Motion in A Straight Line JEE Enzz
Motion in A Straight Line JEE Enzz
Motion in A Straight Line JEE Enzz
30
20
𝑠𝑛
10
0
Welcome to 1 2 3 4 5 6 𝑡(𝑠)
𝑚/𝑠 2
NOTES
𝑥
Motion in a straight line
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = tan 𝜃
𝑢
𝑎 𝑣 𝜃
𝑡
Law of Cosines
C
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are angles of a triangle
𝛾 a
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are sides of triangle. b
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏 cos(𝛾) 𝛼 𝛽
A
c B
Applications :
• For computing the third side of a triangle
when two sides and their enclosed angle
are given.
60𝑜
• In computing the angles of a triangle if
all three sides are given.
6 𝑐𝑚
Given Δ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑎 = 6 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 = 4 𝑐𝑚 & 𝛾 = 600 .
Find the length of remaining side c ?
Solution :
𝑐 2 = 62 + 42 + 2 × 6 × 4 × cos 600
2 2 2
1
𝑐 = 6 +4 +2×6×4×
2
𝑐 2 = 76 ≈ 8.7 𝑐𝑚
𝑐 ≈ 8.7 𝑐𝑚
Three forces 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , and 𝐹3 are acting on a body as shown in figure.
If 𝐹Ԧ1 = 10 N, 𝐹Ԧ2 = 10 3 𝑁, and 𝐹Ԧ3 = 20 𝑁. Find the external force required
to keep block at rest.
Dynamics Kinematics
Anything can be a point object if the The dimension of a mathematical space is the
dimensions of that object are negligible minimum number of independent information
compared to range of motion involved. needed to specify any point within it.
1-D : Linear
2𝑚
1000 𝑚
𝑧
Distance and Displacement
𝑟Ԧ2
𝑂(0,0,0) • Displacement is the change in
position vector.
𝑥
𝒔 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒋Ƹ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝒌
𝑧
Average Speed and Velocity
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = Delhi
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Lucknow
∆𝑠Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 − 𝑟Ԧ𝑖
< 𝑣Ԧ > = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
Solution :
Instantaneous Speed:
It is the ratio of distance covered with an infinitesimal interval of time.
Δs Δs 𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = lim = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = |𝒗|
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Instantaneous Velocity:
It is the ratio of displacement to an infinitesimally small-time interval
𝒅𝒔
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝒗 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑦
𝑅
𝑃
𝑣Ԧ ∥ dԦs
𝑄
Direction of instantaneous velocity at a point is 𝑥
tangential to the path at that point. 𝑂
Position-time graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =𝑣
𝑑𝑡
Position-time graph:
25
𝑥
20
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑚)
15
10
5
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 𝜃
-5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑠) 𝑡
Motion
• Position varies linearly with time, • Position varies non-linearly with time,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. ≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Area under 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑡ime curve
𝑡2
𝐴 = න 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = change in position
𝑡1
(or)
= Displacement
𝑨
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡
The velocity versus time graph of a linear motion is shown in
the figure.
For the particle find the net:
i. Distance covered.
ii. Displacement at the end of 8 sec.
Solution:
Distance travelled by the particle
𝑆 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑣
4
𝑆 = 12 + 6 𝑚
𝑆 = 18 𝑚
𝐴1
𝑥 = 6𝑚
Average Acceleration
∆𝑣 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
< 𝑎 >= 𝑎 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡
𝑁
● Direction of average acceleration is always
along the change in velocity vector.
𝑣𝑓 𝐸
Direction of < 𝑎 > is along
the direction of 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 .
< 𝑎 > || 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑖
At a certain time, a particle has a velocity of 18 𝑚/𝑠 in the positive x direction,
2.4 𝑠 later its velocity is 30 𝑚/𝑠 in the opposite direction, what is the average
acceleration during 2.4 𝑠 interval?
∆𝑣 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
< 𝑎 >= 𝑎 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
−30 − 18
𝑎 =
2.4 − 0
𝑎 = −20
𝑎 = −20 𝑚/𝑠 2
Instantaneous Acceleration
𝑣
• Instantaneous acceleration is the slope
of the tangent to the 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph at
any time t.
𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = tan 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑡
𝜃
𝑡
Acceleration
Uniform Non-uniform
Acceleration Acceleration
𝑎 = Constant 𝑎 ≠ Constant
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= Constant ≠ Constant
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
In equal time intervals, change in velocity will be equal. In equal time intervals, change
in velocity will not be equal.
