CHEMISTRY

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021

Time : 3 Hours ] [ Max. Marks : 70

Notes :
The question paper is divided into four sections.
(1) Section A : Q. No. 1 contains ten multiple choice type of questions carrying one mark each.
Q. No. 2 contains eight very short answer type of questions carrying one mark each.
(2) Section B : Q. No. 3 to Q. No. 14 are twelve short answer type of questions carrying two marks each.
(Attempt any eight).
(3) Section C : Q. No. 15 to Q. No. 26 are twelve short answer type of questions carrying three marks each.
(Attempt any eight).
(4) Section D : Q. No. 27 to Q. No. 31 are five long answer type of questions carrying four marks each.
(Attempt any three).
(5) Use of log table is allowed. Use of calculator is not allowed.
(6) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(7) For each multiple choice type of question, it is mandatory to write the correct answer along with its alphabet
e.g. (a) ...... / (b) ...... / (c) ...... / (d) ...... , etc.
No mark(s) shall be given, if ONLY the correct answer or the alphabet of the correct answer is written.
 Only the first attempt will be considered for evaluation.

SECTION – A
Q. 1. Select and write the correct answer for the following multiple choice type of questions :  [10]
(i) The product obtained in the following reaction
H2/Ni
CH3  CH  CH  CH2  CHO ¾¾® ? is,
(a) Pent – 3  – en– 1 – ol  (b) Pentan – 1 – ol   (c) Pentan – 2 – ol   (d) Pentanal(1)
(ii) Amongst the following, the solubility of which ionic solid decreases with increase in temperature ?

(a) KNO3  (b) NaBr  (c) Na2SO4  (d) KCl (1)
(iii) The correct IUPAC name of Na3[AlF6] is

(a) Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (III) (b) Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (II)
(c) Sodium hexafluoroaluminium (III) (d) Sodium hexafluoroaluminium (II) (1)
(iv) Which of the following acids has highest pKa value ?

(a) Mono chloroacetic acid (b) Dichloroacetic acid
(c) Trichloroacetic acid (d) Acetic acid (1)
(v) Number of carbon atoms present in isoprene unit is ......... .

(a) 6   (b) 5  (c) 4  (d) 3 (1)
(vi) The colourless transition metal ion amongst the following is ......... .

(a) Cu  (b) Cu   (c) Ni   (d) Co (1)

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 1

 (vii) 2C Cl dry
 Mg ¾¾®
ether
H2O
A ¾¾® B

The product 'B' in the above reaction sequence is ......... .

Mg Mg  Cl Cl Mg
(a) 2C
  (b) 2C
  (c) C2
  (d) (1) C
(viii) Carbylamine test is given by
(a) aniline (b) dimethylamine
(c) trimethylamine (d) both dimethylamine and trimethylamine(1)
(ix) A weak monobasic acid is 0.05% dissociated in 0.02 M solution, dissociation constant of the acid is
......... .
(a) 5  1010  (b) 5  109    (c) 50 109  (d) 0.5  109(1)
i(x) The rate constant for the reaction
2N2O5(g)  IIIIJ  2N2O4(g)  O2(g) is 4.98  104 s1. The order of reaction is ......... .
(a) 0   (b) 1    (c) 2   (d) 3(1)

