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Sports and urban biodiversity
A framework for achieving mutual
benefits for nature and sports in cities
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Citation: Wheeler, M., Grossinger, R., Ndayishimiye, E., Spotswood, E., Galt, R. and Carbone, G. (2020). Sports
and urban biodiversity. A framework for achieving mutual benefits for nature and sports in cities. Gland,
Switzerland: IUCN and San Francisco, USA: SFEI.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.14.en
Forewords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Glossary of terms, abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figures
Figure 1. Elements that support urban biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 2. Habitat patch size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 3. Features to enhance connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 4. Coordinated matrix improvements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 5. Matrix improvement features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 6. Habitat diversity at different scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 7. Native plants to support wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 8. Special resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 9. Management actions to support biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 10. Paris 2020 Olympic Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
From research into urban ecology, we know sports This IUCN guide, Sports and urban biodiversity,
are a feature of the urban environment that is high- aims to bring sports venue owners and operators,
ly relevant to biodiversity and nature. Sports and city authorities and environmentalists together as
nature often occupy the same urban green spac- stewards of urban nature. It is the fourth in a series
es and can support each. Sports also help drive of publications produced in partnership by IUCN
urban planning efforts and regeneration projects, and the International Olympic Committee, and on
providing a unique opportunity to create niches for this occasion in cooperation with the San Francisco
biodiversity and harness the potential of nature’s Estuary Institute.
solutions for the health and resilience of our cities.
The guide provides a set of principles to help sports
As urban populations around the world continue to federations, local organising committees, develop-
grow, the push to make our cities greener, more ers, investors and local authorities to incorporate
natural and healthier is gaining momentum – and the needs of urban nature and biodiversity into
the COVID-19 pandemic has only made the need their planning process. From setting up ecological
for a more liveable urban environment increasingly monitoring systems to improving the management
evident. Given a chance, nature can thrive in ur- of habitats, there is a range of ways in which the
ban settings, and cities can benefit from nature in sports industry can help urban nature flourish.
myriad ways. For instance, Nature-based Solutions
offer a cost-effective way to enhance the sustaina- IUCN is proud to have collaborated with the
bility, resilience and liveability of cities. Trees absorb International Olympic Committee for the past
pollutants, dampen noise and cool the air; wetlands five years to strengthen the links between sports
and rain gardens reduce flood risk; mangroves and and conservation communities to create greener
marshes buffer storms; green spaces facilitate ex- and healthier societies, cities and sports events
ercise, spiritual nourishment and community inter- – and make progress towards the Sustainable
action; and greenways support active, eco-friendly Development Goals that bring us closer to our
travel. Such natural infrastructure may also offer vision of a just world that values and conserves
precious lifelines to the long list of species whose nature.
survival is threatened by urbanisation.
Dr Bruno Oberle, IUCN Director General
More than half of the world’s population lives in cit- Sport, therefore, can obviously play an active part
ies today, where many sports events take place. in conserving and enhancing urban biodiversity. By
According to the United Nations, by 2050, this pro- doing so, it can deliver important social and public
portion is likely to rise to 68%. health benefits to a growing urban population.
For national and international sporting events, cities This guide – which focuses on cities – is the fourth
offer the necessary infrastructure, such as stadia, in a series of publications about sport and biodi-
transport and accommodation. However, sport is versity, produced in partnership with IUCN, a world
important for cities at the individual and communi- authority on nature and conservation. The guide
ty-level, too. Besides the economic benefits, sport shows how sports events and the sites and infra-
helps those living in cities to stay physically and structure used to host them can help enhance na-
mentally healthy. Many cities are making impres- ture in urban settings. It aims to help local authori-
sive efforts to encourage their citizens to be more ties, clubs, event organisers and sports federations
physically active through the implementation of bike to deliver sports events that meet the needs of peo-
lanes, walking paths and easy access to scooter ple and nature too.
and cycle hire.
Scientists around the world warn that human activi-
This symbiotic relationship between sport and cities ties are destroying our natural environment, placing
can only flourish in a healthy environment. Green around one million species under threat of extinc-
and healthy surroundings make many activities, tion. We hope that this guide, together with other
such as running, cycling, walking and swimming, guides in the series, will help the sports communi-
more enjoyable. Outdoor sports especially require ty to better understand its relationship with nature
clean air and water. and inspire it to take concrete actions to help ad-
dress today’s immense environmental challenges.
If sport needs a healthy environment, cities also Sporting activities must benefit nature if we want
do. Healthy ecosystems make cities more resilient to continue enjoying them, while striving to achieve
and their inhabitants safer. Nature and green spac- our vision of ‘building a better world through sport’.
es boost their physical and mental well-being, and
help to protect them from air pollution and heat, as Christophe de Kepper, Director General,
well as floods and landslides. International Olympic Committee
Investing in nature and nature-based solutions is have limited benefits, while addressing multiple el-
an important pathway to address the current eco- ements together can create compounding positive
logical crisis. The loss of biodiversity, with around outcomes.
one million animal and plant species threatened
with extinction, is putting at risk our economies, Eleven case studies capture the biodiversity ac-
livelihoods, food security, health, and quality of tions taken by a variety of sports, from Olympic city
life worldwide. Diverse and innovative measures planning to local projects at stadiums and practice
are needed to reverse this decline and to restore facilities. These examples also reveal ways in which
healthy ecosystems. The magnitude of the chal- improvements to urban biodiversity elements can
lenge calls for the collaboration and contribution of offer a better sporting experience for event partici-
all actors, including non-state actors, such as busi- pants and spectators. The interventions explored in
nesses, local authorities, civil society organisations, this Guide range from small to large, and were often
and individual citizens. conducted with the support of and in collaboration
with local government, conservation organisations,
Drawing on Making Nature’s City: A Science-Based non-profits, environmental experts, schools and/or
Framework for Building Urban Biodiversity by the museums.
