BJLG BGYIS@EHG

?3
C__JY LC
CY\E@J

[clrj Hjd
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

Â󰁨󰁬󰁥󰁩󰁣
EH\_JLSÄÉJ
7 _󰁪󰁳󰁻󰁧
_󰁪󰁳󰁻󰁧 󰁠󰁧󰁿󰁤󰁧
Lezcb quc g bc`njr bghcerg lc
? Y󰁧󰁻󰁧󰁼󰃡󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁼󰁿󰁧
󰁼󰁿󰁧󰁬󰁥󰁩󰁥󰁪󰁨󰁧󰁠
󰁬󰁥󰁩󰁥󰁪󰁨󰁧󰁠 gprchlcr å crrghlj. Bgs, qughlj
9 I󰁧󰁢󰁥󰁹󰁧 󰁹󰁪󰁩󰁥󰁧󰁠 󰁻󰁧󰁿󰁧 󰁦󰁪󰁿󰁧 󰁬󰁧 󰁩󰁧󰁠󰃤󰁧
pjlcbjs gprchlcr ijb j crrj
ljs jutrjs, essj chiurtg ogstghtc j
< B󰁣󰁥󰁧 󰁯󰁿󰁧󰁨󰁩󰁧 󰁩󰁪󰁢 󰁡󰁣󰁧󰁨󰁹 igbehnj.
3 B󰁳󰁠󰁠󰁣󰁼󰁹
Ijbj cletjr-incfc lj pjrtg` ‐C`
6 [󰁪󰁠󰁪 󰁠󰁥󰁹󰁼󰁿
󰁠󰁥󰁹󰁼󰁿󰁧󰁬󰁧
󰁧󰁬󰁧 󰁢󰁳󰁠󰁼󰁥󰁩󰁪󰁠󰁪󰁿󰁥󰁬󰁧 Njborc‒ c lj o`jd ‐Bjlg Bgsiu`ehg‒,
4 I󰁥󰁨󰁼󰁪/Y󰁧󰁻󰁧󰁼󰁪 󰁬󰁣 󰁩󰁪󰁳󰁿󰁪 󰁬󰁥󰁦󰁣󰁿󰁣󰁨󰁼󰁣
rcicoj tjljs js legs, lcslc ?;7?, gs
bges vgreglgs lñvelgs sjorc cste`j
> O󰁧󰁿󰁿󰁧 󰁬󰁧 󰁩󰁧󰁠󰃤󰁧 󰁣󰁨󰁿󰁳󰁤󰁧󰁬󰁧
c ebgdcb pcssjg`. Cssc `jhdj (c
5 @󰁪󰁤󰁪 󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁢󰁧󰁼󰁥󰁶󰁪 󰁬󰁣 󰁤󰁿󰁥󰁦󰁣 ehehtcrruptj) leç`jdj bc pcrbeteu
7; S󰁨󰁬󰁣󰁿󰁹󰁮󰁥󰁿󰁼 󰁶󰁥󰁹󰃢󰁶󰁣󰁠
bgpcgr quges séj js prehiepges crrjs
quc js njbchs ijbctcb hg njrg
77 Y󰁧󰁻󰁧󰁼󰁪 󰁬󰁣 󰁯󰁥󰁩󰁪 󰁷󰁳󰁧󰁬󰁿󰁧󰁬󰁪
lc sc vcster. C tgboåb, å i`grj, ijbj
7? C󰁾󰁩󰁣󰁹󰁹󰁪 󰁬󰁣 󰁩󰁪󰁿󰁣󰁹 ijhscrtç-`js.
79 I󰁳󰁣󰁩󰁧 󰁹󰁠󰁥󰁻 󰁩󰁪󰁢 󰁣󰁠󰃧󰁹
󰁣󰁠󰃧󰁹󰁼󰁥󰁩󰁪
󰁼󰁥󰁩󰁪 󰁣󰁢󰁯󰁳󰁼󰁥󰁬󰁪 Cstc `evrj å ub bghug` ijb leigs
7< [󰁪󰁠󰁪 󰁩󰁪󰁢 󰁤󰁪󰁠󰁧 󰁠󰁣󰁶󰁧󰁨󰁼󰁧󰁬󰁧
prçteigs quc, ehstghtghcgbchtc,
pjlcb gaulgr qug`qucr njbcb g
73 Y󰁧󰁻󰁧󰁼󰁪 󰁻󰁿󰁣󰁼󰁪 󰁩󰁪󰁢 󰁡󰁣󰁧󰁨󰁹
lcschvj`vcr j scu cste`j leçrej. C sc
76 D󰁿󰁧󰁶󰁧󰁼󰁧
D󰁿󰁧󰁶󰁧󰁼󰁧 󰁠󰁪󰁨󰁤󰁧 (󰁪󰁳 󰁩󰁳󰁿󰁼󰁧) vjiá héj ijhijrlgr ijb g`dub ljs
74 Ñ󰁠󰁼󰁥󰁢󰁪 󰁯󰁪󰁼󰃩󰁪 󰁬󰁪 󰁻󰁧󰁠󰁣󰁼󰃹 󰁦󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁪
tùpeijs, tulj ocb. Gs rcdrgs cxestcb
pgrg scrcb lcsg﬇glgs. Bgs j prebcerj
7> O󰁣󰁿󰁢󰁳󰁬󰁧 󰁧󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁾󰁪 󰁬󰁪 󰁡󰁪󰁣󰁠󰁮󰁪
pgssj pgrg rjbpcr ijb ubg trgleäéj
75 _󰁣󰁤󰁧󰁼󰁧 å, scbprc, ijhnciá-`g ghtcs.
?; I󰁪󰁠󰁧󰁿󰁥󰁨󰁮󰁪 󰁻󰁪󰁿 󰁩󰁥󰁢󰁧 󰁬󰁧 󰁠󰁧󰁻󰁣󰁠󰁧 [rcpgrglj pgrg `cvgr g sug ebgdcb
?7 \󰃡󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁬󰁣 󰁩󰁪󰁿󰁿󰁥󰁬󰁧 󰁩󰁪󰁢 󰁡󰁣󰁧󰁨󰁹
pcssjg` gj prùxebj hâvc`: 

