Media and Information Literature

L#1. Introduction to Media and Information Literacy

I. Introduction of Media
Media - is literally defined as multiple mediums
 It is the general term
Medium – In MIL, it is an object or a method in which message is communicated
Ex: through books, movies, paintings, television shows, songs
= it made sense that we spend most of the time in media considering what we used to give
message or to communicate.
= ALMOST ALWAYS there are chances we are interacting in some sort of communication.
Ex: MS teams, books to get info, technologies specifically the internet
= everywhere we are always using some forms of media
The Media – it refers collectively to mass communication. An umbrella term to talk about the
outfits or networks that create or distribute/broadcast information.
Ex: Newspapers (news articles), Television stations (news through tv), websites, social media
sites
= we can get knowledge from the information they deliver
II. Role of Media
= huge role in our lives because they serve as the source of information
= also shaped the public opinion
= important to keep the freedom of media in expressing information, expressing news articles
and expressing truth from reality
= has huge impact in our personal lives, economic lives, or social, political and cultural aspects
of our lives. We need to see the relevance of media information literacy in our education.
Ex: What if COVID19 is not reported because of No Media, what could be the possibility that
would happen to the people?
= mabilis ang pag-unlad ng Media. That is why it is IMPERATIVE that media information literacy
to be seen as empowerment of people.
= Empower to asses different media forms, realities of society and contribute public discourse.
= “THE ABILITY TO NAVIGATE THE MEDIA IS A POWERFUL AND CRUCIAL SKILL”. As the media
plays a huge role, we should have the ability to navigate or assess the information we received
each day.
Ex: searching for reliable and credible information.
III. Media Literacy
Media literacy – it is a field of study that comprises and overlaps many different theories and
subjects.
 also is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create and act using all forms of
communication.
Definition of Process in ML
1. Access – In this process, you describe the form and characteristics of the content you
absorbed. You also discuss here the process of attaining the content.
2. Act – it pertains to the things that you do with all the information you obtained.
3. Create – In this process, you have to remember that you have the responsibility to those
who view your content.
4. Analyze – In this process, you make sense of the content of the message.
5. Evaluate – This process explains that each message has its own purpose or goals.
= “Media Literacy is like putting on a pair of glasses” because it will give you a clear vision of
what is happening around us. It gives us the additional lengths to view reality.
- Gives us an idea how we can analyze the different aspects of life. For example, the news
articles and different events happening around us. #20/20Vision
= In communication, there are “Baggages” (dala-dala)
 Creators – they use their experiences, environment, perspective (baggage) to create or
encode a certain message or content. They hope people to understand the environment
and their way of thinking.
 Consumers – we also have our own baggage, our vision to our reality. Our role is to
analyze these baggages of the creators
Example:
Theory of Decoding and Encoding Message
According to Stuart Hall…
 Before the message is distributed to other people, it is encoded by the creator during its
production.
= The process of encoding a message, there is an intent or reason for encoding a message.
= kahit ano man ang reason, iba pa rin ang ‘reception’ ng tao na makakakuha ng message.
 Decode – recipients interpret a message by applying their knowledge and experience to
decipher its meaning
= decoders have their own ways in interpreting the message.
 All language is coded
= lahat ng words na gagamitin in communicating, has a meaning.
Ex: “okie” to “K” #galit yarn
The Bottomline is:
“COMMUNICATION IS NOT A ONE-WAY STREET”
= you are not a hopeless sponge that you are just absorbing all kinds of message without a
second thought
= you have the capability to interpret messages in a unique way because you have your own
perspective, own experiences, own environment which you can use for you to analyze that
given message or content.
= you can decide whether to accept the message or content.
According to Curran, 2013…
“Analysis of media provides a means of investigating the politics, economy, culture, social
relations and imaginative life of society…”
= media goes both ways. Media serves us the fort estate that balances the society. “watch dogs
of society”
IV. Summary

 Media Literacy gives you the protection against false information

 It empowers you too use your right to information and expression.

