2.

4 The Binomial Distribution 習題第 1 頁共 5 頁

2.4-1 An urn contains 7 red and 11 white balls. Draw one ball at random from the urn. Let X  1 if a red ball
is drawn, and let X  0 if a white ball is drawn. Give the pmf, mean, and variance of X .
x 1 x
7  11 
解： f ( x)      , x  0, 1 .
 18   18 

7
E( X )  p 
18
7 11 77
Var ( X )  pq   
18 18 324

2.4-2 An urn contains 7 red and 11 white balls. Draw one ball at random from the urn. Let X  5 if a red
ball is drawn, and let X  5 if a white ball is drawn. Give the pmf, mean, and variance of X .
7
, 𝑥=5
解：𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {18
11
, 𝑥 = −5
18

7 11 20 10
𝐸 (𝑋) = (5) ( ) + (−5) ( ) = − =−
18 18 18 9

7 11 10 2 1925
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 52 ( ) + (−5)2 ( ) − (− ) =
18 18 9 81

2.4-3 On a six-question multiple-choice test there are five possible answers for each question, of which one is
correct (C) and four are incorrect (I). If a student guesses randomly and independently, find the probability
of
(a) Being correct only on questions 1 and 4 (i.e., scoring C, I, I, C, I, I).
(b) Being correct on two questions.
1 4 4 1 4 4 256
解：(a)        0.016384
5 5 5 5 5 5 15625
2 4
1 4 3840 768
(b) C     
6
2   0.24576
 5   5  15625 3125

2.4-7 Suppose that 2000 points are selected independently and at random from the unit square
{( x, y ) : 0  x  1, 0  y  1} . Let W equal the number of points that fall in A  {( x, y) : x 2  y 2  1} .
(a) How is W distributed?
(b) Give the mean, variance, and standard deviation of W .
(c) What is the expected value of W / 500 ?
解：(a) W ~ b(2000,  / 4)
(b) E (W )  (2000)( / 4)  500 , Var (W )  (2000)( / 4)(1   / 4)  500 (1   / 4)

  500 (1   / 4)

(c) E (W / 500)  E (W ) / 500  500 / 500  

 2.4 The Binomial Distribution 習題第 2 頁共 5 頁
2.4-10 A certain type of mint has a label weight of 20.4 grams. Suppose that the probability is 0.90 that a
mint weighs more than 20.7 grams. Let X equal the number of mints that weigh more than 20.7
grams in a sample of 8 mints selected at random.
(a) How is X distributed if we assume independence?
(b) Find (i) P( X  8) , (ii) P( X  6) , and (iii) P( X  6) .
（至最末頁參考資料查表求機率值）
解：(a) X ~ b(8, 0.9)

(b)(i) P( X  8)  C88 (0.9)8 (0.1) 0  (0.9)8  0.4305

(ii) P( X  6)  P(8  X  8  6)  P(Y  2) 【 Y  8  X ， Y ~ b(8, 0.1) 】

 1  P(Y  1)  1  0.8131  0.1869 （查二項分配表）
(iii) P( X  6)  P(8  X  8  6)  P(Y  2)  0.9619 （查二項分配表）

2.4-11 A random variable X has a binomial distribution with mean 6 and variance 3.6 . Find P( X  4) .

解： E ( X )  np  6 , Var ( X )  np(1  p)  3.6

 n  15, p  0.4
P( X  4)  C415 (0.4) 4 (0.6)11  0.1268

2.4-12 In the casino game chuck-a-luck, three fair six-sided dice are rolled. One possible bet is $1 on fives,
and the payoff is equal to $1 for each five on that roll. In addition, the dollar bet is returned if at least one
five is rolled. The dollar that was bet is lost only if no five are rolled. Let 𝑋 denote the payoff for this
game. Then 𝑋 can equal −1, 1, 2, or 3.
(a) Determine the pmf 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
(b) Calculate 𝜇, 𝜎 2 , and 𝜎.
125
, 𝑥 = −1
216
75
, 𝑥=1
216
解：(a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 15
216
, 𝑥=2
1
{216 , 𝑥=3
125 75 15 1 17
(b) 𝜇 = (−1) (216) + (1) (216) + (2) (216) + (3) (216) = − 216

125 75 15 1 17 2 57815
𝜎 2 = (−1)2 (216) + (1)2 (216) + (2)2 (216) + (3)2 (216) − (− 216) = 46656 ≈ 1.2392

57815
𝜎 = √46656 ≈ 1.11
 2.4 The Binomial Distribution 習題第 3 頁共 5 頁
2.4-13 It is claimed that for a particular lottery, 1 / 10 of the 50 million tickets will win a prize. What is the
probability of winning at least one prize if you purchase (a) 10 tickets ?

解：(a) P( X  1)  1  P( X  0)  1  C010 (0.1) 0 (0.9)10  1  (0.9)10  0.6513

2.4-14 It is claimed that for a particular lottery, 1 / 10 of the 50 million tickets will win a prize, find the
smallest number of tickets that must be purchased so that the probability of winning at least one prize is
greater than (a) 0.50.
ln 0.5
解：(a) 1  (0.9) n  0.5  (0.9) n  0.5  n ln 0.9  ln 0.5  n   6.58 【 ln 0.9  0 】
ln 0.9
取n  7.