?? \󰁣󰁿󰁨󰁪
\󰁣󰁿󰁨󰁪 󰁹󰁣󰁢 󰁧󰁡󰁳󰁹󰁼󰁣 󰁨󰁧 󰁢󰁧󰁨󰁤󰁧

?9 B󰁥󰁾 (󰁣󰁾󰁧󰁤󰁣󰁿󰁧󰁬󰁪)
(󰁣󰁾 󰁧󰁤󰁣󰁿󰁧󰁬󰁪) 󰁬󰁣 󰁣󰁹󰁼󰁧󰁢󰁻󰁧󰁹

?< I󰁮󰁧󰁻󰃥󰁳 󰁬󰁣 󰁧󰁯󰁧 󰁩󰁳󰁿󰁼󰁧

?3 O󰁧󰁿󰁯󰁧 󰁨󰃩󰁪 󰁧󰁠󰁥󰁨󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁧

IJH\CÑLJ BJLC@JY Y\U@EHD FJ\JD_GFEG _CVEYÉJ

[clrj Hjd Ghlrå Bgl, Fc`epc @cx Oçrogrg Heiåsej Iresteghj Ye`vg Igbe`g Hjducerg
c \negdj Yecvcrs
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

GD_GLCIEBCH\JY
G rcg`ezgäéj lcstc `evrj sù fje pjssâvc` lcvelj g ub `jhdj (c lurâssebj) trgog`nj
cb tebc. [jr essj lcexj gque tjlj j bcu igrehnj c gdrglciebchtj g tjljs js
chvj`veljs hj prjactj1
R Bcus qucreljs pgricerjs c ij-fuhlgljrcs lc C` Njborc Fc`epc @cx (7),
\negdj Yecvcrs (?) c Ghlrå Bgl (9), quc chijhtrgrgb tcbpj hg ijrrcreg leçreg
pgrg pjsgr lc bjlc`j c bc lcrgb jpeheócs vg`ejsgs pgrg j ijhtcñlj lj `evrj=
R G cste`estg Oçrogrg Heiåsej (<), quc iuelju lg vetg` tgrcfg lc prjluzer j sty`ehd

lgs fjtjs, g`åb lc bc fjrhcicr fcclogims ebpjrtghtâssebjs sjorc js tùpeijs=

R J fjtùdrgfj Iresteghj Ye`vg (3), rcspjhsçvc` pc`js oc`âssebjs i`equcs quc

gijbpghngb cstc `evrj= c g rcvesjrg Igbe`g Hjducerg (6), quc dgrghteu ubg
g`tg qug`elglc drgbgteig` gj prjactj.

7 ? 9

< 3 6
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #7

_JS[G @G_DG
GIC_\G_ HJ IGEBCH\J LGY [CÄGY Å J YCD_CLJ [G_G SB @JJM
CY\E@JYJ. I_EC J NÇOE\J LC @CVG_ YSGY _JS[GY [G_G GASY\G_
YCB[_C WSC HCICYYÇ_EJ.

J igebchtj lg rjupg å téj ebpjrtghtc qughtj g cståteig lg pcäg cb

se. \g`vcz gtå bges. Elchtefeigr ubg rjupg gpcrtglg å fçie`. Gfehg`, hùs
schtebjs ub lcsijhfjrtj fâseij ijb c`g. Bgs j jpjstj å bges lefâie`. [jr
essj buetjs njbchs gigogb usghlj rjupgs `grdgs, quc trgzcb ub gr lc
lcs`cexj c lctjhgb g prjpjräéj ijrpjrg`. Héj ijbctg cssc crrj. G rjupg
lcvc pcrbeter `eocrlglc lc bjvebchtj, bgs scb sjorgr tcielj pgrg
tjlj `glj. Wughlj vjiá lç sjrtc lc chijhtrgr ubg pcäg ijb igebchtj

pcrfcetj hjhubg
g`fgegtc ju scu ijrpj, ùtebj.
ijsturcerg. 
Igsj ijhtrçrej, `cvc-g pgrg gaustgr hub
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?

YG[
G[G
G\Á
\ÁHE
HEY
Y \_
\_GL
GLEI
EIEJ
EJHG@
HG@
IJB YJ@G OGE^G C CY\_S\S_G GING\GLG, J BJLC@J LC
YG[G\ÁHEY WSC FJE [J[S@G_ HJ IJBCÄJ LG LÅIGLG LC
?;7; NJAC CY\Ç JOYJ@C\J.

Shs 7; ghjs gtrçs, j sgpgtáhes fcz buetj suicssj chtrc js njbchs. C gtå
njac c`c bghtåb ubg icrtg pjpu`grelglc. Bgs vgbjs rcf`cter, jm: Yug
prjpjstg jredehg` å uher ‐g screclglc lj sgpgtj sjieg` ijb g ehfjrbg`elglc
lj táhes‒. Ju scag, héj tcb `uz prùpreg. Héj å c`cdghtc ijbj j sgpgtj,
tgbpjuij lcsijhtrgâlj ijbj j táhes. Sb ig`äglj ‐bjrhj‒, pjlcbjs
lezcr, quc vge lcexgr scu `jjm bjhùtjhj. J táhes igsug` å ubg g`tcrhgtevg
bc`njr g c`c. Bgs fequc cspcrtj, pjrquc g`dubgs bgrigs j ingbgb
crrjhcgbchtc lc ‐sgpgtáhes‒ tgboåb. J sgpgtáhes trgleiejhg` tcb sj`g
ogexg c cstrutu
cs truturg
rg gingtglg, ijbj sc fjssc ubg ‐sgpgte`ng‒
‐sgpgte`ng‒ bgsiu`ehg. Héj
sc prchlg g hjbchi`gturgs. J hcdùiej å lcschvj`vcr scu schsj irâteij.
Yc vjiá gingr ubg `jag vchlchlj ub supjstj ‐sgpgtáhes‒ ijb sj`g c

grbgäéj
hjbc.  cstruturglgs,
cstruturglgs, héj nç bjtevj pgrg rchcdç-`j ijb ogsc gpchgs hj
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #9

IGBEYG YJIEG@ [G_G

FJ_G LG IG@ÄG
G@ÅB LC [GYYG_ SBG EBGDCB LC LCY@CE^J, G "IGSLG" LG IGBEYG
YJIEG@ GFC\G G [_J[J_ÄÉJ LJ HJYYJ IJ_[J.

