Moiji 2022 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments and Their Removal by Algae-Based Systems.

Chemosphere 288 (2022) 132580
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemosphere
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and

their removal by algae-based systems
Amin Mojiri a, b, *, John L. Zhou c, **, Harsha Ratnaweera a, Shahabaldin Rezania d,
Mansoureh Nazari V e
a
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama,
Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
c
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
d
Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
e
School of Pharmacy, University of 17 August 1945, Jakarta, 14350, Indonesia
H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T
• PPCPs concentrations in water sources

can reach up to 1.1 mg/L.
• High concentration of PPCPs was
detected in fish samples.
• Algae based-method could remove up to
99% PPCPs.
• Low concentration of PPCPs could in
crease chlorophyll and protein of algae.
• High concentration of PPCPs reduce
psaB and psbc genes in algae.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Handling Editor: Y Yeomin Yoon The consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has been widely increasing, yet up to
90–95% of PPCPs consumed by human are excreted unmetabolized. Moreover, the most of PPCPs cannot be fully
Keywords: removed by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which release PPCPs to natural water bodies, affecting
Algae aquatic ecosystems and potentially humans. This study sought to review the occurrence of PPCPs in natural water
Genes
bodies globally, and assess the effects of important factors on the fluxes of pollutants into receiving waterways.
Groundwater
The highest ibuprofen concentration (3738 ng/L) in tap water was reported in Nigeria, and the highest naproxen
Pharmaceuticals
Wastewater concentration (37,700 ng/L) was reported in groundwater wells in Penn State, USA. Moreover, the PPCPs have
affected aquatic organisms such as fish. For instance, up to 24.4 × 103 ng/g of atenolol was detected in
P. lineatus. Amongst different technologies to eliminate PPCPs, algae-based systems are environmentally friendly
and effective because of the photosynthetic ability of algae to absorb CO2 and their flexibility to grow in different
wastewater. Up to 99% of triclosan and less than 10% of trimethoprim were removed by Nannochloris sp., green
algae. Moreover, variable concentrations of PPCPs might adversely affect the growth and production of algae.
The exposure of algae to high concentrations of PPCPs can reduce the content of chlorophyll and protein due to
* Corresponding author. Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Mojiri), [email protected] (J.L. Zhou).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132580
Received 17 August 2021; Received in revised form 4 October 2021; Accepted 13 October 2021
Available online 20 October 2021
0045-6535/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Mojiri et al. Chemosphere 288 (2022) 132580
producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and affecting expression of some genes in chlorophyll (rbcL, psbA, psaB
and psbc).
1. Introduction (Dhodapka and Gandh, 2019). Generally, several thousands of PPCPs

are produced per year around the world, and the discharge and accu
Water resources are increasingly becoming limited, and quality of mulation of PPCPs in the environments are considered as an unavoid
water bodies has been seriously threatened by the presence of different able by-product of a modern lifestyle (Tran et al., 2015). PPCPs can be
contaminants that pose a risk to the human health and the aquatic en simple aromatic molecules (e.g. anesthetic propofol), simple aliphatic
vironments (Balusamy et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020). Of current major molecules (e.g. vasodilator and nitroglycerine), or more complex mol
concerns are emerging organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals ecules with low molecular weight (e.g. statin and atorvastatin) and with
and personal care products (PPCPs) (Mojiri et al., 2019a). PPCPs are heavy molecular weight biopharmaceuticals (e.g. hyaluronic acid)
designed to have the maximum impacts at low concentrations; conse (Taylor and Senac, 2014).
quently, they have a significant effect on environments and humans at
trace concentrations (Patel et al., 2019). Thus, the increasing use of 2.1. Pharmaceuticals
PPCPs has raised questions regarding their potential risks to human and
ecosystems, especially by promoting the development of antibiotic Pharmaceuticals usually comprise over the counter (OTC) or pre
resistance genes (Zhou et al., 2012). It is therefore important to critically scription human/veterinary drugs and nutraceuticals applied for pro
review the concentrations and treatment of PPCPs in water bodies phylaxis/therapeutic and health supplements reasons (Cizmas et al.,
around the world, as the aim of this study. 2015). Pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments can be divided
PPCPs are employed for prevention or treatment of diseases in ani into five main groups (Table A.2 in the supplementary file) including
mals and humans, as well as to enhance the quality of daily life. PPCPs antibiotics, analgesic and antipyretic (counting nonsteroidal
may easily dissolve in water and not evaporate easily in normal condi anti-inflammatory), cardiovascular agents (blood lipid regulator (BLR)
tions. These properties allow PPCPs to reach water sources over several or antilipemic agents, β-blockers), central nervous drugs (e.g. antipsy
modes (Wang et al., 2019a, 2019b). Generally, PPCPs with the con chotic and antidepressant), and endocrinology treatment (Liu and
centration varying from ng/L to μg/L have been found in water and Wong, 2013). These therapeutic agents are constantly discharged to the
wastewater samples. The occurrence of PPCPs in aquatic environments water bodies from point and non-point industrial including domestic
leads to the harmful toxicological consequences and different ecological sources (Zhou et al., 2012).
impacts on the environment and human (Wang et al., 2020).
Most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) cannot fully eliminate 2.1.1. Antibiotics
the emerging micropollutants (MPs). Therefore, alternative methods There has been a worldwide request for antibiotics during the last
have been sought with high performance in order to overcome this decades due to effective treatment of infectious diseases induced by the
challenge. Several methods for the treatment of MPs have been inves fast urbanization and increasing population as well as for the growth
tigated, physicochemical (such as advanced oxidation process, AOP) promotion of animals (Bao et al., 2021). Antibiotic usage has increased
(Kudlek et al., 2018) and biological methods (such as membrane by 65% during 2000–2015. Additionally, the total antibiotic consump
bioreactor-MBR, moving bed biofilm bioreactor-MBBR, algae-based tion for livestock was 63,151 tons in 2015, which is expected to be
methods) (Besha et al., 2017; Abtahi et al., 2018). Each method used for increased by 15% in 2030. It is estimated that 30%–90% of antibiotics
the removal of PPCPs has some advantages and disadvantages used by an organism is excreted without metabolism (Mojiri et al.,
(Table A.1 in supplementary file). For instance, while AOPs have a 2021b). Based on the chemical characteristics and mechanisms of ac
smaller footprint and a better performance in comparison with con tion, antibiotics can be divided into seven classes as: pen
ventional methods, they consume a high amount of energy and produce icillins/β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones,
secondary pollution. Moreover, MBR involves a high operation cost, and macrolides, sulfonamides, and lincosamides (Bhagat et al., 2020). Pen
contains less efficient oxygen transfer. However, MBR has advantages of icillins/β-lactams are the most consumed antibiotics (Carvalho and
enhanced biodegradability of hydrophobic organic micropollutants, and Santos, 2016).
a smaller footprint in comparison with conventional treatment methods. Because antibiotics are employed to kill or prevent pathogenic bac
Of special interests are algae-based systems with several advantages teria at trace concentrations, their presence in natural environments
including generating biomass for producing biofuel or biochar, absorp may cause a critical risk for the aquatic communities comprising non-
tion of CO2, low-cost, and high efficiency for the removal of PPCPs. targeted organisms (Serra-Compte et al., 2021). Manzetti and Ghisi
Villar-Navarro et al. (2018) expressed that algae-based systems are (2014) stated that maximum concentrations of antibiotics in aquatic
considered as an efficient and eco-friendly technique to clean water and environments are mostly detected in wastewater treatment plants.
wastewater without threatening human health. Gentili and Fick (2017)
removed 18 emerging micropollutants with removal efficiency between 2.1.2. Analgesic and antipyretic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
<10% and >90%, using the algae-based technique during 1 week. (NSAIDs)
However, there is a demand for further research on the occurrence and Antipyretic analgesics are a type of diverse substances comprising
removal of PPCPs in water environments (Al-Mashaqbeh et al., 2019). acidic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) and nonacidic
Therefore, this review paper attempts to present a detailed assessment of (pyrazolone and paracetamol) drugs (Hinz and Burne, 2007). NSAIDs
PPCP pollution and treatment in the aquatic systems. are mostly the derivatives of carboxylic acid that inhibit prostaglandin
synthesis produced by cyclooxygenase enzymes (Derle et al., 2006).
2. Pharmaceuticals and personal cares products NSAIDS reduce the production of prostaglandins through the blockage
of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes controlling inflammation, pain and
PPCPs are a group of emerging micropollutants which contain “any fever. NSAIDs are the most common OTC (over-the-counter) medicines
product applied for personal health or cosmetic reasons or used by to ease the pain and fever, and control inflammation (Duan and Zhao,
agribusiness to enhance growth or health of livestock” (US EPA). PPCPs 2021; Márta et al., 2018). For instance, annual NSAIDs prescriptions in
comprise thousands of chemicals that make up cosmetics, fragrances, the US, Canada, and UK were estimated to be more than 100 million in
drugs (containing over-the-counter drugs), and veterinary medicines 2015 (He et al., 2018). Ibuprofen, aspirin, diclofenac, acetaminophen,
2
naproxen and ketoprofen are the most consumed NSAIDs (He et al., et al., 2020). The most reported hormones are listed as: testosterone,
2018). The exposure to NSAIDs causes severe toxicity in aquatic envi estrone, progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol (Wee
ronments even at ng/L or μg/L concentrations (Thalla and Vannarath, et al., 2020). Disruption of the endocrine system can lead to various
2020). One of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic agents is developmental, neurological, reproductive, immune and metabolic
paracetamol (Shakeel et al., 2013). Paracetamol contains a benzene disorders (Ingre-Khans et al., 2017).
substituted by a hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an amide
group at the (1,4) para positions (Żur et al., 2018), which can only be 2.2. Personal care products
degraded by hydroxylation and cleavage of the aromatic ring. Hence,
traces of paracetamol can remain untreated in sewage water of various Personal care products are various chemicals applied in soaps, lo
concentrations (Al-Kaf et al., 2017). tions, fragrances, toothpaste, shampoos and sunscreens (Brausch and
Rand, 2011). Liu et al. (2013) reported that the sunscreen UV filters (e.g.
2.1.3. Cardiovascular agents (Blood lipid regulator (BLR) or antilipemic 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC), 4-methyl-benzilidine-
agents, blood pressure, and β-blockers) camphor (4MBC)), antimicrobial agents (e.g. triclosan, triclocarban),
Cardiovascular disorders are the second most common cause of insect repellants (e.g. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)), synthetic
deaths around the world. Thus, consumption of cardiovascular drugs is musks (e.g. nitro musks such as musk xylene, musk ketone, musk mos
significantly high. The presence of cardiovascular compounds in aquatic kene, musk ambrette and musk tibetene) polycyclic musks (such as
environments can have a long-term impact even at trace concentrations galaxolide and toxalide)], and preservatives (e.g. parabens) are the most
(Giebułtowicz et al., 2016). widely used personal care products. The US, China and Japan are the top
Blood lipid regulators (BLRs) are highly consumed as a medicine not countries in the consumption of personal care products (Liu et al., 2013).
only for the treatment of unhealthy cholesterol levels but also for car Eriksson et al. (2003) stated that personal care products are one of the
diovascular diseases and postmenopausal complications (Peña-Méndez most frequently detected compounds in water bodies in the world.
et al., 2020). Among the prescribed medications around the world, the Peck (2006) stated that sunscreen agents (UV filters) are broadly
cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents are two of the most added to lotions and cosmetics as protection against harmful UV radi
consumed drugs. For instance, 24.5% of the most commonly prescribed ation. The hydrophobicity of these compounds (log Kow 5–8) reveals the
drugs in the United States are classified as cardiovascular drugs and lipid potential for bioaccumulation.
regulating agents (Zhang et al., 2020a, 2020b). Most used BLRs are Triclocarban and triclosan are the most commonly reported antimi
fenofibrate, bezafibrate, gemfibrozil and clofibrate, which are crobial agents, which have been added in many personal care products
commonly reported in aquatic environments (Rosal et al., 2010). These (such as hand disinfecting soaps, medical disinfectants, body wash
are considered as the resistant drug to biodegradation with a strong products, kitchen detergents and toothpastes) (Tsai et al., 2008). Both
persistence in the environment (Mourid et al., 2020). In Ontario (Can have the hydrophobic nature, and are persistent in the environment
ada), Patel et al. (2019) reported the high concentration (ng/L) of blood whether aerobic or anaerobic (Zhao et al., 2010).
pressure drugs (7,333,600 of metoprolol, 116,000 of diltiazem, 1,200, For a long time, DEET, a lipophilic organic compound, has been
000 of furosemide, and 22,900 of amlodipine) in water bodies, which applied as an insect repellent, and can be frequently found in aquatic
has been resulted by discharges of five manufacturing facilities. Apart environments (Sun et al., 2016). DEET is mobile and persistent. In the
from that, β-blocker drugs stand as the third most common pharma central east coast of Australia, DEET was reported in 97% of
ceuticals recorded in the aquatic environment (Rezka and Balcerzak, surface-water samples collected from waterways (Costanzo et al., 2007).
2015). Rezka and Balcerzak (2015) stated that atenolol, metoprolol, Synthetic musk fragrances are widely added to several personal care
nadolol, propranolol, sotalol, and timolol are the most common products, such as shampoo, deodorant and detergents for scent
β-blockers detected in aquatic environments. enhancement (Peck, 2006). As mentioned above, two types of synthetic
musk fragrances are nitro musk fragrances and polycyclic musk fra
2.1.4. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, and antipsychotic and grances. The nitro substituents can be reduced to the amino metabolites
antidepressant of these compounds (Peck, 2006).
Caffeine and diazepam are the most consumed CNS agents. Due to Parabens are also employed as preservatives in products such as food
broad application of caffeine (presence in coffee, sodas, tea and choco and pharmaceutics. This group comprises propylparaben, methylpar
lates as well as in medicaments and appetite modulators), caffeine has aben, butylparaben, ethyl paraben, and benzyl paraben (Peck, 2006).
been reported in different water bodies around the world (Zarrelli et al.,
2014). That is considered as a stable compound under different envi 3. Presence of PPCPs in water bodies
ronmental conditions. Because of small pKa (0.7), high water solubility
(21.7 g/L), low octanol/water partition coefficient (− 0.07), along with Several studies have reported that up to six million PPCPs are
insignificant volatility and molecular mass of 194.19 g, caffeine is commercially available, and their consumption is increasing by 3–4% by
considered as highly persistent in aquatic environments (Mizukawa weight per year (Delgado et al., 2020). PPCPs reach the environment as
et al., 2019). The presence of caffeine in water sources reveals that this components of animal/human wastes, after incomplete absorption and
compound is not completely eliminated from sewage treatment plants. excretion from the body, as well as emissions of medical, agricultural,
Benzodiazepines (BDZ) is a group of psychiatric substances which affect industrial or household wastes (Taylor and Senac, 2014). Environmental
the central nervous system, having anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic pollution with PPCPs has become a major public concern since these
impacts. Diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam and lorazepam are the most compounds have been approved to have negative effects on aquatic
important agents in this group (Calisto et al., 2011). organisms (Zhang et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c), as well as having a role
in increasing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Oliveira et al., 2015). Bu et al.
2.1.5. Endocrinology treatment (ET) drugs (2013) expressed that several PPCPs are persistent or pseudo-persistent
Drugs consumed in endocrine therapy can be remarked as endocrine in the environment and hazardous to non-target organisms. PPCPs may
disruptors and therefore require consideration because of their specific arrive water sources through direct release by wastes from hospitals,
hormonal or anti-hormonal properties (Besse et al., 2012). Research industries and households. (Molina et al., 2020). For emphasis, several
demonstrated that hormones are environmentally stable and potentially studies (Xu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2021) have revealed that the presence
deleterious even at very low concentrations (Olatunji et al., 2017). For of PPCPs in aquatic environments has mostly derived from anthropo
instance, 17α-ethynylestradiol has the potential to trigger numerous genic activities such as the treatment and discharge of different kinds of
endocrine dysfunctions impacts at exposure levels as low as 1 ng/L (Wee wastewater, aquaculture, livestock breeding, and landfill.
3
The physicochemical properties of PPCPs such as molecular weight, Table 1

octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), octanol-water distribution Reported PPCPs in water bodies around the world.
coefficient (DOW), organic carbon partition coefficient (KOC), and ioni Water PPCPs Concentration Locations
zation constant (pKa) can affect the fate of PPCPs in aquatic environ Sources (rages or mean;
ments (Delgado et al., 2020). ng/L or ng/g)
The KOW (Eq. (1), Gutiérrez et al., 2021) is frequently applied to Drinking
∑
15PPCPs [Acetylsalicylic 2.3–815.4 Drinking water
predict the adsorption of emerging microcontaminants on solids, with water acid; Naproxen; Ibuprofen; treatment plants
log KOW<2.5 indicating low sorption potential, 2.5 < log KOW<4 indi Methylparaben; in the northern,
Ethylparaben; central, and
cating medium sorption potential, and log KOW>4 showing high sorp Propylparaben; southern regions
tion potential (Luo et al., 2014). On the other hand, the KOW specifies Butylparaben; Estrone; 17β- of Taiwan
pollutant mobility, where the compounds with KOW<1.5 tend to stay in estradiol; 17α-ethynyl
the dissolved phase (more mobility) and are more likely to occur in estradiol; Estriol;
Benzophenone; Oxybenzone;
water (Karnjanapiboonwong et al., 2011). Tijani et al. (2013) stated that
Caffeine; DEET]
most PPCPs are highly hydrophilic with low KOW and partially soluble in ∑
7PPCPs [Caffeine; 176 A university
aqueous media. Erythromycin; campus in
Acetaminophen/ southern Taiwan
concentration in n − octanol Paracetamol; (Tap water
KOW = (1)
concentration in water Sulfamethoxazole;
Gemfibrozil; Ketoprofen;
Wells (2007) expressed that DOW, a pH-dependent coefficient, is a Triclosan]
better measure of hydrophilicity. Dubey et al. (2021) stated that DOW ∑
9PPCPs [Amoxicillin; 2.35 Putrajaya,
can be calculated (Eqs. (2)–(4)) based on the KOW values with consid Caffeine; Chloramphenicol; Malaysia
eration the pH value. Ciprofloxacin;
Dexamethasone; Diclofenac;
Neutral compounds:
Nitrofurazone;
Sulfamethoxazole;
log DOW = log KOW (2)
Triclosan]
∑
14PPCPs NDa – 42.35 Gong Bay, a vital
Acidic compounds:
[Acetaminophen; surface water
1 Antipyrine; Carbamazepine; source in the
log DOW = log KOW + log (3) Caffeine; Clarithromycin; Taihu region,
1 + 10pH− pKa
DEET; Disopyramide; China (Treated
Basic compounds: Indomethacin; Lincomycin; water)
Roxithromycin;
1 Sulfamethoxazole; Sulpiride;
log DOW = log KOW + log (4) Tiamulin; Trimethoprim]
1 + 10pKa− pH
∑
32PPCPs [Thiamphenicol; 169.03 Shanghai, China
log Koc <1.0 often displays the low sorption potentials, log Koc <3.0 Florfenicol; Valsartan; 4- (Tap water)
are more likely to show the medium sorption potentials, and log Koc Acetamidoantipyrine
>3.0 have high sorption potentials onto the particulate phase (Koumaki Propylparaben;
Dicyclohexylamine;
et al., 2021). Generally, as the log Kow increases, the log Koc would also
Irbesartan; Bisphenol A;
be anticipated to increase (Crookes and Fisk, 2018). Hydrochlorthiazide;
The pKa can affect the mobility, movement of pollutants from one Primidone; Sulfadiazine;
phase to another (e.g., soil-water movement) (Kim and Zoh, 2016). Aspartame; Carbamazepine;
Methyltestosterone;
Several micropollutants, which enter wastewater treatment plants,
Sulfamethoxazole;
comprise ionizable functional groups with pKa values within pH range Chloroamphenicol;
of 6.2–8.1. For example, 40% of PPCPs with a dominant substance class Marbofloxacin; Nalidixic
in wastewater influents include at least one functional group with pKa in acid; Sulpiride; Losartan;
the range of 5–10 and cationic-neutral speciation, and 10% include at Sulfamethazine;
Ciprofloxacin; Tetramisole;
least one functional group with neutral-anionic speciation in the same
Phenytoin;
pKa range. Hence, the degree of speciation of such ionizable micro Diphenhydramine;
pollutants would vary across activated sludge systems with different Praziquantel; Clofibric acid;
operational pHs (Glude et al., 2014). Clorprenaline;
Trimethoprim;
Usually, the pollution and fate of PPCPs in water bodies are inves
Sulfapyridine; Clindamycin;
tigated through the analysis of water samples, which is generally limited Thiabendazole]
to monitoring parent compounds (Wilkinson et al., 2017). The reported ∑
10PPCPs [Caffeine; 728 São Paulo, Brazil
concentration of PPCPs in water bodies worldwide is shown in Table 1 Phenolphthalein; Triclosan; (Drinking
(full details can be found in Table A.2 in the supplementary file), sug 17a-ethinylestradiol; 17b- waters)
estradiol; Estriol; Estrone;
gesting that the maximum PPCPs was reported for ibuprofen at 3738
Levonorgestrel;
ng/L in tap water in Nigeria. Moreover, ciprofloxacin was found at 10, Progesterone; Testosterone]
000–1,100,000 ng/L in Isakavagu-Nakkavagu rivers (India). Also, nap
∑
3PPCPs [Avobenzone; 705 Companhia
roxen at 37,700 ng/L was reported in a groundwater wells sample in Methylparaben; Nimesulide] Riograndense de
Saneamento,
Penn State (USA). The maximum PPCPs concentration in wastewater
Brazil
samples was reported for caffeine (841,320 ng/L) and acetaminophen ∑
16PPCPs 7.592 Southern
(656,400 ng/L) in Penn State’s wastewater treatment plant (USA). [Dimethyl phthalate; California, US
Therefore, a significant amount of PPCPs has been reported in water Diethyl phthalate; (Raw drinking
sources worldwide. Dibutyl phthalate; water)
Butyl benzyl phthalate;
PPCPs in water samples can be analyzed with different methods
DEHP; Hydrocinnamic acid;
(Table 2), for example gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
(continued on next page)
although the most accurate used technique currently is the ultra-high
4
Table 1 (continued ) Table 1 (continued )

Water PPCPs Concentration Locations Water PPCPs Concentration Locations
Sources (rages or mean; Sources (rages or mean;
ng/L or ng/g) ng/L or ng/g)
Benzophenone; Erythromycin; Tylosin;

Octyl methoxycinnamate; Lincomycin; Ofoxacin]
∑
Clofibrate; Clofibric acid; 13PPCPs [Ibuprofen; 2799 Mankyung River,
Ibuprofen; Mefenamic acid; South Korea
Ibuprofen methyl ester; Indomethacin;
Triclosan; Surfynol; BHA; Carbamazepine;
DEET] Propranolol; Atenolol;
∑
18PPCPs [Atenolol; 13.9–370.5 Drinking water Dispopyramide; Ifenprodil;
Bisphenol-A; Caffeine; treatment plant Fluconazole; Erythromycin;
Carbamazepine; in the southeast Clarithromycin;
Clarithromycin; Cotinine; United States Levofloxacin; Triclosan]
∑
DEET; Diclofenac; (Treated water) 12PPCPs [Iopromide; 1431.28 Han River, Seoul,
Erythromycin-H2O; Atenolol; Naproxen; DEET; South Korea
Fluoxetine; Ibuprofen; Carbamazepine; Caffeine;
Metoprolol; Naproxen; Ibuprofen;
Nonylphenol; Sulfamethoxazole;
Sulfamethoxazole; TCEP; Diclofenac; Triclosan;
Triclosan; Trimethoprim] Trimethoprim; Diazepam]
∑ ∑
15PPCPs [Butylparaben; 212 Teruel province, 7PPCPs [Cetirizine; 15,580–1,706,000 Isakavagu-
Clorfibric acid; Spain (Tap Ciprofloxacin; Citalopram; Nakkavagu
Chloramphenicol; water) Enoxacin; Enrofloxacin; rivers, India
Diclofenac; Flufenamic acid; Ofloxacin; Trimethoprim]
∑
Gemfibrozil; Ibuprofen; 38PPCPs [Diclofenac; 209.04 Sri Lanka
Indomethacin; Indomethacin; Mefenamic
Methylparaben; Naproxen; acid; Ibuprofen; Fenofibric
Propylparaben; Salicylic acid; Gemfibrozil; Diltiazem;
acid; THCCOOH; Propranolol; Losartan;
Thiamphenicol; Chlorpheniramine;
Triclocarban] Cetirizine; Warfarin;
∑
11PPCPs [Carbamazepine; 392.1 south-eastern Carbamazepine; Phenytoin;
Diclofenac; Ibuprofen; Spain (Raw water Tramadol; O-desmethyl
Ketoprofen; Mefenamic acid; source) tramadol; N-desmethyl
Naproxen; Paracetamol; tramadol; Fluoxetine;
Estrone; 17β-Estradiol; 17α- Sulpiride; Oxazepam;
Ethinylestradiol; Triclosan] Lorazepam; Diazepam;
∑
3PPCPs [Paracetamol; 138.6 Czarny dwór, Sulfapyridine;
Naproxen; Ketoprofen] Poland (Raw Sulfamethazine;
drinking water) Sulfamethoxazole;
∑
4PPCPs [Ibuprofen; 222.7 Straszyn, Poland Trimethoprim; Lincomycin;
Paracetamol; Naproxen; (Raw drinking Erythromycin;
Diclofenac] water) Clarithromycin;
∑
5PPCPs [Paracetamol; 5634 Ogun State, Roxithromycin;
Ibuprofen; Diclofenac; Nigeria (Tap Chloramphenicol;
Ciprofloxacin; water) Levofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin;
Sulphadoxine] Triclocarban; Triclosan;
Total PPCPs 382–708 Mega city of Methylparaben;
Lagos, Nigeria Ethylparaben; DEET]
∑ ∑
Surface 11PPCPs [Sulfapyridine; 28.89 Dianshan Lake, 36PPCPs [Lincomycin; 84.58–256.5 Cau River,
waters Sulfamethazine; Shanghai’s Sulfamethoxazole; Vietnam
(rivers and Sulfamethoxazole; Qingpu District, Griseofulvin; Trimethoprim;
lakes) Sulfadimethoxine; Clofibric China 2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic
acid; Ibuprofen; Naproxen; acid; Sulfamonomethoxine;
Diclofenac; Ketoprofen; Sulfadimethoxine; Tiamulin;
Triclocarban; Triclosan] Roxithromycin;
∑
14PPCPs 113.1 Taihu Lake, Sulfamerazine; Tylosin;
[Acetaminophen; China Sulfadimidine;
Antipyrine; Carbamazepine; Erythromycin-H2O;
Caffeine; Clarithromycin; Tetracycline; Ciprofloxacin;
DEET; Disopyramide; Erythromycin; Diclofenac;
Indomethacin; Lincomycin; Mefenamic acid;
Roxithromycin; Acetaminophen; Antipyrine;
Sulfamethoxazole; Sulpiride; Isopropylantipyrine;
Tiamulin; Trimethoprim] Indomethacin; Crotamiton;
∑
18PPCPs 821.97 Guanting Metoprolol; Propranolol;
[Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Reservoir and its Atenolol; Primidone;
Diltiazem; Carbamazepine; upstream rivers Carbamazepine; Bezafibrate;
Fuoxetine; Sulfadiazine; in north China Cyclophosphamide;
Sulfamethoxazole; Dipyridamole; Theophylline;
Sulfamethazine; Caffeine; Sulpiride;
Trimethoprim; Pirenzepine; DEET]
∑
Oxytetracycline; 13PPCPs 17,842 São Paulo, Brazil
Tetracycline; [Acetaminophen; (Surface waters)
Chlorltetracycline; Acetylsalicylic acid;
Doxycycline; Azithromycin; Amoxicillin; Ampicillin;
5

∑
Caffeine; Cephalexin; 7PPCPs [Acetaminophen; 57,860 Penn State, USA
Ciprofloxacin; Diclofenac; Ampicillin; Caffeine; (groundwater
Norfloxacin; Naproxen; Ofloxacin; wells)
Phenolphthalein; Sulfamethoxazole;
Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim]
∑
Trimethoprim; Triclosan] 25PPCPs [Alprazolam; 289.01–4427.47 7 sites in
∑
16PPCPs [Paraxanthine; 2.6–603 Brisbane River, Bupropion; Carbamazepine; Minnesota, USA
Atenolol; Carbamazepine; Australia Carisoprodol;
Citalopram; Codeine; N- Dehydronifedipine;
Desmethylcitalopram; N- Dextromethorphan;
Desmethyldiazepam; Diphenhydramine;
Gabapentin; Iopromide; Fluconazole; Glyburide;
Paracetamol; Temazepam; Lidocaine; Meprobamate;
Tramadol; Venlafaxine; Metformin; Methocarbamol;
Cotinine; Nicotine; Phenytoin;
Hydrochlorthiazide] Sulfamethoxazole;
∑
38PPCPs [Trimethoprim; 899.4–13,787 River Taff, UK Temazepam; Tramadol;
Sulfamethoxazole; Warfarin; Acetyl hexamethyl
Amoxicillin; tetrahydro naphthalene;
Chloramphenicol; Caffeine;
Erythromycin-H2O; Hexahydrohexamethyl
Metronidazole; Paracetamol; cyclopentabenzopyran
Ibuprofen; Diclofenac; (HHCB); Isophorone;
Ketoprofen; Naproxen; Methyl-1H-benzotriazole;
Aspirin; Salicylic acid; DEET; Nicotine]
∑
Mefenamic acid; Codeine; 4PPCPs [Ibuprofen; 54 Ottawa, Ontario
Tramadol; Carbamazepine; Triclosan; Triclocarban; O- Canada
Gabapentin; Propranolol; desmethyl Venlafaxine]
Metoprolol; Atenolol; PPCP [Caffeine] 120–150 Barbados,
Clofibric acid; Bezafibrate; Sampling in June
Simvastatin; Pravastatin; from five sites
∑
Ranitidine; Cimetidine; 9PPCPs [Ciprofloxacin; ND – 5.569 Rural
Sulfasalazine; Sulfapyridine; Difloxacin; Enrofloxacin; agricultural area,
5-Aminosalicylic acid; Flumequine; Norfloxacin; Korea
Furosemide; Ofloxacin; Pefloxacin;
Bendroflumethiazide; Sulfadimethoxine;
Digoxin; Digoxigenin; Sulfamerazine]
Valsartan; Diltiazem; Total PPCPs 2068–2860 Mega city of
Salbutamol; Amitriptyline] Lagos, Nigeria
∑ ∑
11PPCPs [Oxetanamine; 3832.5 The Somes River, Wastewater 48PPCPs 10768.45 Wastewater
Ibuprofen; Aspirin; Caffeine; Romania [Acetaminophen; Treatment Plant
Galaxolide (hhcb); Acetophenone; Antipyrine; (WWTP) in
Cyclophosphamide; Aspartame; Benzophenone- Xiamen, China
Triclosan; Carbamazepine; 3; Caffeine; Carbamazepine;
Codeine; Pentoxifylline; Chlortetracycline;
Diazepam] Ciprofloxacin; Clenbuterol;
∑
8PPCPs [Carbamazepine; 2686 The River Clofibric acid;
Crotamiton; Primidone; Thames, UK Cyclophosphamide;
Sulpiride; Caffeine; Danafloxacin; Diazepam;
Theophylline; Naproxen; Diclofenac; Ethenzamide;
Atenolol] Enrofloxacin; Fenoprofen;
∑
12PPCPs [Metronidazole; 139.6–7522.5 Wiwi and Sisa Fluoxetine; Gemfibrozil;
Ciprofloxacin; Rivers, Ghana Glibenclamide; Ibuprofen;
Erythromycin; Trimethoprim Indomethacin; Ketoprofen;
Tetracycline; Losartan; Mefenamic acid; 3-
Oxytetracycline; 4′ -methy-ben-2-one;
Chlorotetracycline; Methylparaben; Metoprolol;
Doxycycline; Amoxicillin; Miconazole; Naproxen;
Ampicillin; Cefuroxime; Norfloxacin; Octocrylene;
Sulfamethoxazole] Ofloxacin; Oxytetracycline;
Total PPCPs 7547–69,928 Mega city of Pirenzepine; Propranolol;
Lagos, Nigeria Propylparaben;
∑
10PPCPs [Caffeine; 2060 Msunduzi, South Propyphenazone;
Acetaminophen; Africa Sarafloxacin; Sildenafil;
Trimethoprim; Sotalol; Sulfadiazine;
Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfadimethoxine;
Erythromycin; Clozapine; Sulfamethazine;
Carbamazepine; Sulfamethoxazole;
Sulfamethazine; Tetracycline;
Metronidazole; Ibuprofen] Thiabendazole]
∑ ∑
Groundwater 5PPCPs [Carbamazepine; 380.4–2923.2 Swarzewo, 13PPCPs [Caffeine; 4270.5–23,860 WWTP located in
Caffeine; Diclofenac; southern Baltic Benzisothiazolone; the downstream
Ketoprofen; Sea, Poland Methylparaben; of Harbin City,
Sulfamethoxazole] Ethylparaben; China
6

Propylparaben; 2-Hydroxy- Hydroxy-ibuprofen;