2.4-15 A hospital obtains 40% of its flu vaccine (流行性感冒疫苗) from Company A, 50% from
Company B, and 10% from Company C. From past experience, it is known that 3% of the vials (藥水
瓶) from A are ineffective, 2% from B are ineffective, and 5% from C are ineffective. The hospital
tests five vials from each shipment. If at least one of the five is ineffective, find the conditional probability
of that shipment’s having come from C.
(0.1)(1  0.955 )
解：  0.178
(0.4)(1  0.975 )  (0.5)(1  0.985 )  (0.1)(1  0.955 )

2.4-16 A company starts a fund of 𝑀 dollars, from which it pays $2500 to each employee who achieves high
performance during the year. The probability of each employee achieving this goal is 0.15 and is
independent of the probabilities of the other employees doing so. If there are 𝑛 = 20 employees, how
much should M equal so that the fund has a probability of at least 98% of covering those payments?
（至最末頁參考資料查表求機率值）
解：𝑋~𝑏(20, 0.15)
𝑃(2500𝑋 ≤ 𝑀) ≥ 0.98
𝑀
𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 2500) ≥ 0.98

查二項分配表，可得𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 7) = 0.9941 > 0.98

𝑀
故 = 7，亦即 𝑀 = 17500
2500
 2.4 The Binomial Distribution 習題第 4 頁共 5 頁
2.4-18 In group testing for a certain disease, a blood sample was taken from each of 𝑛 individuals and part of
each sample was placed in a common pool. The latter was then tested. If the result was negative, there was
no more testing and all n individuals were declared negative with one test. If, however, the combined
result was found positive, all individuals were tested, requiring 𝑛 + 1 tests. If 𝑝 = 0.05 is the
probability of a person’s having the disease and 𝑛 = 5, compute the expected number of tests needed,
assuming independence.
（至最末頁參考資料查表求機率值）
解：𝑋~𝑏(5, 0.05)
The expected number of tests is
1𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 6𝑃 (𝑋 > 0) = 1(0.7738) + 6(1 − 0.7738) = 2.131

2.4-20 (i) Give the name of the distribuion of X ( if it has a name), (ii) find the values of  and  2 , and
(iii) calculate P(1  X  2) when the moment-generating function of X is given by

(a) M (t )  (0.3  0.7et )5 .

0.3et
(b) M (t )  , t   ln(0.7) .
1  0.7et

(c) M (t )  0.45  0.55et .

(d) M (t )  0.3et  0.4e 2t  0.2e3t  0.1e 4t .

10
(e) M (t )   (0.1)e tx .
x 1

解：(a)(i) binomial distribution, X ~ b(5, 0.7)

(ii)   np  5(0.7)  3.5,  2  npq  5(0.7)(0.3)  1.05

(iii) P(1  X  2)  P( X  1)  P( X  2)  C15 (0.7)1 (0.3) 4  C25 (0.7) 2 (0.3)3  0.16065

(b)(i) geometric distribution, X ~ NB (1, 0.3)

1 1 10 q 0.7 70
(ii)     , 2  2  2

p 0.3 3 p (0.3) 9
(iii) P(1  X  2)  P( X  1)  P( X  2)  0.3  (0.7)(0.3)  0.51

(c)(i) Bernoulli distribution, X ~ b(1, 0.55)

(ii)   p  0.55,  2  pq  (0.55)(0.45)  0.2475

(iii) P(1  X  2)  P( X  1)  0.55

 2.4 The Binomial Distribution 習題第 5 頁共 5 頁
(d)(i) 無名稱

(ii) M (t )  0.3et  0.8e 2t  0.6e3t  0.4e 4t

M (t )  0.3et  1.6e 2t  1.8e3t  1.6e 4t

  E ( X )  M (0)  2.1

 2  M (0)  [M (0)]2  5.3  (2.1) 2  0.89

(iii) M (t )  0.3et  0.4e 2t  0.2e3t  0.1e 4t

 P( X  1)  0.3, P( X  2)  0.4, P( X  3)  0.2, P( X  4)  0.1

P(1  X  2)  P( X  1)  P( X  2)  0.3  0.4  0.7

(e)(i) discrete uniform distribution, X ~ DU (10)

1  m 1  10 11 m 2  1 102  1 99 33
(ii)     , 2    
2 2 2 12 12 12 4
(iii) P(1  X  2)  P( X  1)  P( X  2)  0.1  0.1  0.2

參考資料
X ~ b(5, 0.05) P( X  0)  0.7738 P( X  1)  0.9774 P( X  2)  0.9988 P( X  3)  1.0000
X ~ b(8, 0.1) P( X  1)  0.8131 P( X  2)  0.9619 P( X  3)  0.9950 P( X  4)  0.9996
X ~ b(8, 0.35) P( X  2)  0.4278 P( X  3)  0.7064 P( X  5)  0.9747 P( X  6)  0.9964
X ~ b(15, 0.35) P( X  4)  0.3519 P( X  5)  0.5643 P( X  9)  0.9876 P( X  10)  0.9972
X ~ b(20, 0.05) P( X  1)  0.7358 P( X  2)  0.9245 P( X  3)  0.9841 P( X  4)  0.9974
X ~ b(20, 0.15) P( X  4)  0.8298 P( X  5)  0.9327 P( X  6)  0.9781 P( X  7)  0.9941