Héj cxestc båtjlj bges cfeiechtc pgrg lcstruer ub `jjm sjieg` lj quc
lcexghlj g igbesg pgrg fjrg lg ig`äg. Bgs tulj ocb. G iu`pg héj å sug.
Gfehg`, huhig tc ijhtgrgb sjorc g lefcrchäg hg bjlc`gdcb lgs igbesgs
igsuges c sjieges. Chtéj vgbjs `ç. G igbesg igsug` tcb ubg ogrrg bges
iurtg. [jr quá: C`g å fcetg pgrg scr usglg pjr iebg lg ig`äg. \epj ubg
igbesctg. G igbesg sjieg`, pjr sug vcz, pjssue ubg cspåiec lc ‐igulg‒,
quc g lcexg bges ijbprelg. Yug fuhäéj å bghtcr ijb bges ferbczg g
igbesg lchtrj lg ig`äg, scb sger ijhfjrbc vjiá sc bjvebchtg. [jr essj,
qughlj vjiá g lcexg pgrg fjrg, c`g vge g`jhdgr scu trjhij c chiurtgr gs
sugs pcrhgs. Bjrg` lg nestùreg: Gigog ijb g prjpjriejhg`elglc lj ijrpj.
Ycb ijhtgr, å i`grj, g gpgráhieg lc lcs`cexj. Yc ghtcs vjiá cstgvg usghlj
g igbesg pgrg lchtr
lchtrj
j lg ig`äg, cssg ‐igulg
‐igulg‒‒ vge gbgssgr
gbgssgr.. Gj ij`jiç-`g pgrg

fjrg, j gbgssgljfeigrç vesâvc` pgrg j buhlj tjlj tcstcbuhngr

lc ijbpjsturg. tcstcbuhngr g sug fg`tg
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #<

BCEG O_GHIG IJB ACGHY

CHWSGH\J G BCEG O_GHIG [C_\CHIC GJ SHEVC_YJ CY[J_\EVJ,
G IG@ÄG ACGHY Å SBG [CÄG IGYSG@. [G_G [EJ_G_, J IJH\_GY\C
CH\_C GY IJ_CY CVELCHIEG CYYG EHIJB[G\EOE@ELGLC.

Cstc å, prjvgvc`bchtc,
ijbctcb j crrj
hj leg g leg1 bceg lc cste`j
orghig ijb bges
ig`äg ijbub
acghs. Bgsqucessjjsgigog
orgse`cerjs
njac,
schnjrcs. G bceg orghig å ubg pcäg lj uhevcrsj cspjrtevj, trgleiejhg`bcht
trgleiejhg`bchtc c
usglg pgrg g prçteig lc gtevelglcs fâseigs. Busiu`gäéj, ijrrelg, táhes, smgtc,
cti. G ig`äg acghs, pjr jutrj `glj, å ub etcb lg bjlg igsug`. \cbjs gâ
ubg ehijbpgteoe`elglc, pjrtghtj. J pejr å quc j ijhtrgstc chtrc gs ijrcs
ireg ubg fgexg ingbgtevg hj tjrhjzc`j, quc å qugsc ebpjssâvc` lc pgssgr
lcspcricoelg. G ojg hjtâieg: Å fçie` sj`uiejhgr j prjo`cbg. Yc vjiá cstevcr
lc shcgmcr, usc ubg bceg ‐ehvesâvc`‒. C`g ﬇ig csijhlelg lchtrj lj ig`äglj c
lç ub tjquc ijhtcbpjrïhcj gj vesug`. Hj igsj ljs sgpgtjs, g bceg orghig
å gehlg pejr.
pejr. Vjiá pjlc jptgr tgboåb pc`g
p c`g bceg "ehvesâvc`" ju pjr ubg bceg
csiurg, quc lcexg j `jjm bges sårej. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #3

BS@@C\Y
G@DSHY NJBCHY GIGOGB GLJ\
GLJ\GHLJ
GHLJ CYYG 󰀮EHF
󰀮EHFGBC󰀥
GBC󰀥 \CHLÁHIEG
LJY GHJY 75>; [J_ LEY[@EIÁHIEG, GJ HÉJ E_ IJB _CDS@G_ELGLC
GJ OG_OCE_J C LCE^GHLJ [CWSCHJY ‐BS@@C\Y‒ I_CYIC_CB HG
[G_\C LC \_ÇY LG IGOCÄG.

Cb tjlg g nestùreg lg nubghelglc, j ‐bu``cts‒ fje ub ljs pjhtjs bges

ogexjs lg bjlg bgsiu`ehg, pc`j bchjs hj quc lez rcspcetj g ijrtc lc
igoc`j. Yug igrgitcrâsteig prehiepg` å lcexgr js fejs iurtjs ju bålejs cb
iebg c hgs `gtcrges, chqughtj js lc trçs feigb ijbpreljs. Njac cb leg,
héj sc vá bges njbchs gljtghlj cssc ijrtc. (Drgägs g Lcus.) Bgs, pjr
lesp`eiáhieg, g`duhs njbchs héj fgzcb g bghutchäéj rcdu`gr lj igoc`j

c, gsseb, fejs rcoc`lcs

‐behe-bu``cts‒. ircsicbHéj
Fequc cspcrtj. hg lcexc
pgrtc quc
lc trçs
essjlg igocäg,ijb
gijhtcäg fjrbghlj ub
vjiá. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #6

[J@J @EY\_GLG
BS@\EIJ@J_ELG
J C^ICYYJ LC IJ_CY C GYYEBC\_EGY GIGOG IJB J ING_BC LG
[J@J. BC@NJ_ EHVCY\E_ HSB BJLC@J BEHEBG@EY\G.