Q. 2. Answer the following questions :  [8]

(i) Write the name of interhalogen compound of chlorine which has square pyramidal structure. (1)
(ii) Write the name of sugar present in RNA. (1)
2.303 RT
(iii) Write the value of in Nernst equation. (1)
F
(iv) What is the coordination number of atoms in simple cubic crystal lattice ? (1)
(v) Write the name of nanostructural material used in tyres to increase their life. (1)
(vi) Write the name of reagent used during conversion of acetaldehyde to acetaldehyde cyanohydrin. (1)
(vii) Write the chemical formula of Haematite. (1)
(viii) In a particular reaction, 2 kJ of heat is released by the system and 6 kJ of work is done on the
system. Calculate U. (1)
SECTION – B
Attempt any eight of the following questions :  [16]
Q. 3. What are bidentate Ligands ? Give one example.(2)
Q. 4. Draw the structure of sulphurous acid. Write two uses of helium. (2)
The molar conductivity of 0.01 M acetic acid at 25 °C is 18  1 cm2 mol1. Calculate its degree of
Q. 5. 
dissociation in 0.01 M solution and dissociation constant, if molar conductivity of acetic acid at zero
concentration is 400  1 cm2 mol1.(2)
Q. 6. Write classification of proteins on the basis of molecular shapes with example.  (2)
Q. 7. 
What is pseudo-first order reaction ? Explain with suitable example. (2)
What is the molar mass of a solute if a solution prepared by dissolving 0.822 g of it in 0.3 dm3 of water
Q. 8. 
has an osmotic pressure of 0.196 atm. at 298 K ? (2)
Q. 9. Write a note on Kolbe reaction. (2)
Q. 10. Iron exhibits  2 and  3 oxidation states. Write their electronic configuration. Which will be more stable ?
Why ? (2)
Q. 11. How is benzophenone prepared from benzonitrile ? (2)
Q. 12. Write names and structure of monomers used in the preparation of Nylon 6, 6 polymer. (2)

2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 13. Derive the relationship between pH and pOH.  (2)
Q. 14. 
What is action of the following on chlorobenzene ?
i(i) Methyl chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl3
(ii) Fuming H2SO4(2)

SECTION – C
Attempt any eight of the following questions : [24]
Q. 15. Calculate the standard enthalpy of
N2H4(g)  H2(g)   IIIIJ  2NH3(g)
if  H 0(NH)  389 kJ mol1
H 0(HH)  435 kJ mol1
H 0(NN)  159 kJ mol1 (3)
Q. 16. 
Write reactions to prepare ethanamine from
ii(i) acetonitrile
i(ii) nitroethane
(iii) propionamide.  (3)
Q. 17. Explain three principles of green chemistry. (3)
Q. 18. 
Write chemical equations involved during manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process.
Write two uses of sulphur dioxide. (3)
Explain SN2 reaction mechanism for alkaline hydrolysis of bromomethane.
Q. 19.  (3)
Q. 20. 
Why La(OH)3 is the strongest base, while Lu(OH)3 is the weakest base ? Write two applications of
catalytic properties of transition metals and compounds. (3)
Q. 21. Convert the following :
ii(i) chlorobenzene to phenol
i(ii) ethanal to ethanol
(iii) iodomethane to methoxy methane. (3)
Q. 22. 
Define Cryoscopic constant.
Derive the relation between elevation of boiling point and molar mass of solute. (3)
Q. 23. 
Define solubility product.
Derive the relationship between solubility and solubility product for PbI2.(3)
Q. 24. 
A compound forms hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. What is the number of
ii(i) octahedral voids
i(ii) tetrahedral voids
(iii) total voids formed in 0.4 mol of it ? (3)
Q. 25. 
Illustrate with example, the difference between a double salt and coordinate compounds.
Write two applications of coordinate compounds. (3)
Q. 26. 
Write a note on 'aldol' condensation reaction of ethanal. Write chemical reaction involved when
benzaldehyde is treated with concentrated caustic potash. (3)

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 3

 SECTION – D
Attempt any three of the following questions :  [12]
Q. 27. Define isomorphism. Derive integrated rate law expression for first order reaction. (4)

Q. 28. 
What is the action of concentrated H2SO4 on,
i(i) CaF2
(ii) Cane sugar
What is nucleotide ? Write reaction for the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). (4)

Q. 29. 
State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Write and explain two applications of electro-
chemical series. Write unit of cell constant.(4)
Q. 30. Define :
i(i) Intensive property
(ii) Enthalpy of sublimation
2 moles of an ideal gas are expanded isothermally and reversibly from 20 L to 30 L at 300 K :
Calculate the work done. [R  8.314 JK1](4)
Q. 31. 
Define mineral. Write IUPAC name of [Fe(CO)5] complex.
How will you convert
i(i) methyl iodide to methyl isocyanide ?
(ii) methyl cyanide to ethanoic acid ?(4)

