New Holland B90B, B95B, B95BLR, B95BTC, B110B, B115B TIER 3 Loader Backhoe Service Repair Manual
New Holland B90B, B95B, B95BLR, B95BTC, B110B, B115B TIER 3 Loader Backhoe Service Repair Manual
New Holland B90B, B95B, B95BLR, B95BTC, B110B, B115B TIER 3 Loader Backhoe Service Repair Manual
BACKHOE LOADER
B90B
B95B
B95BLR
B95BTC
B110B
B115B
TIER 3
www.cnhmanualpdf.com
THIS SAFETY ALERT SYMBOL INDICATES IMPORTANT SAFETY MESSAGES IN THIS MANUAL.
WHEN YOU SEE THIS SYMBOL, CAREFULLY READ THE MESSAGE THAT FOLLOWS AND BE ALERT
TO THE POSSIBILITY OF DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY.
Safety Decals on this machine use the words Danger, Warning, or Caution, which are defined as follows:
● DANGER: Indicates an immediate hazardous situation that, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
The color associated with Danger is RED.
● WARNING: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or serious
injury. The color associated with Warning is ORANGE.
● CAUTION: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate
injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices. The color associated with Caution is YELLOW.
If Safety Decals on this machine are ISO two panel Pictorial, decals are defined as follows:
● The first panel indicates the nature of the hazard.
● The second panel indicates the appropriate avoidance of the hazard.
● Background color is YELLOW
● Prohibition symbols such as and STOP if used, are RED.
IMPROPER OPERATION OF THIS MACHINE CAN CAUSE DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY. BEFORE USING THIS
MACHINE, MAKE CERTAIN THAT EVERY OPERATOR:
❷ Is instructed in safe and proper use of the machine.
❷ Reads and understands the Manual(s) pertaining to the machine.
❷ Reads and understands ALL Safety Decals on the machine.
❷ Clears the area of other persons.
❷ Learns and practices safe use of machine controls in a safe, clear area before operating this machine on a job
site.
It is your responsibility to observe pertinent laws and regulations and follow instructions on machine operation and
maintenance.
CALIFORNIA
PROPOSITION 65 WARNING
Diesel engine exhaust and some of its constituents are known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects,
and other reproductive harm.
Battery post, terminals and related accessories contain lead and lead compounds. Wash hands after handling.
TECHNICAL MANUALS
Manuals are available from your Dealer for the operation, service, and repair of your machine.
Contact your Dealer for assistance in obtaining the manuals for your machine. Your Dealer can expedite your order for
Operator’s Manuals, Parts Catalogs, Service Manuals, and maintenance records.
Always give the Machine Name, Model, and P. I.N. (Product Identification Number) or S. N. (Serial Number) of your
machine so your Dealer can provide the correct manuals for your machine.
Any use of editorial or pictorial content is strictly prohibited without express written permission from
CNH America LLC. Carol Stream, IL 60188 U.S.A.
1
TO READER
This manual has been printed for a kilful engineer CNH AMERICA LLC
to supply necessary technical information to carry 245 E North Avenue
out service operations on this machine. Carol Stream, II 60188 U.S.A.
REFERENCE
Beyond this Service Manual, also refer to
documents hereunder listed:
Z Operator’s Manual
Z Parts Catalogue
COMPLETE HANDBOOK FOR INSTRUCTIONS The Service Manuals for “Loader backhoe” and
AND REPAIRS “Engine” contain the necessary technical informa-
The complete Service Manual consists of two tion to carry out service and repair on machine and
volumes: on engine, necessary tools to carry out those op-
erations and information on service standard, on
Z B90B-B95B-B95BLR-B95BTC-B110B-B115B procedures for connection, disconnection, disas-
Service Manual “Loader backhoe” sembly and assembly of parts.