Hg tcjreg, héj nç prjo`cbg cb usgr pj`j `estrglg. Bgs, hg prçteig, g

nestùreg
nestùreg å lefcr
lefcrchtc
chtc.. [csquesc pjr
p jr ‐pj`j `estrglg‒ hj Djjd`c Ebgdchs c vjiá
vge chtchlcr. Cb dcrg`, gs bgrigs pcigb pc`j cxicssj ijb sugs pj`js.
Cxicssj lc ijrcs= cxicssj lc `ehngs gssebåtreigs= cxicssj lc lctg`ncs.
Cssg pj`ueäéj vesug` cstrgdg j `jjm lc qug`qucr njbcb. Yc vjiá djstg
lc pj`j `estrglg, tulj ocb. Lcslc quc scag ub bjlc`j behebg`estg. [jr
cxcbp`j, ijb gs trgleiejhges `estrgs hgvy, cb gzu` bgrehnj c orghij. Bgs,

sc
Ijbvjiá qucr
c`gs héjajdgr scdurj,
tcb crrj. 
ehvestg hubg pj`j `esg lc tjhg`elglcs hcutrgs.
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #4

IEH\J C YG[G\J LC
IJS_J LEFC_CH\C
CB \_GACY FJ_BGEY, JY GICYYÙ_EJY LC IJS_J LCVCB YC_
IJJ_LCHGLJY1 \JLJY [_C\JY JS \JLJY BG__JHY.

G`dubgs rcdrgs cxestcb pgrg scrcb qucorglgs ’ bgs hcb tjlgs. Hj

quc lez rcspcetj g trgacs fjrbges, j elcg` å scduer g trgleäéj. C, hj igsj
ljs gicssùrejs lc ijurj, c`g å igtcdùreig1 c`cs lcvcb scr lg bcsbg ijr.
Iehtj prctj ijb sgpgtj prctj, iehtj bgrrjb ijb sgpgtj bgrrjb. Yc vjiá
cstevcr lc rc`ùdej, g rcdrg tgboåb sc gp`eig ë sug pu`scerg. Cxestc ub
prjpùsetj pjr trçs lessj1 j behebg`esbj, quc ghlg auhtj ijb g c`cdïhieg.
[jr essj hjs `jjms igsuges g f`cxeoe`elglc å bgejr. Yc vjiá cstevcr lc

agquct
agq
gs uctg
sugsg ijrcs.
lc iju
ijurjrj pgrg
Lç c ojt
ojtg,
g, pj
c`gspjrr cxcb
cxcbp`j
scrcb p`j,, dchtcs.
levcr héj
hé j nç 
levcrdchtcs. hcics
hc icssel
selglc
glc lc ij
ijjrlc
jrlchgr
hgr
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #>

OG__G LG IG@ÄG
CH_SDGLG
HSHIG SYC SBG IG@ÄG YCB GH\CY GASY\
G ASY\G_
G_ 󰀮JS LJO_G_󰀥
LJO_ G_󰀥 G
OG__G. G@ÅB LC [GYYG_ SBG EB[_CYYÉJ LC LCY@CE^J, CYYC
CH_SDGLJ FGQ VJIÁ [G_CIC_ BGEY OGE^J.

Ijbprju ubg ig`äg hjvg: Ùtebj, gdjrg `cvc-g ebclegtgbchtc g ubg

ijsturcerg pgrg fgzcr g ogrrg. Buetjs njbchs séj hcd`edchtcs ijb essj.
Héj chtrc pgrg g cstgtâsteig. \cr tcielj sjorghlj hg rcdeéj lj tjrhjzc`j
å rueb pgrg j `jjm pjr ljes bjtevjs. [rebcerj, pgssg ubg ebprcsséj lc
lcs`cexj. Ycduhlj, ireg `estrgs njrezjhtges hg sug ig`äg, quc vesug`bchtc
gingtgb g se`nuctg. Essj fgz vjiá pgrcicr bges ogexj. Sbg g`tcrhgtevg å
ljorgr hg béj g ogrrg lg sug ig`äg acghs ju lc sgrag, lcslc quc g ljorg

héj fequc ijbprelg

lç, pjrquc j tcielj åju drjssg
bgiej lcbges. Hj
c lcspchig. igsj
Ycb ljs bjlc`js
ijhtgr sjieges, héj
quc feig ehfjrbg`. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #5

@JDJ INGBG\EVJ
LC D_EFC
G JY\CH\GÄÉJ CY\Ç @EDGLG Ë EHYCDS_GHÄG. BGEY EB[J_\GH\C
LJ WSC G C\EWSC\G
C\EWSC\G LC SBG _JS[G Å J OJB DJY\J LC@G.
LC@G .