San Francisco Estuary Institute, this Guide iden-
tifies the opportunities for sports federations and Sports and urban biodiversity is the fourth in a se-
sport venue owners and operators to develop the ries of guides published under a collaborative part-
seven elements essential for supporting nature in nership with the International Olympic Committee.
cities. These elements, which are based on the way The first, Sport and Biodiversity, was published in
natural ecosystems work, are: i) habitat patch size; 2018 and gives a broad overview of the topic. The
ii) connectivity across the urban landscape; iii) qual- second, published in 2019, Mitigating biodiversity
ity of the landscape matrix surrounding a habitat impacts of new sports venues, looks at the devel-
patch; iv) diversity of habitats available; v) native opment of new venues for sports and their impacts
vegetation; vi) special resources like water and nest- on biodiversity. The third, published in 2020, fo-
ing locations; vii) and wildlife-friendly management. cuses on Mitigating biodiversity impacts of sports
events. In combination, these Guides highlight the
Many diverse types of green spaces in cities are importance of mitigating negative impacts of sport
developed and maintained for sporting events, on biodiversity while bringing forward opportunities
and thus, sports venue owners and operators can to leave lasting positive legacies.
contribute as stewards of urban nature. While one
sporting venue alone can have a small impact on lo- The final message of this Guide is that the magni-
cal biodiversity, several working together can create tude of the challenge calls for the collaboration and
city-wide beneficial effects. Similarly, improvements contribution of all actors, including sport actors,
focused on a single element of the Framework can and that every action counts.
Peer reviewers
Dr Victor Beumer
David Stubbs
1 Sports venues are grouped into four main categories: i) outdoor sports taking place in the natural landscape; ii) outdoor sports
taking place in purposely modified landscapes; iii) urban sports parks; and iv) sports buildings. For a detailed description
including the type of biodiversity impacts associated to each category, please see: Mitigating biodiversity impacts of new sports
venues https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.02.en
2 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. In
particular, SDG 3 calls for “Good health and well-being” and SDG 11 calls for “Sustainable cities and communities”. See
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
3 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
When a sporting event is staged, there can be a significant increase in management activities, such
as increased cutting of grass, brush, undergrowth, or borders. The removal of this vegetation (e.g. cut
grass, fallen leaves, dead wood) can disrupt or destroy habitats. The application of chemical fertilisers,
pesticides, and mosquito control measures, can further affect, reduce, or limit the opportunities
for species survival in these intensively managed environments. The risks to biodiversity from both
summer and winter sporting events conducted outdoors in natural environments come from many
sources, including oil or fuel spills; solid waste generation; the use of cleaning products, pesticides
or herbicides; discharge of sewage into the water or on land; the introduction of invasive species;
noise, lighting and vibration; traffic and road kills; and the need, even temporarily, to erect fencing
and communication infrastructure, and expand and/or construct new start and finish areas, viewing
points, media points, medical stations, refuelling stations, commercial outlets to service the event,
and water reserve ponds for snowmaking. Spectators can also damage natural habitats through
the sheer numbers of people trampling the grounds. Littering, walking on non-designated paths and
into sensitive areas, and car and bike parking where not permitted can all have negative impacts on
biodiversity, such as disturbing breeding, nesting, and feeding animals. These behaviours in fragile
outdoor spaces can impact both biodiversity and habitats negatively and, in some cases, irreversibly.
The construction of sports venues – including their associated supporting facilities, infrastructure,
and services – and temporary facilities can potentially have a range of both positive and negative
impacts on biodiversity. The potential negative impacts on biodiversity from new sports venues can
arise either directly through conversion of critical or natural habitat, or indirectly through pollution
and the disturbance of wildlife. Direct impacts of new sports venues may include changes such as
physical alteration to habitats, loss of trees and other vegetation, and increased disturbance to wild
animals from people and traffic, affecting their breeding or feeding patterns and general chances of
survival. Impacts on natural drainage systems, changes to soil conditions, fragmentation of habitats,
and noise or light pollution may be less obvious effects, but can be equally detrimental to biodiversity.
The artificial lighting, noise, or vibrations that may be associated with these venues and sporting
events can disorientate animals or discourage them from staying in the area. Aside from the physical
‘footprint’ of a new sports venue, features associated with a sports venue, such as security fences,
roads, and parking lots, can create barriers to the movement of wild animals to important breeding,
watering, or feeding sites; overhead cables can present a collision or electrocution hazard to certain
bird species; and the introduction of invasive and alien species and diseases can harm or oust native
plants and animals.
Extracted from: Mitigating biodiversity impacts of new sports venues (2019) and Mitigating biodiversity
impacts of sports events (2020).
4 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.04.en
5 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.02.en
6 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.04.en
Management
Special Resources
Native Vegetation
Habitat
Diversity
Matrix Quality
Connections
Patches
Patch size, or the size of a green space in a city, be found in these very large patches. Migratory and
is a fundamental determinant of how much biodi- highly-mobile species, such as songbirds, hedge-
versity a space can support (Beninde et al., 2015). hogs and bobcats, particularly benefit from bigger
Larger patches tend to have greater habitat diver- patches.
sity and larger, more resilient wildlife populations.