4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 SOLUTION : BOARD'S QUESTION PAPER –SEPTEMBER 2021

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) 
(b) Pentan – 1 – ol

(ii) 
(c) Na2SO4

(iii) (a) Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (III)

(iv) 
(d) Acetic acid
(v) 
(b) 5
(vi) (a) Cu

(vii) (d) C
(viii) (a) aniline
(ix) (b) 5  109
(x) (b) 1

Rough work :
0.05
(ix)    5  104
100
C  2 0.02  (5  104)2
Ka   5  109
1  1  5  104

Q. 2. (i) Square pyramidal  Chlorine pentafluoride ClF5

(ii) D-ribose

2.303 RT
(iii)  0.0592 V
F

(iv) Coordination number  6

(v) Carbon black

(vi) HCN

(vii) Haematite  Fe2O3

(viii)  U  q  w   2  6   4 kJ

SECTION – B

Q. 3. A ligand having two donor atoms is called bidentate ligand. For example, ethylenediamine, H2N  (CH2)2  NH2.

Q. 4. i(i) Structure of sulphurous acid : 

O

HO S OH

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 5

 (ii) Uses of helium (He) :
i(i) A mixture of helium (85%) and oxygen (15 %) is used for filling balloons.
(ii) A mixture of helium and oxygen is also used for respiration by sea divers instead of air because helium is
less soluble in blood than nitrogen under high pressure. It is also used for treatment of asthma.
Q. 5. Given :     m  18  1 cm2 mol1
 0  400  cm2.mol1
c  0.01 M
  ?  Ka  ?

 m 18
   0.045
 0 400

c2
Ka 
1 
0.01  (0.045)2
 2.120  10 5
1  0.045
Ans.   0.045
Ka  2.120  105
Q. 6. On the basis of their molecular shapes proteins are classified as :
(1) Fibrous proteins : The proteins in which the polypeptide chains lie parallel (side by side) to form fibre-like
structure, are called fibrous proteins. The polypeptide chains held together by hydrogen bonds and disulphide
bonds. These proteins are insoluble in water.
The fibrous proteins are tough and insoluble in water, and dilute acids or bases.
Examples : myocin (in muscles), keratin (in hair, nails, skin), fibroin (in silk), collagen (in tendons), etc.
(2) Globular proteins : The proteins have spherical shape. This shape results from coiling around of the
polypeptide chain of protein, and have intramolecular hydrogen bonding are called globular proteins.
They are soluble in water and dilute acids or bases.
Examples : Haemoglobin (in blood), albumin (in eggs), insulin (in pancreas), etc.
Q. 7. 
Pseudo first order reaction : A reaction which has higher order true rate law but experimentally found to
behave as first order is called pseudo first order reaction.
Explanation : Consider an acid hydrolysis reaction of an ester like methyl acetate.

J CH3COOH(aq)  CH3OH(aq)
H(aq)
CH3COOCH3(aq)H2O(l)
  Since the reaction involves two substances, ester and water, it is a bimolecular reaction and the true rate law
should be,
Rate  k [CH3COOCH3]  [H2O]
  Hence the reaction is expected to follow second order kinetics. However experimentally it is found that the
reaction follows first order kinetics.
  This is because solvent water being in a large excess, its concentration remains constant. Hence,
[H2O]  constant  k
Rate  k [CH3COOCH3]  [H2O]
  k [CH3COOCH3]  k
 
 k  k  [CH3COOCH3].
 

6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

   If k  k  k, then Rate  k [CH3COOCH3]. This indicates that second order true rate law is forced into first
order rate law. Therefore this bimolecular reaction which appears of second order is called pseudo first order
reaction.

Given : W2  0.822 g, V  0.3 dm3, T  298 K

Q. 8. 

  0.196 atm, M2  ?