L#2. E-Balita: Lockdown journalists and the online world of news

writing

Why are news important?

- It gives insights on what is happening around us otherwise without it, we are not aware
with the social issues we face.
- For us to be informed especially stories that tackle public concern
- Gives us some ideas how we can prevent natural disasters (safety and directives)
I. Journalism
 Gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is
also the product of these activities. (American Press Institute)
 Is a combination of both Process and Product
 Indispensable in a democratic society (essential)

II. The Process of Journalism

a. Gathering data
- is not just about getting the necessary documents or interviewing people. Other than
interviewing people who witness the story, you also need to use your 5 senses
- You have to experience the story for you to write and translate the story. Partake the
emotions and express it more in creating more efficient information.
b. Assessing or contextualize the information collected
- To put context.
- We do not just present data or information. You have to make sense the information as
we know its historical roots of the news story and need to find its connection in
different aspects
- Ex: what links it to the social life of people?
- In assessing information, you need to find the possible implication to your audience
(how does it affect to your readers or audience?)
c. Creating your media
- In creating news article, it requires a long tedious process, you need to be fast in
translating or writing the news because mabilis nagbabago ang mga bagay
 - Ex: ‘di mo agad sinulat na may bagyo, nangyari at natapos na nugn nagawa ang article
d. Presenting the news
- It is not just presenting the data, we have to find an angle
- Frame people narratives sa news and information
- NO ABSOLUTE OBJECTIVITY – may bias bawat journalists (not the method but it is need
to be fair). Bias on how you present the information in a way to show the narrative of
the people
- You as a journalist you are part of the news
- Ex: may affect sayo kapag tumaas ang bilihin
- The people are the start of your media. Take the side of the people. To write is the
moment you chose

III. Product of Journalism

 Product is the actual article or news program
- aside from tangible products, we have the reaction from the audience
- No reaction = walang silbi ang article

IV. Indispensable in a democratic society

- That a society is truly democratic if the press has the absolute freedom and not
intimidated in writing any issue or article they observed.
= the Press are considered to be the fort estate of the society or the fourth pillar of democracy
- They check-in the balance in our government
- They “investigate or watch dogs” the other three pillars or branches of government if
they do their work accordingly. It is the duty of the press to report if the government is
not doing anything
- They primarily investigate the actions and programs
- They have the power to account their actions
= Journalist almost always are the first casualty of wannabe dictators
- Because if the press has the freedom the dictator suppressed their rights for other they
is why they repress the power of Journalist like being assaulted even death.
What is news?
 Not defined by technology, nor by journalists or the techniques they employ
but its principles and purpose are defined by something more basic: the
function news plays in the lives of people. (Kovach and Rosenstiel)
- The purpose and principle of news is to act out its function to be a news place in the
lives of people
- “Bring change, mobilize the people and create change”
- Function of news: not just provide information but also to make people create possible
decision for their live and governments.
- They like to write this story to make a contribution to the need of change.
#youwantchange
 You should mobilize the people to create change
- The involvement of people for them to organize themselves to create change or actions
- Bottomline: if the things will remain, what is the sense of presenting the information?
You as a news consumer, you need to analyze (nagawa ba ng writer i-move ang tao?). if
the information help to move. Yung tao dapat may response ka din sa writer.
- A great journalist is someone who write to serve or free their people. (mapagpalaya)
 Television = Malaki ang impact sa mga tao nung nawala ang ABS-CBN
Through Media = Increase access of media in 2020 however It affected the
percentage of people use the newspaper where in fact fake news surround
the media
*Not all have internet access  most likely are poor or ignored by social
media services
 As a media practitioner, you also need to make sure serve those people who don’t have
the access
 Not because may power tayo and access sa internet nagbabasa sila ng balita or media
literate. Shows the importance of Media Literacy
What it is for you?
- In media literacy is not just about to be media literate but also, we have the
responsibility to educate others
- Objective: serve the interest of the Filipino masses
- You are not violating your dignity and other dignity #keeptheintegrity
- Factual Information!
- The narrative of the people should not be reduced as merely studies. They are not just
award/s that are hanged on the wall. (Projects created = the accessibility of all)