Green spaces over 4 hectares (10 acres or about Opportunities for sports: When choosing lo-
five and a half soccer fields) in size can support cations for new urban sporting facilities, consider
significant biodiversity and act as local biodiversity how the facility can impact patch size. Locating a
hubs. Smaller green spaces can function effective- new sports venue with biodiversity-supporting fea-
ly as habitat patches down to 0.8 ha (two acres, tures near existing green spaces can enhance the
or slightly larger than a soccer field), below which effective patch size of both the existing and new
species richness rapidly declines. Patches over 53 spaces, especially if the development site started
ha (130 acres, or about the area of 72 soccer fields) with limited biodiversity value. If remnant natural
in size can have special significance for supporting vegetation exists within the new facility boundaries,
regional biodiversity, and some species may only prioritise the preservation and expansion of these
SIZE: 2 to 10 acres
EXAMPLES: pocket parks, green roofs
SUPPORT: urban-adapted species
SIZE: >130 acres
EXAMPLES: regional parks
SUPPORT: area-sensitive species
2.2 Connections
Connectivity is one of the most important features stepping stones for mobile organisms like birds and
for preserving urban wildlife populations (Beninde et flying pollinators. In cities, buildings, hard surfaces
al., 2015). Connections are features that facilitate and vehicle traffic can present barriers to wildlife
the movement of plants or animals across the land- movement, which can lead to small, isolated and
scape and through the urban environment, such as less resilient populations. Enhancing connectivity
green corridors along waterways, minimally main- through urban spaces can especially benefit larger,
tained vegetation along railways, or strips of vegeta- wide-roaming animals, such as bobcats and din-
tion linking larger green spaces. Green roofs, living goes, species that rely on different types of habitat
walls, coordinated private garden improvements, across seasons or life stages, such as salamanders
and closely spaced parks can also increase con- and frogs, and species that are unable to move
nectivity through the urban landscape by creating across urban barriers, such as hedgehogs.
Opportunities for sports: Urban corridors that to catch and infiltrate rainwater) along event path-
benefit biodiversity are also often preferred routes ways. Similarly, construction of new venues can
for urban sports, such as marathons and cycling include connectivity corridors as part of active
events. High-quality greenways that enhance con- mobility strategies. In addition to providing usable
nectivity across the landscape can be ideal spaces corridors for wildlife dispersal, designing attrac-
for sport, as they can have improved air quality, re- tive, healthy and shaded routes may boost venue
duced temperatures, and greater aesthetic appeal or event reputations and be especially valuable in
compared to urban roads (Livesley et al. 2016). regions subject to frequent heat waves.
They can also be part of sustainable transportation
plans for sports venues by encouraging pedestrian Case studies:
and bicycle transportation to events. In collabora-
tion with cities, landowners and local conservation • 5.1: Paris 2024 Planning (France)
groups, sporting events like road races or cycling • 5.2: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (United
events can provide a rallying point around which Kingdom)
to design improved green infrastructure, such • 5.3: Le Golf National (France)
as street trees, native plantings and rain gardens • 5.6: Stadium Green Roofs (Multiple countries)
(small depressions with native plantings designed • 5.7: Oriole Garden (United States)
Matrix quality refers to the diverse, smaller habitat Opportunities for sports: Grassy playing fields
elements in the urban environment that can work dot the urban landscape and, accordingly, have sig-
together to support ecological processes, increase nificant potential to improve the overall matrix qual-
overall connectivity between green spaces and ity of a city. While playing surfaces are maintained
enhance the ability of larger patches to support for sport performance, opportunities abound at
biodiversity. Because they are smaller than patch- the periphery. Using grass rather than artificial turf
es or corridors, these elements may not support has far more potential for supporting biodiversity
large wildlife populations themselves, but they are (Francis, 2018), although this difference includes
important for the ability of wildlife to move through maintenance trade-offs as well. Reducing mowing
and forage in cities (Baum et al., 2004). Matrix ele- frequency and chemical use on lawns and grassy
ments can be aligned around patches or corridors fields to allow slightly longer grass and flowers can
to improve their value, or placed in groups to form benefit pollinators like bees and butterflies, while
habitat complexes. Some examples of features that also reducing pest problems and maintenance
improve matrix quality include street trees, green costs (Watson et al., 2019). Complementary na-
roofs, commercial landscaping and improvements tive plantings around the edges of sport fields can
to residential yards or private gardens. Flying an- further transform these spaces into pollinator hab-
imals like birds, bats and pollinating insects can itats and improve overall urban matrix quality for
especially benefit from improved matrix quality, as species like birds and bees. Strategic tree planting
can other species that are able to live in and move can shade viewing areas for spectators, while also
through cities and thus take advantage of small fa- supporting other species. Green roofs and living
vourable patches. walls on sports buildings can provide food and
Between patches
can increase patch
connectivity
Legend
Street trees
Rain gardens
and bioswales
Bioretention
basins
Yard improvements
Green roofs
shelter for birds and pollinators, too. Rain gardens Case studies:
in parking lots and around fields can provide fur-
ther habitat improvements, while containing run-off • 5.1: Paris 2024 Planning (France)
and improving drainage. Improving the biodiversity • 5.5: Vancouver Olympic Village Habitat Island
value of the many pitch-based sports fields in cities (Canada)
is a clear opportunity to make advances in urban • 5.6: Stadium Green Roofs (Multiple countries)
matrix quality. • 5.7: Oriole Garden (United States)
• 5.8: Tree Planting (Multiple countries)
Urban biodiversity depends on habitat diversity, in a wooded park, is also associated with greater
which refers to the type, number and spatial ar- local biodiversity. Including native habitats that are
rangement of habitats within the urban area, as well uncommon can be particularly influential for sup-
as the structural complexity of habitats. Many spe- porting specialist species, which rely exclusively on
cies need access to multiple types of habitat across a particular type of habitat and may be especial-
days, across seasons or as they move through their ly vulnerable to habitat destruction. For example,
life cycle. Therefore, landscapes with diverse habitat many species of salamanders and frogs need very
types can support greater overall biodiversity (Tews specific habitats and cannot survive without them.
et al., 2004). Fine-scale habitat diversity, such as Local experts can identify key habitat types for a
the presence of woody debris on the ground, an particular area, which may include habitats that
intermediate shrub layer and a tree canopy layer were historically present in the region.
