ON2015
ON2015
ON2015
1 (a) In the Periodic Table the elements are organised into groups and periods. A copy of the
Periodic Table is shown on page 32.
(i) State the total number of elements in the period that includes nitrogen, N.
1
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Fig. 1.1 shows the electron arrangement and the number of protons in one atom of
nitrogen.
×
nucleus containing
× 7 protons
× ×
×
××
Fig. 1.1
neutron
........................................................... [1]
(iii) Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 1.1, to show an atom of the element phosphorus, P.
15 proton
16 neutron [2]
(c) Ammonia is made in industry by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen together on the surface of a
solid material containing iron.
nitrogen hydrogen
solid material
containing iron
mixture of gases
containing ammonia
Fig. 1.2
(i) State the name of the industrial process shown in Fig. 1.2.
Haber process
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Hydrogen gas for the process is produced by reacting methane, CH4, with steam, H2O.
In this reaction, each molecule of methane reacts with one of the molecules in steam.
The reaction produces three molecules of hydrogen.
(iii) State the purpose of the solid material containing iron that is used in the process shown
in Fig. 1.2.
As a catalyst to speed up the reaction
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
In this method an electric current is passed through a molten electrolyte which contains aluminium
oxide.
_
graphite electrodes
+
bubbles of gas
molten electrolyte
aluminium
Fig. 9.1
........................................................... [1]
(b) Aluminium ions move towards the negative electrode where they are converted to aluminium
atoms.
(i) Explain why aluminium ions move towards the negative electrode.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
O: 2- x3 = 6-
Fe: 3+ x2 = 6+
Fe3+
charge of iron ion = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the information above and your knowledge of the reactivity series to deduce whether
or not aluminium reacts with copper oxide to release copper.
2 The reactivity series shows metallic elements in order of their reactivities. This series also contains
hydrogen because it has some chemical properties similar to metals.
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus and materials a student uses to investigate the reactivity of an
unknown metal J.
$ % & '
metal - metal -
Fig. 2.1
She places a small piece of metal J into each of four test-tubes A, B, C and D.
Table 2.1 shows her observations.
Table 2.1
(i) Use the results in Table 2.1 and your knowledge of the reactivity series to place the five
elements, copper, hydrogen, J, magnesium and zinc into order of reactivity.
Magnesium
1 ............................................................. (most reactive element)
Zinc
2 .............................................................
J
3 .............................................................
hydrogen
4 .............................................................
Copper
5 ............................................................. (least reactive element) [2]
(ii) Reduction and oxidation (redox) are terms used to describe chemical reactions that
involve the transfer of electrons between particles.
Using the ideas of electron transfer, atoms and ions, deduce which particles are reduced
during the reaction in test-tube A as shown in Table 2.1.
copper ions
particles that are reduced ..................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a diamond set into a ring made of an alloy of gold.
diamond
ring made of an
alloy of gold
Fig. 2.2
(i) The alloy of gold contains many gold atoms with fewer atoms of a different metal.
In the box below, draw a sketch to show the arrangement of the atoms in this alloy. Your
diagram should include at least fifteen gold atoms.
key
sorry miss huiyen
im lazy atom of gold
[2]
(ii) Diamond is made up of carbon atoms. The mass of a diamond can be measured in units
known as carats.
Calculate the number of moles of carbon that are contained in a diamond of 186 carats.
# moles: mass/Mr
3.1: 186x0.2 / 12
3.1 moles
number of moles .......................................................... [2]
2,5
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why the nitride ion, N3–, has an electrical charge of 3–.
(iii) Magnesium nitride is an ionic compound that forms when magnesium burns in air.
Mg3N2
chemical formula = .......................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows apparatus which can be used to make ammonia, NH3.
