Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION

NAME:
Ruffa Ramirez ( First activity)
TOPICS: INFECTIONS Janna (Second activity )
Angelica Clavillas ( third activity )
SECTION: BSM-2A
DATE: November 8, 2023

DIRECTION: Read Chapters 17-19 of your textbook. Accomplish the tables below. When done, answer the SELF
ASSESSMENT Questions. Write your answers on the box provided for this section. Study Smart and Enjoy!

I. Infections of the Skin

1. Types of Skin Lesions

2. Bacterial Skin Infections
3. Fungal Skin Infections
4. Viral Infections of the Skin

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

A. Identify the different types of skin rashes or A. Skin rashes and lesions can be classified into various types, including
lesions macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, plaques, welts (urticaria), blisters,
nodules, pustura, petechiae, ecchymosis, ulcers, and eschar. Macules are
B. Recognize common skin infections based on flat, discolored spots, papules are small, raised bumps, vesicles are fluid-
clinical manifestations filled blisters, pustules are small, pus-filled lesions, plaques are large,
raised, flat-topped areas, welts are pink or red raised, itchy welts, blisters
C. Differentiate the characteristics of the causative are large, fluid-filled blisters, nodules are rounded raised lesions, pustura is
organisms of each skin infection and skin lesions due to bleeding, eschar is necrotic ulcer covered with a
blackened crust.
D. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of each skin infection B. Common skin infections include folliculitis, impetigo, boils, carbuncle, sty or
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hordeolum, and Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter's disease).

Folliculitis is characterized by small, red, inflamed hair follicles, while
impetigo is characterized by red sores. Boils are large, tender lumps filled
with pus. Sty or hordeolum occurs at the eyelid base.

C. Skin infections can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, or other organisms. Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, stye,
impetigo, and Ritter's Disease are all caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Folliculitis causes red, pustular lesions, furuncles cause painful lumps,
carbuncles form a larger, painful mass, stye in the eyelid, impetigo causes
yellowish crusted sores, and Ritter's Disease causes widespread redness
and skin peeling.

D. Skin infections can be diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as fungal

and bacterial tests. Fungal infections can be identified through skin, hair, or
nail tissue collection, while bacterial infections can be identified through skin
samples and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Treatment options include
antifungal creams, oral medications, and injections. Antibiotics are used for
acute bacterial infections, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and new
antibiotics for methicillin-resistant infections. Preventive measures include
good personal hygiene, regular showering, and maintaining a strong
immune system.

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION

7. D
MATCHING TYPE:
8. B
9. C
10. A

II. Infections of the Respiratory Tract

1. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract

2. Diseases of the lower Respiratory Tract
3. Pneumonia

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

A. Recognize common respiratory tract infections A. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs): Symptoms often include a runny or stuffy nose,
based on clinical manifestations sneezing, sore throat, cough, and mild fever. Examples include the common cold and

B. Describe the characteristics of the causative pharyngitis.

organisms of each respiratory tract infection
•Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs): Symptoms typically involve a persistent cough,
C. Explain how the different respiratory tract
chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Examples include pneumonia, bronchitis,
infections are transmitted and
bronchiolitis, tuberculosis, and lung abscess.
D. Discuss the appropriate laboratory diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of each infection
•Pneumonia: Key signs include fever, cough with mucus, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.

B. •Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI):

1.Common Cold (Viral Rhinitis):
Causative Agents: Various small, non-enveloped RNA viruses, such as rhinoviruses and
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adenoviruses.
2.Pharyngitis (Sore Throat) and Tonsillitis:
Causative Agents: Viruses (e.g., rhinoviruses) and bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes).
3.Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever):
Causative Agents: Allergic reactions to non-infectious airborne allergens like pollen or dust
mites.

•Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) and Pneumonia:

1.Pneumonia:
Causative Agents: Diverse pathogens, including bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae),
viruses (e.g., influenza), and atypical microbes (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae).
2.Bronchitis:
Causative Agents: Typically viral, such as rhinoviruses, but can also be bacterial.
3.Bronchiolitis:
Causative Agent: Primarily respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
4.Tuberculosis (TB):
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast, slow-growing bacterium.
5.Lung Abscess:
Causative Agents: Often anaerobic bacteria, sometimes mixed infections.

C. •Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI):

Transmitted through respiratory droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or talk.
Common transmission routes include close contact and touching contaminated surfaces.

•Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) and Pneumonia:

Transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets in a similar manner to URTIs.
Tuberculosis (TB) can be transmitted through the inhalation of airborne droplets containing
Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Lung Abscess transmission is less common and often occurs through aspiration or direct
extension from an adjacent infection site.

D.• Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI):

Diagnosis: Based on clinical symptoms. Laboratory testing is often unnecessary for common
URTIs.
Treatment: Symptomatic relief with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter remedies.
Prevention: Good hygiene practices, including handwashing and avoiding close contact with
infected individuals.

•Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) and Pneumonia:

Diagnosis: Chest X-rays, blood tests, and microbiological cultures are used to identify the
specific causative agent.
Treatment: Antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for certain viral infections, and
supportive care.
Prevention: Vaccination (e.g., influenza and pneumococcal vaccines), good hygiene, avoiding
close contact with infected individuals, and managing underlying health conditions can help
prevent LRTIs and pneumonia.