Z B90B-B95B-B95BLR-B95BTC-B110B-B115B
Service Manual “Engine” The complete Service Manual which covers the
loader backhoe models B90B-B95B-B95BLR-
B95BTC-B110B-B115B consists of the following
volumes, which can be identified through their
print no. as stated below:
AVOID ACCIDENTS
The majority of accidents and injuries which occur in industry, on the farm, at home or on the
road, are caused by the failure of some individual to follow simple and fundamental safety rules
or precautions. For this reason MOST ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED by recognizing the
real cause and taking the necessary precautions, before the accident occurs.
Regardless of the care used in design and construction of any type of equipment, there may be
conditions that cannot be completely safeguarded against, without interfering with reasonable
accessibility and efficient operation.
A careful operator and / or technician is the best insurance against accidents. The complete ob-
servance of one simple rule would prevent many thousands of serious injuries each year.
This rule is: Never attempt to clean, lubricate or adjust a machine while it is in motion.
SWARNING
Before carrying out any maintenance operation, adjustment and or repair on machines equipped
with attachments, controlled hydraulically or mechanically, make sure that the attachment is low-
ered and safely set on the ground. If it is necessary to have the equipment partially or fully raised
to gain access to certain items, be sure the equipment is suitably supported by means other than
the hydraulic lift cylinders, cable and /or mechanical device used for controlling the equipment.
All rights reserved. Reproduction of text or illustrations, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited.
3
INDEX
SECTION 00 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
SECTION 01 - MAINTENANCE
SECTION 21 - TRANSMISSION
1. POWERSHUTTLE TRANSMISSION “TURNER MODEL COM-T4-2025”.................................................... 3
1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS............................................................................................................ 3
1.2 TIGHTENING TORQUES ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 TRANSMISSION CONTROLS............................................................................................................... 6
1.4 LUBRICATION ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5 TRANSMISSION OIL FLOW AND SUPPLY........................................................................................ 12
1.6 TRANSMISSION HYDRAULIC VALVES AND PRESSURE TEST POINTS ....................................... 18
1.7 TRANSMISSION POWER FLOW........................................................................................................ 19
1.8 TRANSMISSION 2WD COMPONENTS .............................................................................................. 23
1.9 TRANSMISSION 4WD COMPONENTS .............................................................................................. 26
1.10 TRANSMISSION REMOVAL ............................................................................................................. 31
1.11 DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY..................................................................................................... 32
1.12 FAULT FINDING ................................................................................................................................ 90
1.13 SPECIAL TOOLS............................................................................................................................... 93
2. POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION “DANA T16000” ..................................................................................... 94
2.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................... 94
2.2 TRANSMISSION CONTROLS............................................................................................................. 95
2.3 LUBRICATION ................................................................................................................................... 105
2.4 PRESSURE SPECIFICATIONS AND CHECK POINTS.................................................................... 106
2.5 TRANSMISSION COOLER................................................................................................................ 108
2.6 TRANSMISSION HYDRAULIC DIAGRAM ........................................................................................ 109
2.7 OPERATION ...................................................................................................................................... 110
2.8 POWER FLOWS................................................................................................................................ 117
2.9 GEAR AND CLUTCH LAY OUT ........................................................................................................ 132
2.10 TRANSMISSION / ENGINE REMOVAL FROM LOADER ............................................................... 133
2.11 TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS ................................................................................................... 138
2.12 DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY................................................................................................... 156
2.13 SPECIAL TOOLS............................................................................................................................. 265
2.14 FAULT FINDING .............................................................................................................................. 266
2.15 FAULT FINDING .............................................................................................................................. 268
SECTION 39 - CHASSIS
1. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION............................................................................................................... 3
2. REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION COMPONENTS....................................................................................... 5
2.1 COMPONENTS WITHIN THE CHASSIS............................................................................................... 5
2.2 COMPONENTS BELOW THE CHASSIS .............................................................................................. 6
2.3 COMPONENTS ATTACHED OUTSIDE THE CHASSIS ....................................................................... 8
2.4 COMPONENTS ATTACHED ABOVE THE CHASSIS........................................................................... 9
2.5 TIGHTENING TORQUES .................................................................................................................... 11
7. BATTERY.................................................................................................................................................. 163
