1 Fig. 1.1 shows a steel spring.

(a) Describe an experimental procedure for obtaining the results needed to plot an extension–load
graph for this spring. [3]

(b) In an experiment to obtain results for an extension–load graph, a spring is stretched beyond its limit
of proportionality.

(i) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the extension–load graph for this spring. [2]

(ii) On your graph in Fig. 1.2, mark and label with a P the limit of proportionality. [1]

(c) The limit of proportionality for this spring occurs at a load of 8.5N.

The extension of the spring is equal to 0.014m when the load is equal to 3.5N.

Calculate the extension for a load of 5.5N. [2]

Solution: DYNAMICS

(a) Clamp the spring and then using the meter rule measure the original length of the spring. After
that use variety of different loads and then measure the new length of the spring. Then calculate
extension of spring by subtracting original length from final length. After the extension plot the
graph force vs extension.
(b) (i)

(ii)

(c) F= k x e

F x e (force is directly proportional to extension)

F1/e1 = F2/e2

3.5/0.014 = 5.5/e2

e2 = 5.5 x 0.014/3.5

e2 = 0.022 m

2 A child’s toy consists of a flexible track and a model car.

Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of the toy.

The child then releases the car which travels towards point B. Both air resistance and friction between
the car and the track are negligible.

The gravitational field strength g is 10N/kg.

(a) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the car as it travels from A to B. [2]

(b) Calculate the speed of the car when it reaches B. [3]

(c) After releasing it, the child expects the car to follow the track along the route ABCDEFG. In fact, the
model car does not reach F.

(i) Explain, in terms of energy, why the car does not go past D, which is also 0.45m above the horizontal
track. [1]

(ii) Immediately after being released at A, the car travels to B, to C and then to D. Describe the motion of
the car after it reaches D. [1]

Solution: WORK, ENERGY & POWER

(a) G.p.e= m x g x h

=0.12 x 10 x 0.45

=0.54 J

(b) Energy at A = Energy at B

G.P.E at A = K.E at B
0.54J = ½ x m x v2

0.54 x 2 /0.12 = v2

√v2 = √9

v= 3 m/s

(c) (i) Now more g.p.e would be required to past D point as some of the g.p.e is being converted to K.e
hence the remaining g.p.e isn’t equal to original value of g.p.e.

(ii) As it reaches the D, The kinetic energy isn’t suffiecient to go beyond D hence it travels back to C and
then return to A.

3 A curved, glass tube is open at one end and sealed at the other.

A dense liquid is poured into the tube. The liquid traps air in the sealed end.

Fig. 3.1 shows the tube, the liquid and the trapped air.

(a) The difference between the liquid levels is h. At room temperature, h is 0.57m.

The density of the liquid is 1.4 × 104 kg/m3.

The gravitational field strength g is 10N/kg and the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105Pa.

Calculate the pressure of the trapped air. [3]

(i) The height of the trapped air in the tube is x. Explain, in terms of molecules, why x changes when the
air is heated. [3]

(ii) The trapped air reaches a constant temperature that is greater than its initial temperature. Describe
and explain the change in h in terms of the pressures involved. [2]

Solution: PRESSURE

(a) P = ρ x g x h

P= 1.4 × 104 x 10 x 0.57

= 7.98 x 104 Pa

Total pressure = Pressure of liquid + atmospheric pressure

7.98 x 104 + 1.0 × 105

1.8 x 105 Pa

(b) (i) As the air is heated the molecules would now move faster as now they have greater K.E hence the
number of collision with the wall of the tube increases as a result of this they exert more force per unit
area hence greater pressure

(ii) As the gas is now at higher temperature the difference between the liquid levels increases but the
pressure would eventually become equal.

4 X-rays are transverse waves that are part of a spectrum of waves.

(a) State the name of the spectrum of waves that includes X-rays. [1]

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by ‘frequency’. [2]

(ii) State the name of the waves in this spectrum that have the greatest frequency. [1]

(c) X-rays are used in hospitals to produce an image of broken bones.