L#3. News Elements and Writing a news report

I. Guiding Principles (by Poynter)
1. Seek truth and report it as fully as possible
2. Act independently
3. Minimize harm-humaneness

4. Assuring justice: fairness and balance

5. Stewardship

II. News Elements

a. Timeliness
- How recent a story is
- Not all stories need to be timely. Existing issue
- Not all can be timely. Pwede mo syang relevant ulit
- Ex: academic set up, class suspensions, Covid19 cases, balita sa bagyo, lindol,
evacuation, ano pwedeng gamitin habang may ano?, PH Covid cases hit 3 million mark
hit, balita regarding academic break or suspension, N95 better protection according to
research

b. Proximity
- How near to you’re a story is.
- People are generally more interested in stories that are geographically close to them
- Can be from National issue to localize issue
- Central Luzon, Pampanga and Angeles city stories
- Ex: si mayor may asawang iba, mayor nagpatupad ng bagong policy, Covid19 national to
Covid19 cases in Pampanga, effects ng train law sa Kapampangan, protocols ng schools
sa Covid19 sa HFA, ilan sa HFA community na may virus (#malapit), pampang vaccines
c. Consequence
- How many people are impacted by the story?
 - Examples: new laws, taxes, etc. after ng isang new law ano nangyari, bagong tax tumaas
ba ang budget, after free tuition law, ilan nakapagaral, train law in poverty and equality,
EJK rights abuses state error vs chu chu (effect increase after),
d. Prominence
- The more famous a person is the more likely they are to make the news.
- If you and the president both went to lunch, only the president would make the news
- Ex: nag cr kayo w/ pres sip res lang mapapansin, kumain sip res ng daga tas ikaw 10 pero
public interest, pres quote about sleep
e. Oddity
- Whenever strange things happen, it will make the news
- It can also occur with events that only happen once every while
- Ex: daga nanganak ng pusa, pusa kumain ng sawa, recent story ng news 5 asteroid na
tatama sa earth ng 2029, rainshower, shooting star, PH to kill ducks to see why they’re
dying, teacher marries cat
f. Conflict
- Whenever there are two opposing side to an issue
- This can also be taken literally… a fight of argument
- Di tugma interest nila
- Ex: business setting: business owner vs employees, two political parties (Marcos vs
Robredo), labor transparency issues (abc workers protest), defy and demolition
g. Emotions
- People love reading that play on emotion
- “Awwww” factor
- Ex: yung hero daga ata yon or dog na binigyan ng burial after years of serving for
smelling bombs, aso nantili sa bahay despite nabagyo, aso and amo, tao niligtas ang
isang matanda
h. Sex
- Should always be reported in a mature manner
- Deals with marriage, divorce, dating, etc.
- Madalas na subject: celebrities
- Ex: kinasal si ken kay barbie, mass wedding,
i. Progress
- Any new discovery or helpful invention can make the news
- This can also be a timely update on a long-standing project
- Ex: vaxx against Covid19, infrastructure projects para sa society, after 50 years PH finally
end quarantine, vaccine discovery against sa new variants, N95 better protection
according to research
III. Writing the news report
What makes a good story?
 - Empowers the reader – wag natin pakita na katapusan na ng mundo. We must make
them realizes na may HOPE. (Example: newly discovered vaccines against variants)
- CONTEXT is EVERYTHING – we need to find the connection into different aspect
(Example: ano economic aspect ng issue, red tagging)
4 Questions to find a focus for your story

 What is the central point?

 What is the central evidence?
 What is the central place?
 Who are the central characters?

a. What is the central point?

