Course: Research Methods in Education (8604) : Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad
Course: Research Methods in Education (8604) : Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad
Course: Research Methods in Education (8604) : Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad
Name ANISA
User Id 0000626823
Answer:
Im a g in e a v a s t o c e a n o f k n o w le d g e a b o u t t ea c h in g a n d le a rn in g ,
m eth o d s to g a th er a n d a n a ly ze d a ta , a im in g to a n s w er q u e s tio n s ,
solve problems, and ultimately, improve teaching and learning. It
Student learning: H o w d o s tu d en t s le a rn b e s t? W h a t fa c to rs
in flu en c e th e ir a c a d em ic p erfo rm a n c e ?
e n g a g in g , rele v a n t , a n d m ee t th e n e ed s o f a ll s tu d e n ts ?
Assessment: H o w c a n w e e ffec tiv e ly m e a s u re s tu d en t le a rn in g a n d
p ro g re s s ?
lea d ers ? H o w c a n s c h o o ls c re a t e a p o s it iv e a n d s u p p o rt iv e
lea rn in g en v iro n m en t?
p ro fo u n d im p a c t o n th e re a l w o rld o f ed u c a tion . H e re a re s o m e k e y
w a y s it c o n trib u te s to th e fie ld :
fo u n d a tio n o f k n o w le d g e a b o u t w h a t w o rk s a n d w h a t d o e s n 't ,
e d u c a tio n a l res e a rc h h e lp s e d u c a to rs m a k e in fo rm ed d e c is io n s
tra d it io n to a d a ta -d riv e n a p p ro a c h e n s u re s th a t s t u d e n ts a re
to th e c o m p le x c h a llen g e s fa c in g e d u c a tio n to d a y .
ro le in d ev elo p in g n ew te a c h in g m e th o d s , t ec h n o lo g ies , a n d
a n d a d a p ta b le in a ra p id ly c h a n g in g w o rld .
d e v e lo p m en t o f te a c h e r ed u c a t io n p ro g ra m s , en s u rin g th a t fu t u re
e d u c a to rs a re eq u ip p e d w ith th e k n o w le d g e a n d s k ills th e y n ee d to
b e e ffec tiv e in th e c la s s ro o m .
e v id en c e t o s u p p o rt p o lic y d ec is io n s a n d a d v o c a te fo r c h a n g e s
A Diverse Landscape:
s ta tis t ic a l a n a ly s is to q u a lita t iv e s tu d ie s t h a t fo c u s o n
in v e s tig a te d .
D e s p ite its im m en s e v a lu e , ed u c a t io n a l re s e a rc h fa c e s it s o w n s e t
o f c h a lle n g e s . O n e o f t h e b ig g es t h u rd les is t ra n s la t in g re s e a rc h
d e v e lo p m en t fo r e d u c a to rs . A d d it io n a lly , e n s u rin g th a t re s ea rc h is
re lev a n t to th e d iv ers e n e ed s o f a ll s tu d e n ts a n d e d u c a to rs re m a in s
a n o n g o in g c h a lle n g e .
H o w e v e r, t h e p o te n tia l o f e d u c a tio n a l re s ea rc h t o im p rov e
e d u c a tio n is u n d e n ia b le . B y c o n tin u in g to in v es t in re s e a rc h ,
d e v e lo p s tro n g p a rt n e rs h ip s b e tw e en re s e a rc h e rs a n d p ra c titio n e rs ,
a n d en s u re th a t fin d in g s a re a c c e s s ib le a n d a c t io n a b le , w e c a n
e d u c a tio n .
th a t g o v e rn o u r u n iv e rs e . T o n a v ig a te th is in t ellec tu a l o d y s s ey , le t's
d e lv e in to th e es s e n tia l s te p s in v o lv e d :
1. Cultivating Curiosity:
u n k n o w n . A c u rio u s m in d , fu ele d b y a h ea lt h y d o s e o f s k e p t ic is m ,
fo rm s th e fe rtile g ro u n d w h e re s c ie n t ific in q u irie s g e rm in a te .
child gazing up at the starry night sky, eyes wide with wonder
2. Formulating a Hypothesis:
p o in t fo r t es t in g a n d refin e m e n t.