4-methoxy benzophenone; Ibuprofen; Naproxen;
Triclosan; Octocrylene; Triclocarban; Triclosan;
Avobenzone; Triclocarban; Warfarin]
∑
Galaxolide; 2-Ethylhexyl 4- 16PPCPs 419,042–660,481 Olympia, WA,
methoxycinnamate] [Acetaminophen; Caffeine; USA (influent)
∑
13PPCPs [Ibuprofen; 13643.2 Jeonju City Carbamazepine; Cotinine;
Mefenamic acid; Sewage Diphenhydramine;
Indomethacin; Treatment Plant Erythromycin; Fluoxetine;
Carbamazepine; (Korea) Gemfibrozil; Ibuprofen;
Propranolol; Atenolol; Metformin; Naproxen;
Disopyramide; Ifenprodil; Sulfamethoxazole;
Fluconazole; Erythromycin; Tetracycline; Triclosan;
Clarithromycin; Triclocarban; Trimethoprim]
∑
Levofloxacin; Triclosan] 10PPCPs [Ketoprofen; 993,500 León WWTP, in
∑
27PPCPs [Caffeine; 23,378 A municipal Naproxen; Ibuprofen; northwest Spain
Atenolol; Metoprolol; wastewater Diclofenac; Salicylic acid;
Amoxicillin; Trimethoprim; treatment plant, Carbamazepine; Caffeine;
Sulfadimidine; China Methyl dihydrojasmonate;
Sulfamethoxazole; Galaxolide; Tonalide]
∑
Norfloxacin; Ofloxacin; 37PPCPs [Atenolol; 45,552–383,802 Five municipal
Ciprofloxacin; Lomefloxacin; Caffeine; Carbamazepine; wastewater
Enrofloxacin; Clorazepate; treatment plants
Oxytetracycline; Dimethylaminophenazone; in Portugal
Tetracycline; Domperidone; Etofenamate;
Chlortetracycline; Fentiazac; Fluoxetine;
Doxycycline; Fluticasone; Hydroxazine;
Clarithromycin; Indapamide; Nimesulide;
Erythromycin-H2O; Paroxetine; Piroxicam;
Roxithromycin; Ramipril; Salbutamol;
Azithromycin; Tramadol; Captopril;
Carbamazepine; Clofibric acid; Diclofenac;
Benzhabeite; Bisphenol A; Enalapril; Flurbiprofen;
Nonylphenol; Estrone; 17β- Furosemide; Ibuprofen;
Estradiol; Estriol] Indomethacin; Ketoprofen;
∑
10PPCPs [Caffeine; 95,070 Udupi in the Naproxen; Amoxicillin;
Paraxanthine; State of Ampicillin; 17-a-ethynyles
Acetaminophen; Karnataka, India tradiol; Estrone; B-estradiol;
Triclocarban; Ibuprofen; (influent) Galaxolide; Tonalide;
Mefenamic acid; Cashmeran; Celestolide]
∑
Lincomycin; Norverapamil; 18PPCPs 115,479 An urban
Sulfamethoxazole; Codeine] [Acetaminophen; wastewater
∑
7PPCPs [Acetaminophen; 2,341,590 Penn State’s Trimethoprim; treatment plant
Ampicillin; Caffeine; wastewater Sulfamethoxazole; (WWTP) in New
Naproxen; Ofloxacin; treatment plant, Roxithromycin; Zealand
Sulfamethoxazole; USA. (influent) Carbamazepine; Fluoxetine;
Trimethoprim] Clarithromycin; Metoprolol;
∑
18PPCPs [1,7- 209,555 As-Samra TCEP; Atenolol; DEET;
Dimethylxanthine; wastewater Caffeine; Benzotriazole;
Acetaminophen; treatment plant, Diclofenac; Ibuprofen;
Amphetamine; Caffeine; Jordan (influent) Naproxen; Triclosan;
Carbamazepine; Cimetidine; Bisphenol-A]
∑
Cotinine; Diphenhydramine; 11PPCPs 201,937 Charleston Water
MDA; MDMA; [Acetaminophen; Caffeine; System, USA
Methamphetamine; Cotinine; Estriol; Estrone; (influent)
Morphine; Phenazone; Fluoxetine; Ibuprofen;
Sulfachloropyridazine; Norfluoxetine; Testosterone;
Sulfamethazine; Triclocarban; Triclosan]
∑
Sulfamethoxazole; 10PPCPs [Caffeine; 143,720 Darvill
Thiabendazole; Acetaminophen; Wastewater
Trimethoprim; ] Trimethoprim; Treatment Plant,
∑
18PPCPs [Salicylic acid; 33,813 12 municipal Sulfamethoxazole; South Africa
Ibuprofen; Gemfibrozil; wastewater Erythromycin; Clozapine; (inside)
Naproxen; Ketoprofen; treatment plants Carbamazepine;
Diclofenac; Indomethacin; along the Thames Sulfamethazine;
Fenofibrate; Fenoprofen; River, Canada Metronidazole; Ibuprofen]
∑
Clofibric acid; Triclosan; (Influent) 16PPCPs [Ciprofloxacin; 67015.8 Wastewater
Celestolide; Phantolide; Ofoxacin; Norfoxacin; Treatment Plant
Traseolide; Galaxolide; Tetracycline; Atenolol; in Ngaka Modiri
Tonalide; Estradiol; Estrone] Triclosan; Triclocarban; Molema District,
∑
12PPCPs [Bisphenol A; 133247.9 Greater Victoria, Diclofenac; Acetaminophen; South Africa
Furosemide; Gemfibrozil; Canada Ibuprofen; Ketoprofen; (received
Glipizide; Glyburide; Bezafbrate; Estrone; Estriol; hospital
Hydrochlorothiazide; 2- wastewater)
7

∑
17β stradiol; 17œ- ethinyl 15PPCPs [Caffeine; Near the
estradiol] Carbamazepine; Macaulay outfall,
∑
Seawater 7PPCPs [Acetaminophen; 29,573 Red Sea, Saudi Diphenhydramine; Canada
Caffeine; Carbamazepine; Arabia Diltiazem; Erythromycin-
Diclofenac; Ibuprofen; H2O; Miconazole;
Metformin; Triclocarban; Triclosan;
Sulfamethoxazole] Cimetidine; Amitriptyline;
∑
4PPCPs [Diclofenac; 656.45 Median Benzoylecgonine; DEET;
Ethylparaben; concentrations, Propranolol; Sertraline;
Methylparaben; Taichung, Verapamil]
∑
Propylparaben] Taiwan 5PPCPs [Carbamazepine; 12–763 Surface sediment
∑
22PPCPs [Tramadol; ND – 2579.81 Atlantic Ocean, Ibuprofen; Naproxen; of the Hooghly
Carbamazepine; Portugal Diclofenac; Bisphenol A] River, India
Venlafaxine; Fluoxetine; a
Norfluoxetine; Not Detected (ND).
a
Azithromycin; Cefalexin; Table 1 has been extracted from Table A.2 in appendix.
Ceftiofur; Clarithromycin;
Clindamycin; Enrofloxacin;
Erythromycin; Ofloxacin; performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)
Trimethoprim; Metoprolol;
(Zhou et al., 2012; Mojiri et al., 2019b; Hoi et al., 2021). Cao et al.
Propranolol; Atorvastatin;
Bezafibrate; Simvastatin; (2020) and Wang et al. (2020) employed UHPLC for monitoring the
Clopidogrel; Warfarin; PPCPs in water. The UHPLC applies smaller particle size chromato
Diphenhydramine]
∑ graphic columns (<2.0 μm) and reaches higher pressure than traditional
34PPCPs [1H- 13724.5 Aegean Sea & LC. The application of UHPLC leads to observing the peaks in a shorter
benzotriazole; 1-methylxan Dardanelles,
run time and consequently consumes less mobile phases (Oliveira et al.,
thine; 3-methylxanthine; Greece and
Atenolol; Benzoylecgonine; Turkey 2015).
Bezafibrate; Caffeine; (Maximum)
Carbamazepine; Cetirizine;
Clarithromycin; Cotinine; 3.1. Effects of PPCPs on aquatic environments and microorganisms
Diclofenac; Diuron;
Erythromycin; Gemfibrozil;
Ibuprofen; Iohexol;
Xu et al. (2019) expressed that although the PPCPs are found in
Iomeprol; Iopamidol; water bodies at trace concentrations (ng/L to μg/L), evidences have
Iopromide; Isoproturon; suggested that PPCPs are potentially harmful to environments, organ
Loratadine; Metoprolol; isms and human health, by inducing teratogenicity, mutagenicity, car
Naproxen; Paracetamol;
cinogenicity, endocrine-disrupting effects as well as reproductive
Paraxanthine; Phenazone;
Roxithromycin; Sotalo; developmental toxicity (Ebele et al., 2017). Table 3 shows the accu
Sulfamethoxazole; mulation of PPCPs in fishes around the world.
Terbuthylazine; Besides bioaccumulation, chronic exposure to PPCPs can occur,
Theobromine; Theophylline; which makes them more toxic to the organisms concerned (Pereira et al.,
Tolyltriazole]
∑
34PPCPs [1H- 16383.4 Baltic Sea,
2015). For instance, Larsson et al. (2000) stated that the presence of
benzotriazole; 1-methylxan Germany, PPCPs in the aquatic environment possibly impairs reproduction and
thine; 3-methylxanthine; Maximum elicits sexual anomalies in Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus rutilus, and Oryzias
Atenolol; Benzoylecgonine; latipes. Moreover, Pereira et al. (2015) expressed that exposure to hor
Bezafibrate; Caffeine;
mones, such as estrogens, may cause fish feminization through sexual
Carbamazepine; Cetirizine;
Clarithromycin; Cotinine; differentiation. Bolong et al. (2009) listed some problems about expo
Diclofenac; Diuron; sure of aquatic organisms to PPCPs as follows:
Erythromycin; Gemfibrozil;
Ibuprofen; Iohexol; (A) Reproductive and immune function interference in Baltic Sea
Iomeprol; Iopamidol;
Iopromide; Isoproturon;
fishes affecting population decline
Loratadine; Metoprolol; (B) Eggshell thinning and transformed gonadal development in birds
Naproxen; Paracetamol; (C) Changes in reproductive endocrine function in fishes
Paraxanthine; Phenazone; (D) Masculinization of marine gastropods
Roxithromycin; Sotalo;
Sulfamethoxazole;
Terbuthylazine; 4. PPCPs removal via algae-based systems
Theobromine; Theophylline;
Tolyltriazole] Using algae in treating wastewater is a clean, environmentally
∑
Sediments 7PPCPs [Acetaminophen; 738.99 Msunduzi
Caffeine; Acetaminophen; sediment, South
friendly and effective way because of the photosynthetic capability of
Trimethoprim; Africa (River algae to absorb CO2 and their adaptability to grow in different types of
Carbamazepine; sediments) wastewater (Villar-Navarrow et al., 2018). Elrayies (2018) reported that
Metronidazole; Ibuprofen] each pound of algae biomass consumed 1.8 pounds of CO2. Furthermore,
∑
3PPCPs [Caffeine; 1.6–5.2 sediment from
algae produce 60%–75% of the oxygen required for humans and animals
Tramadol; Propranolol] Lake Mälaren,
Sweden, three even though they represent only 0.5% of total plant biomass. Moreover,
zones its operation is simple, and diminishes sludge management issues since
248.19 it produces algae biomass, which may be employed as biofuel (Bhatt
et al., 2014). Apart from that, algae-based methods for treatment of
8
Table 2
Analytical techniques for PPCPs analysis in aqueous solutions.
PPCPs Technique Detector Remarks LOD or LOQa References
(ng/mL, ng/
g)
14PPCPs Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry NRb Water (A) and methanol (B) were used as 10 (LOQ) Mousel et al. (2021)
(LC/MS) the mobile phase. 1 to 10
(LOD)
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry NR The mobile phase was formic acid in water <1 (LOQ) Ensano et al. (2019)
(LC–MS/MS) (A) and acetonitrile–water (B).
8PPCPs Mass spectrometer (MS) NR Acetonitrile (A) and ammonium formate NR Alenzi et al. (2021)
(B) were used as the mobile phase.
5PPCPs Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry Single NR <1(103) Zupanc et al. (2013)
(GC–MS) quadrupole (LOD)
mass
Carbamazepine High-performance liquid chromatography Ultraviolet Acetonitrile (A), and water/formic acid (B) NR Masjoudi et al. (2021)
(CBZ) (HPLC) were used as the mobile phase.
Diclofenac CBZ and DCF were detected at 285 nm and
(DCF) 380 nm, respectively.
Triclosan High-performance liquid chromatography SPD-20A UV-V The mobile phase was HPLC-grade 50(103) Li et al. (2021)
Bisphenol A (HPLC) acetonitrile with a mass fraction of 60% in (LOD)
DEET HPLC grade methane.
PPCPs were detected at 280 nm.
Diclofenac High-performance liquid chromatography UV–Vis Acetonitrile and water were selected as NR Karthik and Philip (2021)
Carbamazepine (HPLC) mobile phase.
PPCPs were detected at 220 nm.
10PPCPs High-performance liquid chromatography photodiode The mobile phase was acetonitrile and 0.02(106) to Zhang et al. (2021)
(HPLC) array (PDA) phosphoric acid. 0.05(106)
(LOD)
5PPCPs Ultrahigh performance liquid NR The mobile phase was formic acid/ NR Schübl et al. (2021)
chromatography coupled with mass- ammonium formate and methanol
spectrometry (UHPLC/MS)
8PPCPs UV-1800 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer – NR – Pashazadeh-Panahi and
Hasanzadeh (2020)
Levofloxacin HP 8453 UV–Visible Spectrophotometer – At 298 nm – Kassab et al. (2010)
a
Limit of Qualification (LOQ) and Limit of Detection (LOD).
b
Not Reported (NR).
water and wastewater can consume lower energy in comparison with Craggs, 2011). The resource recovery of algal biomass and water as
several wastewater treatment approaches. For instance, Yadav et al. effluent treated to a high standard are other advantages of HRAPs over
(2021) reported that microalgae use 0.2 kW-h/m3, while conventional WSPs (Sutherland et al., 2014). HRAPs are shallow (0.2–0.5 m),
treatment methods could consume up to 2 kW-h/m3. Craggs et al. (2013) continuous raceways around which wastewater is gradually mixed by a
expressed 50% energy reduction during treatment of water by using paddlewheel (Mehrabadi et al., 2015). The photosynthesis of algae in
microalgae compared with conventional treatment methods. Algae HRAPs causes dissolved oxygen supersaturation (up to 20 g/L), which
include both macroalgae and microalgae, and microalgae are usually enhances bacterial oxidation of biodegradable dissolved and particulate
better in growth rate and high lipid content than macroalgae (Elrayies, organic matter (Craggs et al., 2012). Hom-Diaz et al. (2017) employed
2018). Main algae-based systems, including stirred-tank photo the HRAPs for the removal of ciprofloxacin. The outdoor batch assays
bioreactors (STPs), high rate algal ponds (HRAPs), rotating algal biofilm showed 40.8% of ciprofloxacin removal at initial concentration (Ci) of
reactors (RABRs), and membrane photobioreactor (MPBRs) have been ciprofloxacin 2.25 mg/L, during day time. However, the indoor light
reported to treat water and wastewater, and remove emerging con batch assays indicated 83.7% of ciprofloxacin removal at Ci of cipro
taminants (Zimmo et al., 2003, Craggs et al., 2014; Mohammed et al., floxacin 1.11 mg/L. de Godos et al. (2012) removed up to 69% of
2014; Fica and Sims, 2016, Praween et al., 2016). tetracycline (Ci = 2 mg/L) by HRAPs. Lindberg et al. (2021) investigated
STPs have a simple design and are conventional reactors, and usually the HRAPs (including Nordic microalgal strains) for removal of 14 active
include a glass tank continuously stirred by impellers or baffles (Ismail pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). 69% of APIs were removed during 6
et al., 2017). At the bottom of reactor, CO2-enriched air is bubbled to days. By using the HRAP, Matamoros et al. (2014) removed less than
supply a carbon source for algae growth (Mohan et al., 2014). STPs are 30% of carbamazepine and 2,4-D, 40–60% of diclofenac and celestolide,
suitable for shear sensitive microalgae cultivation (Verma et al., 2018). 60–90% of ketoprofen, galaxolide and tonalide, and more than 90% of
Main disadvantage of STPs is the low surface-area-to-volume ratio, caffeine, acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
which in turn decreases light-harvesting effectiveness (Mohan et al., RABRs provide a very good condition for algal biomass production
2014). Ismail et al. (2017) removed 95% of p-aminophenol (an inter (Hoh et al., 2016). In the RABR, a vertically material for the attachment
mediate for the manufacture of paracetamol and acetanilide) and COD of algae rotates through the water or wastewater for absorbing nutrients,
by a stirred-tank photobioreactor using microalgal-bacterial consortium then rotates out of the water to accelerate CO2/O2 exchanges and light
(Chlorella sp. was the main microalgal strain) with hydraulic retention exposure (Zhao et al., 2018). RABRs have several advantages such as
time (HRT) of 4 days. Mojiri et al. (2021a) removed 35.4% of carba simple installation, improving growth of biomass, a good gas exchange
mazepine, 33.1% of sulfamethazine and 36.5% of tramadol with a STP mechanism, and a high nutrient removal efficiency (Woolsey, 2011).
containing Chaetoceros muelleri. The maximum biomass production rate in a pilot-scale RABR reached
In comparison with conventional wastewater stabilization ponds 19 g m− 2 d− 1 (Wang et al., 2018). Hassard et al. (2015) reported a
(WSPs), HRAPs offer an enhanced wastewater treatment by overcoming removal efficiency of 52%–95% for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and
several drawbacks of WSPs (such as limited nutrient and pathogen trimethoprim during running a modified RBAR. Chen et al. (2021)
removal, and poor and highly variable effluent quality) (Park and removed 70–100% of five PPCPs (oxybenzone, ibuprofen, bisphenol A,
9
Table 3
Reported PPCPs in fishes.
PPCPs Concentrations (ng/g) Fish species Remarks References
Diclofenac 0.54–1.1 Japanese medaka In whole-body of fishes. Tanoue et al. (2020)