The piston of gas syringe A is pushed in slowly, and the mixture of nitrogen, N2, and hydrogen,
H2, moves through the small pieces of heated iron into gas syringe B.
mixture of
nitrogen and gas syringes
hydrogen
iron
A B
piston heat
A B
Fig. 9.1
Some nitrogen reacts with hydrogen on the surface of the heated iron.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
Suggest in terms of molecular collisions why the iron is in the form of many small pieces.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a small piece of potassium being added to water containing full-range
indicator solution (Universal Indicator).
potassium
beaker
water containing
full-range indicator
Fig. 12.1
(i) The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between potassium and water is shown
below.
K, H2
element ...................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
H2O/ KOH
compound ...............................................
(iii) State the meaning of the state symbols (l) and (aq).
(iv) When potassium reacts with water, the colour of the full range indicator changes.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(v) During the reaction between potassium and water, the piece of potassium melts and a
lilac-coloured flame appears.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus a student uses to investigate the reaction between dilute hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
dilute
hydrochloric
acid
13
pH
sodium hydroxide
solution
beaker
pH sensor
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction which occurs between dilute hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
neutralization reaction
........................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one advantage of using an electronic pH meter to measure pH rather than using
a coloured indicator such as litmus solution.
more precise and accurate. When coloured indicators are
...........................................................................................................................................
used, it changes color and is compared to a color chart,
which results in different readings since people interpret the
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
color comparison in different ways.
(b) The student places 20.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide solution into the beaker.
The student then adds dilute hydrochloric acid carefully, in stages, and records the pH of the
mixture after each addition.
14
13
12
11
10
8
pH of reaction
7
mixture
6
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
volume of acid added / cm3
Fig. 2.2
(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide present in the beaker before any
acid is added.
0.002
number of moles of sodium hydroxide = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the data in Fig. 2.2 to deduce the smallest volume of acid that is required to react
with all of the sodium hydroxide in the solution.
40
volume of acid = ....................................................... cm3
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
0.5
concentration of acid = ................................................ mol / dm3
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(a) When burning magnesium is placed into a gas jar filled with carbon dioxide, it continues to
burn as shown in Fig. 4.1.
carbon dioxide
gas jar
magnesium
burning
Fig. 4.1
The clouds of grey smoke formed in this reaction are a mixture of magnesium oxide, MgO,
and carbon.
Construct a balanced symbol equation including the state symbols, (s) and (g), for the reaction
between magnesium and carbon dioxide.
d.c. power
supply
ï +
molten Mg2+
magnesium
chloride
Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.2 shows a magnesium ion in the middle of the electrolyte some distance from the
electrodes.
Describe in detail how this magnesium ion is changed into a magnesium atom.
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why this electrolysis has to be carried out using molten magnesium chloride
rather than an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the name and chemical formula of the substance produced at the anode in the
electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.
Chlorine
name ............................................................................
Cl2
formula ................................................... [2]
11 Table 11.1 shows some data about the elements in the second period of the Periodic Table.
Table 11.1
symbol Li Be B C N O F Ne
melting point / °C 181 1283 2027 3727 –210 –219 –220 –248
electron
configuration of 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8
atoms
(a) (i) Describe the trend in the melting points shown in Table 11.1.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Similar trends to those shown in Table 11.1 are observed for the elements in the third
period of the Periodic Table, sodium to argon.
Use the Periodic Table on page 28 to predict which element in the third period has the
highest melting point.
Si
.......................................................... [1]
(b) The element carbon can have two different values for its density.
(c) An element in the same group as oxygen is found in the third period.
Complete the diagram below to show how all of the electrons are arranged in one atom of this
element.
nucleus
×
[2]
(d) Lithium, Li, is combined with fluorine, F, in the crystalline compound, lithium fluoride.
Ionic bonding
........................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain the chemical formula of lithium fluoride. You may draw a diagram if it
helps you to answer.
LiF
chemical formula .....................................
explanation
lithium ...........................................................................................................................................
donates an e- to fluorine to form a complete outer shell. Lithium ion and
Fluorine ion has opposite charges of 1 and balance out eachother.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]