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Chemical Reactions and Equations Notes & Worksheets

Read the notes and do the active worksheets that follow in the document itself (type in the
answers in red, rename the document and save) OR print and stick notes in notebook answer
questions in notebook.
Whichever you choose to do is fine but your work, up to page 6, must be submitted in the google
classroom by the end of the class.

8.1 Describing Chemical Reactions

physical change: retain original properties, characteristics, etc…

appearance may change but not the properties

chemical change: produces one or more new substances with new properties,
characteristics, etc…
the new substance can no longer be returned to its original form

physical change chemical change

melting ice rusting iron
tearing paper burning paper, wood, etc…
splitting wood cooking an egg
mixing a cake baking a cake

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new
substances with different physical and chemical properties.

Clues to a Chemical Reaction

▪ Color change

▪ Formation of a solid (ppt)

▪ Formation of a gas (bubbles)

▪ Heat and/or flame is produced or absorbed

Exothermic: refers to a rxn where energy (as heat) flows from the system (HOT)
Endothermic: refers to a rxn where energy (as heat) flows into system (COLD)

DEMO

1. color change (sugar + H2SO4)

2. gas (chalk + H2SO4) (Zn + H2SO4)
3. ppt (HgNO3 + HCl)
4. Heat produced (Mg + flame) (Na + H2O)
5. Heat absorbed (Ba(OH)2 + NH4SCN)
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During chemical reactions:

1) Atoms have the opportunity to obtain a complete set of valence electrons and
become more stable. Old bonds are broken, new bonds are formed and atoms
are REARRANGED.
2) Involves a rearrangement of the ways in which atoms are grouped. The atoms
form bonds to become stable (set of 8). New molecules usually result.
3) This process always involves energy
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Chemical reactions are represented by sentences known as chemical equations. A chemical

equation describes exactly what happens in a chemical reaction. A chemical equation shows
compounds before a chemical reaction takes place on the left (reactants) and compounds formed
from the chemical reaction on the right (products).

Reactants 🡪 Products

The arrow in the equation is read as “yields” or “produces”

Chemical equations can be

1. Word Equations
Ex) calcium + oxygen 🡪 calcium oxide

2. Formula Equations (Chemical Equations): uses chemical symbols and formulas

Ex) 2Ca + O2 🡪 2CaO

Physical States and Symbols in a Reaction

In an equation the physical states of the reactants and the products are indicated by using
the following symbols;

Symbol Meaning
(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gas
(aq) Dissolved in water (aqueous solution)
� yields
↔ reversible reaction
Δ, heat reactants are heated
Catalyst added to speed up a rxn

Homework
1. What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new
substances with different physical and chemical properties.

2. When water boils on a stove does a chemical change or physical change take place?
A physical change takes place.

3. Give four examples of evidence that suggests a chemical change is occurring.

Four examples are: 1. Colour changes, 2. Formation of a solid(ppt), 2. Formation of a
gas(bubbles) and 4. Heat and/or flame is produced/absorbed.

4. When propane gas, C3H8, is burned with oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and
water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states for the reaction.
C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
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5. What does “Mn” above the arrow in a formula equation mean?

“Mn” is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

6. What symbol is used in a chemical equation to indicate “produces” or “yields”?

An arrow, →, is used in a chemical equation to indicate “produces” or “yeilds”.

7. Solid silicon and solid magnesium chloride form when silicon tetrachloride gas reacts
with magnesium metal. Write a word equation and an unbalanced formula equation
including physical states.
Silicon Tetrachloride(g) + Magnesium(s) → Silicon(s) +Magnesium chloride(s)
SiCl4(g) + Mg(s) → Si(s) + MgCl2(s)

8. Magnesium oxide forms from magnesium metal and oxygen gas. Write a word equation
and an unbalanced formula equation including physical states.
Magnesium(s) + Oxygen(g) → Magnesium oxide(s)
Mg(s) + O2(g) + MgO(s)

9. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is produced through the reaction between tetraphosphorus

decoxide and water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states for
the reaction.
P4O6(s) + H2O(l) → H3PO4(l)

10. Aluminum reacts with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide. Write an unbalanced formula
equation including physical states for the reaction.
Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O2(s)