3. Designing an Experiment:
T o te s t th e h y p o th e s is a n d g a th e r ev id e n c e, w e n e ed a
th e u n fo ld in g p h en o m e n o n . O n c e th e d a ta is g a th e re d , it's tim e to
h id d en s e c re ts w h is p e re d b y t h e n u m b e rs .
p ic tu re ? T h is s ta g e d e m a n d s c ritic a l e v a lu a tio n , a n o b je c t iv e
d ra w in g b o a rd to refin e th e q u es tio n a n d te s t a n e w h y p o th es is .
th e p u rs u it o f k n o w le d g e.
n e w e v id e n c e .
fra m e w o rk s , c o n s ta n t ly re v is in g a n d e n ric h in g o u r u n d e rs ta n d in g
y o u r q u e s tio n s , a n d e m b a rk o n yo u r o w n s c ie n tific o d y s s ey !
References:
• Books
• Google
Q.2 Differentiate the following with the help of examples from
Answer:
re s e a rc h p la y c ru c ia l ro le s in th e fie ld o f ed u c a t io n , b u t th ey d iffe r
d iffe re n c es w it h s o m e h elp fu l e xa m p le s :
Pure Research
G o a l: A d v a n c e k n ow led g e a n d u n d e rs ta n d in g o f e d u c a tio n a l
c o g n it io n , d e v e lo p m en t, e tc .
c a n a ls o in v o lv e q u a lita t iv e a p p ro a c h e s lik e e th n o g ra p h y o r c a s e
s tu d ie s .
Examples:
e d u c a tio n p ro g ra m s .
A p p lied R e s ea rc h
e d u c a tio n a l p o lic y .
s tra te g ie s .
Examples:
a c h ie v e m e n t.
C o m p a rin g th e im p a c t o f d iffere n t c la s s ro o m m a n a g e m en t
te c h n iq u e s o n s tu d en t b e h a v io r.
lea rn in g d is a b ilitie s .
Key Differences:
Motivation : P u re re s e a rc h is d riv e n b y in te lle c tu a l c u rio s it y, w h ile
p ro b lem s .
im p lic a t io n s fo r u n d e rs t a n d in g ed u c a t io n a l p h e n o m en a , w h ile
w h ic h th ey w e re c o n d u c t ed .
Timescale: P u re re s e a rc h m a y ta k e y ea rs o r e v e n d ec a d e s to
Interdependence:
It 's im p o rta n t t o n o t e th a t p u re a n d a p p lie d res e a rc h a re n o t
p ro b lem s . F o r e xa m p le , res e a rc h o n h o w th e b ra in le a rn s la n g u a g e
m ig h t in fo rm th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f n ew rea d in g in te rv en tio n s .
n e w m a th c u rric u lu m m ig h t le a d to re s ea rc h o n t h e c o g n itiv e
p ro c es s e s in v o lv e d in m a th p ro b lem -s o lv in g .
In c o n c lu s io n , b o th p u re a n d a p p lie d re s ea rc h a re e s s en tia l fo r
th ey c a n w o rk to g e th e r to a d v a n c e o u r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f h o w
p e op le le a rn a n d d e v e lo p e ffec tiv e s o lu t io n s fo r ed u c a to rs a n d
p o lic y m a k e rs .
Evaluation vs. Action Research in Education:
p u rp o s e s , a p p ro a c h es , a n d o u t c o m es . L e t's d e lv e in t o t h eir
Evaluation :
Purpose: T o a s s es s th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f ex is t in g p ro g ra m s ,
c u rta in fa lls .
s ta n d a rd ize d t es t s , o b s erv a t io n s , s u rv ey s , a n d d o c u m e n t a n a ly s is .
o n fin d in g s . T h e s e rep o rt s m a y in fo rm d ec is io n s a b o u t fu n d in g ,
m ig h t a d m in is te r s t a n d a rd iz ed m a th te s ts b efo re a n d a fte r th e
c u rric u lu m is im p le m e n t ed , c o m p a re s t u d e n t p erfo rm a n c e d a ta ,
Action Research:
Purpose: T o im p ro v e s p e c ific e d u c a tio n a l p ra c tic e s o r s o lv e
d e v e lo p m en t fo r e d u c a to rs , a n d d ee p e r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e
lo w s tu d e n t e n g a g e m e n t in s c ie n c e c la s s es d e c id e to im p lem e n t a
p ro je c t -b a s e d le a rn in g a p p ro a c h . T h e y res e a rc h d iffe re n t p ro je c t
g a th er d a t a th ro u g h ob s e rv a tio n s , s t u d e n t fee d b a c k , a n d p ro je c t
th eir s tu d e n ts .