𝑎 𝑣 𝑥
𝑣
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡
Acceleration Time Graph
𝑡
𝑡2 𝑎𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = ∆𝑣
1
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡
Key Points
Position - Time 𝑑𝑥
𝒙 − 𝒕 Graph • Slope = = Velocity
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
• Slope = = Acceleration
Velocity - Time 𝑑𝑡
𝒗 − 𝒕 Graph 𝑡2
• Area =න 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = Displacement
𝑡1
𝑑𝑎
• Slope = = Jerk
Acceleration - Time 𝑑𝑡
𝒂 − 𝒕 Graph 𝑡2
• Area = න 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 = Change in Velocity
𝑡1
Equations of Motion
The equations of motion are valid only when the particle is uniformly accelerated.
• 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
• 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
• 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
A particle moving with 10 𝑚/𝑠 along a straight line is subjected to constant acceleration.
After some time, its velocity is observed to be 30 𝑚/𝑠 . Find out velocity of the particle at
the midpoint of its subsequent path.
𝑎
• Solution :
Let the total distance be 2𝑥
+𝑣𝑒
Distance up to midpoint = 𝑥 𝑂
Solution :
𝑎𝑡 2
Step 1 : Recollect the equation of motion. 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +
2
1 × 𝑡2 𝑥 = 9𝑡 … (2)
𝑥 − 40 = 0 × 𝑡 + … (1)
2
Step 3 : Eliminating 𝑥 𝑡2
40 + = 9𝑡
2
The time taken by the man to catch the bus is 8 seconds. At 10s the bus will overtake the man.
𝑡 =8𝑠
Displacement in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Second
𝑡 =𝑛−1𝑠 𝑡=𝑛𝑠
𝑠𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑠1 = Displacement in 1 second
𝑠2 = Displacement in 2 seconds
𝑠𝑛 = Displacement in 𝑛 seconds
𝑠𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑛 − 𝑠𝑛−1 𝑎
𝑠𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + 2𝑛 − 1
2
The displacement of a body in the 3𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 of the motion is thrice the
displacement in its 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. If the acceleration of the body is 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 , what
is the initial velocity?
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Solution : 𝑠1 = 𝑢 + 2×1−1 =𝑢+ 𝑠=𝑢 + 2𝑛 − 1
2 2 2
𝑎 5𝑎
𝑠3 = 𝑢 + 2 × 3 − 1 = 𝑢 +
2 2
5𝑎 𝑎
𝑢+ =3 𝑢+
2 2
5𝑎 3𝑎
3𝑢 − 𝑢 = −
2 2
2𝑎
𝑢=
4
𝑢 = 2 𝑚/𝑠
Motion under Gravity
𝑡1
In our study of motion under gravity –
𝑡2
A particle is thrown up with a velocity 30 𝑚/𝑠. Find
(i) Time of flight
(ii) Maximum height reached by particle
(iii) Landing speed of particle (assume acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
Method : 𝑂 +
Step 1 : Choose origin and the +𝑣𝑒 direction
−
Step 2 : Tabulate the given data
30 𝑚/𝑠
Step 3 : Use an appropriate equation
𝑎 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2
+
𝑎 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2
30 𝑚/𝑠
𝑢 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 =0𝑚 𝑣𝑓
−
(i) Time of Flight : (ii) Maximum height : (iii) Landing speed
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑇 + 𝑎𝑇 2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
2 By considering the whole
motion of the particle,
1 0 = 302 − 2 × 10 × 𝑠
0 = 30𝑇 − 10 × 𝑇 2
2 𝑣 =𝑢+𝑎×𝑇
302 = 2 × 10 × 𝑠
60𝑇 = 10 × 𝑇2 , (𝑇 ≠ 0)
𝑣𝑓 = 30 − 10 × 6
60 900
𝑇= =6𝑠 𝑠= = 45 𝑚
10 60 𝑣𝑓 = −30 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇 =6𝑠 𝑠 = 45 𝑚 𝑣𝑓 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a tower of height 60 𝑚 with a velocity of
20 𝑚/𝑠. Find the landing speed on ground.
