Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Mid-Spring Semester 2017 – 18

Date of Examination: 27-02-2018 Session: AN Duration 2 hrs Full Marks 30

Subject Number: CH30012 Subject: Transport Phenomena
Department: Chemical Engineering
Specific charts, graph paper, log book etc., required: No
Specific Instructions: Assume and clearly write any assumption and data that you feel are missing.

1. A belt of width W moves at velocity Vo as shown in the figure. A liquid fills the gap (of thickness  = 2b)
between the belt and an upper plate. The upper plate is dragged down to the tank
B with a velocity equal to Vo. After some time, the tank B gets filled up (without
any leakage and thus stopping the flow) and steady state conditions prevail.
a) Obtain the velocity profile and the pressure gradient for this condition. Please
take the origin of the coordinate system to be on the belt with the direction of the
belt movement as z and the height of the film as y. The effect of gravity may not
be neglected.  is the angle of inclination with respect o the horizontal.
b) A weigh-bridge is designed based on the system just described. The object to
be weighed is placed on the horizontal platform P and the belt is started at velocity Vo and steady state is reached.
The film thickness  is directly calibrated to give the load (W). Evaluate the relation between the load and the film
thickness () in terms of Vo, properties (µ and ρ) and system geometry (L, 2b, ). Marks 6+4 = 10

𝑢 𝑦 𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 2
2. Two hypothetical boundary layers can be represented as a) 𝑈 = 𝛿 and b) 𝑈 = 2 ( 𝛿 ) − ( 𝛿 ) . Calculate the
momentum flux for the entire flow through the boundary layer for each profile. If the two profiles were subjected
to the same pressure gradient condition, which would be most likely to separate first and why? Marks 4+1 = 5

3. Consider the flow of a fluid in the conical tube shown. The cone
angle is small, i.e., (D2-D1)/L«1 and a linear variation of D with z may
be assumed. Both Vr and Vz are non-Zero, but Vr is small enough so that
we can assume a quasi 1-D situation to obtain dp/dz in terms of the flow
rate Q and the diameter D at any z. You may neglect the effect of body
forces such that p = p(z) only. Integrate this expression to obtain the
𝑃1 −𝑃2
expression for 𝐿
in terms of Q, D1, D2, and the viscosity µ of the fluid. Marks 6

4. A wind tunnel has a constant width of W = 305 mm but a flexible upper wall. The channel height is adjusted to
generate a zero pressure gradient flow such that the free stream velocity remains constant within the tunnel. The
boundary layers at the wall are represented by the 1/7 the turbulent velocity profile everywhere in the tunnel
(kinematic viscosity of air is 1.45x10 - 5 m2/s). At two locations in the channel (1 and 2) the following parameters
are measured - Location 1 - H1 = 305 mm, δ1 = 12.2 mm, U1 = 26.5 m/s, Location 2 at downstream - δ1 = 16.6
mm. Evaluate the following
a) The height at location 2 (H2).
b) The equivalent length of a flat plate to give δ 1 = 12.2 mm
c) Estimate the distance between locations 1 and 2. Marks = 3x3 = 9
Useful Relations
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY (Cartesian and Cylindrical coordinates)
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑦 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑧 ) = 0 + (𝜌𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

EQUATION OF MOTION (Cartesian and Cylindrical coordinates)

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 ) = − +µ( 2 + + ) + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − ) = − + µ[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 − − ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 )=− + µ[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ] + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

𝑑𝑁 𝜕 𝛿 𝑣 𝛿 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
| ⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
= 𝜕𝑡 ∫𝐶𝑉 𝜂 𝜌𝑑∀ + ∫𝐶𝑆 𝜂 𝜌𝑉. 𝑑𝐴 𝛿 ∗ = ∫0 (1 − 𝑈𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦, 𝜃 = ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑈 𝑈

1
𝜏𝑤 𝑑 𝑑𝑈 5.0𝑥 0.37𝑥 𝑣𝑧
̅̅̅ 𝑦 7
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑈 2 𝜃) + 𝛿 ∗ 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 𝛿 = √𝑅𝑒 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) 𝛿 = 1 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) = (𝑅 )
𝜌 𝑥 𝑈
(𝑅𝑒𝑥 )5
0.664 1.328 0.0594 0.0742
Laminar Flow: 𝐶𝑓 = 𝐶𝐷 = √𝑅𝑒𝐿
Turbulent Flow: 𝐶𝑓 = 1 𝐶𝐷 = 1
√𝑅𝑒𝑥
(𝑅𝑒𝑥 )5 (𝑅𝑒𝐿)5

0.074 1740 0.455 1610

For Mixed Flow, 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 = 1 − , 105 < 𝑅𝑒 < 107 , 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑅𝑒 2.58 − , 𝑅𝑒 > 107
𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝐿) 𝑅𝑒𝐿
(𝑅𝑒𝐿 )5

STOKES LAW 𝐹 = 3𝝅µ𝑉𝑑