(i) Explain how this is done. You may draw a diagram if you wish. [3]

(ii) Explain why X-rays are not used for pre-natal scanning. [1]

Solution: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

(a) Electromagnetic spectrum

(b) (i) Frequency is number of waves or oscillation produced per unit time

(ii) Gamma-Rays
(c) (i) X-rays are exposed to the part of the body where the broken bone is suspected, X-rays enters the
flesh of the individual and then penetrate through the body but not completely through the bone as a
result of this the remaining are detected by the electronic detector

(ii) X-rays can cause mutation which can lead to cancer in young fetus moreover x-rays are used for bone
imaging not fetus imaging.

5 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram that shows the number of particles in a charged atom (ion) of beryllium (Be).

(a) The charge on an electron is –1.6 × 10–19C. The charge on the ion is +3.2 × 10–19C.

(i) Deduce, from the charge on the ion, the number of protons in its nucleus.

Show your working. [2]

(ii) Write down, in nuclide notation, the symbol for the nucleus of this charged atom. [1]

(b) The isotope in Fig. 5.1 is the only stable isotope of beryllium.

Explain the term ‘isotope’. [2]

(c) Explain what prevents electrons in an atom from escaping. [2]

Solution: ELECTROSTATICS

(a) (i) Charges or electrons only exist in discrete quantities

Charge of ion = 3.2 × 10–19C/1.6 × 10–19C = +2 charge on ion

+2 charge indicates it loses 2 electrons

So total 4 electrons; so total 4 protons

(ii) 9Be4

(b) Isotope is the atoms of same element with same number of protons but different number of
neutrons
(c) Electrons are negatively charged while nucleus is positively charged and hence there is force of
attraction between them which keep them in orbit.

6 An electromagnet is used to separate objects that are magnetic from objects that are non-magnetic.

Fig. 6.1 shows the electromagnet suspended from the arm of a crane.

(a) State the name of the metal from which the core of the electromagnet is made. [1]

(b) The electromagnet is powered by a 220V d.c. (direct current) supply.

The electromagnet is switched on and the current in the circuit is 39A.

(i) Calculate the power transferred to the electromagnet. [2]

(ii) The d.c. supply is a set of batteries.

The batteries power the magnet for 4.5 hours before they need to be replaced.

Calculate the charge driven around the complete circuit in this time. [3]

(c) On a very cold morning, when the electromagnet is first switched on, the current is greater than 39A
before decreasing to the usual value.

Explain why the current is initially greater than 39A. [1]

Solution: ELECTROMAGNETISM

(a) Soft Iron is used to make electromagnet

(b) (i) P= V x I
220 x 39 = 8.6 x 103 W
(ii) Q= I x t

Q = 39 x 4.5 x 3600= 6.8 x 105C

(c) Resistance increases as the temperature increases hence current decreases

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a child sitting on a sledge on a snow-covered hill of constant slope.

At time t = 0, the child and the sledge begin to move down the hill in a straight line.

When the child sees a wall ahead, he applies the brake.

The child and sledge continue to travel in a straight line until they come to a stop before hitting the wall

Fig. 7.2 is the speed-time graph for the journey.

(a) Fig 7.2 shows how the speed of the child and sledge varies over the whole of the journey.

Explain why, between t = 0 and t = 26s, the speed varies in the way shown by the graph. [3]

(b) At t = 26s, the front of the sledge is 35m from the wall. Determine the distance between the front of
the sledge and the wall when the sledge stops. [3]

(c) At t = 26s, the child and sledge begin to decelerate.

(i) Determine the size of the deceleration. [3]

(ii) The mass of the child is 46kg and the mass of the sledge is 9.0kg.

Calculate the resultant force on the child and sledge as they decelerate. [2]

(iii) State the energy transfer that is taking place as the child and sledge decelerate. [2]

(d) At t = 26s, when the brake is first applied, the child jerks forwards on the sledge.

Explain why. [2]

Solution: KINEMATICS

(a) From t= 0 to t=22s the speed increases non uniformly hence the acceleration is produced moreover
air resistance and friction also increases as a result of this constant speed is achieved as Friction and air
resistance becomes equal to thrust or accelerating force.