Method :
Step 1 : Choose origin and the +𝑣𝑒 direction
20 𝑚/𝑠
Step 2 : Tabulate the given data
Step 3 : Use an appropriate equation
Solution :
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝑠 +
𝑎 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2
60 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 202 + 2 × (−10) × (−60)
𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣2 = 1600
𝑠 = − 60 𝑚
𝑣 = ±40 𝑚/𝑠 −
1
20ℎ = 0 + × 10 × 25
2
ℎ = 6.25 𝑚
𝑡 = 3 𝑠, the ball passes through 𝑛 storeys.
1
𝑛 × 6.25 = × 10 × 9
2
𝑛 = 7.2
𝑛=7
A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a uniform velocity 5 𝑚/𝑠. If the
balloon was at 60 𝑚 height when the stone was dropped, find the time after
which the stone hits the ground. (Take, 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 ).
Solution:
Applying Second Equation of Motion
𝑎 −10 𝑚/𝑠 2
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑢 5 𝑚/𝑠
2 𝑢
𝑠 −60 𝑚
1
5 𝑚/𝑠 −60 = 5 𝑡 + −10 𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4 𝑠
2 𝑂
60 𝑚 −
𝑡 =4𝑠
Two particles 𝑃 and 𝑄 and separated by 75 𝑚, both are moving towards each
other in a straight line as shown in figure with 𝑎𝑃 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑃 = 15 𝑚/𝑠, and
𝑎𝑄 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑄 = 25 𝑚/𝑠, calculate the time when they meet.
1 2 1 2
𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 75 𝑚
2 𝑃
2 𝑄
1 1
15𝑡 + × 2 × 𝑡 2 = 75 + −25 𝑡 + −4 𝑡 2
2 2
3t 2 + 40t − 75 = 0
5
𝑡= s
3
Two particle 𝑃 and 𝑄 and separated by 75 𝑚, both are moving away from each
other in a straight line as shown in figure with 𝑎𝑃 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑃 = 15 𝑚/𝑠, and
𝑎𝑄 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑄 = 25 𝑚/𝑠, calculate the time when they meet.
1 1
𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 75 𝑚
2 𝑃
2 𝑄
1 1
−15𝑡 + 2 × 2 × 𝑡 2 = 75 + 25𝑡 + 2 −4 𝑡 2
3t 2 − 40t − 75 = 0
𝑡 = 15 𝑠
Special Case: Average Speed
A particle travels half of total distance with speed 𝒗𝟏 and next half with speed 𝒗𝟐 along a straight
line. Find out the average speed of the particle.
𝑆
Time taken to travel first half, 𝑡1 = 𝑣 2𝑆
1
𝑣2
𝑆
Time taken to travel next half, 𝑡2 = 𝑣 𝑣1
2
2𝑣1 𝑣2
<𝑣 >=
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
Special Case: Average Velocity
A person travelling on a straight line moves with uniform velocity 𝒗𝟏 for some time and with
uniform velocity 𝒗𝟐 for the next equal time. Find the average velocity of the person.
Total displacement
Average Velocity = 𝑆1 𝑆2
Total time taken
𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡
<𝑣 >=
2𝑡
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
<𝑣 >=
2
A skate-boarder moving along a straight-line travels one-third of the total
distance with a speed of 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 and the remaining is covered with a speed of 𝟒
𝒎/𝒔 for half the time and 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 for the other half of the time. Find the average
speed during his motion.
Solution:
𝑠
Let 𝑡1 be the time taken for first distance
3
𝑠
𝑡1 = 𝑠
9
2𝑠 Total distance travelled
Let 𝑡2 be the time taken for remaining distance Average speed =
3 Total time taken
𝑡2
Travelled 𝐶𝐸 with a speed of 4 𝑚/𝑠 in first and
2
𝑡
𝑆
then EB with a speed of 5 𝑚/𝑠 in the next 22 <𝑣 >=
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
2𝑆 𝑡2 𝑡2 9𝑡2 𝑆
=4× +5× =
3 2 2 2 <𝑣 >=
7𝑆
4𝑆 27
𝑡2 = 𝑠
27 < 𝒗 >= 3.85 𝑚/𝑠
A police inspector in a car is chasing a pick pocketer on a straight road. The car is
going at its maximum speed 𝑣 (assumed uniform). The pick pocketer starts to ride
on a motorcycle of a waiting friend when the car us at a distance 𝑑 away. The
motorcycle starts with constant acceleration 𝑎. Show that the pickpocket will be
caught if 𝑣 ≥ 2𝑎𝑑.