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone A
Zone C
Opportunities for sports: Golf courses are large can provide diverse habitats by varying the types
urban or semi-urban spaces that by design typically of landscaping used in different spaces. For exam-
contain grassy, wooded and water features. With ple, a venue might highlight different types of native
attention to how these features function for biodi- habitat in an exhibition garden, or provide a water
versity, golf courses can readily provide a range of feature near grassland and shrub habitat. Training
share habitats for urban wildlife. Some of the chal- facilities may have additional space available to
lenges for improving diverse habitats on golf cours- support a variety of natural habitats or combina-
es include decreasing chemical run-off and pond tions of native and other functional habitats, such
eutrophication to support healthy aquatic and ripar- as food gardens and playing fields.
ian habitat, and locating features like shrub patches
strategically to improve rather than hinder course Case studies:
aesthetics and playability. As with grassy playing
fields, decreased mowing frequency off the fairway • 5.1: Paris 2024 Planning (France)
can support pollinators, and unmowed wildflower • 5.2: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (United
meadows can create beautiful vistas where space Kingdom)
allows. Beyond golf courses, other sporting venues • 5.3: Le Golf National (France)
Native species are those that have a long evolu- or incompatibility with landscape function, non-na-
tionary history in a particular location and so may tive species that can support pollinators, birds, and
have special relationships with other species and other wildlife should be chosen in favour of those
the local environment. As a result, urban green that provide little biodiversity benefit.
spaces with more native plants tend to support
greater biodiversity (Threlfall et al., 2017). One ex- Opportunities for sports: Sporting venues have a
ample of the unique value of native plants to sup- number of opportunities to add conservation value
port wildlife is the close relationship between North through native plants, from establishing patches of
American monarch butterflies and milkweed, which native habitat around sports venues to the use of
constitutes the sole source of food for monarch native trees to provide shade for event participants.
caterpillars. Thus, planting milkweed advances In addition to using native plants to enhance con-
conservation goals of supporting both native vege- nectivity, improve matrix quality and increase patch
tation and charismatic native butterflies. The great- diversity, sports have a unique opportunity to en-
est benefits from native plants can be gained by gage with native species as a tool to promote ed-
selecting species that are also tolerant of the ur- ucation and conservation action. Adoption of mas-
ban setting and are adaptable to predicted future cots that represent native species, especially those
climate conditions, which depend on local context that may be less known or are only found in the
and the available species native to the region. If na- event or team’s location, can increase visibility and
tive plants cannot be used due to lack of supply feelings of connection with species of conservation
Many species rely on special resources to meet function and people’s experience of a place (Stagoll
their daily needs or during particular times of the et al., 2012; Hill et al., 2017; Cox et al., 2019).
year or stages of their life cycle. These resources Some resources, such as holes in trees for cavi-
are unique habitat features in the landscape, such ty-nesting birds and woody debris piles for reptiles
as large trees, wetlands and open water. Water is and insects, are typically removed in urban environ-
necessary for nearly all species, and large trees can ments, but are important for specialist species that
have disproportionate impacts on both ecological depend on these micro-habitats. Where possible,
STREAMS
PONDS
LARGE TREES
LAKES
WETLANDS
2.7 Management
Improving the many ways people manage urban retrofitting and sometimes with a reduction in man-
landscape features can promote positive biodiver- agement costs. Where habitat cannot be added
sity outcomes. Management actions are many without negatively impacting other functions of an
and varied, including pesticide and herbicide use, urban location, management changes are a key
vegetation and soil maintenance, and the design opportunity to improve the value of all kinds of
of urban infrastructure. Often, beneficial chang- landscaping for biodiversity. While many manage-
es to management can be made without major ment choices are made to promote functional and
Downed logs Leaf litter Bird-safe windows Bird & bat nests
Limit light pollution Minimize lawns Reduce chemical inputs Support healthy soils
• The Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity • The IUCN Urban Nature Index is composed
(CBI) is a self-assessment tool for cities to eval- of a set of indicators, metrics and methodolo-
uate and monitor the progress of their biodiver- gies to help cities understand their impacts on
sity conservation efforts against their own in- nature, set science-based targets for improve-
dividual baselines (National Parks Board, n.d.). ment, monitor progress and catalyse action.
The index contains a set of indicators divided The index addresses three spheres of ecologi-
into three categories: native biodiversity, eco- cal impact – urban, regional and global – there-
system services provided by biodiversity, and by offering a comprehensive evaluation of a
governance and management of biodiversity. It city’s ecological performance. It is intended for
is intended for use by local governments and use by local governments on an ongoing basis.