- Identify the main focus of your story
- It is your duty to find an angle to focus from what is happening
= There are many news worthy data however as mention they are many to be organized…
3 Methods of organization
1. Part Story – half of the event
 Pinaka-highlight ng story
 Ex: ano main paltforms sa sona ni Dutz
 Other parts or the 2nd Part are the additional events in the story
2. Sub Stories – are the “Headline” which is the title of the news article
 Sometime we tend to be comprehensive with the articles we write where sub
heading are added
 Subheadings are different from heading in which kungware yung subheading is
about sa mga sinabi niya sa sona mismo.

3. Side Bar Report – “banner news” which is the main article

 Bold and large font
 It is the most important news of the day
 These are reports that can give details in your main article
 It helps us to have better idea from the story
 Ex: yung effectivity ng vaxx (banner news: discuss the discovery)

b. What is the central evidence?

- No hear says!
- It does not mean a tweet went viral it is already a news worthy story to be written in an
article
 Media Lit: Remember to know how to weigh ones and other opinions. (for
example, in idols vs less famous where urban poor people we NEED TO GIVE
 VALUE TO THEIR WISDOM, their perspective not only listening with the famous
people)
 Media Reports: give value sa mga taong hindi madalas napapakita ang side nila
 Media Consumer: to give value the storied of the urban poor
 News Reporting: distinguish verified information from opinions (example: in the
post – truth era there are many “fake news”)

c. What is the central place?

- Explore places
- Imagination #Spongebob
 Example: writing a documentary about lack of access in social/basic services...
saan appropriate gawin ang documentary? Sa city ba? or rural place?

d. Who are the central characters?

- Identify your resource persons
- The interviewee in your interview
- In an interview, you need to give value to their perspective
- NO BIAS SIDE PLS, to show different accurate information from the perspective of your
resource persons
- HUWAG LANG IBATO KUNG ANO LANG NAKITA MO! IT NEEDED ALSO THE CONTEXT
OF IT!
 Ex: in issues in agriculture not only the department of agriculture iinterview mo
even the farmers
 It makes the situation highlights the narration of workers

IV. Process of Verification

 Outer Circle – secondary sources

 E.g. press accounts, press releases (in social media),
 It is the company statements to the issue
  Middle Circle – primary sources documents
 E.g. trial testimonies, court rulings, books, even videos like CCTV
 Inner Circle – “Targets”
 E.g. witnesses, police, lawyers, other suspects, the accused
 It tends to be embedded (makiclose sa mga people) but sometimes it tends to be
bias so be careful.
= DO NOT believe first, you need to go to the main source!
= it is your duty to interview and gather information for your article
= “ALL CIRCLES ARE IMPORTANT for the Validations.” You cannot skip one.
V. Story Success

 Broken and Harm

 Ex: human rights of the abuse  ano na violate na human right? Bakit nangyari
ang issue?
 Scope
 Ex: Covid19 issue is broad  is the scope about the 2020 data or the 2021 data?
 Ex: Human rights of the abuse  whole timeline ng human rights? or under ba
ng Duterte regime?
 Unique
 What makes it different from others?
 Potential impact
 Ex: mayroon bang nangyari ng pagbabago? Sa presyo, tumaas ba or bumaba?
 Even relationships are included here like bakit sila naghiwalay?

VI. Important MH Notes

  Pre - trauma plan
 Self – care
 Remember: Building mental health resilience can make us better journalists

L#4. Information Disorder and Spotting Fake News Online

I. Information Disorder
Categories of Information Disorder
 Misinformation
 Disinformation
 Mal-Information
1. Misinformation – information is false, but the person disseminating it believes that it is
true.
 False connection – when headlines, visuals or captions do not support the
content (e.g., clickbait headlines)
 Yung title hindi connected sa content ng article
 Misleading content – by cropping photos or choosing quotes or statistics
selectively
 Ex: ang cases ng Covid19 sa PH, 10000 for now. Pero ang pinakita na data
ay ang mga nakarecover lang which nag mislead sa maraming cases na
nagka-covid19 so mali na ok na sng situation.

2.

