UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN

MALAYSIA
Centre for Diploma Studies
_________
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT

Kod & Nama Kursus

Course Name & Code
DAC 22303 (FLUID MECHANICS)
Tajuk Ujikaji
Title of Experiment
FLOW THROUGH A VENTURI METER
Seksyen
Section 2
Kumpulan
Group 2
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar Ts. Dr. Izat Bin Yahaya
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name
Nama Ketua Kumpulan
ANIS SYAFIQAH BT RAMLI
Name of Group Leader Matric No. AA220930
Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)
Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
1. Bukalendhi A/L AA221517 Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
Theory, Objectives & Procedures
10
Tharmanesan
2. Amirul Hakim Bin Zahrul
AA221630 Data 20
Data
3. Amirul Ariffin Bin Azmi
AA221064 Analisis & Keputusan 25
Analysis & Result

4. Perbincangan 25
Discussion

5. Kesimpulan & Cadangan 15

Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
6. References 5

Tarikh Ujikaji
Date of Experiment 17/10/2023
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
Date of Submission
11/01/2024 TOTAL
100

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 PART A: LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT RUBRIC

Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Theory,  Theory and other information  Theory and other information  Theory and other information  Theory and other information  Theory and other information
objective, regarding the laboratory is not regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is partly regarding the laboratory is regarding the laboratory is well 2
procedure presented presented minimally presented presented with some mistakes presented
(10%)
Data  Data is not represented or is not  Data lacks precision  Good representation of the data  Accurate representation of the  Accurate representation of the data
(20%) accurate  Greater than 20% difference using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs using tables and/or graphs
with accepted values  Less than 15% difference with  Data is fairly precise  Graphs and tables are labeled and
4
accepted values  Less than 10% difference with titled
 Precision is acceptable accepted values  Data is precise with less than 5%
difference with accepted values
Analysis / Result  Trends / patterns are not  Trends / patterns are not  Trends / patterns are logically  Trends / patterns are logically  Trends / patterns are logically
(25%) analyzed analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
 Analysis is not relevant  Analysis is inconsistent  Questions are answered in  Questions are answered in  Questions are answered thoroughly 5
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
 Analysis is general  Analysis is thoughtful  Analysis is insightful
Discussion  No discussion was included or A statement of the results is  A statement of the results of the  Accurate statement of the  Accurate statement of the results of lab
(25%) shows little effort and reflection on incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results results of the lab indicates indicates whether results support
the lab on the lab support the hypothesis whether results support the hypothesis
5
hypothesis  Possible sources of error and what
 Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
Conclusion &  Conclusion & recommendation  Conclusion & recommendation  Conclusion & recommendation  Conclusion & recommendation  Conclusion & recommendation was
Recommendation was not presented was minimally presented was presented somewhat accurate was presented accurately and presented accurately and relevant to
(15%) and relevant to result obtain from relevant to result obtain from the result obtain from the laboratory work 3
the laboratory work laboratory work with minor
mistakes
Reference  Reference was not presented in the  Reference was minimally  Reference was partly presented  Reference was presented in  Reference was presented in proper
(5%) report presented in the report in somewhat proper format and proper format and relevant to the format and relevant to the laboratory
relevant to the laboratory work laboratory work with some work 1
minor mistakes
NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 100

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 PART B: LAB WORK ASSESSMENT RUBRIC (INDIVIDUAL)

Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Test Title: IMPACT OF A JET

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Participation  Not shows any commitment to  Shows little commitment to  Demonstrates commitment to  Demonstrates commitment to  Actively helps to identify group goals
(15%) group goals and fails to perform group goals and fails to perform group goals, but has difficulty group goals and carries out and works effectively to meet them in all 3
assigned roles assigned roles performing assigned roles assigned roles effectively roles assumed
Procedural  Do not selects appropriate or  Selects appropriate or  Selects and applies appropriate  Selects and applies the  Selects and applies appropriate
Knowledge (15%) appropriate skills and/or strategies inappropriate skills and/or skills and/or strategies required appropriate strategies and/or skills strategies and/or skills specific to the task
required by the task and makes strategies required by the task by the task, but makes a number specific to the task without without error, and applies some in 3
critical errors in and makes critical errors in of non- significant errors innovative ways
applying them applying them critical errors in doing so
Safety (5%)  Ignore all the safety procedure  Requires constant reminders to  Requires some reminders to  Follows safety procedures  Routinely follows safety procedures
even after constantly reminder follow safety procedures follow safety procedures with only minimal reminders without reminders 1

Use Of  Very incompetence to use  Uses tools, equipment and  Uses tools, equipment and  Uses tools, equipment and  Uses tools, equipment and materials
Equipment (15%) tools, equipment and materials materials with limited materials with some competence materials with considerable with a high degree of competence
competence competence 3

NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE : TOTAL SCORE : / 50

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our own effort. We also admit not to receive any help
from any third party during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report is true.