W2  R  T
 .
M2  V
W2  R  T
 M2 
 V
0.822  0.08205  298
 .
0.196  0.3
 341.8 g mol1.
 Ans. Molar mass  341.8 g mol1

Q. 9. 
Kolbe’s reaction : When phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium phenoxide is obtained. Phenoxide ion
being more reactive than phenol towards electrophilic substitution. Phenoxide undergoes electrophilic substitution
with carbon dioxide at 398 K under pressure of 6 atm (a weak electrophile) followed by acid hydrolysis,
salicylic acid is formed as major product.
–
OH ONa+ OH OH
NaOH (i) CO2 COONa H3O + COOH
398 K 6 atm

sodium salicylate 2-hydroxy benzoic acid 

(Salicylic acid)

The electronic configuration of Fe2  and Fe3  :

Q. 10. 
Fe2 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d 6
Fe3 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d 5
Due to loss of two electrons from the 4s-orbital and one electron from 3d-orbital, iron attains 3 oxidation state.
Since in Fe3 , the 3d-orbital is half filled, it gets extra stability, hence Fe3 is more stable than Fe2.
Q. 11. 
Benzophenone : Benzonitrile reacts with phenyl magnesium bromide in presence of dry ether to give an imine
complex which on acid hydrolysis gives a benzophenone. During reaction benzonitrile and phenyl magnesium
bromide should be taken in equimolecular proportion.
O
NMgBr
CºN MgBr C Br
dry ether H3O+
+ + Mg
benzonitrile phenyl magnesium imine complex benzophenone OH
bromide

Q. 12. 
The names and structures used in the preparation of Nylon 6, 6 polymer are
(1) HOOC  (CH2)4  COOH
Adipic acid

(2) H2N  (CH2)6  NH2

Hexa methylene diamine

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 7

Q. 13. 
The ionic product of water, Kw is given by,
Kw  [H3O+]  [OH]
At 298 K, Kw  1  1014
 pKw   log10Kw   log101  1014  14

 [H3O+]  [OH]  1  1014

Taking logarithm to base 10 of both sides,
log10 [H3O+]  log10 [OH]  log101  1014
Multiplying both the sides by  1,
 log10 [H3O+]log10 [OH]  log1011014
 pH   log10 [H3O+]; pOH   log10 [OH];
pKw   log10Kw
 pH  pOH  pKw

OR pH  pOH  14.

Q. 14. i(i) 
Methyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 : When chlorobenzene is treated with methyl
chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3, a mixture of 1-chloro-4-methyl benzene (major product) and
1-chloro-2-methyl benzene is formed. Since, the alkyl group is introduced in the benzene ring, the reaction
is termed as Friedel Craft’s alkylation.
Cl Cl Cl

2 A1  2CH3 Cl
anhy. AlCl3
J A12 CH3
       A14         2HCl

1-chloro-2-methyl CH3
chlorobenzene     benzene      
1-chloro-4-methyl benzene
(1-chlorotoluene) (major product)
(4-chlorotoluene)

Sulphonation : When chlorobenzene is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, a mixture of

(ii) 
4-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid (major product) and 2-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid is formed.
Cl Cl Cl

2 B1
 2 conc. H2SO4


    2-chlorobenzene
J
SO3H
          2H2O B12 B14
SO3H
      sulphonic acid 4-chlorobenzene
sulphonic acid
(major product)
SECTION – C

Q. 15. Given :
 H 0(N H)  389 kJ mol1

 H 0(H H)  435 kJ mol1

 H 0(N N)  159 kJ mol1

N2H4(g)  H2(g)2 NH3

8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 H
H H 
N–N  H  H(g)2 H – N – H         ... (1)
H H(g)
 rH0    H 0(reactant)   H 0(product)

  4  H 0(NH)   H 0(NN)   H 0(HH)  6  H 0(NH)

  H 0(NN)  H 0(HH) 2  H 0(NH)
 159  435  2  389
  184 kJ
Ans.  H 0  184 kJ.
Q. 16. (i) Ethanamine from acetonitrile :
J CH3 – CH2 – NH2
Na / C2H5OH
CH3 – CN  4[H]
acetonitrile ethanamine
(ii) Ethanamine from nitroethane :