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Self Assessment
1.A
2.A
3.C
Multiple Choice
1.A
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2.C
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.B
7.A
8.C
9.A
10.C

III. Infections of Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Definition of Terms
2. Establishment of Infectious Disease in the Digestive System

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

A. Recognize common respiratory tract infections

based on clinical manifestations A. Recognize common respiratory tract infections based on clinical manifestation.

1. Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining, leading to symptoms such as

B. Differentiate invasive form non-invasive diarrhea
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally, blood in vomit or stool.
C. Compare five hepatitis infections 2. Enteritis - Inflammation of the small intestine, resulting in symptoms like
abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and dehydration.
Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION

D. Describe the characteristics of the causative

3. Colitis - Inflammation of the colon (large intestine), causing symptoms such as
organisms of each gastrointestinal tract infection
abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and sometimes fever.

E. Explain how the different gastrointestinal tract 4. Gastroenteritis - Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, leading to
infections are transmitted and symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever.

F. Discuss the appropriate laboratory diagnosis, 5. Hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver, leading to symptoms like jaundice (yellowing
treatment and prevention of each infection. of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, fatigue, and in some cases, fever.

6. Dysentery – An infection of the intestines, causing severe diarrhea with blood or

mucus, abdominal pain, and fever.

B. Differentiate Invasive form non invasive diarrhea.

Non-invasive diarrhea stems from pathogens that primarily produce toxins, resulting in
watery stool without invading the intestinal cells. It’s characterized by diarrhea,
abdominal cramping, and minimal systemic symptoms.

Invasive diarrhea, however, occurs when specific pathogens breach the intestinal
lining, causing cell destruction and inflammation. This type presents with severe
symptoms like high fever, bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain, sometimes extending
beyond the gut, leading to systemic manifestations.

C. Compare the 5 hipatitis infections.

1. Hepatitis A: Spreads through contaminated food or water, has a vaccine, and usually
doesn't cause chronic infection.
2. Hepatitis B: Transmitted through blood or bodily fluids, has a vaccine, can lead to
chronic liver conditions.
3. Hepatitis C: Spreads through infected blood, no vaccine available, often results in
chronic liver damage.
4. Hepatitis D: Only occurs in those infected with hepatitis B, no specific vaccine, leads to
severe liver disease.
5. Hepatitis E: Often transmitted through contaminated water, limited vaccine availability,
mostly acute but severe in pregnant women.

D. Describe the characteristics of the causative organism of each

gastrointestinal tract infection.

1. Bacillus cereus – Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium commonly

found in soil and dust.
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Infection Characteristics – It produces two types of toxins: one causing diarrhea (emetic toxin)
and the other leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain (enterotoxin).

Transmission – Often related to contaminated food, particularly rice, pasta, and other starchy
foods that have been improperly cooked or stored.

2.Staphylococcus aureus – Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium, commonly

found on the skin and in the nasal passages.

Infection Characteristics – Produces enterotoxins causing rapid-onset gastroenteritis, leading

to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea.

Transmission – Primarily linked to food contamination through improper handling or storage,

leading to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and subsequent toxin production.

3. Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, gram-positive

bacterium present in soil, dust, and the intestines of humans and animals.

Infection Characteristics – Produces toxins causing abdominal cramping and diarrhea.

Infections are often associated with consuming improperly prepared or stored meat dishes.

Transmission – Typically from food prepared in large quantities and kept warm for a prolonged
period before serving.

4. Vibrio parahaemolyticus- Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium

commonly found in marine and estuarine environments.

Infection Characteristics – Causes watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and
sometimes fever.

Transmission – Linked to consuming contaminated raw or undercooked shellfish, especially

oysters, and other seafood harvested from contaminated waters.

E. Explain how the different gastrointestinal tract infections are transmitted

1. Bacillus cereus- Often occurs through contaminated food, particularly rice, pasta, and
other starchy foods, when improperly cooked or stored.
Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION

2. Staphylococcus aureus- Contamination of food during preparation or handling, allowing

the bacterium to multiply and produce toxins, leading to food poisoning.

3. Clostridium perfringens- Often found in meat dishes, particularly when cooked in large
quantities and kept warm for a prolonged period before serving.

4. Vibrio parahaemolyticus- Linked to consuming contaminated raw or undercooked

shellfish, particularly oysters, and other seafood harvested from contaminated waters.

5. Hepatitis A- Spreads through contaminated food or water, usually due to poor sanitation
or inadequate hygiene practices.

6. Hepatitis B- Spreads through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids, such as from
sexual contact, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.

7. Hepatitis C- Primarily spreads through contact with infected blood, often from sharing
needles or poorly sterilized medical equipment.

8. Hepatitis E- Often transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water, especially

in regions with poor sanitation.

F. Discuss the appropriate laboratory diagnosis treatment and prevention of

each infection

1. Laboratory Diagnosis – Stool cultures for bacterial gastrointestinal infections.Blood tests for
viral hepatitis infections.

2. Treatment - Antibiotics for bacterial gastrointestinal infections if necessary.Antivirals for

hepatitis B and C, supportive care for hepatitis A and E.

3 Prevention – Emphasize hygiene and sanitation to prevent bacterial infections. Vaccination

for hepatitis A and B, safe practices to avoid transmission of hepatitis B, C, and E.
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SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Self assessment answer

1. C

2. C

3. A

4. A

5. A

Multiple choice

1. D

2. B

3. C

4. B
Microbiology and Parasitology ASYNCHRONOUS SESSION