8.2 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Notice that in a chemical reaction, ATOMS ARE NEITHER CREATED NOR

DESTROYED, THEY ARE CONSERVED (Law of Conservation of Matter). The atoms are
just rearranged and connected differently. All atoms present in the reactants must be accounted
for among the products. In other words, there must be the same number of each type of atom on
the product side as on the reactant side of the arrow. This is called BALANCING THE
CHEMICAL EQUATION for the reaction. When balancing an equation the identities (formulas)
of the compounds must never be changed. In other words, the subscripts in the formula cannot be
changed, nor can atoms be added or subtracted from a formula. The correct way to balance is to
use COEFFICIENTS: the number in front of a chemical formula (must be simplest integers).

HINTS
1. Balance by inspection
2. Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last
4. Balance using polyatomic ions to save time
5. Odd-Even Technique (Use fractions to balance then multiply by 2).
6. 7 diatomic elements ONLY WHEN ALONE (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
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Ex) K(s) + H2O(l) 🡪 H2(g) + KOH(aq)

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 🡪 H2(g) + 2KOH(aq)

Ex) H2(g) + O2(g) 🡪 H2O(l)

2H2(g) + O2(g) 🡪 2H2O(l)

Ex) NH3(g) + O2(g) 🡪 NO(g) + H2O(g)

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 🡪 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

Ex) SiO2(s) + HF(aq) 🡪 SiF4(g) + H2O(l)

SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) 🡪 SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)

More Examples

KClO3 🡪 KCl + O2
2KClO3(s) 🡪 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

C2H5OH + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 🡪 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

Fe + H2O 🡪 Fe3O4 + H2

2Fe(s) + 3H2O(l) → Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

Cd(NO3)2 + H2S 🡪 CdS(s) + HNO3

Cd(NO3)2(s) + H2S(g) 🡪 CdS + 2 HNO3(l)

SnF4 + Cr(ClO3)3 🡪 Sn(ClO3)4 + CrF3

3SnF4(s) + 4Cr(ClO3)3(s) 🡪 3 Sn(ClO3)4(s) + 4 CrF3(s)

Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 🡪 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O

2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(l) 🡪 Al2(SO4)3(s) + 6H2O(l)

KNO3 + H2SO4 + Hg 🡪 K2SO4 + HgSO4 + H2O + NO

2KNO3(s) + 4H2SO4(l) + 3Hg(l) 🡪 K2SO4(s) + 3HgSO4(s) + 4H2O(l) +
2NO(g)

KMnO4 + HCl 🡪 KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O

2KMnO4(s) + 16HCl(g) 🡪 2KCl(s) + 2MnCl2(s) + 5Cl2(g) + 8H2O(l)
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Balancing Equations Worksheet

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H2 + O2 => H2O
1
2H2(g) + O2(g) = 2H2O(g)
H3PO4 + KOH => K3PO4 + H2O
2
H3PO4(s) + 3KOH(s) = K3PO4(s) + 3H2O(l)
K + B2O3 => K2O + B
3
6K(s) + B2O3(s) = 3K2O(s) + 2B(s)
HCl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O
4
HCl(g) + NaOH(s) => NaCl(s) + H2O(l)
Na + NaNO3 => Na2O + N2
5
10Na(s) + 2NaNO3(s) => 6Na2(sd) + N2(g)
C + S8 => CS2
6
4C(g) + S8(s) => 4CS2(l)
Na + O2 => Na2O2
7
2Na(s) + O2(g) => Na2O2(s)
N2 + O2 => N2O5
8
2N2(g) + 5O2(g) => 2N2O5(s)
H3PO4 + Mg(OH)2 => Mg3(PO4)2 + H2O
9
2H3PO4(s) + 3Mg(OH)2(s) => Mg3(PO4)2(s) +6 H2O(l)
NaOH + H2CO3 => Na2CO3 + H2O
10
2NaOH(s) + H2CO3(g) => Na2CO3(s) + 2H2O(g)
KOH + HBr => KBr + H2O
11
KOH(s) + HBr(g) => KBr(s) + H2O(l)
H2 + O2 => H2O2
12
H2(g) + O2(g) => H2O2(l)
Na + O2 => Na2O
13
4Na(s) + O2(g) => 2Na2O(s)
Al(OH)3 + H2CO3 => Al2(CO3)3 + H2O
14
2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2CO3(g) => Al2(CO3)3(s) +6 H2O(l)
Al + S8 => Al2S3
15
16Al(s) + 3S8(s) => 8Al2S3(s)
Cs + N2 => Cs3N
16
6Cs(l) + N2(g) => 2Cs3N
Mg + Cl2 => MgCl2
17
Mg(s) + Cl2(g) => MgCl2(s)
Rb + RbNO3 => Rb2O + N2
18
10Rb(s) + 2RbNO3(s) => 6Rb2O(s) + N2(g)
C6H6 + O2 => CO2 + H2O
19
2C6H6(l) + 15O2(g) => 12CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
N2 + H2 => NH3
20
N2(g) + 3H2(g) => 2NH3(l)
C10H22 + O2 => CO2 + H2O
21
2C10H22(l) +31 O2(g) =>20 CO2(g) + 22H2O(l)
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Al(OH)3 + HBr => AlBr3 + H2O