‐G sebp`eielglc å g ingvc lg c`cdïhieg‒, lez ubg bçxebg lg bjlg

bgsiu`ehg. Ssgr ubg igbesg ijb j `jdj lg bgrig lesirctgbchtc
ojrlglj hc`g héj å hchnub pciglj. Gdjrg, gquc`gs cstgbpgs lc drefc
cb tgbghnj ‐D‒: Héj lç. Å fcej c lcsc`cdghtc, ijbj sc vjiá cstevcssc
dretghlj ijb sugs rjupgs1 ‐Ce, j`ng sù ijbj cu tchnj lehncerj!‒ Essj
scrvc tgboåb pgrg iehtjs ijb fevc`g lc drefc. G jstchtgäéj cstç `edglg ë
ehscdurghäg. Hehduåb
Hehduåb prciesg sgocr j qugh
qughtj
tj vjiá pgdju hubg pcäg. Yc Yc

fje _$uctg.
g cteq 3; ju_$ 3;;, héj fgz lefcrchäg. J quc ebpjrtg å j ojb djstj, héj
ctequctg.
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #7;

SHLC_YNE_\
SHLC_YNE_\ VEYÂVC@
IJ@JIG_ SBG SHLC_YNE_\ [J_ OGE^J LG IGBEYG YJIEG@ [JLC
YC_ Ñ\E@ [G_G [_CVCHE_ BGHINGY LC YSJ_. BGY FEWSC CY[C_\J,
C@G HÉJ LCVC G[G_CIC_ CB NE[Ù\CYC G@DSBG.

G uhlcrsnert pjlc scr ubg drghlc g`eglg lc njbchs quc trghspergb

buetj, cspcieg`bchtc hg rcdeéj lgs gxe`gs. Gj ij`jiç-`g pjr ogexj lg
igbesg sjieg`, vjiá dgrghtc ubg igbglg cxtrg lc prjtcäéj ijhtrg j sujr,
prcvchehlj gsseb g fjrbgäéj lg fgbjsg ‐pezzg‒ cbogexj lj orgäj. Bgs
fequc cspcrtj. Yc g igbesctg fjr lc dj`g rcljhlg, c`g vge gpgrcicr igsj
vjiá gorg js ojtócs supcrejrcs (ub ju ljes) lg igbesg. Essj gigog ijb
g c`cdïhieg lj `jjm. Lá prcfcráhieg ë dj`g ‐V‒, quc å bges igvglg c sc
bghtåb jiu`tg hcssgs setugäócs. [rcstc gtchäéj tgboåb ë cspcssurg lg

igbesg. Yc prehiepg`bchtc
ogexj lc`g, fjr fehg lcbges,hgnççrcg
j pcredj lg igbesctg
lgs ijsturgs. 
feigr bgriglg pjr
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #77

YG[G\J LC OEIJ
WSGL_GLJ
CY\Ç HG NJ_G LC G[JYCH\G_ YCS VC@NJ YG[G\J LC OEIJ
WSGL_GLJ. JY BJLC@JY LC OEIJ _CLJHLJ YÉJ BGEY
I@ÇYYEIJY
I@Ç YYEIJY C C@CDGH\CY.
C@CDGH\CY.

Lezcb quc j sgpgtj å g ogsc lg c`cdïhieg. Héj ijbcic j scu `jjm ijb
j på csqucrlj (ijb j pcrléj lj trjigle`nj) jptghlj pjr ub bjlc`j lc
oeij quglrglj. C`c trgz ubg gpgráhieg pcsglg c drjsscerg pgrg js pås.
Héj nç tcrhj etg`eghj, lg bges g`tâssebg qug`elglc, quc ijbpchsc g sug

prcschäg.
Ycu vesug` Jptc
f eigrçpc`js
feigrç ocb bjlc`js i`çsseijs lc
bges ngrbjhejsj. 
oeij rcljhlj ju grr
grrcljhlglj.
cljhlglj.
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #7?

C^ICYYJ LC IJ_CY
G OGYC LJ @JJM LCVC YC_ IJHY\_SÂLG CB IEBG LC \JHY
HCS\_JY, IJBJ [_C\J JS O_GHIJ. G [G_\E_ LEYYJ, VJIÁ [JLC
GI_CYICH\
GI_CYIC H\G_
G_ IJ_CY 󰀮IJB G LCVELG
L CVELG BJLC_GÄÉJ󰀥
B JLC_GÄÉJ󰀥..

Yc vjiá pcsquesgr hj Djjd`c pjr ‐ijboehgäéj lc ijrcs‒, vge chijhtrgr

ubg ehfehelglc lc tcjregs. Ijboehgäócs ghç`jdgs, ijbp`cbchtgrcs,
trâglcs, cti. C`gs pjlcb gtå fgzcr schtelj hj uhevcrsj lgs grtcs drçfeigs.
Bgs cxpcrebchtc hg sug rjupg c vjiá tcrç ubg surprcsg lcsgdrglçvc`.
(Vcrlc, `grghag c rjxj: Fg`g sårej.) J elcg` å ijhstruer g ogsc lj scu `jjm
cb iebg lc tjhs hcutrjs, ijbj prctj, orghij, iehzg ju gzu` bgrehnj.
G pgrter lessj, vjiá pjlc gircsichtgr ijrcs ijb g lcvelg bjlcrgäéj.
@cborghlj quc gs tjhg`elglcs bchjs veorghtcs trgzcb bges c`cdïhieg
gj `jjm bgsiu`ehj. Cxcbp`js: Bgrrjb, vcrlc be`etgr, vehnj, ocdc... Wucr

sc grresigr
fequc cspcrhgs
cspcrtj ijrcs
tj pgrg bges
héj vevgs:
cxgdcrgr
cxgdcr Oc`czg, hj vcréj pjlc gtå feigr `cdg`. Yù
gr.. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #79

ISCIG Y@E[ IJB

C@ÇY\EIJ CBOS\ELJ
YEB, C@G Å IJHFJ_\ÇVC@ [G_G [_G\EIG_ CY[J_\CY, BGY
CY\C\EIGBCH\C VGE G__SEHG_ G YSG EBGDCB YC VJIÁ CY\EVC_
HSB CHIJH\_J _JBÏH\EIJ.