J CH3 – CH2 – NH2     2H2O

Sn / conc. HCl
CH3 – CH2 – NO2     6[H]
*
nitroethane    ethanamine
(iii) Ethanamine from Propionamide :
O
J CH3 – CH2 – NH2  K2CO3  2KBr  2H2O.
*

CH3 – CH2 – C – NH2     Br2     4KOH
propionamide                 
ethanamine

Q. 17. Three principles of green chemistry. Explanation as follows :

(i) Less hazardous chemical synthesis :
(1) To avoid formation of hazardous waste from chemical processes, the chemical reactions and synthesis
routes should be designed to be as safe as possible.
(2) Earlier used insecticide DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was found to be harmful for human
beings. So DDT has been replaced by benzene hexachloride (BHC) as an insecticide, one of the
-isomer (gamma) of BHC is called gammexane or lindane.
(ii) The principle of green chemistry to achieve energy efficiency :
(1) Energy requirements during chemical synthesis is huge. To minimize the energy use it is better to
carry out reactions at room temperature and pressure.
(2) This can be achieved by applying the principle of green chemistry, i.e. use of catalyst, use of micro-
organisms or biocatalyst and use of renewable materials, etc.
(3) The use of less energy can be achieved by improving the technology of heating system, use of microwave,
etc.
(iii) The use of renewable feed stocks :
(1) Industries use a lot of non-renewable feed stocks like petroleum. These resources are depleting fast
and the future generation will be deprived. The excessive use of these resources have also put a
burden on the environment.
(2) If renewable resources like agricultural or biological products are used, this will ensure the sharing of
resources by future generations. This practice will also not put a burden on the environment.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 9

 (3) The products and waste produced are generally biodegradable and environmental friendly hence
leading to a sustainable future.
J SO2

Q. 18. (i) S  O2

J SO3
V2O5
SO2  O2

SO3 H2SO4 J H2S2O7

H2S2O7  H2O

J 2H2SO4

(ii) The uses of sulphur dioxide are as follows :

i(i) SO2 is used in the manufacture of H2SO4.
(ii) In refining petroleum and also in sugar industry.

Q. 19. (1) Consider alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide ( Bromomethane ), CH3Br with aqueous NaOH or KOH.
CH3 – Br      OH  IIIIIIIJ CH3 – OH       Br 
bromomethane nucleophile methanol
substrate

Stereochemistry and Kinetics of the reaction (R.D.S.) : This hydrolysis reaction takes place only in one
(2) 
step which is a rate determining step i.e. R.D.S. The rate of hydrolysis reaction depends on the concentration
of CH3Br and OH which are present in the R.D.S. of the reaction.
Rate      R      k [ CH3Br ] [OH  ], where k is rate constant of the reaction.
SN2 reaction : The reaction between methyl bromide and hydroxide ion to form methanol follows a second
order kinetics, since the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations of two reacting species, namely methyl
bromide and hydroxide ion it is bimolecular second order (2nd) Nucleophilic Substitution reaction denoted
by SN2.
(3) Mechanism of the reaction :
ii(i) It is a single step mechanism. The reaction takes place in the following steps :

H1 H1 H1

RDS
HO + C – Br HO Br HO + Br̄
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
(sp3-hybridized) transition state inversion of configuration
(sp2-hybridized) (sp3-hybridized)

Fig. : Backside attack of nucleophile in SN2 mechanism

Backside attack of the nucleophile : Nucleophile, OH  attacks carbon atom of CH3Br from back side
i(ii) 
i.e. from opposite side to that of the leaving group, i.e. Br to experience minimum steric repulsion and
electrostatic repulsion between the incoming nucleophile (OH) and leaving Br.
(iii) Transition state : When a nucleophile, OH  approaches carbon atom of CH3Br, the potential energy
of the system increases until a transition state (T.S.) of maximum potential energy is formed in which
C – Br bond is partially broken and C – OH bond is partially formed. The negative charge is equally
shared by both incoming nucleophile – OH and outgoing, leaving group – Br. ( Thus, the total
negative charge is diffused. )