Relationships:
re -e v a lu a te d fo r c on tin u o u s im p ro v em e n t.
(design). (20)
Answer:
D e s c rip tiv e re s e a rc h , a s th e n a m e s u g g e s ts , a im s t o p a in t a v iv id
o f rea lity .
s itu a t io n . T h is c a n in c lu d e t h in g s lik e th e d e m o g ra p h ic s o f a
p o p u la tio n , th e freq u e n c y o f a c e rt a in b e h a v io r, o r th e
c h a ra c t eris tic s o f a p a rt ic u la r e v e n t.
Descriptive research
o b s erv a t io n s , a n d d o c u m e n t a n a lys is . T h e b e s t m e th o d fo r a
p a rt ic u la r s tu d y w ill d e p e n d o n t h e re s e a rc h q u e s tion a n d th e
n a tu re o f th e s u b je c t m a tt er.
Data collection methods
Quantitative data
re p re s en ta tiv e o f th a t p o p u la tio n .
Steps involved in conducting a descriptive research design:
steps involved:
1. Define your research question and objectives:
S et c le a r o b je c t iv es o u tlin in g w h a t y ou a im to a c h ie v e th ro u g h t h e
re s e a rc h .
C o n d u c t a t h o ro u g h re v ie w o f rele v a n t a c a d em ic jo u rn a ls , b o o k s ,
a n d o th er re s o u rc e s t o g a in in s ig h ts in to yo u r res e a rc h to p ic .
T h is h e lp s y o u u n d e rs t a n d ex is t in g k n ow led g e , id e n tify g a p s , a n d
re fin e y o u r re s ea rc h qu es t io n s .
re s e a rc h q u es t io n s a n d o b je c tiv e s .
C o m m o n m et h o d s in c lu d e s u rv e y s , in te rv ie w s , o b s erv a tio n s ,
d o c u m e n t a n a lys is , a n d c a s e s tu d ie s .
C o n s id e r fa c to rs lik e t h e n a tu re o f y o u r re s e a rc h to p ic , a c c e s s ib ility
o f p a rtic ip a n ts , a n d b u d g et c o n s tra in ts .
o th e r to o ls n ee d e d fo r d a ta c o lle c t io n .
m ea s u re s w h a t it's s u p p o s e d t o m ea s u re .
D e te rm in e th e ta rg et p o p u la tio n y o u w a n t to s tu d y .
s a m p le .
re s u lts .
6. Collect data:
Im p le m en t y o u r c h o s e n d a ta c o lle c t io n m et h o d (s ) a c c o rd in g t o
y o u r re s ea rc h p la n .
M a in ta in a c c u ra t e a n d o rg a n iz ed re c o rd s o f yo u r d a ta .
7. Analyze data:
C h o o s e a p p ro p ria t e d a ta a n a ly s is te c h n iq u es d e p en d in g o n th e
ty p e o f d a ta c o lle c t ed .
lik e S P S S .
id en tify p a tte rn s a n d t h e m e s .
D ra w c o n c lu s io n s fro m yo u r d a ta a n a ly s is t h a t a n s w e r y o u r
re s e a rc h q u es t io n s a n d m e et y o u r o b je c tiv e s .
o f y o u r fin d in g s .
in a c a d em ic jo u rn a ls .
T h is h e lp s c o n trib u te to th e ex is tin g k n o w le d g e b a s e a n d in fo rm
fu tu re re s e a rc h e ffo rt s .
im p lem e n ta t io n .
E n s u re d a ta q u a lit y a n d a c c u ra c y t h ro u g h o u t th e res e a rc h p ro c e s s .
d e s ig n a n d a n a ly s is .
Answer:
in flu en c e o f c o n fo u n d in g fa c to rs .
T h is m a n ip u la tio n c a n b e d o n e in a v a riet y o f w a y s , s u c h a s g iv in g
a d ru g to o n e g rou p o f p a rtic ip a n ts b u t n o t a n o th e r, o r e xp o s in g
th e tra d itio n a l m e th o d .
g ro u p th a t is n o t e xp o s e d to th e m a n ip u la tio n o f th e in d ep e n d e n t
th e re s ea rc h er t o s e e h o w th e in d e p e n d en t v a ria b le a ffe c ts th e
d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le c om p a re d to a g ro u p t h a t d id n o t rec e iv e th e
m a n ip u la tio n .
e it h er t h e e xp e rim e n ta l g ro u p o r th e c o n tro l g ro u p . T h is h e lp s to
e n s u re th a t t h e g ro u p s a re e q u iv a le n t in a ll o th e r re s p ec ts ex c e p t
fo r th e m a n ip u la t io n o f th e in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le , fu rth e r re d u c in g
th e in flu en c e of c o n fo u n d in g fa c t o rs .