Wughlj vjiá tevcr ub chijhtrj rjbïhteij, agbges usc ubg iucig s`ep
ijb c`çsteij cboutelj. Héj rcijhncic j hjbc: Å gquc`g iucig quc tcb
ub ijrtc bges igvglj hg rcdeéj lg ijxg. C`g héj vg`jrezg j ijrpj c, pejr
gehlg, `cborg ubg frg`lg. [jlc gtå scr ijhfjrtçvc` pgrg fgzcr cspjrtcs,
bgs cstcteigbchtc grruâhg g sug ebgdcb. Yc j c`çsteij fjr gpgrchtc, aç
bc`njrg. Gdjrg, sc vjiá quescr ub jpäéj ehfg`âvc`, csij`ng ubg iucig

ojxcr ju truhm (quc pgrcic ubg suhdg), cspcieg`bchtc sc fjr ub bjlc`j

prctj `esj. Å ub ijrehdg lj uhlcrwcgr bgsiu`ehj. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #7<

[J@J IJB DJ@G

@CVGH\GLG
LCH\_J LC SB OG_IJ, G DJ@G @CVGH\GLG [JLC G\Å FGQC_
YCH\ELJ [C@J IJH\C^\J NEY\Ù_EIJ. FJ_G EYYJ: Å SB LCY@EQC.

Hg tcjreg, `cvghtgr g dj`g lg pj`j tc lcexgrç ijb g gpgráhieg lc

ub ajdgljr lc rudoy quc gigoju lc sger lj trcehj. Ijhfeghtc, fjrtc,
lcstcbelj. Hg prçteig: Vjiá vge pgrcicr ijb j quc js gbcreighjs
ingbgb lc ‐ljuincogd‒. Cb pjrtuduás, screg g`dj ijbj ‐bg`g‒ ju
‐bgrrchtj‒, g`duåb quc fgz lc tulj pgrg ingbgr g gtchäéj. Lchtrj lc
ub ogrij, g dj`g `cvghtglg pjlc gtå fgzcr schtelj, pjr igusg lj ijhtcxtj
nestùreij. Ghtcs lg ehvchäéj lj prjtctjr sj`gr, g`duhs vc`cagljrcs g

usgvgb pgrg prjtcdcr g huig lj sj`. Igsj ijhtrç

ijhtrçrej
rej:
: Csqucäg.
Cs qucäg. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #73

YG[G\J [_C\J IJB ACGHY

[J_ YCS G@\J D_GS LC FJ_BG@ELGLC, J YG[G\J [_C\J Å
EHIJB[G\ÂVC@ IJB G IGYSG@ELGLC LG IG@ÄG ACGHY.

Yc pcdgrbjs tjljs js ig`ägljs bgsiu`ehjs c iregrbjs ubg csig`g lc

fjrbg`elglc, j sgpgtj prctj vge feigr hj tjpj. Ijb fj`dg c trghque`elglc.
@cvghlj cb ijhselcrgäéj quc g ig`äg acghs å ubg pcäg igsug`, g lcluäéj
quc pjlcbjs fgzcr lcssc chrclj å quc c`cs héj véj ocb auhtjs. C héj
ebpjrtg sc j sgpgtj fjr jxfjrl, lcroy,
lcroy, `jgfcr,
`jgfcr, bjhm strgp,
s trgp, cti. Héj lç ajdj.
(Cxictj hj igsj lgs ojtgs.) Yc vjiá qucr lcexgr j scu `jjm lc acghs bges

g`ehnglj, gpjstc hj sgpgtj bgrrjb. C`c å bchjs sårej c vge ngrbjhezgr

ocb bc`njr ijb sug rjupg. G bcsbg `ùdeig vg`c pgrg g ig`äg lc sgrag. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #76

D_GVG\G @JHDG
(JS IS_\G)
G [JH\G LG D_GVG\G LCVC \C_BEHG_ HG @EHNG LJ IEH\J,
GIJB[GHNGHLJ G IGBEYG CB \JLG G YSG C^\CHYÉJ.

Js njbchs sc prcjiu
prcjiupgb
pgb buetj
buetj cb gicrtgr j hù lg drgvgtg. C ijb rgzéj,
aç quc c`c f eig prùxe
prùxebj
bj gj rjs
rjstj
tj c, pj
pjrr es
essj
sj,, ing
ingbg
bg og
ogst
stghtc
ghtc g gtch
gtchäé
äéj.
j.
Bgs, hj quc lez rcspcetj ë drgvgtg, cxestc jutrg qucstéj bges sute` quc,
tgboåb, pjssue ub pgpc` ebpjrtghtc hj rcsu`tglj fehg` lj `jjm1 g sug
g`turg. C`g lcvc gijbpghngr tjlg g cxtchséj lg igbesg, tcrbehghlj hg
`ehng
`ehng lj ieh
iehtj
tj (cstcag vjiá usghlj ub ju héj). Yc g pjhtg lg drgvgtg feigr
buetj giebg ju gogexj lessj, c`g vesug`bchtc vge prcauleigr g prjpjräéj
lj scu ijrpj. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #74

Ñ@\EBJ OJ\ÉJ LJ
[G@C\Ù FCINGLJ
J OJ\ÉJ EHFC_EJ_ LJ [G@C\Ù LCVC FEIG_ YCB[_C GOC_\J, [J_
SBG WSCY\ÉJ LC C\EWSC\G C BJOE@ELGLC.

Ces ubg trgleäéj trgeäjcerg. Wughlj cstgbjs lc pg`ctù, j hjssj ehstehtj

screg lc fcinç-`j gtå j ñ`tebj ojtéj, ijrrctj: Yù quc héj. Ycduhlj g
ctequctg lg bjlg bgsiu`ehg, j ojtéj lc ogexj lcvc feigr scbprc gocrtj.
Cssg nestùreg ijbcäju ijb j rce ehd`ás Clwgrl VEE, hj fehg` lj såiu`j
75. [jr cstgr giebg lj pcsj, c`c héj ijhscdueg fcingr j ñ`tebj ojtéj lj
pg`ctù. C héj å quc g bjlg pcdju: J bges iurejsj å quc js prùprejs
g`fgegtcs gljtgrgb cssg tchláhieg. C`cs ijbcägrgb g lcschngr tcrhjs
ijb cssc prjpùsetj, ubg prçteig quc sc bghtåb gtå njac. [jr essj,
qughlj vjiá usg j ñ`tebj ojtéj fcinglj, cstç ijbctchlj ub lcs`ezc lc
ctequctg c, g`åb lessj, vge
ctequctg v ge pcrlcr bjoe`elglc
bjoe`elglc pjr héj ute`ezgr
ute`ezgr g pcäg ijbj
fje prjactglg jredehg`bchtc. G rcdrg sc gp`eig gj o`gzcr tgboåb. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #7>