10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 (iv) In CH3Br, carbon atom is sp3-hybridized and CH3Br molecule is tetrahedral. The hybridisation of carbon
atom changes to sp2-hybridisation. The transition state contains carbon having three  (sigma) bonds in
one plane making bond angles of 120° with each other i.e., H1, H2 and H3 atoms lie in one plane while
two partial covalent bonds containing Br and OH lie collinear and on opposite sides perpendicular to
the plane.
(v) Inversion of configuration : The transition state decomposes fast by the complete breaking of the
C – Br bond and the new C – OH bond is formed on the other side. The breaking of C – Br bond and
the formation of C – OH bond take place simultaneously. The energy required to break the C – Br bond
is partly obtained from the energy released when C – OH bond is formed. The formation of product
CH3OH is accompanied by complete or 100% inversion of configuration forming again sp3-hybridized
carbon atom giving tetrahedral CH3OH molecule. But in this structure the positions of H2 and H3 atoms
in the reactant (CH3Br) and in product are on the opposite side. This inversion of configuration is called
Walden inversion.

Q. 20. (i) Since in lanthanoids ionic size decreases from La3to Lu3. Hence basity of hydrides of lanthanoids
decreases. Therefore La(OH)3 is the strongest base while Lu(OH)3 is the weakest base.

(ii) (1) MnO2 is used as a catalyst in the decomposition of KClO3.

J 2KCl  3O2
MnO2
2 KClO3 *

(2) In the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process, Mo / Fe is used as a catalyst.

J 2NH3(g)
Fe
N2(g)  3H2(g) *

Q. 21. (i) Chlorobenzene to phenol :

Cl OH

J
(i) 623 K , OH 300 atm


(ii) H3O
phenol

(ii) Ethanal to ethanol CH3  CHO  H2(g) 413K J CH3  CH2OH

Ni

ethanal ethanol

(iii) Iodomethane to methoxy methane

J CH3  O  CH3  NaI

CH3  I  CH3  ONa

iodomethane methoxy methane

Q. 22. (i) Cryoscopic constant : It is defined as the depression in freezing point, produced by dissolving one mole
of a solute in 1 kg (or 1000  g) of a solvent (i.e. 1 molal solution).

(ii) The boiling point elevation, *Tb of a solution is directly proportional to molality (m) of the solution.
 *Tb  m
 *Tb  Kb m
where Kb is a proportionality constant
If m  1 molal, then
*Tb  Kb
where Kb is called molal elevation constant.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 11

 The molality of the solution is given by,
Number of moles of the solute
m
Weight of the solvent in kg
Let W1  Weight ( in gram ) of a solvent,
W2  Weight (in gram) of a solute
M2  Molecular weight of the solute
Then the molality ( m ) of the solution is given by
kg
W  1000 W2
m 2
   mol kg1
W1M2 W1  M2
  kg   kg mol1

 *Tb  K b  W2  1000
W1M2

Kb  W2  1000
 M2 
* T b  W1

K  kg mol1 kg
K  W2
OR M2  b kg mol1
* T b  W1
K kg
  If the weights and molecular weight are expressed in kg, then,
W2
*Tb  K b 
W1M2
Q. 23. (i) Product of ionic concentrations of ions of an electrolyte in its saturated selection at constant temperature
is called solubility product.

