Beaconhouse School System

Jauhar Campus

Class: ------ Section: ______ Subject: Chemistry

5070
Name : ______________________ Topic: Organic
Chemistry

May June 2023

1) Ethene, but-1-ene and but-2-ene are alkenes.

The displayed formulae of ethene and but-1-ene are shown in Fig. 7.1.

H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H H
ethene but-1-ene

Fig. 7.1

(a) State the general formula of the homologous series of alkenes.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) But-1-ene and but-2-ene are structural isomers.

(i) State the meaning of the term structural isomers.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the displayed formula for but-2-ene.

 [1]

(c) But-1-ene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

(i) State why but-1-ene is an unsaturated compound.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State why but-1-ene is a hydrocarbon.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 Proteins and PET are polymers made by a reaction called condensation polymerisation.

(a) The diagram in Fig. 10.1 shows the structure of a section of a protein.

C N C N C N C N
O H O H O H O H

Fig. 10.1

(i) Draw the general structure of the amino acid monomers used to make proteins.

[1]

(ii) Proteins are polyamides.

Name one other polyamide.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) PET is a polymer used to make plastic bottles.

The diagram in Fig. 10.2 shows the structure of PET.

O O C C O O C C
O O O O
Fig. 10.2

(i) Name the linkage present in PET.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Proteins and PET are both made by condensation polymerisation.

Describe the differences between condensation polymerisation and addition

polymerisation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe two environmental challenges caused by the disposal of plastics such as PET.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

May/June 2022

(a) A, B, C and D are different substances.

Identify by name A, B, C and D.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

D ...............................................................................................................................................
[4]
 (b) Name and draw the structure of E.

name .........................................................................................................................................

structure

[2]

(c) Butanoic acid is a weak acid.

State what is meant by the term weak in weak acid.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

1 Alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons.

(a) Draw the structures of two different alkanes with the molecular formula C 4H10. Show

all of the atoms and all of the bonds in each structure.

[2]

(b) State, using the general formula of alkanes, the molecular formula of an alkane which has only 12
carbon atoms in its molecule.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Many alkanes are separated from petroleum (crude oil) by fractional distillation.

Describe the fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil).

...................................................................................................................................................
 ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Butane, C4H10, reacts with chlorine to give several products.

(i) State the condition needed for this substitution reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) One of these products contains 37.8% carbon by mass, 6.30% hydrogen by mass and 55.9%
chlorine by mass.

Calculate the empirical formula of the product.

Deduce the molecular formula of the product.

empirical formula ...............................................................

molecular formula ...............................................................

[3]

[Total: 10]
 Oct/Nov2022
1 The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.

(a) Give the general formula for the alkanes.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The structure of one isomer of an alkane is shown.

H H H H

H C C C C H

H H H H

(i) Name this alkane.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of a different isomer of this alkane. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.

[1]

(c) The fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil) produces fractions containing alkanes of
different chain lengths.

(i) Separation by fractional distillation depends on a physical property of the fractions.

Name this physical property.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Naphtha is one fraction separated from petroleum (crude oil).

State the main use of the naphtha fraction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Larger alkane molecules are cracked to form smaller alkane molecules.

(i) Explain the importance of cracking larger alkanes into smaller alkanes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two conditions needed for cracking.

1 ........................................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Alkanes react with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to form compounds that contain
carbon, hydrogen and chlorine.

A compound contains 37.8% carbon, 6.30% hydrogen and 55.9% chlorine by mass. Calculate the

empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula.....................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2].
 May/June 2021

Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which compound:

(i) has a molecule with only 11 atoms

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) is oxidised to form ethanoic acid

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) is an isomer of butene

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to make an alkane

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) contains four different elements chemically combined.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
 (b) Identify two compounds that have a pH of less than 7 in aqueous solution.
[Total: 6]

1 There is concern about the disposal of plastics made from non-biodegradable polymers.

(a) The partial structure of a non-biodegradable polymer is shown.

H CH3 H CH3

C C
C C

Cl H

Cl H

(i) Name the type of polymer shown.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer.

[1]

(iii) This polymer is often disposed of by combustion.