Disinformation – information is false, and the person disseminating it knows it is false. It is a

deliberate intentional lie.
 False content – when genuine content is re-circulated out of its original context
 Sumama ka sa fieldtrip na pupunta sa bundok, nag picture ka roon tapos
Nakita ng Friend mo yugn picture so siya dinowload niya ang pic at sinabi
na namundok ka na at naging NPA.
  Imposter
content –
persons’ bylines used alongside articles they did not write, or organizations’
logos used in videos or images they did not create
 Ex: naroon and name mo sa article pero hindi mo isinulat ang article na
iyon
 Fake accounts of poser
 Manipulated content – when genuine content is manipulated to deceive (e.g.,
manipulated photos, videos and even audios)
 Ex: i-nedit and picture mo sa picture na pamupatay ka ng tao

 Fabricated content – fabricated “news sites” or fabricated visual

 Ex: Naglagay ng caption sa KPOP idols na hindi man nila talaga sinabi.

3. Mal-information – information is based on reality but used to inflict harm

Examples:
 Leaks to the press of private information for personal or corporate interest (e.g.,
revenge porn)
 Using a picture of a dead child (with no context) in an effort to ignite hatred of a
particular ethnic group
  Ex: statement mo about sa school, vinideon ka ng kaibigan then after 10
years aaply ka sa school na iyon yung kaibigan mo na gusto koang
pahamak na ilabas ang video (which totoo) na ininsult mo yung school
 Scandals, blackmail yugn mawawala ang privacy ng tao
What are the effects of fake news and disinformation?
 It can cause harm to you and to others
 Naiiba ang view nila sa journalist na mas naniniwala sila sa napapanood nila sa social
media (post-era)
 Mas gusto pa nila yung finoforward nila kesa sa factual
 Spread fear
 Affects the unity ng mga tao in terms sa paniniwala kasi iba iba ng yung opinion natin
(threat to democracy)

II. Effects of Fake News and Disinformation

 Anxiety - fear
 Social tensions and violence – losing the unity
 Confusion – difficulty to decide because lies and distortion are treated as facts
 Threatened democratic processes – silent in issues
= Skeptical Resilience – Not easily trust what is given or shown online because we have the
tendency to believe what is online.
= baka these signs are going to lead us to the bad. #redflags
= Question yourself! Is this information true???
Is this information TRUE?
III. Spotting Fake News Online
 Identifying who is behind the information
 Evaluate the evidence presented
 Find out what other sources say

a. Identifying who is behind the information

 Who is the author? (we can know who is his/her bias)
  What is the perspective of the author? Where is s/he coming from?

Who gets to be Verified?

 Public Figure, Celebrities, Brands or Companies
How do get this verification?
 Apply from these platforms, where they process it if it meets its clarification
Verification Process:
 Should be authentic (REAL)
 Only ONE account per person, per business
 Your profile should be complete (Profile Photo and Active Posts)
 Notable (you are highly search ng mga users ng social platforms like in Youtube you have
to atleast 1k subscribers)

 Branded content are not news articles because they are funded where there is a business
interest in it
 Medical Expert: What is the motivation of the Author? – Read the Article even in video/news
literacy di lang ang headlines. Sa example parang ang intention is bias which nagbebenta ang
kanyang business (commercial interest)
 The authors perspective can influence the people who look at it

b. Evaluate the evidence presented

 What is the source of the evidence? Is the source reliable?
 Does the evidence support the claim being made? Is the evidence
relevant to the claim being made? (connection of claim and evidence)
 Photos (source, location, date)
 Studies/research (methodology, sampling)
 Citation
 Other ways to verify
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c. Find out what other sources say
1. Using a search engine, look for more information online
2. Get data from RELIABLE websites/online tools to verify or validate:
 Sources of information
 Evidence presented
L#5. VIA (Verification Independence Accountability)
I. Definitions and Application of VIA
A. Verification
 A journalistic process
 detective work
 Search engines
- A journalistic process, we do a detective work to validate a certain information. We use all
possible sources for us to verify the information. Use our sense for us to mas sure na accurate
ang information.
- naniniwala tayo sa what is not what if. We need to verify  ryan and yeng
- maging totoo ka gurl  straight forward
- search engines: lock down journalist; google, website of media organizations