(ii) PbI2(solid)  Pb2  2I

xs.   ys

Ksp  [Pb2]  [I]2

 (x.s)x  (y.s)y
 xxsx  yysy
(x  y)
 xxyy s

 x  1, y  2
(1  2)
 Ksp  11  22  s

 Ksp  4s3

Q. 24. Number of atoms in 0.4 mol  0.4  NA 0.4  6.022  1023  2.4098  1023
(i) Number of octahedral voids  number of atoms  2.4098  1023
(ii) Number of tetrahedral voids  2  number of atoms
   2  2.4098  1023
   4.818  1023

12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 (iii) Total number of voids  2.409  1023  4.818  1023
 7.227  1023
 
Q. 25. (i) Double salts are crystalline molecular or addition compounds containing more than one salt in simple
molecular proportions soluble in water and in solution they ionise and exhibit all the properties of the
constituent ions. For example, K2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O

K2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O( aq ) IIIIIJ 2K 3 2

(aq)  2Al(aq)  4SO4(aq)  24H2O(l)

Coordination compound : It consists of a central metal ion or atom surrounded by atoms, molecules or
anions called ligands by coordinate bonds, e.g. cisplatin Pt (NH3)2Cl2, [ Cu(NH3)4 ]SO4.

In biology : Several biologically important natural compounds are metal complexes which play an
(ii) (1) 
important role in number of processes occurring in plants and animals.
For example, chlorophyll in plants is a complex of Mg2+ ions, haemoglobin in blood is a complex of iron,
vitamin B12 is a complex of cobalt.
(2) In medicine : The complexes are used on a large scale in medicine. Many medicines in the complex
form are more stable, more effective and can be assimilated easily.
  For example, platinum complex [ Pt(NH3)2Cl2 ] known as cisplatin is effectively used in cancer treatment.
EDTA is used to treat poisoning by heavy metals like lead.

Q. 26. (i) (1) The carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl carbon atom is called -carbon atom ( – C) and the hydrogen
atom attached to -carbon atom is called -hydrogen atom ( – H).
O
  
– C  C – C – C –
H
(2) The -hydrogen of aldehydes and ketones is acidic in nature due to (i) the strong – I effect of carbonyl
group (ii) resonance stabilization of the carbanion.

a a
–C–C– –C–C– –C=C– + B:H
H O O O
B:
(3) Aldol condensation reaction is characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones containing active
-hydrogen atom.

(4) When aldehydes or ketones containing  – H atoms are warmed with a dilute base or dilute acid, two
molecules of them undergo self condensation to give -hydroxy aldehyde (aldol) or -hydroxy ketone
(ketol) respectively. The reaction is known as Aldol addition Reaction.
(5) In aldol condensation, the product is formed by the nucleophilic addition of -carbon atom of a second
molecule which gets attached to carbonyl carbon atom of the first molecule and -hydrogen atom of the
second molecule gets attached to carbonyl oxygen atom of the first molecule forming ( – OH) group to
give -hydroxy aldehyde or ketone.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 13

 (6) This is a reversible reaction, establishing an equilibrium favouring aldol formation to a greater extent
than ketol formation.
(7) For aldehyde :
OH
O a a O 293 – 303 K b a O
CH3 – C + H – CH2 – C CH3 – C – CH2 – C
H H dil. Na2CO3 H
H
acetaldehyde acetaldehyde acetaldol
(first molecule) (second molecule) (b-hydroxy butyraldehyde)

Acetaldol on heating undergoes subsequent elimination of water giving rise to ,  unsaturated aldehyde.
OH
J
 O *   O
CH3 – C– CH2 – C CH3 – C  C – C  H2O
H H
H H H
crotonaldehyde
(but-2-enal)

The overall reaction is called aldol condensation. It is a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction.

SECTION – D

Q. 27. (i) Isomorphism : A phenomenon in which two or more crystalline substances show same crystalline
structure is called isomorphism and the crystals are said to be isomorphous. For example, NaNO3 and
CaCO3. They have atomic ratios 1 : 1 : 3.
(ii) Consider the following first order reaction, A IIIJ B
The rate of the chemical reaction is given by the rate law expression as,
Rate, R  k [A]
where [A] is the concentration of the reactant A and k is the velocity constant or specific rate of the reaction.
  The instantaneous rate is given by,
 d [A]
R  k [A] 
dt
   d [A]
  k.dt
[A]
  If [A]0 is the initial concentration of the reactant and [A]t at time t, then by integrating the above equation,
[A]t
t
d [A]


[A]0
[A]
   k dt

0

[A]t
    loge  kt
[A]0
[A]0
 loge  kt
[A]t
1 [A]0
 k  loge
t [A]t
2.303 [A]0
 k  log10
t [A ]t
  This is the integrated rate equation for the first order reaction. This is also called integrated rate law.