Suggest one problem associated with this method of disposal.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Lactic acid is used to make poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable polymer.

The structure of lactic acid is shown.

H O

H O C C O H

CH3
(i) Suggest what is meant by the term biodegradable.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Draw the partial structure of poly(lactic acid).

Show at least two repeat units.

[2]

(iii) A factory uses 500 tonnes of lactic acid to make poly(lactic acid).

The percentage yield is 100% but the mass of poly(lactic acid) made is less than 500
tonnes.

Explain why the mass of poly(lactic acid) made is less than 500 tonnes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Aqueous lactic acid reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII).

There is a colour change from purple to colourless. Suggest what

happens to the lactic acid in this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Aqueous lactic acid is neutralised by aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Write the ionic equation for this neutralisation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vi) Aqueous lactic acid reacts with magnesium.

Name the gas made in this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
 (c) In an experiment 10.8 g of the carboxylic acid is reacted with an excess of the alcohol. The
experimental yield of ethyl propenoate is 9.45 g.

[The relative formula mass of the carboxylic acid is 72.]

(i) Show that the maximum possible yield of ethyl propenoate is 15.0 g.

[3]

(ii) Calculate the percentage yield of ethyl propenoate in this experiment.

% yield [1]

[Total: 10]
Oct/Nov 2021

1 Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons. The boiling point, melting point and density of alkanes
increase as the number of carbon atoms increases.

(a) (i) Give one other physical property of alkanes which increases as the number of carbon atoms
increases.

......................................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Give two other characteristics of a homologous series.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Two typical reactions of alkanes are combustion and cracking.

State the name of another typical chemical reaction of alkanes and the reactant needed to react with the
alkanes.

type of reaction .........................................................................................................................

reactant .....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Alkenes are produced by cracking alkanes.

(i) State two conditions needed for cracking alkanes.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Tridecane, C13H28, can be cracked to produce an alkene with four carbon atoms and one other
hydrocarbon only.

Construct an equation for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) A hydrocarbon contains 88.9% carbon by mass.

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula.....................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]
2 The structure of an organic compound, T, is shown.

H H
C C

H CH2OH

(a) Deduce the molecular formula of compound T.

...............................................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Compound T is a colourless liquid.

State the colour change when excess compound T is added to aqueous bromine.

from ................................................................ to.................................................................................[1]

(c) Compound T can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid.

Suggest a suitable oxidising agent for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Compound T can be polymerised.

Draw the partial structure of the polymer of compound T. Show two repeat units.

[2]

(e) Compound T reacts with methanoic acid, HCOOH, to form an ester.

Complete the structure of this ester to show all the atoms and all the bonds.

H H
C C

H C

H H
[1]
 (f) Methanoic acid is a weak acid. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

(i) Give the formula of the positive ion that is present in all acids.

......................................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why the rate of reaction of 1.0 mol / dm3 methanoic acid with magnesium is less than the rate
of reaction of 1.0 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid with magnesium.

...........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................[1]

(g) Construct the equation for the reaction of methanoic acid with magnesium.

...............................................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]

May/June 2020

1 Fractional distillation and cracking are important processes in the conversion of petroleum (crude oil) into
useful hydrocarbons.

(a) Fractional distillation separates petroleum (crude oil) into fractions such as bitumen and
naphtha.

(i) Which physical property allows the petroleum (crude oil) to be separated into fractions?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the separation of petroleum (crude oil) by fractional distillation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Give one use of the bitumen fraction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The naphtha fraction is used as a chemical feedstock.

One of the hydrocarbons in naphtha has the molecular formula C10H22. Use the

general formula for an alkane to show that C10H22 is an alkane.

 ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

a) In an experiment C10H22 is cracked to form products A, B and C.

(i) Product A gives a squeaky pop when ignited with a burning splint.

Identify product A.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Product B has a relative molecular mass of 98 and decolourises aqueous bromine.

Suggest the molecular formula for B.

Explain your answer.

molecular formula ..................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Product C can be polymerised to give the polymer shown.

H H

C C

H CH3 n

Draw the structure of product C.

[1]

[Total: 10]
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