The Olympic Games development process is a sig- expand and connect local green spaces, including
nificant opportunity to build biodiversity planning the biodiversity hub at Parc Départemental Georges-
into urban revitalisation for sport. As Paris prepares Valbon. Existing and to-be-created biodiversity
to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games Paris corridors along railways and bike paths will build
2024 (Box 4), SOLIDEO (Société de Livraison des connections for both people and nature. Within the
Ouvrages Olympiques), the agency created to de- Village itself, an ecological loop is planned to create
liver the new venues for Olympic and Paralympic a continuous green corridor through the built envi-
Games Paris 2024, is designing with the social ronment. The corridor will be several metres wide
and ecological legacy of the Games at the forefront for most of its length. In addition to building phys-
(SOLIDEO, 2019). Major re-development is planned ical connections for the movement of people and
in La Seine-Saint Denis, situated north-east of wildlife, re-development in this urban district also
Paris along the River Seine, for the new Olympic strives to build emotional and personal connections
Village. SOLIDEO aims to develop this district as between the people of La-Seine-Saint-Denis, Paris
an example of sustainable design for future devel- and the local environment.
opment, a vision that is propelled and enabled by
the upcoming Olympic Games. The realisation of Matrix quality
the Olympic works will transform the local perspec-
tive on biodiversity and show that it is possible to A striking feature of the Olympic Village will be the
re-introduce biodiversity even in dense urban areas. rooftop gardens on the majority of new buildings,
Transformative development plans include each of with the remaining rooftops used for solar panels
the seven key elements of the Framework to sup- or mixed green and solar uses. In addition to new
port biodiversity in Paris. ground-level habitat patches, the Olympic Village
aims for high matrix quality to allow movement of
Patch size wildlife and to provide habitat for smaller and more
mobile creatures like pollinators and birds. Green
New green spaces will be added to the Olympic roofs at different heights will be designed to sup-
Village, which currently lacks public open space to port different habitat types, modelled after habitats
benefit people and biodiversity. A total of approx- that might be found in nature at different elevations.
imately seven hectares of new green spaces are These green roofs will have a minimum soil depth of
planned. These are meant to serve multiple pur- 30 cm, making them able to support a wider range
poses, including offering space for biodiversity and of plant species than shallower soil depths more
also promoting physical activities and sports. The often found on green roofs. Continued greening in
goal is particularly true for the northern area of the the surrounding areas following the regional plan-
Athlete’s Plaza, which will include several thousand ning vision can further enhance matrix quality.
square metres of green space designed to play and
practice sports. A nearby regional biodiversity hub Habitat diversity
exists at Parc Départemental Georges-Valbon, a
415-hectare preserve. In addition to diverse rooftop habitats, the Olympic
Village will be designed to contain five distinct na-
Connections tive habitat types in close proximity. These habitats
are based on the local soil characteristics present
The Olympic Village will be located along the Seine in different parts of the development area, and will
River, a key ecological corridor for the region. One contain plant communities chosen to thrive in differ-
aim during re-development is to enhance the qual- ent microhabitats. The mosaic of habitat types will
ity of the existing river corridor and extend small- provide a selection of shared habitat for animals,
er habitat corridors out from the river. Planning for as well as showcasing a diversity of natural land-
the Olympic Village has included regional visions to scapes for people.
Since its initial bidding to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Paris 2024 has been committed
to lead the fight against climate change and to preserve biodiversity.
Sports are challenged by the ecological emergency: athletes experience the degradation of their
natural playgrounds – rivers, mountains, oceans – and sports organisations are exposed to these
upheavals. In the vision of Paris 2024, sports’ incredible power of mobilisation must be on the front
line to act, and its Games offer a shared goal for addressing these challenges. All stakeholders of
Paris 2024: Organising Committee, the Olympic Buildings Delivery Authority (SOLIDEO), the Sports
Movement and public institutions have committed to organising the Olympic and Paralympic Games
of a new era; much more environmentally friendly and much more supportive.
This transformation has started with a sober Games concept. The concept of Paris 2024 is 95%
based on existing or temporary equipment where, in general, the impact on biodiversity will be limited
by the low pressure on habitats. The Olympic Aquatic Centre in Seine-Saint-Denis will be the only
new Sports equipment built for these Games. Beyond the sobriety of the concept, the Organizing
Committee has developed a specific preservation strategy to assess and manage its impacts
over 5 pillars: biodiversity and ecosystems, landscapes, environmental health, carbon footprint and
circular economy.
A vast majority of Paris 2024 venues will host events or celebrations in the heart of different cities, so
urban biodiversity is a central element. The biodiversity approach of Paris 2024 includes “remarkable
biodiversity” -to be preserved as much as possible by moving away from it- and “ordinary or daily
biodiversity” -to be preserved by integrating it as much as possible into projects and to be highlighted
in the eyes of the public.
Paris 2024 is engaged to go beyond preservation by identifying regeneration opportunities for the
urban sites serving the Games. The analysis of these opportunities will be based on the 7 elements
of the SFEI framework, and works have already started for the most emblematic equipment of the
Games: the Olympic and Paralympic Village.
Above all, a housing district was conceived that will be used as accommodation for athletes. This
ambitious project placing the preservation and development of biodiversity at the heart of its priorities
is implemented by SOLIDEO.
Source: SOLIDEO
Notes: An ecological loop is planned to create connectivity through the Olympic Village between new green spaces and the
waterfront.