7.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................................................ 163
7.2 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION.................................................................................................... 163
7.3 REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION ...................................................................................................... 164
7.4 MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................................. 166
7.5 TESTS................................................................................................................................................ 168
7.6 CONNECTING A BOOSTER BATTERY ........................................................................................... 170
7.7 BATTERY MASTER SWITCH ........................................................................................................... 170
8. COMPONENT TESTING .......................................................................................................................... 171
8.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 171
8.2 COMPONENT TESTING ................................................................................................................... 172
8.3 GROUND POINTS............................................................................................................................. 172
8.4 KEY-START AND STOP SWITCH .................................................................................................... 174
8.5 ALTERNATOR ................................................................................................................................... 175
8.6 TRANSMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 175
8.7 PARKING BRAKE SWITCH............................................................................................................... 179
8.8 CAB.................................................................................................................................................... 180
8.9 4WD SWITCH .................................................................................................................................... 185
8.10 BRAKE PEDAL SWITCHES ............................................................................................................ 185
8.11 BRAKE OIL LEVEL LAMP ............................................................................................................... 186
8.12 FRONT WORK LAMP SWITCH - REAR WORK LAMP SWITCH (2) MAIN LIGHT SWITCH ......... 186
8.13 HAZARD SWITCH ........................................................................................................................... 187
8.14 FLASHER RELÈ .............................................................................................................................. 187
8.15 MULTI FUNCTION SWITCH............................................................................................................ 188
8.16 FRONT WIPER MOTOR (1) - REAR WIPER MOTOR (2) .............................................................. 188
8.17 4WS -STEERING SELECTOR SWITCH ......................................................................................... 189
8.18 STEERING CONTROL UNIT........................................................................................................... 190
8.19 4WS REAR AXLE STEERING SENSOR......................................................................................... 192
8.20 4WS FRONT AXLE STEERING SENSOR ...................................................................................... 192
8.21 STEERING SOLENOID VALVE....................................................................................................... 193
8.22 DIFFERENTIAL LOCK SWITCH (1) ................................................................................................ 194
8.23 LOADER .......................................................................................................................................... 195
8.24 BACKHOE........................................................................................................................................ 197
8.25 REVERSING BUZZER..................................................................................................................... 200
8.26 FUEL LEVEL INDICATOR ............................................................................................................... 201
SECTION 82 - LOADER
1. LOADER ATTACHMENT CONTROLS ......................................................................................................... 4
2. LOADER BUCKET SELF LEVELING ........................................................................................................... 7
3. LOADER ATTACHMENT SAFETY STRUT ................................................................................................ 10
4. LOADER BUCKET REMOVAL ................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 REPLACING BUCKET TEETH ............................................................................................................ 18
5. LOADER ARM REMOVAL.......................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 LOADER ARM REMOVAL (B90B - B95B - B110B)............................................................................. 19
5.2 LOADER ARM REMOVAL (B95BTC - B115B).................................................................................... 21
7
SECTION 84 - BACKHOE
1. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION............................................................................................................... 3
2. BACKHOE ATTACHMENT MECHANICAL CONTROLS ............................................................................. 6
3. BACKHOE ATTACHMENT HYDRAULIC CONTROLS .............................................................................. 15
4. REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................... 17
4.1 BACKHOE BUCKET REMOVAL ......................................................................................................... 19
5. TELESCOPIC DIPPER (HED) REVISION.................................................................................................. 24
8
B90B
B95B - B95BLR
B95BTC
B110B
B115B
PERSONAL SAFETY
Throughout this manual and on machine decals, you will find precautionary statements (“CAUTION”, “WARN-
ING”, and “DANGER”) followed by specific instructions. These precautions are intended for the personal safety
of you and those working with you. Please take the time to read them.
SCAUTION
THE WORD “CAUTION” IS USED WHERE A SAFE BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE ACCORDING TO OPERAT-
ING AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS AND COMMON SAFETY PRACTICES WILL PROTECT THE
OPERATOR AND OTHERS FROM ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT.