Solution: 1 2
Distance travelled by the motorcycle during the interval 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡 … (1)
2
𝒗 ≥ 2𝑎𝑑
A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate 𝛼 for some time after which it
decelerates at a constant rate 𝛽 to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is 𝑡, find
the maximum velocity acquired by the car?
Solution:
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
Slope of 𝑂𝐴 curve = tan 𝜃 = 𝛼 =
𝑡1
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 curve = 𝛽 = 𝑣(𝑚/𝑠)
𝑡2
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = +
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝛼 𝛽
𝛼𝛽 𝑂
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡 𝐵
𝛼+𝛽 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡(sec )
An elevator is descending with uniform acceleration. A person in
the elevator drops a coin from the height of 6 𝑓𝑡 above the floor of
the elevator. The coin strikes the floor in 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. What is the
acceleration of the elevator?(Take 𝑔 = 32 𝑓𝑡𝑠 −2 )
6 𝑓𝑡
Solution:
1 2 1 2
𝑔
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 𝑔 1 =
2 2 2
1 2 1 𝑎 𝑂
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 𝑎 1 2 =
2 2 2
6 𝑓𝑡
Total distance covered by the coin is,
𝑎 𝑔 +𝑣𝑒
6+ = 𝑆𝑐
2 2
𝑆𝑒
𝑎 32
6+ =
2 2
𝑎 = 20 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
Graphical Proof of EOMs
Acceleration = Slope of 𝑣−𝑡 curve Displacement = Area under 𝑣−𝑡 curve Displacement = Area under 𝑣−𝑡 curve
1 1
𝑎 = tan 𝜃 𝑆 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐵𝐷 × 𝑂𝐷 𝑆 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐵𝐷 × 𝑂𝐷
2 2
𝑣−𝑢 1 1
𝑎= 𝑆= 𝑢+𝑣 × 𝑡 𝑆 = 𝑢+𝑣 × 𝑡
𝑡 2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 1 2 𝑣−𝑢
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 (Put , 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) 𝑣2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠 Put, 𝑡 =
2 𝑎
Relations b/w Motion Parameters
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑2𝑥
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
Acceleration can be represented in two ways 𝑎
𝑑𝑣
𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑥2
𝑡2 Δ 𝑣2 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
Area = 𝑡𝑑𝑎 𝑡 = Δ𝑣 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 . Area = න 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = =
1
𝑥1 2 2
A particle located at 𝑥 = 0 at time 𝑡 = 0 starts moving
along the positive 𝑥 direction with a velocity 𝑣 that varies as 𝑣 = 𝛼 𝑥.
i) How does acceleration of the particle vary with time.
ii)What is average velocity of the particle after the 𝑆 meter of its path.
Solution:
1 2
𝑣=𝛼 𝑥 𝑣=𝛼 𝑥 𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 1 2 𝑆
= [𝛼 𝑥] 𝑆 = 𝑎𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡 =
𝑣 2 = 𝛼 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝛼
𝑑𝑣 𝛼 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2𝑣 = 𝛼2 𝑆
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 < 𝑣 >=
𝑎=𝑣 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑆 𝛼 𝑆
𝑑𝑣 = =
2𝑎 = 𝛼 2 𝑎=𝑣 𝛼
𝑑𝑥 𝑎=𝛼 𝑥× 2 𝑆 2
2 𝑥 𝛼
𝛼2 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑆
𝑎= = Constant 𝑎= = Constant <𝑣 >=
2 2 2
Calculus proof of EOMs
𝑡 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= න 𝑎𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0 𝑢
𝑥𝑓 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 2
𝑣= න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑥𝑖 0 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑥𝑓
𝑎=𝑣 න 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑎𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎∆𝑥 = 2𝑎(𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑥𝑖
Solution:
Two particles A and B move with constant velocities 10 𝑚/𝑠 and
5 𝑚/𝑠 along the paths shown in the figure. Find the time after
which the particles are closest?