 Information that are from memory, opinion, assumptions, and second-hand sources are rejected
on this journalistic process
 It is your DUTY TO VALIDATE if it is true.
 B. Independence

Can mainstream media be absolutely objective?


being free from control of any person, interested party or group which can influence the report.
- In journalism bawal ang sugar daddy or sugar mommy. May tendency na mabalita mo ang
kanilang side
- Bawal makipag close sa mga sources natin

C. Accountability
 Individuals take personal and professional responsibility for the accuracy of info
 Sources issue corrections for errors and inaccuracies that they just recently discovered
- “Erratum or
errata” –
mistakes in
publication
 II. Organizational Models of Political Trolling in the Philippines

Elections in the Philippines rely heavily on the following:

 Imaged based politics – politicians need to cultivate image (their popularity). Image na maganda
(tactics nila like lumabalas sa media or galing sa media (artista) or paglilinis ng kanilang
maruming pangalan like erasing facts)  pamumulitka shits nila

 Digital savvy workforce – politicians create cyber trolls in social media (social media their arena
to campaign)  fake articles

 Resentment of populist publics – politicians use emotions na mararamdaman ng tao. Appeal to

the people emotion. (Pres; pagod na si tatay, to attack the critiques)

= yung discourse sa elections ay di na sa needs and interest, ang discourse kung sino matapang,
popular, mayaman

= pagtaunang pansin ang mga social issues dapat

1. State-sponsored model
- Journalistic reports about the state-sponsored propaganda model assume intentionality from
the President himself
- Blocks the re-licensing of media practitioners
 All government take part disinformation and misinformation programs to spread in
social media
 Ex: SM&I or sunshine media network incorporated (they disguised propaganda as news
article, platform to attack journalist, platform para sirain ang critiques ng present
administration)
 They consolidating their powers and monopolizing the broadcasting like block re-
licensing like ABS-CBN
 2. In-house staff model
- It is primarily supported by government funds and personal funds from donors.
- The stick-over-carrot approach
- force junior staff to take on troll work as a precondition to promotion.
 Chief of staff of certain politician hire staffs na gagawa ng troll work para sa politiko na
iyon (fake social media accounts to boost the support or attack opponents)
 Promote ka if naging troll ka, the more na marami kang matroll high possiblity na
mapropromote ka

3. Advertising and PR Model of Disinformation

- Consultants in the advertising and PR model are also called as chief disinformation architects
 More organize ang pagdidisinform
 Negosyo sya na may consultants  gumagawa sila ng fake digital influencers na
maraming followers sa social media
 Normi trolls ay para maparami yung followers ng digital influencers
 Some buy already established pages na maraming followers
 Politicians out-source trolling jobs

4. Clickbait model
- Most used and commercially driven model
- Makes use of Google’s Adsense and Facebook’s instant articles
- The creative staff of Twinmark Media Enterprises are composed of 3 teams: research, writing,
and social media community management
 TAKEAWAY - It is the duty of the government to serve and to protect its people.
 VOCABULARY - Hyper-partisan means being extremely biased of a political party.
 Hire trolls has a task to create or write articles
 Susulat ng bagong artcicle sa article tas boost yugn presence ng article
 Article use click bait headlines na magbabasa ng article  hire popular celebrities (Jam
magno – many followers = many subscribers)

= Ginagamit ang pera ng tao para lokohin ang normal na tao

Additional news elements

 Importance –Will the information affect the greater population?
Does it have direct implications on the lives of the public?
 Ex: Topics that tackle urgent matter like health concerns and vaccinations