Biodiversity was one of five priority sustainabili- Delivery Authority, 2008, p. 4). Corridors throughout
ty themes of the Olympic and Paralympic Games the park maintain connectivity for wildlife around
London 2012. The remediation and construction of recreational facilities and development.
the site of the Olympic Park (now known as Queen
Elizabeth Olympic Park) provided for the estab- The positive attention generated by native wild-
lishment of a large urban habitat patch with 45 flower meadows in the Olympic Park during the
hectares of new wildlife habitat in addition to rec- Games inspired further naturalistic wildlife-support-
reational space for visitors (Azzali, 2017). Prior to ing features in the legacy phase of development,
redevelopment, the park site was heavily impacted and the use of temporary infrastructure during the
by invasive species and pollution from previous in- Games left space for additional features in the legacy
dustrial use, and provided few social or ecological phase. The Biodiversity Action Plan was compiled
services. In preparation for the Olympic Games, by the company for the delivery of Olympic Works
several diverse habitats were restored in the park, (Olympic Delivery Authority) to guide park man-
including grassland, scrubland and wet woodland. agement. The plan outlined joint goals of biodiver-
The park was positioned to enhance regional con- sity conservation, social well-being and economic
nectivity along the Lee River Valley by extending a welfare, emphasizing the provision of natural habi-
chain of existing green spaces from the Lee Valley tat and education of park visitors. It included a list of
Regional Park toward the River Thames (Olympic ’species aspirations’, or particular species that the
© David Stubbs
Sustainability and conservation are important (Munoz Vega, 2018). It supports high biodiversity
goals at Le Golf National in France, host of the an- with high habitat diversity: 10 different EUNIS-
nual French Open and the 2018 Ryder Cup, and classified habitats7 are present on the site, includ-
scheduled to host the 2022 World Amateur Team ing three rare habitats. In addition, connectivity
Championships and the 2024 Paris Olympic golf among habitats has been maintained by careful sit-
events. Located just outside of Paris at the con- ing of corridors and habitat patches throughout the
fluence of natural, industrial and urban land uses, courses to allow for wildlife movement.
the 139-hectare course extends an existing large
habitat patch and provides diverse, high-quali- Several special resources are provided in the
ty habitat in addition to the three courses on-site course as well, including amphibian hibernacula
(the championship Albatros course, the 18-hole (winter shelters), dead trees for cavity-nesting birds
parkland Aigle course and the Urba 7-hole execu- and piles of large rocks extracted during course
tive course). Original construction of the course in development which serve as habitat for lichens
early 1990 converted former intensive agricultural and which may also support nearby bats. A mix of
land with little biodiversity value into a premier sport traditional Agrostis and native Poa grasses is used
facility capable of supporting a range of species. for putting greens, with additional native grasses
The French Golf Federation and the Natural History included in un-mowed rough areas. Management
Museum collaborate to conduct biodiversity sur- practices such as reduced chemical inputs and
veys at the course and identify indicators of ecolog- maintenance of unmowed buffer areas around wa-
ical quality. They have identified more than 350 spe- ter features and habitat patches support and com-
cies during these surveys, including 13 rare species pound other biodiversity efforts.
In New South Wales, Australia, members of the The effort provided opportunities to engage parents
Kinross Wolaroi School Rowing Programme of student rowers in the sport, and additional work
launched a project to restore degraded land around is planned to tie restoration efforts with school cur-
the Spring Creek reservoir. The city-owned reser- ricula and further increase the size of the high-qual-
voir, where rowers from the school come to prac- ity habitat patch around the reservoir. Removal of
tice, is separated from agricultural land by only thirsty non-native trees has lowered the demand on
a small strip of vegetation composed mostly of the drought-stressed reservoir, leaving more water
non-native and invasive plants. These plants con- to support biodiversity and rowing activities. Urban
sume more water than the native species, further river sites are often degraded, and improvement ef-
exacerbating the effects of ongoing drought con- forts like those seen at Spring Creek can have sig-
ditions, which have reduced the reservoir to 30% nificant impacts on local biodiversity. To incentivise
of its capacity. Run-off from nearby farming com- future sustainability and conservation efforts by the
promises water quality, which is a problem for local rowing community, the World Rowing Federation
rowers as well as for two endangered duck species (FISA) recognises exceptional contributions like
observed at the reservoir. In order to create a beau- the Spring Creek project with the World Rowing
tiful, healthy area for sport and high-quality habitat Sustainability Award (FISA, 2020). Furthermore,
for birds, rowers presented a restoration plan to the FISA provides rowers with guidelines to emphasise
city council for support. Following the guidance of positive biodiversity impacts in event and venue
an environmental consultant and with funding from planning through their sustainability goals (FISA,
the city, the team hosted community workdays to n.d.). In this way, the sports federation, local sports
clear invasive species from a section of the shore team, and host city can work together to support
and plant native plants. positive biodiversity outcomes.
© Tobias Wehr-Candler
Volunteers install native plants around the Spring Creek reservoir on a planting and learn-to-row day.
As part of the development of the Olympic Village and flying insects. In this way, re-development as-
for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games sociated with new construction for sport was able
Vancouver 2010, a new island was constructed to positively impact both aquatic and terrestrial bio-
in the highly urban Lower False Creek inlet to cre- diversity in a highly urban context by converting de-
ate a habitat patch for fish and other wildlife. The graded industrial land into liveable habitat for both
Olympic Village was constructed in a former industri- athletes and wildlife.
al area with degraded shoreline, high pollutant con-
centrations and low biodiversity value (Wernick et al., Useful sources, links and materials
2012). To offset an area of degraded shoreline filled
for the construction of the Olympic Village, the de- Millenium Water (2010). The Southeast False
velopers designed Habitat Island, a new island adja- Creek Olympic Village, Vancouver, BC. https://
cent to the Olympic Village site, with features includ- millenniumdevelopment.com/Olympic-Village/
ing a naturalistic shoreline and native vegetation. documents/globeAwards2010.pdf
Special resources, including intertidal habitat and
naturalised wetlands in Hinge Park, which connects Scalza, R. (2016) ‘Urban Beavers Move into
Habitat Island with the Olympic Village site, were also Vancouver’s Olympic Village’. Inside Vancouver
added to increase the biodiversity value of the area. [blogpost] (6 January 2016). https://www.