Indomethacin 1.4–3.2
Mefenamic acid 2.1–3.2
Diltiazem 0.2–0.2
Amlodipine 0.7–1.6
Carvedilol 0.2–0.5
Telmisartan 1.7–4.5
Rebamipide 0.9–1.7
Diphenhydramine 1.7–1.9
Chlorpheniramine 2.5–4.3
Fexofenadine 0.6–0.8
Tramadol 0.07–0.09
Sertraline 1.3–2.2
Haloperidol 2.0–2.6
Triclosan 42–100
Diclofenac <LOD – 0.82 Mosquitofish In whole-body of fishes. Tanoue et al.(2020)
Indomethacin <LOD – 1.0
Mefenamic acid 1.4–3.0
Diltiazem 0.3–0.7
Amlodipine 0.4–1.2
Carvedilol 0.2–0.4
Telmisartan 2.2–4.5
Rebamipide 0.4–0.5
Chlorpheniramine 2.4–4.1
Fexofenadine 0.2–0.5
Tramadol 0.5–0.7
Haloperidol 3.3–4.5
Triclosan 58–77
Paracetamol 1.54(103) – 4.05(103) Grass carp NRa Zhang et al. (2017)
Indometacin 2.41(103) – 3.15(103)
Carbamazepine 1.52(103) – 2.78(103)
Tramadol 2.42(103) – 3.77(103)
Flumequine 2.29(103) – 4.77(103)
Triprolidine 1.44(103) – 1.76(103)
Lidocaine 1.74(103) – 2.73(103)
Naproxen 0.97(103) – 1.98(103) Mandarin fish NR Zhang et al. (2017)
Carbamazepine 1.54(103) – 3.25(103)
Brompheniramine 3.62(103) – 4.27(103)
Tramadol 2.48(103) – 3.38(103)
Lidocaine 1.08(103) – 3.71(103)
Galaxolide 81.2 Tilapia fillets Tissue Subedi et al. (2011)
Tonalide 5.5
Clopidogrel 1.2 NR Liver of fish. (In Teltow Canal) Boulard et al. (2020)
Diclofenac 10.3
Diphenhydramine 7.8
Flecainide 2.6
Lidocaine 2.5
Norlidocaine 15.3
Tramadol 4.5
Erythromycin-H2O 0.23–0.66 Goldfish Blood plasma Muir et al. (2017)
Sulfamethazine 0.06–0.17
Flumequine 0.16–1.37
Iopamidol 7.85–8.35
Caffeine 1.47–1.57
DEET 0.23–0.58
Atenolol 32 ± 49 G. affinis NR (in wet seasons) Valdés et al. (2016)
Carazolol 9 ± 14
Nadolol 14 ± 24
Propranolol 11 ± 20
Carbamazepine 33 ± 54
Diazepam 21 ± 32
Lorazepam 30 ± 42
Sertraline 24 ± 37
Venlafaxine 9 ± 16
Clopidogrel 5±8
Codeine 75 ± 130
Hydrochlorothiazide 30 ± 53
Salbutamol 26 ± 38
Atenolol 15 ± 14 J. multidentata Homogenates Valdés et al. (2016)
Propranolol 85 ± 148
Carbamazepine 8 ± 14
10
Table 3 (continued )
PPCPs Concentrations (ng/g) Fish species Remarks References
Citalopram 51 ± 25
Diazepam 28 ± 9
Venlafaxine 18 ± 12
Hydrochlorothiazide 5±8
Levamisole 11 ± 11
Salbutamol 22 ± 17
Citalopram 41 ± 47 Brown trout Grabicova et al. (2017)
Clomipramine 1.7 ± 1.3
Haloperidol 4.2 ± 3.5
Hydroxyzine 0.27 ± 0.10
Levomepromazine 3.1 ± 2.2
Mianserin 2.0 ± 1.4
Mirtazapine 41 ± 30
Paroxetine 1.6 ± 1.5
Sertraline 44 ± 30
Tramadol 6.0 ± 6.3
Venlafaxine 3.8 ± 3.7
Carazolol 1.0 ± 1.0 Golden grey mullet Muscle Moreno-González et al. (2016)
Carbamazepine 1.2 ± 2.2
Diazepam 0.3 ± 0.3
Nadolol 0.3 ± 0.4
Atenolol 24.4(103) P. lineatus Liver Rojo et al. (2020)
Carbamazepine 5.5(103)
Enalapril 7.0(103)
Sildenafil 17.1(103)
Clopidogrel <0.65 NR Liver Boulard et al. (2020)
Diclofenac 47 ± 7
Diphenhydramine 5.8 ± 0.4
Flecainide 18 ± 1
Lidocaine 3.4 ± 0.3
Norlidocaine 10 ± 3
Tramadol 15 ± 2
Diclofenac 8.8 Barbus graellsii Homogenate Huerta et al. (2013)
Citalopram 0.8 Cyprinus carpio Homogenate
Carbamazepine 17.9 Salmo trutta Liver
Venlafaxine 0.6 Cyprinus carpio Homogenate
Carazolol 3.8 Silurus glanis Homogenate
Salbutamol 2.6 Silurus glanis Homogenate
Carbamazepine 1731 ± 348 Jenynsia multidentata Gill Valdés et al. (2016)
Fluoxetine 36.6–259 Oncorhynchus mykiss Muscle Togunde et al. (2012)
Carbamazepine 0.6–1.7
Ibuprofen <0.84
Gemfibrozil <0.40
a
Not reported (NR).
triclosan, and N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide-DEET), which the water samples by algae are the biodegradation, biosorption, photo
elimination of PPCPs was mostly attributed to the degradation by the degradation and volatilization. Matamoros et al. (2015) expressed that
algae. although the ability of algae-based wastewater treatment systems to
MPBRs with a high potential in removal of nutrients from waste eliminate nutrients and heavy metals has been studied well, the removal
water, have been considered as a system that couples the culture of of PPCPs with the algae still needs more studies. Researchers (Mata
microalgae with a continuous biomass separation using a membrane moros et al., 2015; Gruchlik et al., 2018) stated that biodegradation and
filtration system (Novoa et al., 2020). MPBRs enable the system to photodegradation are the main removal processes during the elimina
operate with a short HRT without the washout of microalgae (Honda tion of PPCPs by algae-based systems. In reality, most PPCPs can be
et al., 2017). Application of MPBR in large-scale is limited, which can be eliminated by more than one pathway (R. Liu et al., 2021).
considered as the main drawback of MPBRs, because of membrane
fouling and consequent permeate flux reduction (Novoa et al., 2020).
Thus, the application of MPBRs for the removal of emerging contami 4.1. Biodegradation
nants has not been widely reported. 84.3% of an emerging contaminant
(atrazine) was removed by a microalgal-bacterial MPBR under a hy Biodegradation is one of the main elimination mechanisms of PPCPs
draulic retention time of 12 h and initial pollutant concentration of 0.01 from aqueous solutions by algae-based systems (Hultberg and Bodi,
mg/L (Derakhshan et al., 2019). 2018). Microbial biodegradation comprises varied and complementary
In general, several studies (Matamoros and Rodríguez, 2016) mechanisms, from adsorption of contaminants onto biomass, to miner
expressed that algae-based treatment methods can increase the removal alization where final degradation products are inorganics (e.g., CO2 and
of emerging contaminants from aquatic environments. For instance, H2O) and biomass (Garcia-Becerra and Ortiz, 2018). Papazi et al. (2017)
28% of levofloxacin was eliminated by Chlorella vulgaris (Xiong et al., stated that several factors (such as concentration of organic pollutants,
2017), while 50–64% of clarithromycin was eliminated by Chlamydo temperature, pH, oxygen content, and light intensity) can affect the
monas sp. (Escudero et al., 2020). The removal efficiencies of PPCPs with biodegradation. For instance, Papazi et al. (2017) stated that algal cells
different algae and microalgae species are shown in Table 4. Liu et al. apply more energy for biodegradation at the highest concentrations of
(2021) stated that four main pathways (Fig. 1) to remove PPCPs from organic pollutants in comparison with the energy applied for lower
concentrations. Furthermore, Hong et al. (2008) expressed that when
11
two or more organic pollutants are present in influent, there will be the procedure contains four phases: (I) mass transfer of the sorbate from the
competition for biodegradation of different compounds. Additionally, bulk liquid to the hydrodynamic boundary layer around the biosorbent
Al-Dahhan et al. (2018) stated that both biodegradation rate and growth particles;
rate of microalgae can be enhanced with increasing light intensities and (II) film diffusion through the boundary layer to the external surface
adding inorganic carbon sources (such as sodium bicarbonate and CO2). of the biosorbent; (III) intraparticle diffusion toward the interior of the
The main mechanisms of biodegradation can be categorized as biosorbent particle; and (IV) energetic interaction between the sorbate
metabolic degradation that PPCPs serve as the carbon sources or elec molecules and the sorption sites.
tron donors/acceptors for algae; and co-metabolism that additional The biosorption process is usually modeled by the equilibrium dis
organic substrates serve to both sustain biomass production, and act as tribution via Eq. (6) (Aravindhan et al., 2009).
an electron donor for the non-growth substrate (Xiong, 2021). Hena
V
(2021) expressed that biodegradation depends on the cellular meta qe = (C0 − Ce ) (6)
W
bolism of microalgae that involves a series of complex enzymatic acts.
Biodegradation quality rate of organic pollutants with algae can be where initial and equilibrium concentrations of pollutants in water are
calculated based on Eq. (5) (Zhang et al., 2011). In the equation, to defined by C0 and Ce, equilibrium concentration (mg/g) of pollutant in
exclude non-biodegradation, a blank is set with only a culture medium biosorbent is shown by qe, and volume of the solution (L) and the mass of
without algae. algae use (g) are shown by V and M, respectively.
[ ( ) ] Bioaccumulation is described as the intracellular accumulation of
Iq − Mq + Cq + Nq
DR = × 100 (5) sorbate (Chojnacka, 2010). Although bioadsorption is the first step of
Iq
bioaccumulation, not all contaminants adsorbed onto the surface of
microalgae can reach into the cell (bioaccumulation) (Xiong et al.,
where DR (%) indicates the biodegradation quality rate, the initial
2021). The bioaccumulation potential of a chemical in aquatic organ
concentration of pollutant is shown by Iq, the cellular residual amount of
isms plays an important role in the evaluation of environmental hazards.
pollutant is shown by Cq, Mq defines the medium residual quantity of
A high bioaccumulation potential of a chemical in biota indicates the
contaminant, and the non-biodegradation amount of contaminant is
possibility of toxic impact being encountered in aquatic organisms
shown by Mq.
(Geyer et al., 2001).
Algae include enzymes that metabolize a range of xenobiotics in
Xiong et al. (2021) stated three main pathways for transporting
three phases (Wang et al., 2017):
PPCPs (such as antibiotics) through the algae cell membrane into the cell
Phase-I contains oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that converts
interiors: (I) PPCPs with low molecular weights and high lipid solubility
lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic compounds to facilitate
can diffuse through the cell membrane from a region of high (external)
their excretion. Cytochrome P450s are microsomal heme-thiolate pro
to low (internal) concentration through passive diffusion. (II)
teins anchored in the membrane, and usually catalyze the primary step
Passive-facilitated diffusion transfer PPCPs across the cell membrane
of detoxification.
with transporter proteins. (III) Energy-dependent/active uptake, which
Phase-II is characterized by the addition of hydrophilic moieties to
is an active transport process using energy.
accelerate excretion. Xenobiotics with –COOH, –OH or –NH2 and me
(Li et al. (2009)) removed BPA with S. hantzschii, and reported that
tabolites from phase-I might be conjugated with glutathione/glucuronic
higher amounts of BPA could accumulate in cells while increasing the
acid catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases/glucosyltransferases.
initial concentration of BPA. After eight days, the accumulation of BPA
Phase-III comprises compartmentation of xenobiotics in vacuoles or
was 11.53, 35.30 and 45.44 ng BPA/mg fw (fresh weight) at initial
cell walls. The capability of algae to detoxicate xenobiotics is similar to
concentrations of 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 mg/L BPA, respectively. Wang et al.
the mammalian liver and therefore algae are remarked as “green livers”
(2019a, 2019b) stated that with increasing time, the intracellular ab
for the detoxification of pollutants. 54% and 65% removal of malathion
sorption is greater than the extracellular adsorption during removal of
by S. platensis and A. oryzae were attributed to biodegradation (Mustafa
nonylphenol by marine algae.
et al., 2021).
4.2. Biosorption, and bioaccumulation and biodegradation 4.3. Photodegradation
Biosorption, and bioaccumulation and biodegradation (Fig. 2) are The photodegradation is a transformation process in which complex
the interactions and concentration of organic contaminants in the molecules are decomposed, and is categorized into indirect and direct
biomass, either living (bioaccumulation) or non-living (biosorption) photodegradation (Jiménez-Bambague et al., 2020). If the PPCPs can
(Chojnacka, 2010). This could be divided into three stages: 1) a physi absorb light under the deployed irradiation condition, they would have
cochemical reaction between the cell surface and contaminants, 2) a a potential to undergo direct photolysis. However, if the PPCPs could not
fairly slow transfer of molecules over the cell membrane, and 3) bio absorb the light, then indirect photodegradation possibly occurs in the
accumulation and biodegradation (Xiong et al., 2021). presence of photosensitizers (Liu et al., 2021). Yang et al. (2018) stated
The biosorption of contaminants is a complex procedure containing that algae, with excretion biopolymers such as polysaccharides and
integration of some active and passive mechanisms. These mechanisms proteins, can enhance the photodegradation of PPCPs. Additionally,
vary based on the type of biomass, and culture conditions (Muñoz et al., Tian et al. (2019) expressed that chlorophyll can enhance the photo
2006). Moreover, algae biosorption processes have generally been degradation of emerging contaminants (such as chlortetracycline). Wei
attributed to the structure of cell wall comprising functional groups et al. (2021) stated that chlorophyll in the intracellular organic matters
(such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulphate) that can have a role as may play a role as photosensitizers since substituted porphyrin ring is
binding sites for pollutants via electrostatic attraction, ion exchange and one of the important components of chlorophyll that has a vital role in
complexation (Tuzen et al., 2009). For instance, hydrogen bonds were absorbing energy from light sources. Norvil et al. (2016) expressed that
reported as the key mechanism for the elimination of sulfamethoxazole these biopolymers can increase the photodegradation in several mech
and sulfacetamide by marine algae (Navarro et al., 2014). Aravindhan anisms, containing redox cycling, catabolic process, production of hy
et al. (2009) expressed that hydrophobic and donor acceptor in droxyl radicals, and inhibiting photo-oxidation by competitive reaction
teractions have been remarked as important processes in biosorption of with radicals (Sutherland and Ralph, 2019). Overall, algae can facilitate
organic compounds. photodegradation by enhancing the free radical yield (Eqs. (7) and (8);
Silva et al. (2019) stated that the progress of the biosorption Wang et al., 2017). Usually, photodegradation can be calculated by Eq.
12
Table 4
Algae and microalgae-based systems to remove PPCPs.
PPCPs removal (% or ng/L) Alga/Microalgae Species Remarks/Removal mechanisms Water sources References
Algae
Alfuzosin 64 (%) Tetradesmus dimorphus and After 7 days, samples were collected from Municipal wastewater Gentili and Fick (2017)
Alprazolam − 49 (%) (green algae) photobioreactor to monito removal
Atenolol 99 (%) efficiencies. Retention time was around 7
Atracurium 97 (%) days. Removal mechanism was
Azelastine 27 (%) biodegradation and photolysis
Biperiden − 490 (%)
Bisoprolol 97 (%)
Bupropion 93 (%)
Carbamazepin − 14 (%)
Cilazapril 61 (%)
Ciprofloxacin 11 (%)
Citalopram 98 (%)
Clarithromycine 90 (%)
Clemastine 40 (%)
Clindamycine 45 (%)
Clonazepam 88 (%)
Clotrimazol 19 (%)
Codeine − 11 (%)
Cyproheptadine − 450 (%)
Desloratidin − 45 (%)
Dicycloverin 71 (%)
Diltiazem 94 (%)
Diphenhydramin 89 (%)
Eprosartan 80 (%)
Fexofenadine − 5.2 (%)
Flecainide 58 (%)
Fluconazole − 17 (%)
Flupetixol − 75 (%)
Haloperidol − 5000 (%)
Hydroxyzine 87 (%)
Ibersartan 6.4 (%)
Loperamide 41 (%)
Memantin 81 (%)
Metoprolol 99 (%)
Miconazole 65 (%)
Mirtazapine − 630 (%)
Nefazodon − 3.8 (%)
Orphenadrin − 13 (%)
Oxazepam 80 (%)
Pizotifen 75 (%)
Ranitidine 75 (%)
Risperidone − 3.2 (%)
Roxithromycine 44 (%)
Sertraline 17 (%)
Sotalol 43 (%)
Bisphenol A 82 (%) Chlorella fusca var (green At the light intensity of 2 W/m2. Removal Aqueous solution Hirooka et al. (2005)
algae) mechanism was biodegradation.
Trimethoprim <10 (%) Nannochloris sp. (green algae) After 14 days, samples were collected to Fresh water (from lake) Bai and Acharya (2017)
Carbamazepine <10 (%) monitor removal efficiencies. Main
Ciprofloxacin <40 (%) degradation mechanism was photolysis for
Sulfamethoxazole >99 (%) ciprofloxacin, and it was photolysis and
Triclosan >99 (%) bioaccumulation for triclosan. For removal of
trimethoprim, the main pathway was
biodegradation, photolysis.
The green alga Nannochloris sp. was cultured
before experiments were conducted.
Salicylic acid >93 (%) Chlorella sorokiniana Photobioreactors was used and sampling was Aqueous solution Santos et al. (2017)
Paracetamol >67 (%) Scenedesmus obliquus done 8–10 days. Removal mechanism was
Salicylic acid >73 (%) Chlorella vulgaris (Green photolysis.
Paracetamol >40 (%) microalgae)
Salicylic acid >22 (%)
Paracetamol >21 (%)
Carbamazepine <21 (%) Scenedesmus obliquus and Experiments were carried out under 90–160 Domestic wastewater Larsen et al. (2019)
Ibuprofen 60 (%) Chlorella vulgaris photon m− 2 s− 1 of light in a 16 h on/8 h off (effluent)
Gemfibrozil <27 (%) cycle. The removal mechanism for Ibuprofen
Triclosan 56-88 (%) and triclosan was biodegradation, and
biodegradation and photodegradation,
respectively.
Diclofenac 71 (%) Coelastrum sp. (dominant High rate algae pond was used. Main Urban wastewater Villar-Navarro et al.
species by more than 90%) degradation mechanism was photolysis. (2018)
Asprin 97 (%) Carbonaceous material Biosorption was the main removal Aqueous solution Ouasfi et al. (2019)
produced from bifurcaria mechanisms. Maximum adsorption capacity
was 2633.04 mg/g.
13
bifurcate (brown algae) by