__________ _______
Student Signature (Group Representative)

Name : ANIS SYAFIQAH BT RAMLI…………..………………………………………

Matric No :……AA220930…………………………………………………

Date : ……17/2/2023…………………………………………………
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To calculate the flowrate through pipe using venturi meter.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
 To evaluate the frictional resistance to flow along the venturi meter.
 To identify the velocity, the fall in pressure and the magnitude of the flowrate in the
venturi meter.
 To calculate the ideal distribution and the losses occur in the systems.

3.0 THEORY
Consider flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid through the convergent – divergent
Venturi Meter tube shown in Figure 3.1. The cross-sectional area at the upstream section 1 is
a1, at the throat section 2 is a2 and at any other arbitrary section n is an. piezometer rubes at
these sections register h1, h2 and hn above the arbitrary datum shown. Note that, although the
tube may have any inclination, the datum must be necessity, be horizontal. Assume that both
the velocity and the piezometer head are constant over each of the sections considered.

Figure 3.1: Ideal conditions in a venturi meter

We may treat the convergent – divergent pipe as a stream tube, along which Bernoulli’s
theorem.
𝑃2 𝑣22
𝑃1 𝑣12 = + +𝑧
𝜌𝑔
+ + 𝑧1 2
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝑣12 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝑣22

𝜌𝑔
+ 2𝑔 +𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑧2
1

z1 = z2
 𝑣12 𝑣22
h1 + = h2 + (1)
2𝑔 2𝑔

In which v1 and v2 are the flow velocities at sections 1 and 2. The equation of continuity is:
a1v1 = a2v2
v1 = a2v2 /a1 (2)

Substituting in Equation (1) for v1 from Equation (2), gives:

And solving this for the velocity v2 in the throat leads to:

The rate of flow Q is found by multiplying the throat velocity v2 by the cross-sectional area
A2 at the throat, giving:

(3)
This is the ideal discharge rate, obtained by assuming in viscid, one-dimensional flow. In
practice, there is some loss of head between sections 1 and 2. Also, the velocity is not
absolutely constant across either if these sections. As a result, the actual value of Q fall a little
short of those given by Equation (3). It is customary to allow for this by writing.

(4)

In which Cd is known as the discharge coefficient or simply the coefficient of the venturi
meter.

4.0 EQUIPMENT

i. Hydraulic bench
ii. Venturi meter
 Figure 4.1: Venturi Meter Apparatus

Figure 4.2: Dimension of Venturi Meter and Locations of Piezometer Tube

iii. Cross Section Area at A, a1 = 530.9 mm2

iv. Cross Section Area at D, a2 = 201.1 mm2

5.0 PROCEDURE

1. Make sure the venturi meter jointed with hydraulic bench and supply hose.
2. The apparatus was prepared and make sure the supply hose was clear from air pockets. When the
control valve gradually closed, the venturi tube subjected to a gradually increasing pressure, which
caused water to rise up the tubes of the manometer, thereby compressing the air contained in the
manifold.
3. The bench valve is also closed gradually, and the water level in the manometer tubes stood at a
convenient height when the water levels had rise to a convenient height
4. The adjusting screws as shown in Figure 5.1 are then operated to give identical readings for all of
these tubes across the whole width of the manometer board.
 Figure 5.1 Adjusting screw

i. The difference between heads (h2 – h1) and flow rates were measured. The first
reading was taken by the maximum possible value of (h 2 – h1). This condition
obtained by gradually opening both the bench value and the control valve in turn.
ii. The value of h1 and h2 were read from the manometer scale. Step 5 and 6 was
repeated three times for three trials.
iii. The flow rate collection by close the bench hole in hydraulic bench.
iv. The inlet and outlet valve closed and the switch was switch off.