22
Al(OH)3(s) + 3HBr(g) => AlBr3(s) + 3H2O(l)
C4H10 + O2 => CO2 + H2O
23
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) => 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
DO EXAMPLES OF WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. Solid mercury II oxide decomposes to produce liquid mercury metal and gaseous
oxygen
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

2. Solid carbon reacts with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide
C2(s) + 2O2(g) →2 CO2(g)

3. Solid zinc is added to an aqueous solution containing dissolved hydrogen chloride to

produce gaseous hydrogen that bubbles out of solution and zinc chloride that remains
dissolved in water
Zn(s) + 2HCl(g) → H2(g) +ZnCl2(aq)

Write the formula equation for the following reactions and balance:

1. Ammonia (NH3) reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.

NH3(aq) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

2. When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) Δ→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

3. Barium oxide reacts with water to form barium hydroxide.

BaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(s)

4. Zinc reacts with copper (II) nitrate to form zinc nitrate and copper.

Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)

5. When heated, calcium sulfite decomposes to form calcium oxide and sulfur dioxide.

CaSO 3(s)Δ → CaO (s) + SO 2(g)

6. Iron reacts with sulfuric acid to form iron (II) sulfate and hydrogen gas.
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) →FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

7. Manganese (II) iodide decomposes when exposed to light to form manganese and iodine.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO
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8. Lead (II) acetate reacts with zinc to produce zinc acetate and lead.
Pb(CH3COO)2(s) + Zn(s) → Zn(CH3COO)2(s) + Pb(s)

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction of a carbon-based compound (Hydrocarbon) with oxygen.
Carbon-based cmpd + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide + water

Carbon-based cmpd + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O

Ex) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 🡪 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Ex) CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) 🡪 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

Synthesis Reactions (Composition Reactions)

Two or more substances combine to form a single more complex substance.

Element or compound + element or compound 🡪 compound

A + X 🡪 AX

Ex) Fe + S 🡪 FeS
Ex) H2O + SO3 🡪 H2SO4

Decomposition Reactions
One substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.

Compound 🡪 two or more elements or compounds

AX 🡪 A + X

Ex) 2H2O 🡪 2H2 + O2

Ex) 2KClO3 🡪 2KCl + 3O2

Six Types of Decomposition Reactions

Most decomposition reactions are endothermic, that is they are promoted by heat,
light or electricity.

1. Metallic carbonates, when heated, form metallic oxides and carbon dioxide.

MCO3 🡪 MO + CO2 (M = metal)

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Ex) CaCO3 🡪 CaO + CO2

2. Metallic hydroxides, when heated, decompose into metallic oxides and water.

MOH 🡪 MO + H2O (M = metal)

Ex) Ca(OH)2 🡪 CaO + H2O

3. Metallic chlorates, when heated, decompose into metallic chlorides and

oxygen.