insidevancouver.ca/2016/01/06/urban-
Since its construction, these habitats have hosted beavers-move-into-vancouvers-olympic-village/
a variety of wildlife, including a pair of beavers and
their offspring (Scalza, 2016). The value of the area Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation
for biodiversity was further improved during the (2016). Biodiversity Strategy. https://
Olympic Village construction process through the parkboardmeetings.vancouver.
inclusion of green roofs on over 50% of the building ca/2016/20160201/REPORT_
footprint, improving overall matrix quality for birds BiodiversityStrategy20160201.pdf
© City of Vancouver
Indoor sports facilities and stadiums are often lo- and mitigation of other negative impacts should
cated in highly developed areas, where there may be prioritised as well. However, in cases such as
be few habitat patches to support biodiversity Levi’s Stadium, which was constructed primari-
and where green roofs can provide important im- ly on paved land in a highly urban area, even the
provements to matrix quality. Sports facilities in addition of small features can be an improvement
the United States, such as Levi’s Stadium in Santa when combined with practices such as sustainable
Clara (National Football League), Fenway Park in sourcing and water recycling.
Boston (Major League Baseball) and St. Vincent’s
Training Center in Indianapolis (National Basketball In Vancouver, Canada, the West building of the
Association), have installed green roofs on their sta- Convention Centre, added in preparation for its
diums, either as part of the original design (Levi’s role as the Main Media Center for the Olympic
Stadium and St. Vincent’s Training Center) or as a and Paralympic Winter Games Vancouver 2010,
retrofit on an existing facility (Fenway Park). This im- installed the largest green roof in Canada. It was
provement trades unused rooftop space for green landscaped with a mix of native plants and grass-
spaces that can provide a range of benefits, includ- es, and also hosted four honeybee hives which
ing temperature regulation, water retention, food pollinate plants on the roof and provide honey for
production and habitat provision. Each of these the on-site kitchen (Vancouver Convention Centre,
stadiums includes food gardens as part of their n.d.). In some cities, green roofs are required on
green roof design and is used to provide some sta- new construction, where careful design can make
dium concessions and special farm-to-table men- these rooftops beautiful and useful green spac-
us. The rooftop gardens also feature sections of es. Living walls, such as the flowering wall at the
native plants to support biodiversity. Green roofs All England Lawn Tennis Club which hosts the
may form a small part of the overall built footprint Wimbledon Championship in the United Kingdom,
© AELTC/Anthony Upton
In collaboration with American Major League space for fans to enjoy. It is one part of the sustain-
Baseball’s Baltimore Orioles and Maryland Stadium ability agenda for the Maryland
Authority, the National Wildlife Federation and
National Aquarium designed and installed the Useful sources, links and materials
Oriole Garden focused on the native bird who
serves as the team mascot, the Baltimore oriole Communication with Holly Gallagher, National
(Icterus galbula). The garden was established in Wildlife Federation, 31 January 2020.
2016 at the Maryland Stadium Authority’s Oriole
Park at Camden Yards Sports Complex in down- M&T Bank Stadium (n.d.). ‘M&T Bank Stadium
town Baltimore, Maryland. It is located near the Information’. M&T Bank Stadium [website].
stadium entrance, where it can be enjoyed by fans, https://www.baltimoreravens.com/stadium/
athletes and employees. The garden covers over information
10,000 square feet and includes more than 30 spe-
cies of perennial native plants, which attract polli- Major League Baseball (2016). ‘The NWF and the
nators, butterflies and birds, including the Baltimore Baltimore Orioles dedicate new Oriole Garden
oriole (National Wildlife Federation, n.d.). In addition at Camden Yards’. Major League Baseball
to benefiting wildlife, the garden also serves as a [website] (26 May 2016). https://www.mlb.
demonstration space to show visitors an example com/official-information/terms-of-use
of Maryland native plant landscaping. The stadi-
um itself is located less than a mile from two other National Wildlife Federation (NWF) (n.d.). ‘Oriole
large green spaces (M&T Bank Stadium and Carroll Garden at Camden Yards’. NWF [website].
Park), and thus greening efforts on the Oriole Park https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/
grounds can improve matrix quality and connec- Create/Real-Wildlife-Habitat-Gardens/
tivity in conjunction with other local green spaces. Oriole-Garden
In addition to featuring native gardens to support
wildlife, both Oriole Park and M&T Bank Stadium _____ (n.d.). ‘Oriole Garden Fact Sheet’. NWF
are LEED Gold certified (M&T Bank Stadium, n.d.; [website]. https://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/
U.S. Green Building Council, 2018). This includes Regional/Chesapeake/Oriole-Garden-Fact-
integrated pest management practices to reduce Sheet-2016.ashx
chemical inputs and run-off, which have detrimen-
tal impacts on nearby Chesapeake Bay. The native U.S. Green Building Council (2018). ‘Orioles Park’.
plant garden at Oriole Park has co-benefits of pro- USGBC [website]. https://www.usgbc.org/
moting team spirit, providing habitat for orioles and projects/orioles-park?view=scorecard
other birds and insects, and creating a beautiful
A Baltimore oriole, the team mascot that a stadiumgarden Volunteers help plant native vegetation at the Oriole Garden.