SWARNING
THE WORD “WARNING” DENOTES A POTENTIAL OR HIDDEN HAZARD WHICH HAS A POTENTIAL FOR
SERIOUS. IT IS USED TO WARN OPERATORS AND OTHERS TO EXERCISE EVERY APPROPRIATE
MEANS TO AVOID A SURPRISE INVOLVEMENT WITH MACHINERY.
SDANGER
THE WORD “DANGER” DENOTES A FORBIDDEN PRACTICE IN CONNECTION WITH A SERIOUS HAZ-
ARD.
FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE “CAUTION”, “WARNING” AND “DANGER” INSTRUCTIONS MAY RESULT IN
SERIOUS BODILY INJURY OR DEATH.
MACHINE SAFETY
Additional precautionary statements (“ATTENTION” and “IMPORTANT”) are followed by specific instructions.
These statements are intended for machine safety.
ATTENTION: the word “ATENTION” is used to warn the operator of potential machine damage if a certain pro-
cedure is not followed.
IMPORTANT: the word “IMPORTANT” is used to inform the reader of something he needs to know to prevent
minor machine damage if a certain procedure is not followed.
4 SECTION 00 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
SAFETY RULES
Z Carefully follow specified repair and maintenance Z For electrical heaters, battery-chargers and similar
procedures. equipment use exclusive auxiliary power supplies
Z Do not wear rings, wristwatches, jewels, unbut- with a efficient ground to avoid electrical shock
toned or flapping clothing such as ties, torn hazard.
clothes, scarves, open jackets or shirts with open Z Always use lifting equipment and similar of appro-
zips which could get hold into moving parts. priate capacity to lift or move heavy components.
We advise to use approved safety clothing such as Z Pay special attention to bystanders.
anti-slipping footwear, gloves, safety goggles, hel- Z Never pour gasoline or diesel oil into open, wide
mets, etc. and low containers.
Z Never carry out any repair on the machine if some- Z Never use gasoline, diesel oil or other flammable
one is sitting on the operator’s seat, except if they liquids as cleaning agents. Use non-flammable
are certified operators to assist in the operation to non-toxic proprietary solvents.
be carried out. Z Wear protection goggles with side guards when
Z Never operate the machine or use attachments cleaning parts using compressed air.
from a place other than sitting at the operator’s Z Do not exceed a pressure of 2.1 bar (30 psi), in ac-
seat. cordance with local regulations.
Z Never carry out any operation on the machine Z Do not run the engine in a closed building without
when the engine is running, except when specifi- proper ventilation.
cally indicated. Z Do not smoke, use open flames, cause sparks in
Z Stop the engine and ensure that all pressure is re- the nearby area when filling fuel or handling highly
lieved from hydraulic systems before removing flammable liquids.
caps, covers, valves, etc. Z Do not use flames as light sources when working
Z All repair and maintenance operations should be on a machine or checking for leaks.
carried out with the greatest care and attention. Z Move with caution when working under a Machine,
Z Service stairs and platforms used in a workshop or and also on or near a Machine. Wear proper safety
in the field should be built in compliance with the accessories:
safety rules in force. helmets, goggles and special footwear.
Z Disconnect the batteries and label all controls to Z During checks which should be carried out with the
warn that the Machine is being serviced. Block the engine running, ask an assistant to sit at the oper-
machine and all equipment which should be ator’s seat and keep the service technician under
raised. visual control at any moment.
Z Never check or fill fuel tanks and accumulator bat- In case of operations outside the workshop, drive
teries, nor use starting liquid if you are smoking or the machine to a flat area and block it. if working on
near open flames as such fluids are flammable. an incline cannot be avoided, first block the Ma-
Z Brakes are inoperative when they are manually re- chine carefully. Move it to a flat area as soon as
leased for maintenance purposes. In such cases, possible with a certain extent of safety.
the machine should be kept constantly under con- Z Ruined or plied cables and chains are unreliable.
trol using blocks or similar devices. Do not use them for lifting or trailing. Always han-
Z The fuel filling gun should remain always in contact dle hem wearing gloves of proper thickness.
with the filler neck. Z Chains should always be safely fastened. Ensure
Maintain this contact until the fuel stops flowing that fastening device is strong enough to hold the
into the tank to avoid possible sparks due to static load foreseen. No persons should stop near the
electricity buildup. fastening point, trailing chains or cables.