(b) Distance in speed time graph will be equal to area under the graph
Area of triangle

½xbxh

½ x 4 x 15.2 (each box represent 0.4)

30.4 m

Distance between sledge and wall – distance covered by sledge = distance between sledge’s front and
wall

35-30.4 = 4.6 m

(c) (i) gradient of speed vs time will give us acceleration

(26,15.4) (30,0a)

-15.4/30-26 = -3.85 m/s2

So deceleration = 3.85 m/s2

(ii) The mass of the child is 46kg and the mass of the sledge is 9.0kg.

Calculate the resultant force on the child and sledge as they decelerate. [2]

F= ma

F = (46+9) x 3.85

55 x 3.85 = (211.75 N) 210N

(iii) From kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy to thermal energy only

(d) This is due to inertia as the mass of child resist the motion.

8 A parallel beam of light travelling in air is incident on a glass lens.

The dashed line P indicates the position of the lens. The centre of the lens is dot C.

(a) The lens is a diverging lens.

On Fig. 8.1:

(i) indicate the shape of the lens by drawing the outline of the lens around dashed line P [1]

(ii) draw the path taken by each ray of light after it passes through the lens. [2]

(b) Diverging lenses are used to correct short-sight.

(i) Fig. 8.2 is a simplified diagram of a short-sighted eye. Light from a distant object strikes the eye lens
and enters the eye.

On Fig. 8.2, continue the three rays in the eye until they reach the back of the eye.

(ii) State how the image of a distant object detected by a normal eye differs from the image detected by
the short-sighted eye. [1]

(iii) Explain how a diverging lens corrects the sight of a short-sighted eye viewing a distant object. [1]

(c) The focal length of the diverging lens is 4.0cm.

An object of height 3.5cm is placed 6.0cm from the centre of the lens.
(i) Fig. 8.3 is a full-scale diagram drawn on a grid, on which the dashed line L represents the lens and the
arrow O the object.

By drawing on Fig. 8.3, find the position of the image I of object O.

Draw image I and label it I. [4]

(ii) Explain whether the image produced is real or virtual. [1]

(iii) On the grid in Fig. 8.3, write an E in a position from which an eye can see the image. [1]

(iv) Determine the linear magnification produced. [2]

Solution: LENSES

(a) (i)

(ii)
(b) (i)

(ii) Image is sharp and clear not blurred

(iii) Light diverges before entering eye therefore it meet at back of eye

(b) (i)

(ii) Virtual

(iii) On the right side

1.4/3.5 = 0.40

9 The power supply in an electric circuit is a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 12V.

(a) State two ways in which the e.m.f. of a battery differs from that of an alternating current (a.c.)
power supply. [2]

(b) The circuit includes three resistors and two open switches, S1 and S2.

Fig. 9.1 shows the circuit.

YZ is a straight, horizontal section of connecting wire that lies between two magnets.

S1 is now closed.

(i) Calculate the current in YZ. [2]

(ii) Explain why YZ experiences a force. [2]

(iii) Tick the box which describes the direction of the force on YZ

(iv) Explain how the direction of the force on YZ is determined. [2]

(c) Switch S2 in the circuit in Fig. 9.1 is now also closed.

(ii) Explain what happens to the force on YZ as switch S2 is closed. [2]

(iii) The current in the 20Ω resistor is I20. The current in the 30Ω resistor is I30.

State a value for the ratio I20 / I30. [1]

Solution: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

(a) 1) The value of current changes in a.c supply

2) The direction of current changes in a.c. supply

(b) (i) V = I x R

12/28+20 = I

I= 0.25 A

(ii) There is the current in YZ therefore the magnetic effect is produced in the current as a result of
this the magnetic field of current interact magnetic field of magnet

(iii)

(iv) The direction of force is determined by Fleming’s Left hand rule, As current flows from Y to Z and
magnetic field is left to right hence the thumb faces downwards which corresponds direction of
force

(c) (i) 30 and 20 resistor in parallel

RT = (30-1 + 20-1)-1 = 12

12 + 28 = 40 Ω

(ii) Resistance decreases overall therefore current increases and eventually force experienced
increases

(iii) I20 / I30 = R30/R20

30/20 = 1.5