was designed to support. © Shutterstock © Carolyn Millard
Tree planting is one of the most common biodiversi- While some of these initiatives have goals of off-
ty-related efforts made in conjunction with sporting setting carbon emissions and aiding reforestation in
events. Examples include tree planting by European rural areas, relatively small tree planting efforts can
Athletics in association with the Lisbon Cross be impactful in urban environments where trees can
Country Championships to symbolise participating provide valuable shade and air quality benefits to
nations and the extensive planting effort by UEFA to people while supporting local ecology. Large urban
plant trees in 12 host countries for the 2020 EURO trees act as special resources for biodiversity and
Tournament. Several sports teams have launched improve quality of life for urban residents. In addi-
initiatives to plant trees associated with their specific tion, urban trees can help improve matrix quality
goals: Twigs for Twigs by the Montreal Canadiens, by greening the urban environment. Continued tree
who plant 10 trees for every hockey stick broken in care is essential in order to ensure lasting positive
a game; Trees for Threes in which trees are plant- legacies, thus collaborations and funding for main-
ed for every three point basket scored by profes- tenance should be secured at the time of planting.
sional American basketball teams, including the Many sports teams have formed partnerships with
Milwaukee Bucks and the Dallas Mavericks, as well local tree planting non-profits, cities and schools to
as college teams at Xavier University and University provide trees where they are needed most, choose
of Louisiana at Lafayette; and Break a Bat, Plant the most appropriate trees for a particular location
a Tree in which American baseball teams, such as and establish plans for ongoing stewardship of new
the Arizona Diamondbacks, support tree planting trees.
goals every time the pitcher breaks the bat of an
opposing player.
© Erica Spotswood
A Valley Oak tree providing shade and resources in the urban environment.
The United States Golf Association (USGA) has The USGA promotes biodiversity conservation ef-
supported and encouraged the expansion of mini- forts at courses by supporting research and the
mally-managed green spaces outside of playing ar- distribution of resources, such as seed and care
eas on golf courses. The conversion of unused are- information through media, individual consulting
as in the rough into spaces with native vegetation services and external programmes. Additionally,
has a number of ecological, economic and aesthet- the USGA has cultivated partnerships with oth-
ic benefits. Through the Monarchs in the Rough er organisations such as Audubon International,
program, the USGA encourages the development which supports and informs scientific guidelines
of monarch butterfly and overall pollinator habitat and recognises success by designating golf cours-
by providing golf course managers with milkweed es as Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuaries,
(a special resource for monarch butterflies) and if they meet a set of environmental management
wildflower seeds to convert one acre of land into criteria. Certification can come with economic ben-
pollinator habitat. Reduced management in the efits: research has found a price premium for golf
forms of water, fertilizer and pesticide applications courses certified as wildlife sanctuaries (Limehouse
helps maintain habitat quality while also reducing et al., 2010). Positive examples and best practice
costs for venues owners and operators. Golfers en- guidelines are collected and distributed through
joy experiencing natural habitats, particularly when in-person consulting, online and through the Green
signage is provided to explain the benefits of alter- Section Record, a regular USGA publication giving
native management actions for wildlife, as well as course managers specific guidance on appropriate
materials signalling the importance a course places actions to take and how to avoid problems en-
on sustainability and biodiversity protection, can countered by other managers when implementing
have reputational benefits. changes to support nature (USGA, n.d.).
A monarch butterfly on a milkweed plant. © Shutterstock Golf courses can incorporate natural vegetation in out-of-play
areas. © Shutterstock
© Dreamstime
Green Point Park in Cape Town, South Africa is Useful sources, links and materials
a recreational green space redesigned as part of
the construction of the Cape Town Stadium ahead Biodiversity Showcase Garden in Green Point,
of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Within this park, the Cape Town
Biodiversity Showcase Garden was designed as
an educational demonstration garden to highlight World Cup Legacy - Green Point Park, Cape
the unique fynbos habitat historically found in the Town. https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/
Cape Town region. This garden was developed to article/world-cup-legacy-green-point
show the use of native plants in landscaping and to park-cape-town
emphasize the diversity of species native to Cape
Town ecosystems. Green Point Park is primarily Krasny, M.E., C. Lundholm, S. Shava, E. Lee,
managed for recreational and social benefits rather and H. Kobori. 2013. Urban Landscapes
than for wildlife; however, the use of native plants, as Learning Arenas for Biodiversity and
interactive signage, and artistic representation of lo- Ecosystem Services Management. T. Elmqvist
cal animals fills the important role of educating vis- et al. (eds.), Urbanization, Biodiversity
itors about the natural ecosystem and connecting and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and
them with the local environment. Opportunities: A Global Assessment, DOI
10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_30
© Dreamstime
Patch size:
• Preserve and conserve existing natural vegetation within sport venues
• Create venues in areas where little green space exists
Connections:
• Take advantage of marathons and cycling events to improve green infrastructure along the route,
such as street trees
• Develop green active mobility corridors around venues
Matrix quality:
• Use grass rather than artificial turf
• Install native plants around sport venues and fields
• Add green roofs and living walls on sport buildings
Habitat diversity:
• Include multiple habitat types around venues, such as water features, meadows and shrubs
• Develop vegetated patches with multiple layers, such as grass, shrubs and tree canopy
Native vegetation:
• Choose native plants for outdoor landscaping
• Remove invasive species, especially along waterways
• Select native species as mascots
• Organise education events to connect fans with native species
Special resources:
• Install bird boxes or materials suitable for nest-building
• Create rain gardens in parking lots and around fields and courts
• Create wildflower meadows and gardens for pollinators
• Retain dead trees, fallen logs and leaf litter where possible
Management:
• Install bird safe windows
• Reduce night time lighting where possible and use wildlife friendly lighting where necessary
• Reduce mowing and chemical input on or around the edges of maintained lawns
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