Z Use exclusively specified towing points for towing Z The working area should be always kept CLEAN
the machine. Connect parts carefully. and DRY. Immediately clean any spillage of water
Ensure that foreseen pins and/or locks are steadily or oil.
fixed before applying traction. Z Do not pile up grease or oil soaked rags, as they
Do not stop near towing bars, cables or chains constitute a great fire hazard. Always place them
working under load. into a metal container. Before starting the Machine
Z To transfer a failed machine, use a trailer or a low or its attachments, check, adjust and block the op-
loading platform trolley if available. erator’s seat. Also ensure that there are no per-
Z To load and unload the machine from the transpor- sons within the Machine or attachment operating
tation mean, select a flat area providing a firm sup- range.
port to the trailer or truck wheels. Firmly tie the Z Do not keep in your pockets any object which
machine to the truck or trailer platform and block might fall unobserved into the Machine’s inner
wheels as required by the forwarder. compartments.
SECTION 00 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 5
Z Whenever there is the possibility of being reached dental explosion hazard due to build-up of gasses
by ejected metal parts or similar, use protection relieved during charging.
eye mask or goggles with side guards, helmets, Z Always disconnect the batteries before performing
special footwear and heavy gloves. Wear suitable any type of service on the electrical system.
protection such as tinted eye protection, helmets,
special clothing, gloves and footwear whenever it HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
is necessary to carry out welding procedures. All Z Some fluid slowly coming out from a very small
persons standing in the vicinity of the welding pro- port can be almost invisible and be strong enough
cess should wear tinted eye protection. NEVER to penetrate the skin. For this reason, NEVER USE
LOOK AT THE WELDING ARC IF YOUR EYES YOUR HANDS TO CHECK FOR LEAKS, but use
ARE NOT SUITABLY PROTECTED. a piece of cardboard or a piece of wood for this
Z Metal cables with the use get frayed. Always wear purpose. If any fluid is injected into the skin, seek
adequate protections (heavy gloves, eye protec- medical aid immediately. Lack of immediate medi-
tion, etc.). cal attention, serious infections or dermatitis may
Z Handle all parts with the greatest caution. Keep result.
your hands and fingers far from gaps, moving Z Always take system pressure readings using the
gears and similar. Always use approved protective appropriate gauges.
equipment, such as eye protection, heavy gloves
and protective footwear. WHEELS AND TIRES
Z Check that the tires are correctly inflated at the
START UP
pressure specified by the manufacturer. Periodi-
Z Never run the engine in confined spaces which are cally check possible damages to the rims and tires.
not equipped with adequate ventilation for exhaust Z Keep off and stay at the tire side when correcting
gas extraction. the inflation pressure.
Z Never bring your head, body, arms, legs, feet, Z Check the pressure only when the machine is un-
hands, fingers near fans or rotating belts. loaded and tires are cold to avoid wrong readings
due to over-pressure. Do not reuse parts of recov-
ENGINE ered wheels as improper welding, brazing or heat-
Z Always loosen the radiator cap very slowly before ing may weaken the wheel and make it fail.
removing it to allow pressure in the system to dis- Z Never cut, nor weld a rim with the inflated tire as-
sipate. Coolant should be topped up only when the sembled.
engine is stopped or idle if hot. Z To remove the wheels, block both front and rear
Z Do not fill up fuel tank when the engine is running, Machine wheels. Raise the Machine and install
mainly if it is hot, to avoid ignition of fires in case of safe and stable supports under the Machine in ac-
fuel spilling. cordance with regulations in force.
Z Never check or adjust the fan belt tension when the Z Deflate the tire before removing any object caught
engine is running. Never adjust the fuel injection into the tire tread.
pump when the machine is moving. Z Never inflate tires using flammable gases as they
Z Never lubricate the machine when the engine is may originate explosions and cause injuries to by-
running. standers.
Helpful hints
Z Avoid filling tanks using jerry cans or inappropriate
pressurized fuel delivery systems which may
cause considerable spillage.