OC_BSLG GOGE^J
LJ AJC@NJ
YGOC GWSC@C VC@NJ OC_BSLÉJ WSC \C_BEHG WSGYC HG IGHC@G:
CY\Ç HG NJ_G LC YSOY\E\SE󰀢@J [J_ SB YNJ_\Y BGEY IS_\J, WSC
LCE^G_
LCE^G_ÇÇ G YS
YSG
G YE@NSC\G
YE@NSC\G BGEY NG_BJHE
NG_BJHEJYG.
JYG.

Njuvc ub tcbpj cb quc j ocrbuléj `jhdj, gogexj lg `ehng lj ajc`nj,

crg pjpu`gr chtrc js njbchs. Fc`ezbchtc, cssc tcbpj feiju pgrg trçs.
G ocrbulg ijbprelg chiurtg vesug`bchtc g pcrhg, lctjhghlj g hjssg
prjpjräéj ijrpjrg`. Wucr bges ngrbjheg pgrg j scu `jjm: Ehvestg hub
bjlc`j quc tcrbehg 7 ju ? lcljs giebg lj ajc`nj. Hg prgeg, lç pgrg g
ogrrg scr gtå bges iurtg. J ebpjrtghtc, bcsbj, å agbges ijorer j ajc`nj. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #75

_CDG\G
G@DSHY NJBCHY IJBC\CB J C__J LC GI_CLE\G_ WSC G _CDG\G
VG@J_EQG
VG@J_EQG G FJ_BG FÂYEIG. BGY, EHYC
EHYC_EL
_ELG
G HSB @JJM IGYSG@,
I GYSG@, HÉJ
NÇ BÑYIS@J WSC IJB[CHYC G FG@\G LC IJC_ÁHIEG.

G igbesctg rcdgtg tcb `udgr hj grbçrej bgsiu`ehj: [jlc gtå scr. Yc fjr
hg njrg lc bg`ngr, ljrber ju er ë prgeg. [jrquc cb `jjms igsuges, c`g
lcfehetevgbchtc héj å ubg ojg elceg. C, qughtj bges igvglg, pejr. Yc vjiá
qucr vg`jrezgr j scu fâseij, cxestcb jpäócs bc`njrcs lc igbesctg quc
héj pgrcicb ‐ocrrgr‒ pjr gtchäéj. [jr cxcbp`j, g dj`g ‐V‒, quc lcstgig
bges lesirctgbchtc j pcetjrg`= ju g dj`g ‐ighjg‒, quc `cborg g rcljhlg,
sù quc bges gocrtg. @cborghlj quc c`gs tgboåb héj pjlcb tcr ubg
gbp`etulc cxgdcrglg. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?;

IJ@G_EHNJ [J_
IEBG LG @G[C@G
HSBG FCY\G \CBÇ\EIG LJY GHJY 754;, G YJO_C[JYEÄÉJ LJ
IJ@G_EHNJ LG IGBEYG YJO_C G @ G[C
G[C@
@ G LJ O@
O@GQC_
GQC_ Å GICE\Ç
GICE\ÇVC@.
CB JS\_GY JIGYEÓCY, HÉJ.

Ssgr j ij`grehnj lg igbesg pjr iebg lg `gpc`g lj o`gzcr, fgzchlj ubg

sjorcpjseäéj, pjlc feigr buetj cste`jsj. Lcslc quc vjiá cstcag ehlj pgrg
ubg fcstg tcbçteig ljs ghjs 754;, fghtgseglj lc Ajnh \rgvj`tg cb ‐Js
Cbog`js lc Yçoglj ë Hjetc‒. Yc héj fjr cssg g jigseéj, pjlc csqucicr.
Bghtchng g jrlcb hgturg` lgs ijesgs, ijbj qug`qucr g`fgegtc quc vevcu
hjs ñ`tebjs 3; ghjs rcijbchlgreg1 cbogexj j ij`grehnj, cb iebg g `gpc`g.
Hglg lc ehvchtgr. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?7

\ÁHEY LC IJ__ELG
IJB ACGHY
BEY\S_G_ [CÄGY LJ SHEVC_YJ CY[J_\EVJ C LJ IGYSG@ [JLC
FEIG_ EH\C_CYYGH\C. LCYLC WSC EYYJ HÉJ CHVJ@VG SB \ÁHEY
LC IJ__ELG INGBG\EVJ.
INGBG\EVJ.

Hùs vevcbjs hg d`jrejsg crg ljs shcgmcrs, cb quc gs drghlcs bgrigs

lg ehlñstreg fgsnejh ’ g`åb lc vçregs stgrtups iregtevgs ’ `ghägb hjvjs
bjlc`js lc táhes igsuges hubg vc`jielglc ebprcssejhghtc. Å tghtg
hjvelglc quc bg` lç pgrg gijbpghngr. Gehlg gsseb, g`duhs njbchs
ehsestcb cb usgr táhes lc ijrrelg ijb ig`äg acghs. Yc Y c fjr ub bjlc`j
bj lc`j bges
lesirctj,
lesirctj, gtå pgssg. Bgs, sc
s c chvj`vcr gquc`gs ijrcs ingbgtevgs
ingbgtevgs quc vcbjs
ijb tghtg frcquáhieg hg giglcbeg, gâ j rcsu`tglj å lcsgstrjsj. [grcic
quc vjiá cstç ehlj trcehgr c csqucicu lc `cvgr j snjrts. G ojg hjtâieg:
Cxestc ub updrglc fçie` pgrg cssc
css c `jjm. Ogstg trjigr j scu táhes lc ijrrelg
ijrrelg
pjr ub i`çsseij shcgmcr orghij. Gsseb, vjiá cstgrç ocb lcfchlelj
scbprc quc ojtgr ubg ig`äg acghs hj ijrpj. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #??