6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

1. Fill in data in Table 1

Trial Flowrate, Qexp (m3/s) Velocity, v2 (m/s) h1 (m) h2 (m) h1-h2 (m)
1 0.0081 26.215 150 120 30
2 0.0119 33.149 140 92 48
3 0.0162 44.384 130 44 86
Table 1. Experiment Data

2. From the value, calculate the flowrate Qtheory in Table 2.

Trial Velocity, v2 (m/s) Flowrate, Qtheory Flowrate coefficient, Cd
(m3/s)
1 26.215 5.272 X 10-3 0.9659
2 33.149 6.665 X 10-3 0.9743
3 44.384 8.921 X 10-3 0.9753
Table 2. Qtheory Calculations
7.0 QUESTIONS

1.
Show the calculations of Cd Value and Qtheory.
Qexp = 8.1 L/s X (1 m3 / 1000 liter) = 0.0081 m3/s
h1 = 150 000 mm X (1 m / 1000 mm) = 0.15 m
h2 = 120 000 mm X (1 m / 1000 mm) = 0.12 m

h1 - h2 = 0.15 m - 0.12 m = 0.03 m

A1 = 530.9 mm2 X (1 m2 / 1000000 mm2) = 0.0005309 m2
A2 = 201.1 mm2 X (1 m2 / 1000000 mm2) = 0.0002011 m2

v2 = [(2 X 9.81 m/s2 X ( 150 m - 120 m)) / (1 – (0.0002011 m2 / 0.0005309 m2)2)]0.5

v2 = 26.215 m/s

Qtheory = 𝑎2 √ 2𝑔(ℎ𝑎1−ℎ2 2)
1−[ 2]
𝑎1

Qtheory = A2 X v2 = 0.0002011 m2 X 26.215 m/s = 5.272 X 10-3 m3/s

Q = C𝑑 ∙ a 2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
2
√
2 𝑎
1−[ 2]
𝑎1
𝑄
C = 𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑑 2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
= 𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
a 2√
𝑎2 2
1−[𝑎 ]
1

Cd = Qexp / Qtheory = 0.0081 m3/s / 5.272 X 10-3 m3/s = 1.536

2.
Compare the value of Qexp with Qtheory and discuss the result.
The value of Qexp for trial 1 is 3.08 x 10 -4 m3/s and Qtheory is 2.1948 X 10-4 m3/s. To
compare the experimental flow rate, calculate the percentage error using the formula :

Percentage Error =
Percentage Error =

5.272 X 10-3 / 5.272 X 10-3) X 100

(0.0081-
 Percentage Error = 53.64

So, the positive percentage error indicates that the experimental value is higher than the theoretical value. A
percentage error of 53.64 % is relatively big, suggesting that it is because of the few mistakes were made
throughout the experiment. experiment results are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations. For
example, the flowrate reading bis impacted by the bubble air in the water. However, it’s essential to consider
the precision and accuracy of the measurement instruments and experimental conditions for a comprehensive
analysis.

8.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the graph above shown a head losses vs flowrate Qexp more lower than Qtheory.
This graph also shows the higher the flowrate, the higher flowrate coefficient.

9.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

The experiment was successfully carried out at the fluid laboratory. Since we were able to determine the
venturi meter's velocity, pressure drop, and flow rate magnitude, we can say that the experiment's goal
was achieved. Additionally, the discharge coefficient has been successfully established, and it is possible
to assess the pressure distribution at multiple locations. In the neck section, there is the greatest velocity
and the lowest pressure distribution. Additionally, errors that affect the experiment's results have been
found. Shortening the pipe's length below 6 inches will make it easier to take readings and ensure that the
water flows straight through without clogging.
10.0 REFERENCES
i. Flow Pipe Lab Report 2. https://www.studocu.com/en-au/document/university-of-
technology-sydney/fluid-mechanics/practical/pipe-flow-lab-report-2/2948497/view
ii. Venturi Meter and Orifice Plate Lab Report.
https://www.green- mechanic.com/2016/11/venturi-meter-and-
orifice-plate-lab.html

iii. The Factors that Impact Venturi Meter Accuracy: Part Two
https://www.watertechonline.com/directory/article/15547530/the-factors-that-impact-
venturi-meter-accuracy-part-two
iv. Venturi Meter Experiment.
https://aybu.edu.tr/muhendislik/makina/contents/files/VENTURIMETER%20EXPER