Solution :
10 𝑚/𝑠 50 − 10𝑡
At time 𝑡,
20 − 5𝑡
10𝑡
𝑆= 50 − 10𝑡 2 + 20 − 5𝑡 2 𝑆
5t
𝑑𝑆
5 𝑚/𝑠
=0
𝑑𝑡
1
× [2 × 50 − 10𝑡 (−10) + 2 × 20 − 5𝑡 (−5)] = 0
2 50 − 10𝑡 2 + 20 − 5𝑡 2
−20 × 50 − 10𝑡 − 10 × 20 − 5𝑡 = 0
𝑡 = 4.8 𝑠
Acceleration vs time graph of a particle moving in a straight line
from rest is as shown in the figure. What is the corresponding
T velocity time graph.
Solution:
𝑎 Equation of line, 𝑎 = −𝑚𝑣 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑣 𝑘 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑡
𝑎= = −𝑚𝑣 + 𝐶 𝑣=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚′
𝑣
𝑑𝑣
න = න 𝑑𝑡
−𝑚𝑣 + 𝐶
ln(−𝑚𝑣 + 𝐶) 𝑣
=𝑡+𝑐
−𝑚
𝐶 − 𝑒 −𝑚(𝑡+𝑐)
𝑣= 𝑡
𝑚
The acceleration of a particle travelling along a straight line is shown
in the figure. Draw 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph and then find maximum speed of the
particle.
If position of a particle moving in a straight line is given by
𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡. Find the displacement and distance travelled
in (0 − 4 𝑠) ?
Solution:
Displacement = 𝑥4 − 𝑥0 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4
0 = −12𝑚
⇒ 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 − 3 = 0
Distance = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 3
0 + 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4
3 = 18 + 6 = 24 𝑚
At 𝑡 = 0, a particle is at rest at origin. It is now moving in a straight
line with an acceleration of 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for first 2 𝑠 and −2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for next
4 𝑠 as shown in 𝑎 − 𝑡 graph.
Plot graphs for
a) Speed 𝑣𝑠 time
b) Distance 𝑣𝑠 time
2 Solution:
𝑎 𝑚/𝑠 2
Distance
2 6 𝑡 (𝑠)
Speed
−2
𝑡
𝑡
From point A located on highway as shown in figure, one must get by car as
soon as possible to point B located in the field at a distance 𝑙 from the highway.
It is known that the car moves in the field n times slower than the highway. At
what distance from point D one must turn off the highway?
Solution:
Let the speed on highway = 𝑣 𝑥
𝑣
Let the speed on field =
𝑛
AC = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦
Time to reach B,
𝑡 = 𝑡𝐴𝐶 + 𝑡𝐶𝐵
𝑥−𝑦 𝑙2 + 𝑦 2
𝑡= + 𝑣
𝑣
𝑛
𝑥, 𝑙, 𝑛, 𝑣 are constants here
𝑑 𝑥
For minimum time,
𝑑𝑡
=0 ( 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑛𝑦 𝑙
=− + =0 𝑦=
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑣 𝑙2 + 𝑦 2 𝑛2 − 1
Relative Position
𝑥-axis 𝑥Ԧ𝐵𝐴
Position of 𝐵 with respect to 𝑂: 𝑥Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑥Ԧ𝐵𝑂
𝑂 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥𝐴
Position of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴- 𝑥𝐵
𝑂 𝐴 𝐵
Velocity of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴 is 𝑎𝐴 𝑎𝐵
𝑣Ԧ𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐵𝑂 − 𝑣Ԧ𝐴𝑂 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐵 − 𝑣Ԧ𝐴
𝑥-axis 𝑣𝐵𝐴
Acceleration of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴 is
𝑂/𝐴 𝐵
𝑎Ԧ𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎Ԧ𝐵𝑂 − 𝑎Ԧ𝐴𝑂 = 𝑎Ԧ𝐵 − 𝑎Ԧ𝐴 𝑎𝐵𝐴
• With the change in frame, the origin of every parameter is recalibrated. Now, the reference
frame in consideration is the new rest
𝑃 : A random observer
• Motion is a combined property of the object under study as well as the observer.
• Motion is always relative. There is no such thing as absolute motion or absolute rest.
Two particles 𝑃 and 𝑄 initially separated by 75 𝑚, are moving towards
each other along a straight line as shown in figure with 𝑎𝑃 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 ,
𝑢𝑃 = 15 𝑚/𝑠, and 𝑎𝑄 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑄 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 Calculate the time when they
meet.
+𝑥
𝑎𝑃 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎𝑄 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑢𝑄 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 Solution:
𝑢𝑃 = 15 𝑚/𝑠
1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑃 𝑄 2
1 2
75 𝑚 𝑠𝑄𝑃 = 𝑠𝑄𝑃 + 𝑢 𝑄𝑃 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑄𝑃 𝑡
0 2
1
𝑎𝑄𝑃 = 6 𝑚/𝑠 2 0 = 75 − 40𝑡 + −6 𝑡 2
Observer on P at rest 2
𝑢𝑄𝑃 = 40 𝑚/𝑠
𝑃 𝑄 +𝑥 5
𝑡= 𝑠
3
75 𝑚
Consider two stones 𝐴 & 𝐵 which are being projected as shown with
speeds 20 𝑚/𝑠 and 40 𝑚/𝑠 respectively as seen by a stationary observer
on ground. Find the time when they meet.
𝐵
40 𝑚/𝑠
60 𝑚
20 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴
Solution: Normal Method
Solution:
𝐵
At meeting point,
+𝑦 40 𝑚/𝑠
Position of 𝐴 = Position of 𝐵
1 1
20𝑡 − 2 10 𝑡 2 = 60 − 40𝑡 + 2 10 𝑡 2 60 𝑚
40𝑡 + 5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 = 60
20 𝑚/𝑠
60𝑡 = 60 𝐴
𝑡 =1𝑠
Solution: Relative Method
𝑎Ԧ𝐴𝐴 = 0 𝑎Ԧ𝐵𝐵 = 0
Formulae:
Formulae: Displacement = Velocity × Time
Displacement = Velocity × Time
Solution: Solution:
0 − 60 = −60 × 𝑡 0 − −60 = 60 × 𝑡
𝑡 =1𝑠 𝑡 =1𝑠
Consider an open lift as shown below. If a boy throws a coin upwards
with initial velocity 20 𝑚/𝑠 in a lift which is moving upwards with initial
speed 2 𝑚/𝑠 and acceleration 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Then find the time taken by the
coin to fall back to his hands. (Take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
20 𝑚/𝑠 Formulae:
1
𝑠𝐶𝐿 = 𝑢𝐶𝐿 𝑡 + 𝑎𝐶𝐿 𝑡 2
𝑦 2
Solution:
1
0 = 20𝑡 + −11 × 𝑡 2
𝑥 2
40
𝑡 = 0𝑠, 𝑠
11
Observer in lift frame
40
𝑡= 𝑠
11
Solution: Relative Method
Observer on ground:
𝑢𝑐 = 22 𝑚Τ𝑠 , 𝑢𝐸 = 2 𝑚Τ𝑠
Formulae:
Displacement of Coin = Displacement of Elevator
1 1
𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 𝐶
2
𝐸
22 𝑚/𝑠
−10 𝑚/𝑠 2 2 𝑚Τ𝑠 Solution:
1 𝑚/𝑠 2 1 1
0 + 22𝑡 + −10 𝑡 = 0 + 2𝑡 + 1 𝑡 2
2
2 2
40
𝑡 = 0, 𝑠
Observer on ground 11
40
𝑡= 𝑠
11
A truck is initially 14 𝑚 ahead of the car when it starts moving with
constant acceleration of 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 . At the same instant, the car starts
moving with constant speed of 9 𝑚/𝑠. Find the time taken by the car to
catch the truck.
9 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
14 𝑚
Solution: Normal Method
14 𝑚
+𝑥
Solution:
1 2 1 2
𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥0 + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 𝐶
2
𝑇
1
0 + 9𝑡 + 0 = 14 + 0 + 2 𝑡2
2
𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 + 14 = 0
𝑡 = 7 𝑠, 2 𝑠
Solution: Relative Method
14 𝑚
+𝑥
Solution:
1
𝑢 𝑇𝐶 = 𝑢 𝑇 − 𝑢𝐶 𝑠𝑇𝐶 = 𝑠𝑇𝐶 0 + 𝑢 𝑇𝐶 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑇𝐶 𝑡 2
2
= −9 𝑚/𝑠 1
0 = 14 + −9 𝑡 + 2 × 𝑡2
𝑎 𝑇𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑇 − 𝑎𝐶 2
𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 80 = 0
= 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 = 7𝑠, 2 𝑠