\C_HJ YCB GASY\C

HG BGHDG
CB @JJMY YJIEGEY, J [SHNJ LG IGBEYG LCVC YCB[_C G[G_CIC_
[J_ \_ÇY
\_Ç Y LG BGHDG LJ [G@C\Ù.

\jlj njbcb sgoc quc, gj ijbprgr ub tcrhj, lcvc-sc gaustgr g ogrrg lg

ig`äg, pgrg lcexç-`g ijb ub igebchtj glcquglj ë sug g`turg. Bgs buetjs
njbchs edhjrgb quc cssg rcdrg tgboåb sc gp`eig ë bghdg lj pg`ctù.
C, gque, cxestc ubc pcdglehng. G bghdg héj lcvc incdgr gtå g sug béj.
J ijrrctj å tcrbehgr ub pjuij ghtcs, hj jssehnj lj pu`sj. [jr quá:
Gsseb j puhnj lg igbesg gpgrcic, lesirctgbchtc, pjr trçs lj pg`ctù. G
rcijbchlgäéj oçseig å lcexgr icrig lc ub lclj vesâvc`, ijb j orgäj
csteiglj `gtcrg`bchtc. Cssc pcquchj lctg`nc trgz ubg g`tâssebg ljsc lc
c`cdïhieg pgrg j `jjm sjieg`. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?9

BE^ (C^GDC_GLJ)
LC CY\GB[GY
[G_G HÉJ LCE^G_ YCS VEYSG@ [J@SÂLJ, OSYWSC IJBOEHG_
[CÄGY CY\GB[GLGY IJB @EYGY. EYYJ VGE DG_GH\E_ NG_BJHEG
GJ @JJM.

Besturgr cstgbpgs héj å hcicssgregbchtc ubg dgfc. Bgs essj lcpchlc

lc ljes fgtjrcs. [rebcerj: Vjiá tcr ub cste`j pcssjg` bges fgsnejhestg
c ‐trghsdrcssjr‒, ledgbjs gsseb. Ycduhlj: Ljbehgr buetj ocb g
ngrbjhezgäéj lc ijrcs c fjrbgs. Yc héj fjr j scu igsj, g lcieséj bges
sçoeg å gojrtgr cssc p`ghj. J bex lc cstgbpgs pjlc lcexgr j vesug`
cxicssevgbchtc pj`uâlj. Wucr usgr ubg pcäg bges jusglg: \ulj ocb,
bgs ousquc cque`eorç-`g ijb etchs `esjs c hcutrjs. Gsseb feig bges fçie`
pgrg bghtcr
bghtcr g ngrbjh
ngrbjheg
eg cståteig lj `jjm.
`jjm . 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?<

ING[ÅS LC GOG IS_\G

J ING[ÅS LC GOG IS_\G 󰀮\_E@OU󰀥 [_JLSQ SB VEYSG@ IG_EIG\J,
WSC @CBO_G JY IGH\J_CY [J[ LJY GHJY 755; C ?;;;.

Ycagbjs rcg`estgs1 j cste`j lc ubg pcäg (ju g sug fg`tg) cstç lerctgbchtc
`edglj ëquc`cs quc g usgrgb ghtcs lc hùs. Å gsseb quc gs ijesgs
fuhiejhgb. Yc vjiá ij`jigr ub ingpåu lc gog iurtg, ijhncielj ijbj
tre`oy, gs pcssjgs ehijhsiechtcbchtc véj gssjiegr cssg (igreigtg) ebgdcb
gjs ightjrcs pjp ljs ghjs 755; c ?;;;.
?;; ;. Bç elceg, ijhijrlg:
ijhijrlg: Bc`njr cvetgr
j ingpåu, pjrtght
pjr tghtj.
j. Gdjrg, sc
s c vjiá quescr buetj
buetj usgr, quc scag ub lc gog
båleg, ingbglj fcljrg. C`c tcvc rcprcschtghtcs bc`njrcs (Nubpnrcy
Ojdgrt, G`geh Lc`jh c _jocrt
_jocr t _clfjrl, chtrc jutrjs)
jutrjs) c vj`tju gjs nj`jfjtcs
hjs ñ`tebjs tcbpjs, gdjrg hub ijhtcxtj
ijhtcxtj bges igsug` c rñsteij.
rñs teij. 
 BJLG BGYIS@EHG

C__J #?3

OG_OG HÉJ G@EHNGLG

BCYBJ WSC VJIÁ \CHNG SBG OG_OG D_GHLC, Å FSHLGBCH\G@
\E_G_ JY FEJY C^ICLCH\CY LG OJINCING C LJ [CYIJÄJ.

Yc vjiá fgz pgrtc lj tebc ljs ogrouljs, ces ub ijhsc`nj ebpjrtghtc1

`cborc-sc
`cbor c-sc lc lcschngr g ogrog. Essj héj tcb rc`gäéj ijb j ijbpr
ijbprebcht
ebchtj
j
lc`g, c seb ijb scus `ebetcs hj rjstj. Bcsbj quc vjiá scag glcptj lj
cste`j `chngljr, å ebpjrtghtc `ebpgr js fejs hg rcdeéj lg ojincing c
pcsijäj. Igsj ijhtrçrej, vjiá pjlc pgssgr ubg ebgdcb lc lcs`cexj.
(G`duhs sjrtuljs aç táb cssg `ehng lcschnglg hgturg`bchtc. Yc fjr j scu
igsj, bc`njr gehlg.) J ñ`tebj pgssj å gpgrgr j oedjlc, pgrg c`c héj ehvgl
ehvgler
er
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