shorten and the chromosomes
split.
Telophase I
The first meiotic division effectively ends
when the chromosomes arrive at the
poles.
Each daughter cell now has half the
number of chromosomes but each
chromosome consists of a pair of
chromatids.
The decondensing chromosomes are
surrounded by nuclear membranes.
Meiosis II
Meiosis II is the second part of the meiotic process,
also known as equational division.
Mechanically, the process is similar to mitosis
Gametogenesis
The process of meiosis is inextricably linked to gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo
cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes
Spermatogenesis
Stages
◦Spermatogoniognesis
◦spermatocytogenesis (mitosis)
◦spermatidogenesis (meiosis)
◦spermiogenesis
Oogenesis
Stages
◦ Oocytogenesis (mitosis)
◦ Ootidogenesis
◦ Meiosis I
◦ Meiosis II
◦ Fertilization
Sex determination
XX/XY sex chromosomes
◦ Human, Drosophila,
XX/X0 sex chromosomes
◦ Grasshopper
XY/XX sex chromosomes
◦ Birds
Ploidy – haplo and diploidy
◦ ants, bees
Temperature-dependent sex determination
◦ turtles, aligators
Other sex-determination systems
◦ sex reversal in tropical clown fish
Test questions:
The child has B blood type its mother has A blood group. Men with which blood
groups can be excluded as fathers.
4. A_0
The breeder had two cats: a black female cat and redhead male cat. In the
P1 generation be received redhead and black males and also spotted (balf-
black half-red) female. This is an example for:
-co dominance
What is the correct statement to describe the difference between a sex cell and a
somatic cell?
-sex cells are produced by meiosis
A farmer discovers an oddity among his sheep where some of the sheep
have abnormally large eyes and bowed legs. Crosses of these sheep show
that 2/3 of the offspring have normal phenotype and 1/3 have abnormal
phenotype. What is the best explanation for the type of inheritance that
occurs here?
-the allele is lethal in it’s dominant form
In the radish plant three shapes are observed in the root - round, long
and oval. Different crosses of radishes gave the following results:
- long x oval produces 52 long and 48 oval
- long x round produces 98 oval
- oval x round produces 51 oval and 50 round
- oval x oval produces 24 long, 53 oval, and 27 round
This interaction of the genes is known as:
-incomplete dominance
A woman who has blood type A, has a daughter whi is type O positive and a son who
is type B negative. Rh positive is simple dominant trait over Rh negative. Which of the
following is possible genotype for the mother?
-IAi
What is the chromosomal system for sex determination in grasshoppers and certain
other insects?
-females are XX and males are X0
SYR is:
-a gene present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development
What is the number of chromosomes and ploidy in the human prophase II?
-1n2c
In cats, the gene for calico colour is both co-dominant and sex linked. If a black and
yellow cat are mated, what will be the result?
-all female offspring will be calio
A man with hemophilla (sex linked) lives a full life through modern medicine. What
phenotypes are likely in their children?
-non of the children will have the disease assuming his wife is not a carrier)
If a man has type O blood and his wife has type AB, what blood types are possible
among their children?
- A and B
An epistatic allele in labrador retrievers ensures that e lab pups are yellow. Two other alleles
control coat color, where black is dominant to brown. How many yellow pups would you
expeet from a parental cross where one parent was yellow (Bbee) and the other was
heterozygous black:
-½ or one half
In mice, agouti coat color is codominant. Hairs, when viewed under a microscope are grey at
the base and white at the tip. An agouti mouse will result from a cross between a black parent
and a white parent. What will two agouti mice produce?
-half augouti offspring, ¼ white, ¼ black
Consider the following traits: Widow's peak (dominant) and Tongue twisting (recessive). If a
person is Pptt is married to a person who is ppTt, what proportion of their offspring will have a
widow's peak and can twist their tongue? -¼
A man of blood AB marries a woman of blood group O. What are the possible blood
groups of their children?
- O, A, B, AB
-
Two true breeding parents are crossed similar to Mendel’s P generation. A tall plant is
crossed with a short plant. What is the expected outcome for the F1 generation?
- All tall
If the cross from (two true breeding parents) is continued, what would be the
expected outcome in the F2 generation?
- 3 Tall, 1 short (3 dominant, 1 recessive)
If a plant that has round seeds has a parent that has wrinkled seeds, what is it’s
genotype? Assume round is dominant.
- Rr
If you crossed two heterozygous plants, how many of the offspring will also be
heterozygous?
- Half
A plant that has purple flowers is crossed with one that has white flowers. The
offspring were half white and half purple. What were the genotypes of the parents?
- Pp x pp
In each case where Mendel crossed true breeding plants as parents, the offspring
displayed only one of the two traits seen in the parents. This observation supports
which principle of genetics?
- Dominance and recessiveness
Which of the following outcomes would you expect from the following cross: tall,
round (TTRR) x short, wrinkled (ttrr):
- All offspring tall and round
What is the distance between the genes that determine the colour of flowers and the
inheritance of seed size in the garden pea (Pisum Savitum) In the test cross of F1
generation 430 individual with parental genotypes and 70 recombinants were
obtained?
- 14,0 cm
The breeder had two cats: a black female cat and a redhead male cat. In the F1
generation, he received black males and tortie(spotted: half black, half red) female.
This is an example for:
- Co dominance
A couple has three children, all of whom have brown eyes and blond hair. Both
parents are heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb) but one is blond (rr) and the other is a
redhead (Rr). What is the probability that their next child will be a brown eyes
redhead?
- ½
A woman with A blood group married a man with B blood group. Which blood groups
may their children have?
- 0,A,B,AB
In the culture of dragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus), pure lines with white flowers and
red flowers were carried out. As a result of the crossing, the representatives of the
two lines, pink dragon flowers were obtained. This interaction of genes is known as:
- Incomplete dominance
In garden peas, height is determined by a single gene with tall being dominant to
short. If two heterozygous plants are crossed, what proportion of the tall progeny will
be homozygous dominant:
- 1/4
The child has A blood type its mother has B blood group. Men which blood groups
can be excludes as fathers:
- AB, O
If you crossed heterozygous and dominant homozygous plants, how many of the
offspring will also be heterozygous
- 1/2
The genotypes of a husband and wife are Ia Ih x Iai. Among the blood types of their
children how many different genotypes and phenotypes are possible
- 4 genotypes, 3 phenotypes
Given the parents AABBCc and AabbCc assume simple dominance and independent
assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically
resemble the first parent
- ¼
- ⅛
- ¾
- ⅜
In cattle, roan coat colour (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr)
offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses
would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red : 2 roan : 1 white
- Roan and Roan
The phenotype of the heterozygote differs from the phenotypes of both homozygotes
is an example of
- Incomplete dominance
Human with 47 XXY karyotype without SRY gene on the Y chromosome will be
- intersex