MClO3 🡪 MCl + O2 (M = metal)

Ex) 2KClO3 🡪 2KCl + 3O2

4. Some acids, when heated, decompose into nonmetallic oxides and water.

Acid 🡪 H2O + NMO (NM = nonmetal)

Ex) H2CO3 🡪 H2O + CO2

Ex) H2SO3 🡪 H2O + SO2
Ex) H2SO4 🡪 H2O + SO3

5. Some oxides, when heated, decompose.

Ex) 2HgO 🡪 2Hg + O2

Ex) 2PbO2 🡪 2PbO + O2

6. An electric current produces some decomposition reactions.

The separation of a compound into simpler substances by the use of an
electric current is called electrolysis.

Ex) 2H2O + elec. 🡪 2H2 + O2

Ex) 2NaCl + elec. 🡪 2Na + Cl2

Single Replacement Reactions

One substance is replaced in its compound by another substance. Element reacts
with a compound to set free a different element and form a new compound.

Element + compound 🡪 element + compound

A + BX 🡪 AX + B
Y + BX 🡪 X + BY

Ex) Fe + CuSO4 🡪 FeSO4 + Cu

Ex) Cu + AgNO3 🡪 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
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The possibility of a single replacement reaction taking place depends upon the
relative activities of the elements involved. Refer to the activity series chart
(handout or page 281 textbook) to complete reactions.

Rules for Completing Single Replacement Reactions

1. Locate the element on the reactant side and decide whether it is a metal or
nonmetal.
2. Decide what element in the compound it will replace.
3. Check the activity series chart.
a. if the element is above the one it is replacing a reaction will occur.
b. If the element is below the one it is replacing, no reaction
4. Write correct formulas and balance.
Four Types of Single Replacement Reactions

1. Replacement of a metal in a compound by a more active metal.

Ex) Zn + CuSO4 🡪 ZnSO4 + Cu

Ex) Pb(C2H3O2)2 + Zn 🡪 Zn(C2H3O2)2 + Pb

2. Replacement of hydrogen in water by more active metals.

Ex) Ca + 2H2O 🡪 Ca(OH)2 + H2

3. Replacement of hydrogen in acids by more active metals.

Ex) Zn + H2SO4 🡪 ZnSO4 + H2

4. Replacement of halogens.

Ex) Cl2 + 2KBr 🡪 2KCl + Br2

Ex) Cl2 + 2NaI 🡪 2NaCl + I2

Double Displacement Reactions (Ionic Exchange Reactions)

Ions in solution combine to form a new product
Two compounds react (usually in a water solution) to produce two new compounds.
For ionic reaction to occur a product must form that separates ions from the reaction
by creating a precipitate (solubility rules), an insoluble gas, or a new species.

compound AB + compound CD 🡪 compound AD + compound CB

AX + BY 🡪 AY + BX

Ex) NaCl + AgNO3 🡪 NaNO3 + AgCl(ppt)

Ex) Pb(NO3)2 + KI 🡪 PbI2(ppt) + KNO3

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Ex) Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 🡪 2HOH + CaSO4

Some chemical reactions do not fit nicely into one of the four categories of chemical reactions.
This different class of reactions is called REDOX reactions, which will be discussed, in later
chapters.

Ex) C2H5OH + 3O2 🡪 2CO2 + 3H2O

Chapter 8 Reaction Prediction

For each of the following equations:
a) Identify the type of reaction.
b) Complete the equation with words.
c) Change the words into correct formulas.
d) Correctly balance the equation.
1) Aluminum + hydrochloric acid 🡪 Aluminium chloride + Hydrogen(Single
Replacement)
2Al +6 HCl → 2AlC3 +3H2

2) Sodium + chlorine 🡪 Sodium chloride (synthesis reaction)

Na + Cl = NaCl

3) Magnesium + zinc nitrate 🡪 Magnesium Nitrate + Zinc( single replacement

reaction)
2Mg + 2Zn(NO)3 → 2Mg(NO)3 + Zn2

4) Mercury + oxygen 🡪 Murcury(II) oxide(synthesis reaction)

2Hg + O2 → 2HgO

5) Calcium hydroxide (heated) heat🡪 Calcium oxide + Water(Decomposition

reaction)
Ca(OH)2 Δ→ CaO + H2O

6) Zinc chloride + hydrogen sulfide 🡪 Zinc sulfide + hydrogen chloride(double

replacement reaction)
ZnCl2 + H2S → ZnS + 2HCl

7) Sodium sulfate + barium chloride 🡪 Barium Sulfate + Sodium Chloride(Double

replacement reaction)
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSo4 + 2NaCl
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8) Zinc carbonate (heated) 🡪 Zinc oxide + Carbon Dioxide(decomposition reaction)