pyrolysis-based method.
Diclofenac >55 (%) Fucus vesiculosus (brown Biosorption mechanisms were electrostatic Aqueous solution Li et al. (2019)
Trimethoprim >90 (%) algae) as biosorbent interactions, H-bonding, and π-electron
dispersions.
Microalgae
Estrone >60 (%) Chlorella sorokiniana (green Samples were taken after 23–31 days. Synthetic aqueous de Wilt et al. (2016)
Ethinylestradiol >60 (%) microalga) Experiments were run under average solution
17β-estradiol >60 (%) illumination of 68 μmol m− 2 s− 1. Removal (pharmaceuticals and
Carbamazepine 30-60 (%) mechanism was biodegradation and urine)
Trimethoprim 30-60 (%) photolysis.
Carbamazepine 28 (%) Chlamydomonas mexicana Samples were collected after 10 days. Synthetic aqueous Xiong et al. (2016)
35 (%) (Freshwater microalgae) Experiments were run under illumination of solution
Scenedesmus obliquus 60–50 mmol photon m− 2 s− 1. Removal
(Freshwater microalgae) mechanism was biodegradation and
bioaccumulation.
Fenofibric acid >70 (%) Parachlorella kessleri and Wastewater was treated in a pond inoculated Domestic wastewater in Jiménez-Bambague et al.
Ibuprofen >70 (%) Desmodesmus serratus (green with Chlorophyta under hydraulic retention a pilot-scale study (2020)
Paracetamol >70 (%) microalgae) time (HRT, 3 day) and water flow 0.2 m3 d− 1.
Gabapentin 30-70 (%) Removal mechanism was biodegradation and
Lamotrigine 30-70 (%) photodegradation.
Fenofibrate 30-70 (%)
Gemfibrozil 30-70 (%)
Diclofenac 30-70 (%)
Ketoprofen 30-70 (%)
Naproxen 30-70 (%)
Pentoxifylline 30-70 (%)
Carbamazepine <30 (%)
Ciprofloxacin 13 (%) Chlamydomonas Mexicana Removal efficiency was reported after 11 day. Synthetic aqueous Xiong et al. (2017)
(Freshwater microalgae) Experiments were done under white solution
fluorescent light illumination of 45–50 μmol
photon m− 2 s− 1. Removal mechanism was
biodegradation and bioaccumulation.
Caffeine <40 (%) Swedish microalgal strains Removal mechanism was photodegradation Aqueous solution Gojkovic et al. (2019)
Carbamazepin <40 (%) (such as: Coelastrella sp.) and biodegradation after 12 days. The
Oxazepam <40 (%) illuminated panel surface in range of 45–650
Tramadol <40 (%) μmolph/m2/s of photosynthetic active
Fluconazole <40 (%) radiation was applied.
Codeine <40 (%)
Trimetoprim <40 (%)
Hydroxyzine >70 (%)
Mirtazapine >70 (%)
Diphenhydramine >70 (%)
Memantine >70 (%)
Orphenadrine >70 (%)
Bupropion >70 (%)
Biperiden >70 (%)
Flecainide >70 (%)
Trihexyphenidyl >70 (%)
Clomipramine >70 (%)
Amitriptyline >70 (%)
Iohexol 240-50 (%) Chlorella vulgaris. (green Removal mechanism was biodegradation Aqueous solution Akao et al. (2020)
microalgae) after 27 days.
Salicylic acid 67 (%) Chlorella sorokiniana (green Removal mechanism was biodegradation Wastewater Escapa et al. (2015)
Paracetamol 73 (%) microalgae)
Carbamazepine 10-30 (%) Coelastrella sp. (green Removal mechanism was biodegradation Aqueous solution Gojkovic et al. (2019)
microalgae) and García-Galán et al.
(2020)
Diazepam 94 (%) Green microalgae Semi-closed microalgae photobioreactor was Urban wastewater García-Galán et al.
Lorazepam 83 (%) used. Biodegradation, sorption and (2020)
Oxazepam Ibuprofen 71 (%) photodegradation were the removal
Carbamazepine 70 (%) mechanisms.
50 (%)
Cefuroxime sodium 10.2–92.8 C. pyrenoidosa (FACHB-11; Removal efficiency was increased from 10.2% Aqueous solution Zhang L. et al. (2020)
(%) green microalgae) to 92.8% with adding NaHCO3.
Biodegradation was the main removal
mechanism.
Sulfadiazine 35-45 (%) Dictyosphaerium sp. (green ND* Aqueous solution Chen S. et al. (2020)
Sulfamerazine 30-42 (%) microalgae)
Sulfamethazine 26-51 (%)
Biosorption
Tetracycline 52.8–98.0% Biochar-based material, Maximum adsorption capacity was 25.94 mg/ Aqueous solution Chabi et al. (2020)
which derived from Chlorella g through endothermic physical adsorption.
sp. (PTCC 6010). Biosorption was the main removal
mechanisms.
Aqueous solution Ouasfi et al. (2019b)
14
Aspirin 95 (%) Activated porous carbon Maximum adsorption capacity was 970.8 mg/
Ketoprofen 92 (%) material derived from g and 443.4 mg/g for removal of aspirin and
Laminaria digitate (brown ketoprofen, respectively. Biosorption was the
algae) main removal mechanisms.
Tramadol 91 (%) Scenedesmus obliquus (green Maximum adsorption capacity was 42 mg/g. Aqueous solution Ali et al. (2018)
algae)
Algae and microalgae in an integrated system
Ibuprofen 94% Integrated Algal-bacteria in a It was an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic Urban wastewater López-Serna et al. (2019)
Naproxen 52% photobioreactor. photobioreactor.
Salicylic acid 98% Main Chlorella vulgaris was the dominant
Triclosan 100% microalgae species in the system during step
Propylparaben 100% 1, and Pseudonabaena acicularis and
Scenedesmus acutus were dominant during
second step.
Biodegradation and sorption were the main
removal mechanism.
Metoprolol >78 (%) Algae and constructed Iris pseudacorus, Scirpus sp. and Carex sp., Municipal wastewater Rühmland et al. (2015)
Carbamazepine wetland (CW) Lemna as plant and sand as the media were
Iopromide placed in the CW. And floating algae was in
the CW.
Photodegradation and biodegradation were
the main removal of PPCPs by algae.
Carbamazepine 68.9% Integrated microalgae and Chaetoceros muelleri (marine microalgae) was Synthetic wastewater Mojiri et al. (2021b)
Sulfamethazine 64.8% biochar attached on biochar
Tramadol 69.3%
Fig. 1. Mechanisms of PPCPs removal by algae-based technique.
(9) (Matamoros et al., 2016). 2016).

Propranolol, naproxen, ketoprofen, and gemfibrozil are reported to
O2 + cell organelles o algae + hv→ O2/O2 1 ◦-
(7)
undergo photodegradation after reaching the aquatic environments.
O2 + cell secretion of algae + hv→ OH ◦
(8) Moreover, paracetamol is remarked as biodegradable and photode
gradable, whereas fenofibric acid is considered as a compound with
Photodegradation =
(K1 − K2)
× 100 (9) rapid photodegradation potential (Jiménez-Bambague et al., 2020). The
K3 rapid direct photodegradation of ketoprofen (and other PPCPs with
similar structure) might be justified by the point that carbonyl moiety is
K1 defines the organic pollutants concentration in uncovered and
in conjugation with two aromatic rings. When the carbonyl is highly
aerated control reactor, K2 shows the organic pollutants concentrations
conjugated, the energy of the n-π* transition is reduced, causing a very
in covered and aerated control reactors, and K3 indicates the concen
reactive triplet state (Lin and Rienhard, 2009).
tration of organic pollutants in reactors fed with microalgae.
In algae-based system, Liu et al. (2021) reported the abatement ef
40–60% of diclofenac was removed by Chlorella sorokiniana which
ficiencies of >80% for photodegradation of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin
was mostly attributed to the photodegradation process (Wilt et al.,
and enrofloxacin, and abatement efficiencies 62–85% for
15
Fig. 2. Bioaccumulation and biosorption of PPCPs in algae. (*ESP (extracellular polymeric substance); **Source: Xiong et al., 2021, the permission for re-using the
figure received on August 17, 2021 from Elsevier).
cephalosporins photodegradation, and removal efficiency of >90% for reactive oxygen species (Xiong et al., 2019). Yang et al. (2009) expressed
photodegradation of triclosan, metronidazole, chlortetracycline, para that some antibiotic and antibacterial agents can inhibit the growth of
cetamol and anilines. The photodegradation products can be either less algae even at environmentally relevant concentrations (μg/L). For
or more toxic than the parent compounds; for instance, photo instance, 17.5 μg/L of triclocarban decreased the growth rate of 50% of
degradation products from carbamazepine are more toxic (Patel et al., algae (Yang et al., 2009). Sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole reduced
2019). Apart from that, Jiménez-Bambague et al. (2020) stated that the growth rate of S. obliquus in concentrations of less than 0.05 mg/L
recalcitrant and highly hydrophilic PPCPs (such as carbamazepine) are (Xiong et al., 2019).
very stable and resistant to biodegradation and photodegradation. Concentration of chlorophyll is a rational assessment for the activity
The physicochemical properties of the PPCPs, the intensity and of algae in aquatic environments (Tretiach et al., 2007). Additionally,
wavelength of light, the physicochemical properties of the water and the protein content of algae is a vital factor for algae, especially for using as
algae species can affect the phytodegradation (Sutherland and Ralph, feed (Chia et al., 2019). Several studies (Xin et al., 2017; Mojiri et al.,
2019). For instance, Norvill et al. (2016) expressed that the photo 2021a, 2021b) confirmed that low concentrations of PPCPs in a short
degradation of PPCPs by algae-based systems is increased in the pres time can increase the concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoid, and
ence of Fe3+ in water because of photosensitive organic molecules. protein because of two main reasons (Mojiri et al., 2021a): an increase in
Complex of carboxylic acids with iron further increases the hydroxyl chlorophyll and protein content can support algae to decrease the
radical production by photosensitive Fe3+. Apart from that, Bai and accumulated reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts; low concentration
Acharya (2019) reported that the presence of nitrate in the waterway of PPCP causes inductive impact of pharmaceutically active compounds
could enhance the indirect photolysis of triclosan and hormone active on cells. Moreover, Chen et al. (2020b) expressed that increasing the
substances in an algae-based system. Moreover, the presence of oxygen content of protein during exposed to low concentrations of PPCPs can be
can affect the photodegradation. For instance, the presence of oxygen justified by an increase in enzymes synthesis or other energy-producing
increased the photodecarboxylation of naproxen (Boscá et al., 2001). fractions.
High concentrations of PPCPs can reduce the content of chlorophyll
5. Effects of PPCPs concentrations on algae and protein. For instance, more than 50% of protein content and chlo
rophyll of microalgae was reduced by exposure to 50 mg/L of antibiotics
Several studies showed that PPCPs can affect the algae health (Mojiri (Mojiri et al., 2021b). High concentrations of PPCPs may inhibit the
et al., 2021a). In terms of studying the effects of PPCPs on algae, protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome. More
important factors which should be considered are growth rate, chloro over, oxidative damage resulted by PPCPs exposure may cause DNA
phyll and carotenoid, and protein content (Mojiri et al., 2021b). damage (Li et al., 2020). Reducing the chlorophyll content can be
Xiong et al. (2020) expressed that low concentration (<2 mg/L) of explained with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage to
PPCPs does not have any significant effects on growth of tolerant species the photosystem and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Chlorophyll in cells
of algae (such as Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlamydomonas). However, Li might be used as a protective way to reduce the ROS in chloroplasts
et al. (2020) reported that roxithromycin (in concentration of 0.25–2 (Mojiri et al., 2021b).
mg/L) had a significant effect on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Additionally,
they found that the roxithromycin (in low concentrations <0.2 mg/L) 6. Effects of other abiotic factors on algae
did not have a significant effect on growth rate of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
during a short time (less than 14 days) exposure to roxithromycin, but it Several abiotic factors such as HRT, temperature, and light intensity
significantly decreased its growth rate after more than 14 days. In can affect the algae-based systems in terms of PPCPs removal (Miazek
general, several studies (Li et al., 2020; Mojiri et al., 2021a) reported et al., 2015, Fang et al., 2018). HRT, as a key operating parameter in
that low concentrations of PPCPs can improve the growth rate of algae treatment of wastewater, is the time taken for which raw wastewater
because they can be used by algae as a carbon source, and they increased stays in a reactor before its discharge as effluent; thus, it determines the
the chlorophyll content at the beginning. High concentrations of PPCPs quantity of organic matter and volatile solids to be fed into the digester
are toxic to algae and can decrease their growth rate because they can (Ogwueleka and Samson, 2020). Gao et al. (2016) stated that a long HRT
damage cell structures and organelles by disturbing the homeostasis of is generally needed for nutrients uptake by algae. Valigire et al. (2012)
16
reported that HRAPs are mostly operated at 2–8 days of HRTs, while • Algae-based systems could remove PPCPs from water bodies up to
longer HRTs have inhibited microalgal growth due to excess DO (Vali 99%.
gore et al., 2012). Kang and Kim (2021) stated that a short HRT com • In comparison with STPBs, RABRs and HRAPs algal bioreactors have
bined with a long solids retention time (SRT), have provided a greatest demonstrated the better performance in PPCPs removal.
productivity and settleability of algal–bacterial consortia. • Short term exposure to low concentration of PPCPs can increase
Other important factors are the light intensity and temperature. The chlorophyll and protein contents in algae, which are however
influence of light availability may affect the growth of microalgae as reduced by increasing PPCPs concentrations and exposure time.
well as production of oxygen through the photosynthesis of the micro
algae (Bazdar et al., 2018). Normally, an increase in light intensity Declaration of competing interest
promotes algal growth up to a photoinhibitory threshold; however, both
the strength of this impact and the threshold differ among species The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
(Nzayisenga et al., 2020). At full-scale outdoor conditions, current interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
algae-based treatment systems suffer from low natural lighting for the work reported in this paper.
effective nutrient conversion due to the shortage of light during the
rainy days. In addition, excessive light at noontime inhibits photosyn Acknowledgments
thesis of algae (Yan et al., 2013). Xu et al. (2021) expressed that very low
and high temperatures can considerably decrease the algal growth rate, The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Norwegian
and negatively affect wastewater treatment using algae. In high tem University of Life Sciences (NMBU, Norway) for providing supports
perature serious inhibition occurs because of inactivation and denatur during writing this paper. Moreover, we really appreciate Dr. Per Ivar
ation of enzymes (Zhang et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c). Høvring for his advices.
7. Genes involved in microalgae system during exposure to

Appendix A. Supplementary data
PPCPs
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
Algae, bacteria, and fungi have catabolic genes for degrading several
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132580.
pollutants in water and soil (Subashchandrabose et al., 2013). Several
studies (Zuo, 2019; Das and Roychoudhury, 2014) reported that reactive
Authors’ contribution
oxygen species (ROS) increase with increasing exposure to organic
contaminants. Many genes are involved in defense mechanisms of
Amin Mojiri: Conceptualization, Literature review, Writing-original
oxidative stress, including glutaredoxin (GRX), ascorbate peroxidase
draft. John L Zhou: Writing & editing. Harsha Ratnaweera: Writing &
(APX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (Jamers and Coen, 2010).
editing. Shahabaldin Rezania: Writing & editing. Mansoureh Nazari V.:
In photosynthetic eukaryotes (such as algae), the range of gluta
Writing & editing.
redoxin proteins is larger than other organisms, which may have vital
roles regulating processes related to photosynthesis (Couturier et al.,
References
2009). Chloroplast APXs are very sensitive to H2O2 at low ascorbate
levels. During the stress, the thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate Abtahi, S.M., Petermann, M., Flambard, A.J., Beaufort, S., Terrisse, F., Trotouin, T.,
peroxidase decreases H2O2 back into water with ascorbate as an electron Cassan, C.J., Albasi, C., 2018. Sci. Total Environ. 643, 1464–1480. https://doi.org/
donor (Maruta et al., 2016). A potential mechanism decreasing the toxic 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.303.
Akao, P.K., Mamane, H., Kaplan, A., Gozlan, I., Yehoshua, Y., Kinel-Tahan, Y., Avisar, D.,
impacts involves GST, which catalyzes the conjugation of 2020. Iohexol removal and degradation-product formation via biodegradation by the
microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) with glutathione; this procedure microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Algal Res. 51, 102050 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
is generally remarked as the first step in the detoxification in various algal.2020.102050.
Al-Dahhan, M., Al-Ani, F., Al-Saned, A., 2018. Biodegradation of phenolic components in
aquatic organisms (Lyu et al., 2016).
wastewater by microalgae: a review. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 162, 5009.
Chen et al. (2015) stated that inhibition of chlorophyll by PPCPs https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205009.
(such as antibiotics) was detected as an interruption of gene expression, Al-Kaf, A.G., Naji, K.M., Abdullah, Q.Y.M., Edrees, W.H.A., 2017. Occurrence of
which finally affected protein synthesis. The rbcL (RuBisCO large sub paracetamol in aquatic environments and transformation by microorganisms: a
review. Chronicles Pharmaceut. Sci. 1, 341–355.
unit) and psbA (PSII D1 protein) are photosynthetic genes. Expression of Al-Mashaqbeh, O., Alsafadi, D., Dalahmeh, S., Bartelt-Hunt, S., Snow, D., 2019. Removal
both genes decreases during the exposure of cyanobacteria to organic of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment
pollutants (Fernández-Pinos et al., 2017). Additionally, Wu et al. (2016) plant in Jordan. Water 11 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102004, 2004.
Ali, M.E.M., El-Aty, A.M.A., Badawy, M.I., Ali, R.K., 2018. Removal of pharmaceutical
expressed that the transcript abundance of psaB gene increased with pollutants from synthetic wastewater using chemically modified biomass of green
exposure to organic pollutants over a short time (6–12 h), then reduced alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 151, 144–152. https://doi.org/
with longer exposure. Furthermore, they expressed that organic pol 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.012.
Aravindhan, R., Rao, J.R., Nair, B.U., 2009. Application of a chemically modified green
lutants could decrease the transcript abundance of psbc by up to 30%. macro alga as a biosorbent for phenol removal. J. Environ. Manag. 90 (5),
1877–1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.005.
8. Conclusions Bai, X., Acharya, K., 2017. Algae-mediated removal of selected pharmaceutical and
personal care products (PPCPs) from Lake Mead water. Sci. Total Environ. 581/582,
734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.192.
The occurrence of PPCPs has been widely reported in aquatic envi Bai, X., Acharya, K., 2019. Removal of seven endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from
ronments globally. Thus, the monitoring of PPCPs and their elimination municipal wastewater effluents by a freshwater green alga. Environ. Pollut. 247,
534–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.075.
using green techniques are of great importance. Algae-based treatment Balusamy, B., Senthamizhan, A., Uyar, T., 2020. Functionalized electrospun nanofibers
methods are fully reviewed in the removal of PPCPs, with key findings as as a versatile platform for colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions in water: a
follows: review. Materials 13 (10), 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102421.
Bao, Y., Li, F., Chen, L., Mu, Q., Huang, B., Wen, D., 2021. Fate of Antibiotics in
Engineered Wastewater Systems and Receiving Water Environment: a Case Study on
• The most common pharmaceuticals are ibuprofen with the highest the Coast of Hangzhou Bay, China. Science of The Total Environment, 144642.
concentrations of 3738 ng/L in tap water in Nigeria, and caffeine at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144642 (in press).
3068 ng/L in Aegean Sea and Dardanelle in Turkey and Greece. Bazdar, E., Roshandel, R., Yaghmaei, S., Mardanpour, M.M., 2018. The effect of different
light intensities and light/dark regimes on the performance of photosynthetic
• The PPCPs can be found in aquatic organisms such as fish, with 24.4 microalgae microbial fuel cell. Bioresour. Technol. 261, 350–360. https://doi.org/
× 103 ng/g of atenolol detected in P. lineatus. 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.026.
17
Besha, A.T., Gebreyohannes, A.Y., Tufa, R.A., Bekele, D.N., Curcio, E., Giorno, L., 2017. Craggs, R., Park, J., Heubeck, S., Sutherland, D., 2014. High rate algal pond systems for
Removal of emerging micropollutants by activated sludge process and membrane low-energy wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and energy production. N. Z. J.
bioreactors and the effects of micropollutants on membrane fouling: a review. Bot. 52 (1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2013.861855.
J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5 (3), 2395–2414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Crookes, M.J., Fisk, P., 2018. Evaluation of Using Mobility of Chemicals in the
jece.2017.04.027. Environment to Fulfil Bioaccumulation Criteria of the Stockholm Convention. Peter
Besse, J.P., Latour, J.F., Garric, J., 2012. Anticancer drugs in surface waters: what can we Fisk Associates Ltd. Reference: PFA.882.000.002.
say about the occurrence and environmental significance of cytotoxic, cytostatic and Das, K., Roychoudhury, A., 2014. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of
endocrine therapy drugs? Environ. Int. 39 (1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front.
envint.2011.10.002. Environ. Sci. 2, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053.
Bhagat, C., Kumar, M., Tyagi, V.K., Mohapatra, P.K., 2020. Proclivities for prevalence de Godos, I., Muñoz, R., Guiessye, B., 2012. Tetracycline removal during wastewater
and treatment of antibiotics in the ambient water: a review 3, 42. https://doi.org/ treatment in high-rate algal ponds. J. Hazard. Mater. 229–230, 446–449. https://doi.
10.1038/s41545-020-00087-x. org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.106.
Bhatt, N.C., Panwar, A., Bisht, T.S., Tamta, S., 2014. Coupling of algal biofuel production de Wilt, A., Butkovskyi, A., Tuantet, K., Leal, L.H., Fernandes, T.V., Langenhoff, A.,
with wastewater. Sci. World J., 210504 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/210504. Zeeman, G., 2016. Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with
Bolong, A., Ismail, A.F., Salim, M.R., Matsuura, T., 2009. A review of the effects of source separated wastewater streams. J. Hazard. Mater. 304, 84–92. https://doi.org/
emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.033.
239, 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.020. Delgado, N., Bermeo, L., Hoyos, D.A., Peñuela, G.A., Capparelli, A., Marino, D.,
Boscá, F., Marín, L., Miranda, M.A., 2001. Photoreactivity of the nonsteroidal anti- Navarro, A., Casas-Zapata, J.C., 2020. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutical
inflammatory 2-arylpropionic acids with photosensitizing side effects. Photochem. and personal care products using subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands.
Photobiol. 74 (5), 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2001) Water Res. 187, 116448 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116448.
0740637POTNAI2.0.CO2. Derakhshan, Z., Ehrampoush, M.H., Mahvi, A.H., Dehghani, M., Faramarzian, M.,
Boulard, L., Parrhysius, P., Jacobs, B., Dierkes, G., Wick, A., Buchmeier, G., Eslami, H., 2019. A comparative study of hybrid membrane photobioreactor and
Koschorreck, J., Ternes, T.A., 2020. Development of an analytical method to membrane photobioreactor for simultaneous biological removal of atrazine and CNP
quantify pharmaceuticals in fish tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass from wastewater: a performance analysis and modeling. Chem. Eng. J. 355,
spectrometry detection and application to environmental samples. J. Chromatogr. A 428–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.155.
1633, 461612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461612. Derle, D.V., Gujar, K.N., Sagar, B.S.H., 2006. Adverse effects associated with the use of
Brausch, J.M., Rand, G.M., 2011. A review of personal care products in the aquatic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an overview. Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 68 (4),
environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere 82 (11), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.27809.
1518–1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018. Dhodpkar, R.S., Gandhi, K.N., 2019. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in
Bu, Q., Wang, B., Huang, J., Deng, S., Yu, G., 2013. Pharmaceuticals and personal care aquatic environment: chemicals of emerging concern? In: Prasad, M.N.V.,
products in the aquatic environment in China: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 262, Vithanage, M., Kapley, A. (Eds.), Book: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products:
189–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.040. Waste Management and Treatment Technology: Emerging Contaminants and Micro
Calisto, V., Domingues, R.M., Esteves, V.I., 2011. Photodegradation of psychiatric Pollutants. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816189-0.00003-2.
pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – kinetics and photodegradation products. Duan, L., Zhao, Y., 2021. Molecularly imprinted micelles for fluorescent sensing of
Water Res. 45 (18), 6097–6106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). React. Funct. Polym. 158, 104759
Cao, S.S., Duan, Y.P., Tu, Y.J., Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhi, W.D., Dai, C., 2020. Pharmaceuticals https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104759.
and personal care products in a drinking water resource of Yangtze river delta Dubey, M., Mohapatra, S., Tyagi, V.K., Suthar, S., Kazmi, A.A., 2021. Occurrence, fate,
ecology and Greenery integration development demonstration zone in China: and persistence of emerging micropollutants in sewage sludge treatment. Environ.
occurrence and human health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 721, 137624 Pollut. 273, 116515 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116515.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137624. Ebele, A.J., Abdallah, M.A.E., Harrad, S., 2017. Pharmaceuticals and personal care
Carvalho, I.T., Santos, L., 2016. Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: a review of the products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerg. Contam. 3 (1),
European scenario. Environ. Int. 94, 736–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004.
envint.2016.06.025. Elrayies, G.M., 2018. Microalgae: prospects for greener future buildings. Renew. Sustain.
Chabi, N., Baghdadi, M., Sani, A.H., Golzary, A., Hosseinzadeh, 2020. Removal of Energy Rev. 81, 1175–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.032.
tetracycline with aluminum boride carbide and boehmite particles decorated biochar Ensano, B.M.B., Borea, L., Naddeo, V., de Luna, M.D.G., Belgiorno, V., 2019. Control of
derived from algae. Bioresour. Technol. 316, 123950 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. emerging contaminants by the combination of electrochemical processes and
biortech.2020.123950. membrane bioreactors. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 1103–1112. https://doi.org/
Chen, J., Zheng, F., Guo, R., 2015. Algal feedback and removal efficiency in a sequencing 10.1007/s11356-017-9097-z.
batch reactor algae process (SBAR) to treat the antibiotic cefradine. PLoS One 10 (7), Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Eilersen, A.M., Henze, M., Ledin, A., 2003. Household
e0133273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133273. chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds
Chen, S., Li, J., Feng, W., Yuan, M., Zhang, W., Xu, H., Zheng, X., Wang, L., 2020a. in grey wastewater. WaterSA 29 (2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.
Biochemical responses of the freshwater microalga Dictyosphaerium sp. upon v29i2.4848.
exposure to three sulfonamides. J. Environ. Sci. 97, 141–148. https://doi.org/ Escapa, C., Coimbra, R.N., Panaiagua, S., García, A.I., Otero, M., 2015. Nutrients and
10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.018. pharmaceuticals removal from wastewater by culture and harvesting of Chlorella
Chen, W.L., Ling, Y.S., Lee, D.J.H., Lin, X.Q., Chen, Z.Y., Liao, H.T., 2020b. Targeted sorokiniana. Bioresour. Technol. 185, 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
profiling of chlorinated transformation products and the parent micropollutants in biortech.2015.03.004.
the aquatic environment: a comparison between two coastal cities. Chemosphere Escudero, A., Hunter, C., Roberts, J., Helwing, K., Pahl, O., 2020. Pharmaceuticals
242, 125268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125268. removal and nutrient recovery from wastewaters by Chlamydomonas acidophila.
Chen, S., Xie, J., Wen, Z., 2021. Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products Biochem. Eng. J. 156, 107517 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107517.
(PPCPs) from waterbody using a revolving algal biofilm (RAB) reactor. J. Hazard. Fang, Y., Chen, X., Hu, Z., Liu, D., Gao, H., Nie, L., 2018. Effects of hydraulic retention
Mater. 406, 124284 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124284. time on the performance of algal-bacterial-based aquaponics (AA): focusing on
Chia, S.R., Chew, K.W., Zaid, M.H.F., Chu, D.T., Tao, Y., Show, P.L., 2019. Microalgal nitrogen and oxygen distribution. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102, 9843–9855.
protein extraction from Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E using triphasic partitioning https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9338-1.
technique with sonication. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 7, 396 https://doi.org/ Fernández-Pinos, M.C., Vila-Costa, M., Arrieta, J.M., Morales, L., González-Gaya, B.,
10.3389/fbioe.2019.00396. Piña, B., Dachs, J., 2017. Dysregulation of photosynthetic genes in oceanic
Chojnacka, K., 2010. Biosorption and bioaccumulation – the prospects for practical Prochlorococcus populations exposed to organic pollutants. Sci. Rep. 7, 8029 https://
applications. Environ. Int. 36 (3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08425-9.
envint.2009.12.001. Fica, Z., Sims, R.C., 2016. Algae-based biofilm productivity utilizing dairy wastewater:
Cizmas, L., Sharma, V.K., Gray, C.M., McDonald, T.J., 2015. Pharmaceuticals and effects of temperature and organic carbon concentration. J. Biol. Eng. 10, 18.
personal care products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk. Environ. Chem. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-016-0039-y.
13, 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0524-4. Gao, F., Li, C., Yang, Z.H., Zeng, G.M., Feng, L.J., Liu, J., Cai, H., 2016. Continuous
Costanzo, S.D., Watkinson, A.J., Murby, E.J., Kolpin, D.W., Sandstorm, M.W., 2007. Is microalgae cultivation in aquaculture wastewater by a membrane photobioreactor
there a risk associated with the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) for biomass production and nutrients removal. Ecol. Eng. 92, 55–61. https://doi.org/
commonly found in aquatic environments? Sci. Total Environ. 384 (1–3), 214–220. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.03.046.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.036. Garcia-Becerra, F.Y., Ortiz, I., 2018. Biodegradation of emerging organic micropollutants
Couturier, J., Jacquot, J.P., Rouhier, N., 2009. Evolution and diversity of glutaredoxins in nonconventional biological wastewater treatment: a critical review. Environ. Eng.
in photosynthetic organisms. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66, 2539–2557. https://doi.org/ Sci. 35 (10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2017.0287.
10.1007/s00018-009-0054-y. García-Galán, M.J., Matamoros, V., Uggetti, E., Díez-Montero, R., García, J., 2020.
Craggs, R., Sutherland, D., Campbell, H., 2012. Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate Removal and environmental risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern
algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production. J. Appl. from irrigation waters in a semi-closed microalgae photobioreactor. Environ. Res.
Phycol. 24, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9810-8. 110278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110278.
Craggs, R.J., Lundquist, T.J., Benemann, J.R., 2013. Wastewater treatment and algal Gentili, F.G., Fick, J., 2017. Algal cultivation in urban wastewater: an efficient way to
biofuel production. In: Borowitzka, M.A., Moheimani, N.R. (Eds.), Book: Algae for reduce pharmaceutical pollutants. J. Appl. Phycol. 29, 255–262. https://doi.org/
Biofuels and Energy. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5479-9_9. 10.1007/s10811-016-0950-0.
Geyer, H.J., Rimkus, G.G., Scheunert, I., Kaune, A., Schramm, K.W., Kettrup, A.,
Zeeman, A., Muir, D.C.G., Hansen, L.G., Donald Mackay, D., 2001. Bioaccumulation
18
and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), persistent organic Kang, D., Kim, K., 2021. Real wastewater treatment using a moving bed and wastewater-
pollutants (POPs), and other organic compounds in fish and other organisms borne algal–bacterial consortia with a short hydraulic retention time. Processes 9,
including humans. In: Book: the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010116.
Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/10503050_1. Karnjanapiboonwong, A., Suski, J.G., Shah, A.A., Cai, Q., Morse, A.N., Anderson, T.A.,
Giebułtowicz, J., Stankiewicz, A., Wroczyński, P., Nałęcz-Jawecki, G., 2016. Occurrence 2011. Occurrence of PPCPs at a wastewater treatment plant and in soil and
of cardiovascular drugs in the sewage-impacted Vistula River and in tap water in the groundwater at a land application site. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 216, 257–273.
Warsaw region (Poland). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 23, 24337–24349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0532-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7668-z. Karthik, R.M., Philip, L., 2021. Sorption of pharmaceutical compounds and nutrients by
Gojkovic, Z., Lindberg, R.H., Tysklind, M., Funk, C., 2019. Northern green algae have the various porous low cost adsorbents. Sorption of pharmaceutical compounds and
capacity to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 170, nutrients by various porous low cost adsorbents. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (1),
644–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.032. 104916 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104916.
Grabicova, K., Grabic, R., Fedorova, G., Fick, J., Cerveny, D., Kolarova, J., Turek, J., Kassab, N.M., do Amaral, M.S., Singh, A.K., Santoro, M.I.R.M., 2010. Development and
Zlabek, V., Randak, T., 2017. Bioaccumulation of psychoactive pharmaceuticals in validation of UV spectrophotometric method for determination of levofloxacin in
fish in an effluent dominated stream. Water Res. 124, 654–662. https://doi.org/ pharmaceutical dosage forms. Quím. Nova 33 (4). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-
10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.018. 40422010000400037.
Gruchlik, Linge, K., Joll, C., 2018. Removal of organic micropollutants in waste Kim, M.K., Zoh, K.D., 2016. Occurrence and removals of micropollutants in water
stabilisation ponds: a review. J. Environ. Manag. 206, 202–214. https://doi.org/ environment. Environ. Eng. Res. 21 (4), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.4491/
10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.020. eer.2016.115.
Gulde, R., Helbling, D.E., Scheidegger, A., Fenner, K., 2014. pH-dependent Koumaki, E., Noutsopoulos, C., Mamais, D., Fragkiskatos, G., Andreadakis, A., 2021. Fate
biotransformation of ionizable organic micropollutants in activated sludge. Environ. of emerging contaminants in high-rate activated sludge systems. Int. J. Environ. Res.
Sci. Technol. 48 (23), 13760–13768. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5037139. Publ. Health 18 (2), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020400.
Gutiérrez, M., Grillini, V., Pavlović, D.M., Verlicchia, P., 2021. Activated carbon coupled Kudlek, E., 2018. Decomposition of contaminants of emerging concern in advanced
with advanced biological wastewater treatment: a review of the enhancement in oxidation processes. Water 10 (7), 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10070955.
micropollutant removal. Sci. Total Environ. 790, 148050 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Larsen, C., Yu, Z.H., Flick, R., Passeport, E., 2019. Mechanisms of pharmaceutical and
scitotenv.2021.148050. personal care product removal in algae-based wastewater treatment systems. Sci.
Hassard, F., Biddle, J., Cartmell, E., Jefferson, B., Tyrrel, S., Stephenson, T., 2015. Total Environ. 695, 133772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133772.
Rotating biological contactors for wastewater treatment – a review. Process Saf. Larsson, D.G.J., Adolfsson-Erici, M., Parkknem, J., Petersson, M., Berg, A.H., Olsson, P.E.,
Environ. Protect. 94, 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.07.003. Forlin, L., 2000. Ethinyloestradiol—an undesired fish contraceptive? Aquat. Toxicol.
He, B.S., Wang, J., Liu, J., Hu, X., 2018. Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti- 45, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00112-X.
inflammatory drugs: necessity and opportunities. Chemosphere 181, 178–189. Li, Y., Taggart, M.A., McKenzie, C., Zhang, Z., Lu, Y., Pap, S., Gibb, S., 2019. Utilizing
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.084. low-cost natural waste for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water: mechanisms,
Hena, S., Gutierrez, L., Croué, J.P., 2021. Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care isotherms and kinetics at low concentrations. J. Clean. Prod. 227, 88–97. https://
products (PPCPs) from wastewater using microalgae: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.081.
403, 124041 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124041. Li, R., Chen, G.Z., Tam, N.F.Y., Luan, T.G., Shin, P.K.S., Cheung, S.G., Liu, Y., 2009.
Hinz, B., Brune, K., 2007. Antipyretic analgesics: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Toxicity of bisphenol A and its bioaccumulation and removal by a marine microalga
selective COX-2 inhibitors, paracetamol and pyrazolinones. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72 (2), 321–328. https://doi.
177, 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33823-9_3. org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.05.012.
Hirooka, T., Nagase, H., Uchida, K., Hiroshige, Y., Ehara, Y., Nishikawa, J.J., Li, J., Min, Z., Li, W., Xu, L., Han, J., Li, P., 2020. Interactive effects of roxithromycin and
Nishihara, T., Miyamoto, K., Hirata, Z., 2005. Biodegradation of bisphenol a and freshwater microalgae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa: toxicity and removal mechanism.
disappearance of its estrogenic activity by the green alga Chlorella fusca var. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 191, 110156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
vacuolate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (8), 1896–1901. https://doi.org/10.1897/04- ecoenv.2019.110156.
259R.1. Li, Y., Zhang, C., Hu, Z., 2021. Selective removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care
Hoh, D., Watson, S., Kan, E., 2016. Algal biofilm reactors for integrated wastewater products from water by titanium incorporated hierarchical diatoms in the presence
treatment and biofuel production: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 287, 466–473. https:// of natural organic matter. Water Res 189, 116628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.062. watres.2020.116628.
Hoi, B.V., Vu, C.M., Phung-Thi, L.A., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, P.H., Mai, H., Le, P.T., Lin, A.Y.C., Reinhard, M., 2009. Photodegradation of common environmental
Nguyen, T.H., Duong, D.T., Thi, H.N., Le-Van, D., Chu, D.B., 2021. Determination of pharmaceuticals and estrogens in river water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (6),
pharmaceutical residues by UPLC-MS/MS method: validation and application on 1303–1309. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-236R.1.
surface water and hospital wastewater. J. Anal. Method. Chem., 6628285 https:// Lindberg, R.H., Shahla Namazkar, S., Lage, S., Östman, M., Gojkovic, Z., Funk, C.,
doi.org/10.1155/2021/6628285. Gentili, F.G., Tysklind, M., 2021. Fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a
Hom-Diaz, A., Norvill, Z.N., Blánquez, P., Vicent, T., Guiessy, B., 2017. Ciprofloxacin northern high-rate algal pond fed with municipal wastewater. Chemosphere 271,
removal during secondary domestic wastewater treatment in high rate algal ponds. 129763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129763.
Chemosphere 180, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.125. Liu, J.L., Wong, M.H., 2013. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): a
Honda, R., Teraoka, Y., Noguchi, M., Yang, S., 2017. Optimization of hydraulic retention review on environmental contamination in China. Environ. Int. 59, 208–224.
time and biomass concentration in microalgae biomass production from treated https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012.
sewage with a membrane photobioreactor. J. Water Environ. Technol. 15 (1), 1–11. Liu, S., Wang, C., Wang, P., Chen, J., Wang, X., Yuan, Q., 2021. Anthropogenic
https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.15-085. disturbances on distribution and sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care
Hong, Y.W., Yuan, D.X., Lin, Q.M., Yang, T.L., 2008. Accumulation and biodegradation products throughout the Jinsha River Basin, China. Environ. Res., 110449 https://
of phenanthrene and fluoranthene by the algae enriched from a mangrove aquatic doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110449.
ecosystem. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56 (8), 1400–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. López-Serna, R., Posadas, E., García-Encina, P.A., Muñoz, R., 2019. Removal of
marpolbul.2008.05.003. contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater in novel algal-bacterial
Huerta, B., Jakimska, A., Gros, M., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., Barceló, D.B., 2013. Analysis of photobioreactors. Sci. Total Environ. 662, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
multi-class pharmaceuticals in fish tissues by ultra-high-performance liquid scitotenv.2019.01.206.
chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1288, 63–72. https:// Luo, Y., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., Nghiem, L.D., Hai, F.I., 2014. A Review on the Occurrence of
doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.001. Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment and Their Fate and Removal during
Hultberg, M., Bodin, H., 2018. Effects of fungal-assisted algal harvesting through Wastewater Treatment. Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers:
biopellet formation on pesticides in water. Biodegradation 29, 557–565. https://doi. Part A. 1852. University of Wollongong, Australia.
org/10.1007/s10532-018-9852-y. Lyu, K., Li, B., Lu, Y., Wu, C., Guan, H., Yang, Z., 2016. Stress-responsive expression of a
Ingre-Khans, E., Ågerstrand, M., Rudén, C., 2017. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the glutathione S-transferase (delta) gene in waterflea Daphnia magna challenged by
Marine Environment. Department of Environmental Science and Analytical microcystin-producing and microcystin-free Microcystis aeruginosa. Harmful Algae
Chemistry, Stockholm University. ACES Report Number 16. 56, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.009.
Ismail, M.M., Essam, T.M., Ragab, Y.M., El-Sayed, A.E.B., Mourad, F.E., 2017. Manzetti, S., Ghisi, R., 2014. The environmental release and fate of antibiotics. Mar.
Remediation of a mixture of analgesics in a stirred-tank photobioreactor using Pollut. Bull. 79 (1–2), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.005.
microalgal-bacterial consortium coupled with attempt to valorise the harvested Márta, Z., Bobály, B., Fekete, J., Magda, B., Imre, T., Szabó, P.T., 2018. Simultaneous
biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 232, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. determination of ten nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from drinking water,
biortech.2017.02.062. surface water and wastewater using micro UHPLC-MS/MS with on-line SPE system.
Jamers, A., Coen, W.D., 2010. Effect assessment of the herbicide paraquat on a green alga J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 160, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
using differential gene expression and biochemical biomarkers. Environ. Toxicol. jpba.2018.07.016.
Chem. 29 (4), 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.102. Maruta, T., Sawa, Y., Shigeoka, S., Ishikawa, T., 2016. Diversity and evolution of
Jiménez-Bambague, E.M., Madera-Parra, C.A., Ortiz-Escobar, A.C., Morales-Acosta, P.A., ascorbate peroxidase functions in chloroplasts: more than just a classical antioxidant
Peña-Salamanca, E.J., Machuca-Martínez, F., 2020. High-rate algal pond for removal enzyme? Plant $ Cell Physiol. 57 (7), 1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/
of pharmaceutical compounds from urban domestic wastewater under tropical pcv203.
conditions. Case study: santiago de Cali, Colombia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 82 (6), Masjoudi, M., Golgoli, M., Nejad, Z.G., Sadeghzadeh, S., Borghei, S.M., 2021.
1031–1043. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.362. Pharmaceuticals removal by immobilized laccase on polyvinylidene fluoride
nanocomposite with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemosphere 263, 128043.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128043.
19
Matamoros, V., Rodríguez, Y., 2016. Batch vs continuous-feeding operational mode for Olatunji, O.S., Fatoki, O.S., Opeolu, B.O., Ximba, B.J., Chitongo, R., 2017. Determination
the removal of pesticides from agricultural run-off by microalgae systems: a of selected steroid hormones in some surface water around animal farms in Cape
laboratory scale study. J. Hazard. Mater. 309, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Town using HPLC-DAD. Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 363 https://doi.org/10.1007/
jhazmat.2016.01.080. s10661-017-6070-8.
Matamoros, V., Rodríguez, Y., Gutiérrez, R., Ferrer, I., García, J., Bayona, J.M., 2014. Oliveira, T.S., Murphy, M., Mendola, N., Wong, V., Carlson, D., Waring, L., 2015.
Capability of high rate algal ponds for removing emerging contaminants from Characterization of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care products in hospital effluent
domestic wastewater. In: 11th International Phytotechnologies Conference, and waste water influent/effluent by direct-injection LC-MS-MS. Sci. Total Environ.
Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Sept 30 – Oct 3, Constructed Wetlands, Full Platform-497. 518, 459–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.104.
Matamoros, V., Gutiérrez, R., Ferrer, I., García, J., Bayona, J.M., 2015. Capability of Ouasfi, N., Bouzekri, S., Zbair, M., Ahsaine, H.A., Bakkas, S., Bensitel, M., Khamliche, L.,
microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems to remove emerging organic 2019. Carbonaceous material prepared by ultrasonic assisted pyrolysis from algae
contaminants: a pilot-scale study. J. Hazard. Mater. 288, 34–42. https://doi.org/ (Bifurcaria bifurcata): response surface modeling of aspirin removal. Surface.
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.002. Interfac. 14, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2018.11.008.
Matamoros, V., Uggetti, E., García, J., Bayona, J.M., 2016. Assessment of the Ouasfi, N., Zbair, M., Bouzikri, S., Anfar, Z., Bensitel, M., Ahsaine, H.A., Sabbar, E.,
mechanisms involved in the removal of emerging contaminants by microalgae from Khamliche, L., 2019b. Selected pharmaceuticals removal using algae derived porous
wastewater: a laboratory scale study. J. Hazard. Mater. 301, 197–205. https://doi. carbon: experimental, modeling and DFT theoretical insights. RSC Adv. 17,
org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.050. 9792–9808. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA01086F.
Mehrabadi, A., Craggs, R., Farid, M.M., 2015. Wastewater treatment high rate algal Papazi, A., Ioannou, A., Symeonidi, M., Doulis, A.G., Kotzabasis, K., 2017. Bioenergetic
ponds (WWT HRAP) for low-cost biofuel production. Bioresour. Technol. 184, strategy of microalgae for the biodegradation of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol.
202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.004. Z. Naturforsch. C Biosci. 72 (6), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0214.
Miazek, K., Iwanek, W., Remacle, C., Richel, A., Goffin, D., 2015. Effect of metals, Park, J.B.K., Craggs, R.J., 2011. Nutrient removal in wastewater treatment high rate
metalloids and metallic nanoparticles on microalgae growth and industrial product algal ponds with carbon dioxide addition. Water Sci. Technol. 63 (8), 1758–1764.
biosynthesis: a review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161023929. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.114.
Mizukawa, A., Filippe, T.C., Peixoto, L.O.M., Scipioni, B., Leonardi, I.R., de Azevedo, J.C. Pashazadeh-Panahi, P., Hasanzadeh, M., 2020. Efficient removal of digoxin from
R., 2019. Caffeine as a chemical tracer for contamination of urban rivers. RBRH 24. aqueous solution using magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4–GO–SO3H) as an advanced
https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.241920180184. nano-absorbent. Nanocomposites 6 (2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/
Mohammed, K., Ahmmad, S.Z., Sallis, P.J., Mota, C.R., 2014. Energy-efficient stirred- 20550324.2020.1776493.
tank photobioreactors for simultaneous carbon capture and municipal wastewater Patel, M., Kumar, R., Kishor, K., Mlsna, T., Pittman, C.U., Mohan, D., 2019.
treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 69 (10), 2106–2112. https://doi.org/10.2166/ Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence,
wst.2014.123. effects, and removal methods. Chem. Rev. 1119 (6), 3510–3673. https://doi.org/
Mohan, S.V., Devi, M.P., Subhash, G.V., Chandra, R., 2014. Algae oils as fuels. In: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299.
Pandey, A., Chisti, Y., Lee, D.J., Soccol, C.R. (Eds.), Book: Biofeuls from Algae. Peck, A.M., 2006. Analytical methods for the determination of persistent ingredients of
Elsevier, pp. 155–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59558-4.00008-5. personal care products in environmental matrices. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386,
Mojiri, A., Kazeroon, R.A., Gholami, A., 2019a. Cross-linked magnetic chitosan/activated 907–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0728-3.
biochar for removal of emerging micropollutants from water: optimization by the Peña-Méndez, E.M., Mawale, R.M., Conde-González, J.E., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Havel, J.,
artificial neural network. Water 11 (3), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030551. Ruiz-Pérez, C., 2020. Metal organic framework composite, nano-Fe3O4@Fe-
Mojiri, A., Zhou, J.L., Ohashi, A., Ozaki, N., Kindaichi, T., 2019b. Comprehensive review (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), for solid phase extraction of blood lipid
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water sources, their effects and treatments. regulators from water. Talanta 207, 120275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Sci. Total Environ. 696, 133971 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133971. talanta.2019.120275.
Mojiri, A., Baharlooeian, M., Kazeroon, R.A., Farraji, H., Lou, Z., 2021a. Removal of Pereira, L.C., de Souza, A.O., Bernardes, M.F.F., Pazin, M., Tasso, M.J., Pereira, P.H.,
pharmaceutical micropollutants with integrated biochar and marine microalgae. Dorta, D.J., 2015. A Perspective on the Potential Risks of Emerging Contaminants to
Microorganisms 9 (1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010004. Human and Environmental Health, vol. 22, pp. 13800–13823. https://doi.org/
Mojiri, A., Baharlooeian, M., Zahed, M.A., 2021b. The potential of Chaetoceros muelleri in 10.1007/s11356-015-4896-6.
bioremediation of antibiotics: performance and Optimization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Praween, P., Heng, J.Y.P., Loh, K.C., 2016. Tertiary wastewater treatment in membrane
Publ. Health 18 (3), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030977. photobioreactor using microalgae: comparison of forward osmosis & microfiltration.
Molina, M.C., Bautista, L.F., Catalá, M., de las Heras, M.R., Martínez-Hidalgo, P., San- Bioresour. Technol. 222, 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.124.
Sebastián, J., González-Benítez, N., 2020. From laboratory tests to the ecoremedial Rezka, P., Balcerzak, W., 2015. Beta-adrenergic drugs (В-Blockers). In: The Environment
system: the importance of microorganisms in the recovery of PPCPs-disturbed ‒ New Methods of Removal. Technical Transactions Environment Engineering, 1-S.
ecosystems. Appl. Sci. 10 (10), 3391 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103391. Rojo, M., Cristos, D., González, P., López-Aca, V., Dománico, A., Carriquiriborde, P.,
Moreno-González, R., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., Huerta, B., Barceló, D., León, L., 2016. Do 2020. Accumulation of human pharmaceuticals and activity of biotransformation
pharmaceuticals bioaccumulate in marine molluscs and fish from a coastal lagoon? enzymes in fish from two areas of the lower Rio de la Plata Basin. Chemosphere,
Environ. Res. 146, 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.001. 129012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129012. Press.
Mourid, E., Lakraimi, M., Benaziz, L., Cherkaoui, M., 2020. Removal efficiency of lipid- Rosal, R., Rodea-Palomares, I., Boltes, K., Fernández-Piñas, F., Leganés, F., Gonzalo, S.,
regulating drug clofibric acid from the aquatic environment by calcined anionic clay Petre, A., 2010. Ecotoxicity assessment of lipid regulators in water and biologically
ZnAl-CO3. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 34 (2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.15255/ treated wastewater using three aquatic organisms. Environ. Sci. Pollut. 17, 135–144.
CABEQ.2020.1797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0137-1.
Mousel, S., Bastian, D., Firk, J., Palmowski, L., Pinnekamp, J., 2021. Removal of Rühmland, S., Wick, A., Ternes, T.A., Barjenbruch, M., 2015. Fate of pharmaceuticals in a
pharmaceuticals from wastewater of health care facilities. Sci. Total Environ. 751, subsurface flow constructed wetland and two ponds. Ecol. Eng. 80, 125–139.
141310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.036.
Muir, D., Simmons, D., Wang, X., Peart, T., Villella, M., Sherry, J., 2017. Santos, C.E., de Coimbra, R.N., Bermejo, S.P., Pérez, A.I.G., Cabero, M.O., 2017.
Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care product chemicals in fish Comparative assessment of pharmaceutical removal from wastewater by the
exposed to wastewater effluent in an urban wetland. Sci. Rep. 7, 16999 https://doi. microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. In:
org/10.1038/s41598-017-15462-x. Farooq, R., Ahmad, Z. (Eds.), Book: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Resource
Muñoz, R., Alvarez, M.T., Muñoz, A., Terrazas, E., Guieysse, B., Mattiasson, B., 2006. Recovery. IntechOpen, UK. https://doi.org/10.5772/66772.
Sequential removal of heavy metals ions and organic pollutants using an algal- Schübl, M., Kiecak, A., Hug, K., Lintelmann, J., Zimmermann, R., Stumpp, C., 2021.
