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    Lipid Catbolism

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    yusminiidayu62
    Upon completion of the lecture, students should understand lipid catabolism. Lipids containing fatty acids can be broken down for energy production. Fatty acids are released from triglycerides through the action of lipases and hormone regulation. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA molecules, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2. Odd-numbered fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle after modification. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are formed when acetyl-CoA production exceeds the ability of

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    Lipid Catbolism

    Uploaded by

    yusminiidayu62
    3 views21 pages
    Upon completion of the lecture, students should understand lipid catabolism. Lipids containing fatty acids can be broken down for energy production. Fatty acids are released from triglycerides through the action of lipases and hormone regulation. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA molecules, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2. Odd-numbered fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle after modification. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are formed when acetyl-CoA production exceeds the ability of

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    Biology

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    Lipid catbolism

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    Upon completion of the lecture, students should understand lipid catabolism. Lipids containing fatty acids can be broken down for energy production. Fatty acids are released from triglycerides through the action of lipases and hormone regulation. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA molecules, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2. Odd-numbered fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle after modification. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are formed when acetyl-CoA production exceeds the ability of

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views21 pages

    Lipid Catbolism

    Uploaded by

    yusminiidayu62
    Upon completion of the lecture, students should understand lipid catabolism. Lipids containing fatty acids can be broken down for energy production. Fatty acids are released from triglycerides through the action of lipases and hormone regulation. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA molecules, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2. Odd-numbered fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle after modification. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are formed when acetyl-CoA production exceeds the ability of

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    Lesson Learning Outcome

    Upon completion of this lecture, students


    should be able to:
     understand lipid catabolism
    Lipid catabolism
    • Fatty acids are the major source of energy in catabolism of
    lipids
    • Sterols (eg steroids) are not catabolized but are excreted out
    • Thus lipid molecules that contain fatty acids are the ones that
    can be catabolized for energy production
    • The release of fatty acids from the glycerol backbone is done
    by enzyme lipases.
    • The release of fatty acids from triacyglycerides (TAG) in
    adipose tissue is hormone-controlled
    Liberation of fatty acids from TAG in
    adipose tissue is hormone-
    dependant.
    Fatty Acids and Energy
    • Fatty acids in triacylglycerols are the principal storage
    form of energy for most organisms
    – their carbon chains are in a highly reduced form
    – the energy yield per gram of fatty acid oxidized is
    greater than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized

    Energy
    (kJ•mol -1)
    C6 H1 2 O6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -15.9
    Glucose
    CH3 ( CH2 ) 1 4 COOH + 2 3 O 2 1 6 CO 2 + 1 6 H 2 O -38.9
    Palmitic acid
    Fig. 21-1, p. 592
    Activation of fatty acid
    • A thioester bond is formed between the
    carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the thiol
    group of the CoA  acyl-CoA
    – Enzyme responsible is acyl-CoA synthetase,
    reaction require ATP
    – Acyl-CoA can cross the outer mitochondrial
    membrane but not the inner membrane
    Activation of fatty acid
    Transport of Acyl-CoA
    • In the inter membrane space, acyl group is transferred to
    carnithine by transesterification by carnitine
    acyltransferase (located in the inner membrane)
    – Acyl carnitine can then cross the inner membrane via
    specific transporter called carnitine translocase
    +
    O CH2 N( CH3 ) 3
    RC - S C o A + H O C H C H 2 C O O-
    Carnitine
    +
    O CH2 N( CH3 ) 3
    -
    RC O C H C H 2 C O O + HS -CoA
    An acyl-carnitine
    Β-oxidation
     In the matrix, repeated sequence of reactions cleaves two-
    carbon units from the fatty acids starting from the carboxyl
    end  process called β-oxidation
     The whole cycle requires four reactions.
     Each cycle produces single molecules of FADH2,
    NADH, and acetyl-CoA
     and yields a fatty acid shortened by two carbons.
     This series of reactions is then repeated on the shortened fatty
    acyl chain and continues until the entire fatty acid chain is
    degraded to acetyl-CoA
     Reaction 1: oxidation of the , carbon-carbon
    single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond

    O acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase
    R- CH 2 -CH 2 - C-SCo A + FAD
    An acyl-CoA O
    H C-S Co A
    C C + FAD H 2
    R H
    A trans enoyl-CoA
     Reaction 2: hydration of the carbon-carbon
    double bond

    O OH
    enoyl-CoA
    H C- S Co A O
    + H2 O hydratase C
    C C R CH 2 - C- SCo A
    R H H
    A trans enoyl-CoA An L- -hydroxyacyl-CoA
     Reaction 3: oxidation of the -hydroxyl group
    to a carbonyl group

    OH
    O -hydroxyacyl-CoA
    C + dehydrogenase
    H CH2 -C- SCoA + N AD
    R
    -Hydroxyacyl-CoA
    O O
    R- C-CH2 - C- SCoA + N AD H
    -Keto acyl-CoA
     Reaction 4: cleavage of the carbon chain by a
    reverse Claisen reaction

    O O
    thiolase
    R- C-CH2 - C- SCoA + CoA -SH
    -Keto acyl-CoA Coenzyme A

    O O
    R- C-SCo A + CH3 C-SCo A
    An acyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
    • the overall equation for oxidation of stearic acid
    can be obtained by adding the equations for b-
    oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative
    phosphorylation

    O
    CH3 ( CH2 ) 16 CSCoA + 2 6 O2 + 1 2 2 ADP + 1 2 2 Pi

    1 8 CO2 + 1 7 H2 O + 1 2 2 ATP + CoA-SH


    Odd-Numbered Fatty Acids
    • The last -oxidation cycle of a fatty acid with an
    odd number of carbons gives propionyl-CoA
    Thr Ile Met propionyl-CoA V al
    carboxylase

    O A TP O O
    -
    C H2 -C - SCo A + C O 2 O - C C H - C- S C o A
    CH3 A D P + Pi CH3
    Propionyl-CoA Methylmalonyl-CoA

    rearrangement
    O
    O C H 2 -C- SC o A
    TCA -
    cycle O- C CH2
    Succinyl-CoA
    Ketone Bodies
     Ketone bodies: substances related to acetone
     acetone, -hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate
     formed principally in liver mitochondria
     can be used as a fuel in most tissues and organs

     Formation occurs when the amount of acetyl-CoA


    produced is excessive compared to the amount of
    oxaloacetate available to react with it
     intake high in lipids and low in carbohydrates
     diabetes not suitably controlled
     starvation
    Ketone Bodies
    HS-CoA
    O O O
    2 CH3 C-SCoA CH3 CCH2 C- SCoA
    Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA

    O NADH OH
    CH3 -C- CH2 -COO- CH3 -CH-CH2 - COO-
    Acetoacetate NAD + + H + -Hydroxybutyrate

    CO2 O
    CH3 -C- CH3
    Acetone
    End of lecture

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