Measurement: T h e d ep e n d e n t v a ria b le is m e a s u re d b o th b e fo re
th e re s ea rc h er t o s e e h o w th e m a n ip u la t io n a ffe c ted th e d ep e n d e n t
v a ria b le .
A p s y c h o lo g is t m ig h t c o n d u c t a n e xp erim e n t to s ee if a n e w
re c eiv e s n o t re a tm en t . T h e p a rt ic ip a n ts w o u ld th en b e m e a s u re d
o n th e ir a n x ie ty le v e ls b e fo re a n d a ft er th e trea t m e n t.
A b io lo g is t m ig h t c o n d u c t a n e xp e rim e n t to s ee if a n e w fe rtilize r
in c rea s es p la n t g ro w th . T h e y w o u ld p la n t s ee d s in p o ts w ith
d iffe re n t a m o u n t s o f fertilize r a n d th e n m ea s u re t h e h e ig h t o f t h e
p la n ts a fte r a c erta in a m o u n t o f t im e.
A s o c ia l s c ie n t is t m ig h t c o n d u c t a n e xp e rim e n t to s e e if e xp o s u re
to v io le n t v id e o g a m e s in c re a s e s a g g re s s io n . T h e y w o u ld ra n d o m ly
a s s ig n p a rt ic ip a n ts to eith er p la y a v io le n t v id eo g a m e o r a
n o n -v io le n t v id e o g a m e . T h e p a rt ic ip a n ts w o u ld th en b e m e a s u red
o n th e ir a g g re s s io n le v e ls b efo re a n d a fte r p la y in g th e g a m e.
th a t it is n o t a lw a ys p o s s ib le to c o n d u c t tru e e xp e rim e n ts ,
e s p ec ia lly in field s s u c h a s ed u c a t io n a n d s o c ia l s c ie n c e . In th e s e
W h a t a re y o u tryin g to le a rn o r u n d ers ta n d ?
F o rm u la te a c le a r re s ea rc h qu es t io n th a t c a n b e a d d re s s e d th ro u g h
e xp e rim e n ta t io n .
Id e n tify p o te n t ia l g a p s o r u n a n s w e re d q u es t io n s th a t y ou r
e xp e rim e n t c a n a d d re s s .
3. Develop Hypotheses:
B a s e d o n y o u r re v ie w , fo rm u la te s p e c ific a n d te s ta b le p red ic t io n s
T h e in d e p en d e n t v a ria b le is m a n ip u la t ed b y th e re s ea rc h e r, w h ile
th e d ep e n d e n t v a ria b le is th e o u tc o m e m e a s u red .
w ith in -s u b je c t s ).
D e te rm in e h o w th e in d e p e n d en t v a ria b le w ill b e m a n ip u la te d fo r
e a c h g ro u p .
a n a lys is .
C a re fu lly fo llo w th e re s ea rc h p ro to c o l to e n s u re c o n s is te n c y a n d
d a ta q u a lity .
C o llec t d a ta o n th e d e p en d e n t v a ria b le fo r ea c h g ro u p u s in g
a p p ro p ria t e m e th o d s .
th e im p a c t o f t h e in d e p en d e n t v a ria b le.
E n s u re p ro p e r d a ta m a n a g e m e n t a n d s e c u re s to ra g e .
y o u r s tu d y .
E xp la in h o w y o u r fin d in g s s u p p o rt o r refu te y o u r h y p o th e s e s .
re s e a rc h d ire c tio n s .
re s u lts , a n d c o n c lu s io n s .
dependent.
m a n ip u la te s o r c h a n g es . T h e y a re th o u g h t to c a u s e c h a n g es in th e
d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le.
Dependent variables a re th e o n e s t h a t th e re s e a rc h e r m e a s u re s .