bacterial consortium. Chemosphere 63 (6), 903–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Sorption and biodegradation parameters of selected pharmaceuticals in laboratory
chemosphere.2005.09.062. column experiments. J. Contamin. Hydrol. 236, 103738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Mustafa, S., Bhatti, H.N., Maqbool, M., Iqbal, M., 2021. Microalgae biosorption, jconhyd.2020.103738.
bioaccumulation and biodegradation efficiency for the remediation of wastewater Serra-Compte, A., Pikkemaat, M.G., Elferink, A., Almeida, D., Diogène, J., Campillo, J.A.,
and carbon dioxide mitigation: prospects, challenges and opportunities. J. Water Llorca, M., Álvarez-Muñoz, D., Barceló, D., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., 2021. Combining
Process Eng. 41, 102009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102009. an effect-based methodology with chemical analysis for antibiotics determination in
Navarro, A.E., Lim, H., Chang, E., Lee, Y., Manrique, A.S., 2014. Uptake of sulfa drugs wastewater and receiving freshwater and marine environment. Environ. Pollut. 271,
from aqueous solutions by marine algae. Separ. Sci. Technol. 49 (14), 2175–2181. 116313 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116313.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.926930. Shakeer, F., Alanaz, F.K., Alsarra, I.A., Haq, N., 2013. Solubilization behavior of
Norvill, Z.N., Shilton, A., Guieysse, B., 2016. Emerging contaminant degradation and paracetamol in transcutol–water mixtures at (298.15 to 333.15) K. J. Chem. Eng.
removal in algal wastewater treatment ponds: identifying the research gaps. Data 58 (12), 3551–3556. https://doi.org/10.1021/je4008525, 2013.
J. Hazard. Mater. 313, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.085. Silva, A., Delerue-Matos, C., Figueiredo, S.A., Freitas, O.M., 2019. The use of algae and
Novoa, A.F., Fortunato, L., Rehman, Z.U., Leiknes, T., 2020. Evaluating the effect of fungi for removal of pharmaceuticals by bioremediation and biosorption processes: a
hydraulic retention time on fouling development and biomass characteristics in an review. Water 11 (8), 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081555.
algal membrane photobioreactor treating a secondary wastewater effluent. Subashchandrabose, S.R., Ramakrishnan, B., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., Naidu, R.,
Bioresour. Technol. 309, 123348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123348. 2013. Mixotrophic cyanobacteria and microalgae as distinctive biological agents for
Nzayisenga, J.C., Farge, X., Groll, S.L., Sellstedt, A., 2020. Effects of light intensity on organic pollutant degradation. Environ. Int. 51, 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
growth and lipid production in microalgae grown in wastewater. Biotechnol. envint.2012.10.007.
Biofuels 13, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1646-x. Subedi, B., Mottaleb, M.A., Chambliss, C.K., Usenko, S., 2011. Simultaneous analysis of
Ogwueleka, T.C., Samson, B., 2020. The effect of hydraulic retention time on microalgae- select pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish tissue using pressurized
based activated sludge process for Wupa sewage treatment plant, Nigeria. Environ. liquid extraction combined with silica gel cleanup. J. Chromatogr. A 1218 (37),
Monit. Assess. 192, 271 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8229-y. 6278–6284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.031.
20
Sun, H.Q., Du, Y., Zhang, Z.Y., Jiang, W.J., Guo, Y.M., Lu, X.W., Zhang, Y.M., Sun, L.W., Wells, M.J.M., 2007. LogDOW: key to understanding and regulating wastewater-derived
2016. Acute toxicity and ecological risk assessment of benzophenone and N,N- contaminants. Environ. Chem. 3, 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN06045.
Diethyl-3 methylbenzamide in personal care products. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Wilkinson, J., Hooda, P.S., Barker, J., Barton, S., Swinden, J., 2017. Occurrence, fate and
Health 13 (9), 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090925, 2016. transformation of emerging contaminants in water: an overarching review of the
Sutherland, D.L., Ralph, P.J., 2019. Microalgal bioremediation of emerging contaminants field. Environ. Pollut. 231, 954–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
- opportunities and challenges. Water Res. 164, 114921 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envpol.2017.08.032.
watres.2019.114921. Wilt, A., Butkovskyi, A., Tuantet, K., Leal, L.H., Fernandes, T.V., Langenhoff, A.,
Sutherland, D.L., Turnbull, M.H., Crggs, R.L., 2014. Increased pond depth improves algal Zeeman, G., 2016. Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with
productivity and nutrient removal in wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds. source separated wastewater streams. J. Hazard. Mater. 304, 84–92. https://doi.org/
Water Res. 53, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.025. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.033.
Tanoue, R., Nozaki, K., Nomiyama, K., Kunisue, T., Tanabe, S., 2020. Rapid analysis of 65 Woolsey, P.A., 2011. Rotating Algal Biofilm Reactors: Mathematical Modeling and Lipid
pharmaceuticals and 7 personal care products in plasma and whole-body tissue Production. MSc Thesis. Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State
samples of fish using acidic extraction, zirconia-coated silica cleanup, and liquid University, Logan, Utah, USA.
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1631, 461586. Wu, A., Butkoskyi, A., Tuantet, K., Leal, L.H., Fernandes, T.V., Langenhoff, A.,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461586. Zeeman, G., 2016. Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with
Taylor, D., Senac, T., 2014. Human pharmaceutical products in the environment – the source separated wastewater streams. J. Hazard. Mater. 304, 84–92. https://doi.org/
“problem” in perspective. Chemosphere 115, 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.033.
chemosphere.2014.01.011. Wu, P., Tang, Y., Jin, H., Song, Y., Liu, Y., Cai, Z., 2020. Consequential fate of bisphenol-
Thalla, A.K., Vannarath, A.S., 2020. Occurrence and environmental risks of nonsteroidal attached PVC microplastics in water and simulated intestinal fluids. Environ. Sci.
anti-inflammatory drugs in urban wastewater in the southwest monsoon region of Ecotechnol. 2, 100027 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100027.
India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192, 193 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8161- Xin, X., Huang, G., Liu, X., An, C., Yao, Y., Weger, H., Zhang, P., Chen, X., 2017.
1. Molecular toxicity of triclosan and carbamazepine to green algae Chlorococcum sp.: a
Tian, Y., Zou, J., Feng, L., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., 2019. Chlorella vulgaris enhance the single cell view using synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared
photodegradation of chlortetracycline in aqueous solution via extracellular organic spectromicroscopy. Environ. Pollut. 226, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matters (EOMs): role of triplet state EOMs. Water Res. 149, 35–41. https://doi.org/ envpol.2017.04.007.
10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.076. Xiong, J.Q., Kurade, M.B., Abou-Shanab, R.A.I., Ji, M.K., Choi, J., Kim, J.O., Jeon, B.H.,
Tijani, J.O., Fatoba, O.O., Petrik, L.F., 2013. A review of pharmaceuticals and endocrine- 2016. Biodegradation of carbamazepine using freshwater microalgae
disrupting compounds: sources, effects, removal, and detections. Water, Air Soil Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus and the determination of its
Pollut. 224, 1770 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1770-3. metabolic fate. Bioresour. Technol. 205, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Togunde, O.P., Oakes, K.D., Servos, M.R., Pawliszyn, J., 2012. Optimization of solid biortech.2016.01.038.
phase microextraction for non-lethal in vivo determination of selected Xiong, J.Q., Kurade, M.B., Kim, J.R., Roh, H.S., Jeon, B.H., 2017. Ciprofloxacin toxicity
pharmaceuticals in fish muscle using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. and its co-metabolic removal by a freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas Mexicana.
J. Chromatogr. A 1261, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.053. J. Hazard. Mater. 323, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.073.
Tran, N., Drogui, P., Brar, S.K., 2015. Sonochemical techniques to degrade Xiong, J.Q., Govindwar, S., Kurade, M.N., Paeng, K.J., Roh, H.S., Khan, M.A., Jeon, B.H.,
pharmaceutical organic pollutants. Environ. Chem. Lett. 13, 251–268. https://doi. 2019. Toxicity of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole and their removal by a green
org/10.1007/s10311-015-0512-8. microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus. Chemosphere 218, 551–558. https://doi.org/
Tretiach, M., Piccotto, M., Baruffo, L., 2007. Effects of ambient NOx on chlorophyll a 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.146.
fluorescence in transplanted Flavoparmelia caperata (Lichen). Environ. Sci. Technol. Xiong, J.Q., Cui, P., Ru, S., 2020. Biodegradation of doxylamine from wastewater by a
41 (8), 2978–2984. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061575k. green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus. Front. Microbiol. 11, 584020 https://doi.
Tsai, S.W., Shih, M.W., Pan, Y.P., 2008. Determinations and residual characteristics of org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.584020.
triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan. Chemosphere 72 (9), 1250–1255. Xiong, Q., Hu, L.X., Liu, Y.S., Zhao, J.L., He, L.Y., Ying, G.G., 2021. Microalgae-based
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.003. technology for antibiotics removal: from mechanisms to application of innovational
Tuzen, M., Sari, A., Mendil, D., Uluozlu, O.D., Soylak, M., Dogan, M., 2009. hybrid systems. Environ. Pollut. 155, 106594 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Characterization of biosorption process of As(III) on green algae Ulothrix cylindricum. envint.2021.106594.
J. Hazard. Mater. 165 (1–3), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Xu, M., Huang, H., Li, N., Li, F., Wang, D., Luo, Q., 2019. Occurrence and ecological risk
jhazmat.2008.10.020. of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides in typical
Valdés, M.E., Huerta, B., Wunderlin, D.A., Bistoni, M.A., Barceló, D., Rodriguez- surface watersheds, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 175, 289–298. https://doi.org/
Mozaz, S., 2016. Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of carbamazepine and other 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.131.
pharmaceuticals in fish under field and controlled laboratory experiments. Evidences Xu, K., Zou, X., Xue, Y., Qu, Y., Li, Y., 2021. The impact of seasonal variations about
of carbamazepine metabolization by fish. Sci. Total Environ. 557, 58–67. https:// temperature and photoperiod on the treatment of municipal wastewater by algae-
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.045. bacteria system in lab-scale. Algal Res. 54, 102175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Valigore, J.M., Gostomski, P.A., Wareham, D.G., O’Sullivan, A.D., 2012. Effects of algal.2020.102175.
hydraulic and solids retention times on productivity and settleability of microbial Yadav, G., Shanmugam, S., Sivaramakrishnan, R., Kumar, D., Mathimani, T.,
(microalgal-bacterial) biomass grown on primary treated wastewater as a biofuel Brindhadevi, K., Pugazhendhi, A., Rajendran, K., 2021. Fuel 285, 119093. https://
feedstock. Water Res. 46 (9), 2957–2964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119093.
watres.2012.03.023. Yan, C., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Z., Luo, X., 2013. Effects of various LED light wavelengths and
Verma, R., Kumar, R., Mehan, L., Srivastava, A., 2018. Modified conventional bioreactor light intensity supply strategies on synthetic high-strength wastewater purification
for microalgae cultivation. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 125 (2), 224–230. https://doi.org/ by Chlorella vulgaris. Biodegradation 24, 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-
10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.09.003. 013-9620-y.
Villar-Navarro, E., Baena-Nogueras, R.M., Paniw, M., Perales, J.A., Lara-Martín, P.A., Yang, L.H., Ying, G.G., Su, H.C., Stauber, J.L., Adams, M.S., Binet, M., 2009. Growth-
2018. Removal of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater: high rate algae pond inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater
(HRAP) based technologies as an alternative to activated sludge based processes. microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 (5),
Water Res. 139, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.072. 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-471.1.
Wang, Y., Liu, J., Kang, D., Wu, C., Wu, Y., 2017. Removal of pharmaceuticals and Yang, X., Zheng, X., Wu, L., Cao, X., Niu, J., Meng, F., 2018. Interactions between algal
personal care products from wastewater using algae-based technologies: a review. (AOM) and natural organic matter (NOM): impacts on their photodegradation in
Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 16, 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017- surface waters. Environ. Pollut. 242, 1185–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
9446-x. envpol.2018.07.099.
Wang, M., Keeley, R., Zalivina, N., Halfhide, T., Scott, K., Zhang, Q., van der Steen, P., Zarrelli, A., DellaGreca, M., Iesce, M.R., Lavorgna, M., Temussi, F., Schiavone, L.,
Ergas, S.J., 2018. Advances in algal-prokaryotic wastewater treatment: a review of Criscuolo, E., Parrella, A., Previtera, L., Isidori, M., 2014. Ecotoxicological
nitrogen transformations, reactor configurations and molecular tools. J. Environ. evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step. Sci.
Manag. 217, 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.021. Total Environ. 470/471, 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Wang, L., Xiao, H., Sun, D., Duan, S., 2019a. Biosorption and biodegradation of the scitotenv.2013.10.005.
environmental hormone nonylphenol by four marine microalgae. Sci. Rep. 9, 5277 Zhang, S., Qiu, C.B., Zhou, Y., Jin, Z.P., Yang, H., 2011. Bioaccumulation and
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41808-8. degradation of pesticide fluroxypyr are associated with toxic tolerance in green alga
Wang, Y., Yin, T., Kelly, B.C., Gin, K.Y.H., 2019b. Bioaccumulation behaviour of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Ecotoxicology 20, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/
pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a constructed wetland. Chemosphere s10646-010-0583-z.
222, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.116. Zhang, Y., Guo, W., Yue, Z., Lin, L., Zhao, F., Chen, P., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Yang, B.,
Wang, Y., Jing, B., Wang, F., Wang, S., Liu, X., Ao, Z., Li, C., 2020. Mechanism Insight Kuang, Y., Wang, J., 2017. Rapid determination of 54 pharmaceutical and personal
into enhanced photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in care products in fish samples using microwave-assisted extraction—hollow
natural water matrix over crystalline graphitic carbon nitrides. Water Res. 180, fiber—liquid/solid phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. B 1051, 41–53. https://
115925 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115925. doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.026.
Wee, S.Y., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff, F.M., Parveena, S.M., 2020. Occurrence of multiclass Zhang, L., Guo, R., Li, H., Du, Q., Lu, J., Huang, Y., Yan, Z., Chen, 2020a. Mechanism
endocrine disrupting compounds in a drinking water supply system and associated analysis for the process-dependent driven mode of NaHCO3 in algal antibiotic
risks. Sci. Rep. 10, 17755 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74061-5. removal: efficiency, degradation pathway and metabolic response. J. Hazard. Mater.
Wei, L., Li, H., Lu, J., 2021. Algae-induced photodegradation of antibiotics: a review. 394, 122531 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122531.
Environ. Pollut. 272, 115589 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115589.
21
Zhang, K., Zhao, Y., Fent, K., 2020b. Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents in supernatant in a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Water Res. 143, 467–478.
surface waters at global scale: occurrence, ecotoxicity and risk assessment. Sci. Total https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.001.
Environ. 729, 138770 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138770. Zhou, J.L., Maskaoui, K., Lufadeju, A., 2012. Optimization of antibiotic analysis in water
Zhang, Q., Du, R., Tan, C., Chen, P., Yu, G., Deng, S., 2021a. Efficient degradation of by solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–mass
typical pharmaceuticals in water using a novel TiO2/ONLH nano-photocatalyst spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 731, 32–39. https://doi.org/
under natural sunlight. J. Hazard. Mater. 403, 123582 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.021.
jhazmat.2020.123582. Zimmo, O.R., van der Steen, N.P., Gijzen, H.J., 2003. Comparison of ammonia
Zhang, Z., Guo, L., Lio, Q., Gao, M., Zhao, Y., Jin, C., She, Z., Wang, G., 2021b. Bacterial- volatilisation rates in algae and duckweed-based waste stabilisation ponds treating
algal coupling system for high strength mariculture wastewater treatment: effect of domestic wastewater. Water Res. 37 (19), 4587–4594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
temperature on nutrient recovery and microalgae cultivation. Bioresour. Technol. watres.2003.08.013.
338, 125574 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125574. Zuo, Z., 2019. Why algae release volatile organic compounds—the emission and roles.
Zhang, L.J., Qian, L., Ding, L.Y., Wang, L., Wong, M.H., Tao, H.C., 2021c. Ecological and Front. Microbiol. 10, 491 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00491.
toxicological assessments of anthropogenic contaminants based on environmental Zupanc, M., Kosjek, T., Petkovšek, M., Dular, M., Kompare, B., Širok, B., Blažeka, Z.,
metabolomics. Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol. 5, 100081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Health, E., 2013. Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater by biological
ese.2021.100081. processes, hydrodynamic cavitation and UV treatment. Ultrason. Sonochem. 20 (4),
Zhao, J.L., Ying, G.G., Liu, Y.S., Chen, F., Yang, J.F., Wang, L., 2010. Occurrence and 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.12.003.
risks of triclosan and triclocarban in the Pearl River system, South China: from Żur, J., Piński, A., Marchlewicz, A., Hupert-Kocurek, K., Wojcieszyńska, D., Guzik, U.,
source to the receiving environment. J. Hazard. Mater. 179 (1–3), 215–222. https:// 2018. Organic micropollutants paracetamol and ibuprofen—toxicity,
doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.082. biodegradation, and genetic background of their utilization by bacteria. Environ. Sci.
Zhao, X., Kumar, K., Gross, M.A., Kunetz, T.E., Wen, Z., 2018. Evaluation of revolving Pollut. Res. Int. 25 (22), 21498–21524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2517-
algae biofilm reactors for nutrients and metals removal from sludge thickening x.
22

Moiji 2022 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments and Their Removal by Algae-Based Systems.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Moiji 2022 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments and Their Removal by Algae-Based Systems.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Moiji 2022 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments and Their Removal by Algae-Based Systems.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemosphere 288 (2022) 132580

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and

• PPCPs concentrations in water sources

1. Introduction (Dhodapka and Gandh, 2019). Generally, several thousands of PPCPs

The physicochemical properties of PPCPs such as molecular weight, Table 1

Table 1 (continued ) Table 1 (continued )

Benzophenone; Erythromycin; Tylosin;

Table 1 (continued ) Table 1 (continued )

Table 1 (continued ) Table 1 (continued )

Propylparaben; 2-Hydroxy- Hydroxy-ibuprofen;

Table 1 (continued ) Table 1 (continued )

Diclofenac 0.54–1.1 Japanese medaka In whole-body of fishes. Tanoue et al. (2020)

4.2. Biosorption, and bioaccumulation and biodegradation 4.3. Photodegradation

bifurcate (brown algae) by

Fig. 1. Mechanisms of PPCPs removal by algae-based technique.

(9) (Matamoros et al., 2016). 2016).

7. Genes involved in microalgae system during exposure to

You might also like