14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 28. (1) (i) Conc. H2SO4 reacts with Caf2, forms calcium sulphate and hydrogen fluoride
Caf2  Conc. H2SO4CaSO4  2HF
calcium hydrogen
sulphate fluoride

(ii) Cane sugar reacts with conc. H2SO4 forms black spongy mass of carbon.
C12H22O11 J 12 C  11 H2O
conc. H2SO4
cane sugar
(2) A nucleotide contains all three basic components of nucleic acids, i.e. a pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid and
a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides are joined together through phosphate ester linkage. Thus, nucleotides are
monophosphates of nucleosides.
(3) Acrylonitrile (monomer) on polymerization (addition polymerization) in the presence of peroxide initiator
gives polyacrylonitrile.

J –( CH2 – CH –) n
polymerization
nCH2CHCN
peroxide
(acrylonitrile) CN
(polyacrylonitrile)

Q. 29. Statement of Kohlrausch’s law : This states that at infinite dilution of the solution, each ion of an
(i) 
electrolyte migrates independently of its co-ions and contributes independently to the total molar
conductivity of the electrolyte, irrespective of the nature of other ions present in the solution.
(ii) The applications of electrochemical series (or electromotive series) are as follows :
(1) Relative strength of oxidising agents in terms of E0red values : The E0red value is a measure of the

tendency of the species to be reduced i.e., to accept electrons and act as an oxidising agent. The species
mentioned on left hand side of the half reactions are oxidising agents.
  The substances in the upper positions in the series and hence in the upper left side of the half reactions
have large positive E0red values hence are stronger oxidising agents. For example, F2, Ce4+, Au3+, etc.
As we move down the series, the oxidising power decreases. Hence from the position of the elements
in the electrochemical series, oxidising agents can be selected.
(2) Relative strength of reducing agents in terms of E0red values : The lower E0red value means lower

tendency to accept electrons but higher tendency to lose electrons. The tendency for reverse reaction or
oxidation increases as E0red becomes more negative and we move towards the lower side of the series.
For example, Li, K, Al, etc. are good reducing agents.
cm
l
(iii) Cell constant  b  cm1.
a 2
cm

In SI units it is expressed as m1.

Q. 30. Intensive property : It is defined as a property of a system whose magnitude is independent of the
(i) 
amount of matter present in the system.
Enthalpy of sublimation (*subH) : The enthalpy change or the amount of heat absorbed that accompanies
(ii) 
the sublimation of one mole of a solid directly into its vapour at constant temperature and pressure is
called enthalpy of sublimation.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 15

 (iii) Given : n  2 mol, V 1 20 L, V2  30 L, T  300 K, Wmax  ?
V2
Wmax   2.303  n  R  T log10
V1
30
  2.303  2  8.314  300  log
20
  2.303  2  8.314  300  0.1761

  2023 J

Ans. Wmax   2023 J.

Q. 31. (a) 
Minerals : They are naturally occurring chemical substances in the earth’s crust containing metal in free
state or in combined form and obtainable from mining are called minerals. For example, haematite Fe2O3,
galena PbS, etc.

(b) IUPAC name of Fe(CO)5 : Pentacarbonyliron(0)

(c) i(i) Methyl iodide to methyl isocyanide

CH3I    AgCN IIIIIIJ CH3NC  KI
methyl iodide   methyl isocyanide

(ii) Methyl cyanide to ethanoic acid

CH3  CN  2H2O  dil HCl IIIIIIJ CH3COOH  NH4Cl

methyl cyanide    ethanoic acid
________

16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII