Article 3 - Applications and Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Article 3 - Applications and Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Article 3 - Applications and Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete
com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.123-131
ABSTRACT
In conventional concrete, micro-cracks develop before structure is loaded because of drying shrinkage and other
causes of volume change. When the structure is loaded, the micro cracks open up and propagate because of
development of such micro-cracks, results in inelastic deformation in concrete. Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
is cementing concrete reinforced mixture with more or less randomly distributed small fibres. In the FRC, a
numbers of small fibres are dispersed and distributed randomly in the concrete at the time of mixing, and thus
improve concrete properties in all directions. The fibers help to transfer load to the internal micro cracks. FRC is
cement based composite material that has been developed in recent years. It has been successfully used in
construction with its excellent flexural-tensile strength, resistance to spitting, impact resistance and excellent
permeability and frost resistance. It is an effective way to increase toughness, shock resistance and resistance to
plastic shrinkage cracking of the mortar. These fibers have many benefits. Steel fibers can improve the structural
strength to reduce in the heavy steel reinforcement requirement. Freeze thaw resistance of the concrete is
improved. Durability of the concrete is improved to reduce in the crack widths. Polypropylene and Nylon fibers
are used to improve the impact resistance. Many developments have been made in the fiber reinforced concrete.
Key words: Fiber Reinforced Concrete; Steel Fiber; Glass Fiber; Natural Fiber; Aspect Ratio; Mechanicaland
Structural Properties.
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The types of steel fibers are defined by • Concrete mix and its age
•
Type I: cold-drawn wire
ASTM A820:- Steel fiber content, volume fraction
•
Type II; cut sheet
Fiber geometry, its aspect ratio (length to
At the beginning age of the GFRC improvement have been made, andpresently, the
development, one of the most considerable problems problem is practically solved with the new types of
was the durability of the glass fiber, which becomes alkali-resistant (AR resistance) glass fibers and with
more brittle with time, due to the alkalinity of the mortar additives that prevent the processes that lead
cement mortar. After some research, significant to the embrittlement of GFRC.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.123-131
1.3-POLYMER FIBER REINFORCED polymer fiber composites onto the structure. This
CONCRETE:-Civil structures made of steel also helps to increase the toughnessand tensile
reinforced concrete normally suffer from corrosion of strength and improve thecracking and deformation
the steel by the salt, which results in the failure of characteristics of the resultant composite. But this
those structures. Constant maintenance and repairing method addsanother layer, which is prone to
is needed to enhance the life cycle of those civil degradation. These fiber polymer composites have
structures. been shown to suffer from degradation when exposed
There are many ways to minimize the failure to marine environment due to surface blistering. As a
of the concrete structures made of steel reinforce result, the adhesive bond strength is reduced, which
concrete. The custom approach is to adhesively bond results in the de-lamination of the composite.
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affecting the continuity of the matrix. Cross-plane elastic moduli were determined from the slopes of the
compressive strength (“flatwise”) is not influenced stress strain curves.
by the presence of glass fibers and will be about the
same as the compressive strength measured on bulk SYNTHETIC FIBERS - Modulus of elasticity is a
matrix materials in cube or cylinder tests measure of a material‟s stiffness under tension: The
constant relating stress (force) and strain
NATURAL FIBERS- The cubes tests prepared with (deformation) within the elastic range of a material or
different fibers, different fibers volumetric ratios and an engineering term used to describe a material‟s
different reductions in coarse aggregate, showed ability to stretch without losing its ability to return to
large variations in the test results as compared to the its original physical properties. The higher the
control specimens with no fibers. The variation in the modulus of elasticity the stiffer the material.
results could be attributed to the relatively small size
of the cube which may result in erroneous data 2.3FLEXURAL STRENGTH –
compared with 15x30 cm standard cylinders. STEEL FIBERS - For flexural strength test beam
specimens of dimension 100x100x500 mm were cast.
SYNTHETIC FIBERS - The compressive strength The specimens were demoulded after 24 hours of
of concrete is one of the most important and useful casting and were transferred to curing tank wherein
properties of concrete. In most structural applications they were allowed to cure for 28 days. These flexural
concrete is used primarily to resist compressive strength specimens were tested fewer than two point
stress. The compression test was conducted on cube and four point loading as per I.S. 516-1959, over an
specimens cured for 7, 14 & 28 days. The test cubes effective span of 400 mm on Flexural testing
were removed from the moist storage 24 hours before machine. Load and corresponding deflections were
testing. The top and bottom bearing plates of the noted up to failure. In each category three beams
compression testing machine were wiped and cleaned were tested and their average value is reported.
before the placement of the specimen.
GLASS FIBERS - The Steel mould of size 500 x
2.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – Modulus of 100 x 100 mm is well tighten and oiled thoroughly.
elasticity of FRC increases slightly with an increase They were allowed for curing in a curing tank for 28
in the fibers content. It was found that for each 1 days and they were tested in universal testing
percent increase in fiber content by volume there is machine. The test procedures were used as per IS
an increase of 3 percent in the modulus of elasticity. 516-1979.
STEEL - The main parameters that characterise the
compressive behaviour of concrete are the slope of NATURAL FIBERS – Flexure load involves the
the ascending branch (Young's modulus),the ability of the material to bend. Flexure loads are
compressive strength, and the strain at peak stress. really a combination of tensile, compression and
These parameters were determined from the shear loads. When load is applied the upper surface is
respective average curve for each composite. put into compression, the lower face is in tension, and
the central portion of the partition experiences shear.
GLASS FIBER - Flexural stress-strain curves are
used to determine values of modulus of elasticity for SYNTHETIC FIBERS - The current Standards for
design purposes. Values of flexural modulus of determining the post-cracking strength or residual
elasticity are normally in the 1.5 to 2.9 X 10 6 Psi strength of fiber reinforced concrete such as ASTM
range, and will vary in accordance with water-cement 1018, JSCE-SF 4, assume a linear elastic behaviour
ratio, sand content, cure, density, and degree of micro to calculate the post cracking strength. This implies
cracking. There is a lack of a continuous network of that the post cracking strength of fiber reinforced
micro cracks at low stress level versus well develop concrete can be easily calculated using the equivalent
network of micro cracks at or near flexural strength,
thus giving lower E-value than normally associated 2.4 FATIGUE STRENGTH -
with precast concrete panels. Fatigue is exhibited when a material fails under stress
applied by direct tension or compression, torsion,
NATURAL FIBER - The elastic modulus of bending or a combination of these actions.
composites was determined using tensile tests.
Tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D STEEL FIBERS – All fatigue tests carried out using
638 specification. Tensile tests were carried out using a closed loop Electrohydraulic Universal Testing
an MTS testing machine with load cell capacity of Machine. The third point loading configuration used
10kN at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. Tensile for determining the flexural fatigue strength test. The
fatigue tests were conducted at various stress level
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“S”, which relates the maximum fatigue stress “fmax” 2.5 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF FRC
to corresponding static flexural strength “fsf” (S SHEAR –
=fmax/fsf ). The stress level “S” ranged from 0.65 to Addition of fibers increases shear capacity
0.90. The fatigue test was carried out by applying of reinforced concrete beams up to 80 percent.
constant amplitude sinusoidal non-reversal loads at a Addition of randomly distributed fibers increases
constant frequency of 20 cycles per second (20Hz). shear-friction strength, the first crack strength, and
ultimate strength.
GLAS FIBERS - Glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP) has a very important role to play as STEEL FIBERS- In steel fiberAn important factor
reinforcement in concrete structures which is exposed to take into account when evaluating the shear
to harsh environment conditions where traditional performance of fiber reinforced beams is the type of
steel reinforcement could corrode. It was found that fibers, the increase in shear strength attributed to the
the unique physical properties of GFRP that made it fibers depends not only on the amount of fibers,
suitable for applications where conventional steel usually expressed as the fiber vol.fractions Vf but
would be unsuitable. Compressive strength, flexural also the aspect ratio and the anchorage conditions of
strength and split tensile strength for these AR glass steel fibers.
fibers are more as compared to other glass fibers. GLASS FIBERS- Shear is transmitted from one
plane to another in various ways in reinforced
NATURAL FIBERS - The use of thenatural fibers concrete members. The behaviour, including the
in concrete mixes has beneficial effects with respect failure modes, depends on themethod of shear
to increasing the flexuralstrength and providing a transmission. The simplest method of shear transfer
ductile post-cracking behaviour of the fiber is by shearing stresses. This occurs in uncracked
reinforced concrete mix,especially for the industrial members or in the uncracked portions of structural
hemp samples. Similar to the compression tests, members.
specimensprepared with 0.75 or 1% hemp fibers and
20% reduction in coarse aggregate providedrelatively NATURAL FIBERS – This load is tries to slide
good results. As for samples prepared with 0.5% adjacent layers of fibres over each other. Under shear
palm with (10-20) % coarseaggregate reduction and loads the resin plays the major role, transferring the
with 1% banana fibers, the results were satisfactorily stresses across the composites. For the composite to
but to a lesser extent. perform well under shear loads the resin element
must not only exhibit good mechanical properties but
SYNTHETIC FIBER – Fatigue strength can be must also have high adhesion to the reinforcement
increased by inclusion of macro-fiber in concrete. fibre. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a
Essentially, it is the ability of concrete to withstand composite is often used to indicate this property in a
under cyclic load without failure when exposed to a multi-layer composite.
III. CONCLUSION –
load. Plain, un-reinforced concrete, when subjected to
a bending load, will withstand that load with very
little movement until the cyclic load exceeds its
fatigue strength.
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Improvement in Concrete Properties by Natural Impact strength - Improved and better resistance to
Fibers – wear and tear
Permeability - Improved permeability by inclusion
Compressive strength –Increased about 10% of fibers
Tensile strength –It is improved compared up to Corrosion – Better resistance to atmospheric effect
1.78% compared to normal concrete
Flexural Strength – Increased about 25 – 30%
Split Strength – Increased up to 25 – 30% IV. SOME CONSIDERABLE FACTS
FOUND -
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1. Fiber addition improves ductility of concrete and [3] Shah, Surendraand Rangan (1994), “Effect
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reinforcement in concrete is not to strength but to Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1995.
the flexural toughness of the material. [6] Paul Paul Kraai, “Crack Control Methods:
6. Plain concrete fails suddenly once the deflection Welded-wire Fabric”, vs. CFP Fibers,
corresponding to the ultimate flexural strength is “Preparedfor Fibermesh Co”, Chattanooga,
exceeded, on the other hand, fiber-reinforced Tenn., 1985, “Crack Control Methods:
concrete continue to sustain considerable loads Welded-wire Fabric vs. CFP
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workability and consistency of fresh concrete. [10] ACI Committee 544. 1990. “State-of-the-Art
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