 Magnitude – people are affected

 Ex: Price hikes, tuition increase, oil price hike, jeepney fair hike

 Human Interest –Is the story about a unique or universal experience of the human condition
—a situation that the audience can relate or empathize with?
 Ex: natural disasters (interest na kailangan ng tao malaman)
L#*. Additional Lecture about Information Disorder (MIL & News Literacy)
Do all persons enjoy their right to information?
- Not people fully enjoy it because the information we receive sometime are not true and
being manipulated that make the truth to be hidden.
- Freedom = buong buo ang information walang kulang, walang kupas and transparent
ang mga information (and malaya ka)
- No fake and No hidden info
= Information Disorder is Global!
 Many countries take part in social media manipulation
  Main reason of manipulation is for people to be IGNORANT or NOT INFORMED so less
chances to people to wage against their government.
 #F*ckPHGovernment
= “The Philippines represents a national context where disinformation is becoming more
entrenched into the political systems” Ong and Cabanes, 2019
 Political system refers the behind of the political
 False information to their activities
I. Disinformation Models in the Philippines
 State-sponsored model
 In-house staff model
 Advertising and PR model
 Clickbait model

II. Social Media Manipulation

= “the use of fake accounts and paid influencers on Facebook and Twitter for political
operations is widespread” Ong and Cabanes, 2018
 Political candidates create political trolls
 Ex: meme about online class pero sa comments may vote for ganito.
= Political Clients invest sa Chief architects of network information para gumawa ng traffic para
mapunta mag users sa website ng political candidates. Digital influencers yugn babayaran ng
political candidate ng mag idols. Community-level face accounts operators professional works.
= The Philippines showed evidence of organized social media manipulation by government and
political parties.
 Social Media manipulation is done by “cyber troops”
- Defined as government or political party actors tasked with manipulating public opinion
online
 Cyber troops use fake accounts
- “bots” (highly automated accounts designed to mimic human behavior online)
- Human-run accounts
= Facebook is the dominant platform for cyber troop activity.
= Message strategies used by cyber troops
 Spreading pro-government or pro-party propaganda
- Attacking opposition
 Driving division and polarization
- Suppressing participation through personal attacks and harassment
= Communication strategies used by cyber troops
III. Breakdown of Definitions

MIL is defined as
 “A set of competencies that empowers citizens to access, retrieve, understand, evaluate
and use, create as well as share information and media content in all formats, using
various tools, in a critical, ethical and effective way, in order to participate and engage in
personal, professional and societal activities”

Competency is defined as an
 “Ability of an Individual to use internal resources such as knowledge, skill and attitudes,
as well as: external resources such as databases, colleagues, libraries, and tools in order
to solve a specific problem efficiently in a real-life situation
= MIL IS A COMPOSITE CONCEPT.
News Literacy
 The ability to use critical thinking skills to judge the reliability and credibility of news
reports whether they come via print, television or internet.

Critical Thinking
 CT trains us to take a step back, to evaluate facts and form evidence-based conclusions.
 It doesn’t mean we disparage everything; it means that we try to distinguish between
claims
What does critical thinking include?

 Inquisitiveness
- Concern to be well-informed
 Flexibility
- Understanding opinions of others
 Alertness to opportunities for critical thinking
- Trust in processes of reasoned inquiry
 Fair-mindedness
- Recognizing one’s own biases, prejudices, stereotypes, or egocentric tendencies
 Self-confidence in one’s abilities to reason
- Open-mindedness
 Prudence in judgements
- Willingness to reconsider and revise
Status of CT among Filipinos
 Third “most ignorant” regarding their nation’s key issues, and third “most confident”
about their opinions
- The Perils of Perception 2017 study, which surveyed citizens from 38 nations
 Among the world’s most accepting and trusting of social media content
- 6 in every 10 connected Filipinos (59%) perceive the content they see on FB, IG and
Twitter as reliable
- Globally, only 35 percent trust the information they see in the channels (Kantar TNS
research in 2017)

IV. Consequences of Information Disorder

 Erosion of trust in journalism and journalist

- Loss of distinction between quality reporting and disinformation
 Stress on journalism business model
- Weakening of role journalists as agents for accountability
 Crackdowns that undermine press freedom and freedom of expression
- Malicious targeting of journalist