T h ey a re th o u g h t to b e a ffec te d b y th e in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le .
o th e r ty p e s o f v a ria b le s t h a t c a n b e in v o lv ed in res e a rc h , s u c h a s :
s tu d y .
fo r a n d th a t m a y a ffec t th e re s u lts o f th e s tu d y .
v a ry d e p en d in g o n th e ty p e o f s tu d y a n d th e res e a rc h q u e s tio n
o th e rs m a y in v olv e m a n y m o re .
I h o p e t h is in fo rm a tio n is h elp fu l. P le a s e le t m e k n o w if y o u h a v e
a n y o th e r q u e s tio n s .
Answer:
E d u c a tio n is a d y n a m ic fie ld t h a t n e e d s c o n s ta n t im p ro v e m en t t o
a d a p t t o c h a n g in g n e e d s a n d c h a lle n g es . R es e a rc h p la y s a c ritic a l
ro le in d riv in g th is p ro g res s b y p ro v id in g e v id en c e -b a s e d in s ig h t s
e s s en tia l in ed u c a tio n :
1. Improving Teaching and Learning:
s tra te g ie s a n d le a rn in g a p p ro a c h e s a c ro s s d iffe re n t s u b je c ts , a g e
m a k e in fo rm ed d ec is io n s a b ou t th e ir p ra c t ic e , lea d in g to b e tte r
lea rn in g o u tc o m e s fo r s tu d en ts .
h in d e r le a rn in g , s u c h a s lea rn in g d is a b ilitie s , d iv e rs e b a c k g ro u n d s ,
a d d re s s th e s e c h a llen g es a n d e n s u re eq u it a b le a c c e s s to q u a lit y
e d u c a tio n .
k n o w led g e , s k ills , a n d v a lu e s n e ed e d in th e 2 1 s t c e n tu ry . T h is
c o m p e te n c ie s t o t h riv e in a ra p id ly c h a n g in g w o rld .
p o lic y m a k e rs to m a k e in fo rm e d d ec is io n s a b o u t e d u c a tio n a l
fu n d in g , re s ou rc e a llo c a t io n , te a c h e r tra in in g , a n d s c h o o l re fo rm s .
a n d h a v e a g rea t er c h a n c e o f s u c c ee d in g .
im p lem e n ta t io n a n d in m a k in g n ec e s s a ry a d ju s tm en ts to im p ro v e
e v a lu a tin g s t u d en t o u tc o m e s a n d c o m p a rin g th e m a g a in s t
re s e a rc h -b a s e d b en c h m a rk s , it en c o u ra g es c o n tin u o u s
im p ro v em en t a n d en s u re s effe c tiv e u s e o f re s o u rc e s .
p e rs o n a lize le a rn in g e xp e rie n c e s , im p ro v e e n g a g e m e n t, a n d
e n h a n c e a c c e s s ib ility fo r a ll s tu d en ts .
te a c h in g m e th o d s , a s s e s s m e n t te c h n iq u es , a n d c la s s ro o m
s u c h a s c lim a te c h a n g e, g lo b a l p a n d e m ic s , a n d ra p id te c h n o lo g ic a l
a d v a n c em e n ts . B y id e n tifyin g fu tu re n e e d s a n d d e v e lo p in g
s tu d e n t s fo r th e c h a lle n g e s of to m o rro w .
p ro p o s ition t h a t th e s tu d y a im s to a n s w e r o r t es t .
Objectives: S p ec ific g o a ls th a t th e s t u d y a im s t o a c h ie v e .
Target population: T h e g ro u p o f in d iv id u a ls o r p h e n o m en a t h a t th e
s tu d y w ill fo c u s o n .
fro m th e ta rg et p o p u la t io n fo r th e s tu d y .
Variables: T h e k ey c h a ra c te ris tic s o r fa c to rs th a t w ill b e m ea s u re d
o r a n a ly ze d in t h e s tu d y.
a n d a n a lyz e d a t a .
B u d g e t: T h e fin a n c ia l re s o u rc es re q u ire d fo r th e s tu d y .
re s e a rc h p ro c e s s . It h elp s y o u to :
irre le v a n t in fo rm a tio n .
re s e a rc h , y o u c a n a lloc a t e y o u r tim e , m o n e y, a n d o th e r re s o u rc e s
ta rg et p o p u la tio n , s a m p le , a n d v a ria b le s , y o u c a n e n s u re th a t y o u r
In conclusion , res e a rc h is n o t ju s t a lu xu ry in ed u c a t io n , b u t a
References:
• Books