ZnCO3 → Heat ZnO + CO2

9) Water (electrolyzed) 🡪 Hydrogen + Oxygen(Decomposition Reaction)

2H2O → 2H2 + O2

10) Potassium chlorate (heated) 🡪 Potassium chloride + Oxygen(decomposition

reaction)
2KClO3 → heat 2KCl + 3O2

11) Mercury + nitric acid 🡪 Murcury(II) nitrate + Water + nitrogen oxide

3Hg + 8HNO3 → 4H2O + 3Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO(synthesis)

12) Fluorine + potassium bromide 🡪 Potassium Fluoride + Bromine(single

replacement)
2F + 2KBr →2KF + Br2

13) Lithium + bromine 🡪Lithium Bromide(synthesis)

2Li + Br2 → 2LiBr

14) Potassium sulfide + iron (II) nitrate 🡪 Iron(II) sulfide + Potassium nitrate(double
replacement)
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3K2S = 6KNO3 + Fe2S3

15) Calcium chloride + ammonium hydroxide 🡪 Calcium hydroxide + Ammonium

Chloride(Double replacement)
CaCl2 + 2NH4OH = Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4C

8.4 Writing Net Ionic Equations

• Ionic compounds dissolve in water

KI(aq) 🡪 K+ (aq) + I- (aq)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) 🡪 Pb2+(aq) + 2NO31-(aq)

• Reaction between KI and Pb(NO3)2

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
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• Total Ionic Equation

2K+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO31- (aq) → PbI2(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO31-(aq)

• Spectator ions remain unchanged in the solution as aqueous ions. They do not react.
CANCEL THEM OUT
2K+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO31- (aq) → PbI2(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO31-(aq)

• The net ionic equation is the chemical equation that shows only the net change.
2I–(aq) + Pb2+ (aq) → PbI2(s)

DO MORE EXAMPLES
potassium sulfate and barium nitrate
sodium carbonate and calcium chloride

Section 8.4 Net Ionic Equations

● Attached worksheet

Practice Problems on Net Ionic Equations:

Show the total ionic and net ionic forms of the following equations. If all species are
spectator ions, please indicate that no reaction takes place. Note! You need to make sure
the original equation is balanced before proceeding! A set of solubility rules are given at
the end of this document.

1. AgNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO3 (aq)

2. Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → MgCO3 (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

 15

3. strontium bromide (aq) + potassium sulfate (aq) → strontium sulfate (s)

+ potassium bromide (aq)

4. manganese(II) chloride (aq) + ammonium carbonate (aq) →

manganese(II) carbonate (s) + ammonium chloride (aq)

5. chromium(III) nitrate (aq) + iron(II) sulfate (aq) → chromium(III) sulfate (aq)

+ iron(II) nitrate (aq)

Please complete the following reactions, and show the total ionic and net ionic forms of the
equation:

6. K3PO4 (aq) + Al(NO3)3 (aq) →

7. BeI2 (aq) + Cu2SO4 (aq) →

8. Ni(NO3)3 (aq) + KBr (aq) →

9. cobalt(III) bromide + potassium sulfide →

10. barium nitrate + ammonium phosphate →

11. calcium hydroxide + iron(III) chloride →

12. rubidium fluoride + copper(II) sulfate →

Solubility Rules

1. All salts of Group IA, and ammonium are soluble.

2. All salts of nitrates, chlorates and acetates are soluble.

3. All salts of halides are soluble except those of silver(I), copper(I), lead(II), and
mercury(I).
 16

4. All salts of sulfate are soluble except for barium sulfate, lead(II) sulfate, and strontium
sulfate.

5. All salts of carbonate, phosphate and sulfite are insoluble, except for those of group IA
and ammonium.

6. All oxides and hydroxides are insoluble except for those of group IA, calcium,
strontium and barium.

7. All salts of sulfides and insoluble except for those of Group IA and IIA elements and
of ammonium.