Z In general, avoid skin contact with all fuels, oils, ac-
ids, solvents, etc. Most of them contain substances
which can be harmful to your health.
Z Modern oils contain additives. Do not burn contam-
inated fuels and/or waste oils in ordinary heating
systems.
Z Avoid spillage when draining off used engine cool-
ant mixtures, engine, transmission and hydraulic
oils, brake fluids, etc. Do not mix drained brake flu-
ids or fuels with lubricants. Store them safely until
they can be disposed of in a proper way to comply
with local legislation and available resources.
Z Modern coolant mixtures, i.e. antifreeze and other
additives, should be replaced every two years.
They should not be allowed to get into the soil but
should be collected and disposed of safely.
Z Do not open the Air-Conditioning system yourself.
It may contain gases which should not be released
into the atmosphere. Your air conditioning special-
ist has special equipment for discharging and
charging the system.
Z Repair any leaks or defects in the engine cooling or
hydraulic system immediately.
Z Do not increase the pressure in a pressurized sys-
tem as this may lead to a catastrophic failure of the
system components.
Z Protect hoses during welding as penetrating weld
splatter may burn a hole or weaken them, causing
the loss of oils, coolant, etc.
B90B
B95B - B95BLR
B95BTC
B110B
B115B
SECTION 01 - MAINTENANCE
2 SECTION 01 - MAINTENANCE
SECTION 01 - MAINTENANCE 3
All maintenance and repair operations described in Ballooning of the hose indicates an internal leakage
this manual should be carried out exclusively by au- due to structural failure. This condition rapidly dete-
thorized workshops. All instructions detailed should riorates and total hose failure soon occurs.
be carefully observed and special equipment indi- Kinked, crushed, stretched or deformed hoses gen-
cated should be used if necessary. erally suffer internal structural damage which can
Everyone who carries out service operations de- result in oil restriction, a reduction in the speed of
scribed without carefully observing these prescrip- operation and ultimate hose failure.
tions will be directly responsible of deriving Free-moving, unsupported hoses must never be al-
damages. lowed to touch each other or related working surfac-
es. This causes chafing which reduces hose life.
GENERAL
Clean the exterior of all components before carrying O-RING FLAT FACE SEAL FITTINGS
out any form of repair. Dirt and abrasive dust can re- When repairing O-ring face seal connectors, the fol-
duce the efficient working life of a component and lowing procedures should be observed.
lead to costly replacement.
Time spent on the preparation and cleanliness of SWARNING
working surfaces will pay dividends in making the Never disconnect or tighten a hose or tube that is
job easier and safer and will result in overhauled under pressure. if in doubt, actuate the operating le-
components being more reliable and efficient in op- vers several times with the engine switched off prior
eration. Use cleaning fluids which are known to be to disconnecting a hose or tube.
safe. Certain types of fluid can cause damage to O-
rings and cause skin irritation. Solvents should be Release the fittings and separate the hose or tube
checked that they are suitable for the cleaning of assembly, then remove and discard the O-ring seal
components and also that they do not risk the per- from the fitting.
sonal safety of the user. Dip a new O-ring seal into clean hydraulic oil prior to
Replace O-rings, seals or gaskets whenever they installation. Install a new O-ring into the fitting and,
are disturbed. Never mix new and old seals or O- if necessary, retain in position using petroleum jelly.
rings, regardless of condition. Always lubricate new Assemble the new hose or tube assembly and tight-
seals and O-rings with hydraulic oil before installa- en the fitting finger tight, while holding the tube or
tion. hose assembly to prevent it from turning.
When replacing component parts, use the correct Use two suitable wrenches and tighten the fitting to
tool for the job. the specified torque according to the size of the fit-
ting. Refer to the following torque chart.
NOTE: there is no note on the page that * indicates lb·in and not lb·ft.
6 SECTION 01 - MAINTENANCE
SEALANTS
MISCELLANEOUS
NOTE:
B90B
B95B - B95BLR
B95BTC
B110B
B115B
SECTION 02 - TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
1.